Changeset 1541

Timestamp:

Jan 28, 2015 11:14:05 AM (10 years ago)

Author:

kanani

Message:

update of tutorial files and figures

Location:

palm/trunk/TUTORIAL/SOURCE

Files:

• exercise_topography.tex (modified) (11 diffs)
• exercise_topography_figures/profiles/profile_uvw.png (added)
• topography.tex (modified) (33 diffs)
• topography_figures/load_imbalance-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/load_imbalance.eps (added)
• topography_figures/load_imbalance.obj (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept.eps (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept.obj (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small.eps (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small.obj (added)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small1.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small2.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/physical_concept_small3.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/single_building_parameters-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/single_building_parameters.eps (added)
• topography_figures/single_building_parameters.odg (added)
• topography_figures/single_canyon_parameters-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/single_canyon_parameters.eps (added)
• topography_figures/single_canyon_parameters.odg (added)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation-eps-converted-to.pdf (added)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation.eps (added)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation.obj (added)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation_1.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/technical_implementation_2.png (deleted)
• topography_figures/topography_control_parameters.png (deleted)

palm/trunk/TUTORIAL/SOURCE/exercise_topography.tex

@@ -87 +87 @@
    \frametitle{Questions to be Answered}
    \small
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item<2->{Can you identify flow convergence / divergence patterns near the cube?}
+   \begin{enumerate}
+      \item<2->{Can you identify any interesting flow patterns around the cube and what do they tell us?}
       \begin{itemize}
          \item{What kind of output do you need to answer this?}
       \end{itemize}
-      \item<3->{How does the horizontally and temporally averaged momentum flux profile look
-            like?}
+      \item<3->{How do the horizontally and temporally averaged velocity and momentum flux profiles look like?}
       \begin{itemize}
          \item{How long should the averaging time interval be?}
       \end{itemize}
-      \item<4->{Is it really a large-eddy simulation?}
+      \item<4->{Is it really a fully developed large-eddy simulation?}
       \begin{itemize}
          \item{Are the subgrid-scale fluxes much smaller than the resolved-scale fluxes?}
@@ -103 +102 @@
                with time?}
       \end{itemize}
-   \end{itemize}
-   \onslide<5->\textbf{Final question:}
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item{Do the results of both runs agree?}
-   \end{itemize}
+      \item{\onslide<5->\textbf{Final question:} Do the results of both runs agree?}
+   \end{enumerate}
 \end{frame}
 
@@ -141 +137 @@
          \item{For constant bulk velocity, see \textbf{conserve\_volume\_flow}.}
          \item{For Coriolis force, see \textbf{omega}.}
+         \item{For neutral flow, see \textbf{neutral}.}
       \end{itemize}
       \item<6->{\textbf{Topography}}
@@ -214 +211 @@
       \item<3->[2.]{Check your results to answer all questions – except the final question.}
       \item<4->[3.]{After this run has finished, use ncview, ncdump etc. to check the precise
-               location of the building (look at 2D array zusi that is contained in 2D xy
+               location of the building (look at 2D array \textit{zusi} that is contained in 2D xy
                cross-sections and 3D volume data).}
       \item<5->[4.]{Use this information to manually create the ''raster\_topo'' file.}
@@ -249 +246 @@
 % Folie 9
 \begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Flow convergence / divergence (I)}
+   \frametitle{Question 1: Flow patterns (I)}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Horizontal cross sections of 1-h averaged velocity components \textit{u} and \textit{v}}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/u_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/v_xy.eps} 
@@ -256 +256 @@
 % Folie 10
 \begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Flow convergence / divergence (II)}
+   \frametitle{Question 1: Flow patterns (II)}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Horizontal and streamwise vertical cross sections of 1-h averaged \\ velocity component \textit{w}}
+   \par\smallskip
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/w_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/w_xz.eps} 
@@ -263 +267 @@
 % Folie 11
 \begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Streamlines}
+   \frametitle{Question 1: Flow patterns (III)}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Streamlines (1-h average) for the same cross sections as seen in Frame 10 \\ for the \textit{w}-velocity}
+   \par\smallskip
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/streamlines/streamlines_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/streamlines/streamlines_xz.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
@@ -271 +279 @@
 % Folie 12
 \begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Vertical profiles of $\overline{w'u'}$, $\overline{w'v'}$}
+   \frametitle{Question 2: Velocity and momentum flux profiles}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Vertical profiles of 1-h and horizontally averaged \textit{u}-, \textit{v}- and \textit{w}-velocity}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/profile_uvw.png}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 13
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Question 2: Velocity and momentum flux profiles}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Vertical profiles of 1-h and horizontally averaged total turbulent momentum \\ fluxes $wu$ and $wv$}
+   \par\smallskip
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wu_time_pr.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wv_time_pr.eps}
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 13
-\begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{LES? - Fluxes}
+% Folie 14
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Question 3: LES? - Fluxes}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Vertical profiles of 1-h and horizontally averaged momentum fluxes: total ($wu$), resolved-scale ($w^{*}u^{*}$) and subgrid-scale ($w''u''$) fluxes}
+   \par\smallskip
    \begin{center}
       \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wu_comp_pr.eps}
@@ -284 +310 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 14
-\begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{LES? - Time Series (I)}
+% Folie 15
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Question 3: LES? - Time Series (I)}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Total kinetic energy \textit{E} of the flow and maximum \textit{u}-velocity in the model domain}
+   \par\smallskip
    \begin{center}
       \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/E_ts.eps} \\
@@ -293 +323 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 15
-\begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{LES? - Time Series (II)}
+% Folie 16
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Question 3: LES? - Time Series (II)}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Maximum \textit{v}- and \textit{w}-velocity in the model domain}
+   \par\smallskip
    \begin{center}
       \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/vmax_ts.eps} \\
@@ -302 +336 @@
 \end{frame}
 
+\subsection{Answers}
+
+% Folie 17
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 1 (I)}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Can you identify any interesting flow patterns around the cube and what do they tell us?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   The 1-h-averaged near-surface horizontal velocity components \textit{u} and \textit{v} show (see Frame 9):
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{reversed streamwise flow in the gap between leeward and windward cube wall,}
+      \item{diverging spanwise flow in the gap with nearly same magnitude as reversed spanwise flow.}
+   \end{itemize}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   The \textit{w}-velocity fields complete the picture (see Frame 10), we see:
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{descending mean flow near the windward cube wall,}
+      \item{ascending mean flow near the leeward cube wall.}
+   \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 18
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 1 (II)}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Can you identify any interesting flow patterns around the cube and what do they tell us?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   Streamlines in Frame 11 show an overall view of the mean horizontal (left; near surface) and the mean streamwise-vertical (right; center of cube wall) flow:
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+    \item{left: in the gap between leeward and windward cube wall, streamlines are directed in opposite direction to the prescribed flow direction, and they diverge in the spanwise direction,}
+    \item{left: starting at the corners of the leeward cube wall, these diverging streamlines converge with the streamlines of the flow forced around the side walls of the cube,}
+    \item{right: above the cube roof, the mean flow is horizontal and directed as prescribed,} 
+    \item{right: in the streamwise gap, we find a rotor-like vortex, explaining the mean downward motion in the largest part of the gap, the upward motion at the leeward cube wall, and the reversed streamwise flow, covering almost fully the gap dimensions.}
+   \end{itemize}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Note:} Flow patterns can change significantly when the size of the gaps between buildings changes (see e.g. Oke, T. R. \textit{Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate}. Energy and Buildings, 11 (1988)).
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 19
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 2 (I)}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{How do the horizontally and temporally averaged velocity and momentum flux profiles look like?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   Frame 12 shows 1-h and horizontally averaged vertical profiles of velocity components \textit{u}, \textit{v} and \textit{w}:
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{\textit{u}: Channel flow causes zero velocity at bottom and top domain wall. Upper domain half: Velocities increase with distance from upper channel wall, peaks at around 60m, and decreases quickly closer towards cube top. Lower domain half: \textit{u} further decreases towards bottom channel wall, due to roughness of the wall, and \textit{u} is much smaller here than in upper domain half, due to presence of cube.}
+      \item{\textit{v}: In the horizontal average, \textit{v}-component is much smaller than \textit{u}, and it fluctuates around zero. Time average should be increased to further eliminate these fluctuations. Flow is forced by \textit{u}-component}, and cube does not induce significant \textit{v} in horizontal mean.
+      \item{\textit{w}: Zero above, small negative values below cube top. In fully developed LES with sufficient domain size and averaging, horizontally averaged \textit{w} profile should be zero.}
+   \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 20
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 2 (II)}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{How do the horizontally and temporally averaged velocity and momentum flux profiles look like?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \footnotesize
+   Frame 13 shows 1-h and horizontally averaged vertical profiles of \textit{u} and \textit{v} components of total turbulent vertical momentum flux, for two ouput times:
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{\textit{wv} is one order of magnitude smaller than \textit{wu} (flow is forced with the \textit{u}-component), hence, the \textit{wv} profile is not smooth, it strongly fluctuates with heigt and time.}
+      \item{In contrast, the \textit{wu} profile is smooth and barely changes from one 1-h average to the next, indicating sufficient averaging time.}
+   \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 21
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 2 (III)}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{How does the horizontally and temporally averaged momentum flux profile look like?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{This \textit{wu} profile of channel flow around a cube strongly deviates from the typical \textit{wu profile} in a neutral obstacle-free atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the latter, \textit{wu} takes largest negative values at the surface and increases towards zero at the top the boundary layer. This means, the flow is decelerated everywhere within the ABL due to surface friction. In the cube-flow, the \textit{wu} profile can be split into three regions:}
+      \begin{itemize}
+       {\scriptsize
+         \item{z=40 to 80m: linear increase with height, i.e. the flow is decelerated in this part. Up to 65m, \textit{wu} is negative, i.e. the roughness of the cube top causes the deceleration. Above, \textit{wu} is positive, i.e. the flow is decelerated due to the no-slip boundary condition at the domain top.}
+         \item{z=15 to 40m: decreasing with height, i.e. the flow is accelerated here, which can be attributed to the above-cube flow.}
+         \item{z=0 to 15m: increasing with height, meaning flow deceleration, due to surface friction.}}
+      \end{itemize}
+   \end{itemize}
+   \par\bigskip
+   \scriptsize
+   \textbf{Note: Such momentum flux profiles (\textit{wu}) are typical for urban and vegetation canopy flows.}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+% Folie 22
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Answer to question 3}
+   \footnotesize
+   \textbf{Is it really a fully developed large-eddy simulation?}
+   \par\smallskip
+   \scriptsize
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \item{Frame 14: Except near the surface and at the domain top, subgrid-scale momentum flux \textit{w``u''} is one order of magnitude smaller than the resolved-scale counterpart \textit{w*u*}, hence we can conclude, that the  grid spacing is sufficiently small in order to resolve the energy-containing eddies within this neutral flow around a solid cube.}
+      \item{Frame 15: Timeseries of the kinetic energy \textit{E} and the maximum \textit{u} value in the flow indicate that two hours of simulation time are sufficient for the spin up of the model. Both quantities level out towards the end of the simulation.}
+      \item{Frame 16: The temporal evolution of maximum \textit{v} and \textit{w} values indicates that the flow shows turbulent features, since both components frequently change signs.}
+   \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
 \end{document}

palm/trunk/TUTORIAL/SOURCE/topography.tex

@@ -22 +22 @@
 \usepackage{pdfcomment}
 \usepackage{xcolor}
+\usepackage{tabto}
 
 \institute{Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz UniversitÀt Hannover}
@@ -54 +55 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-\section{Topography}
-\subsection{Topography}
 
 % Folie 2
@@ -62 +61 @@
    \begin{itemize}
       \item{Purpose of topography in PALM} 
-      \item{Definition}
       \item{Realization}
       \begin{itemize}
+         \item{Definition}
          \item{Physical concept}
          \item{Technical / numerical implementation}
-      \end{itemize}
-      \item{Strengths and limitations}
+         \item{Strengths and limitations}
+      \end{itemize}
       \item{Control parameters}
       \begin{itemize}
@@ -81 +80 @@
    \end{itemize}
 \end{frame}
+
+\section{Purpose}
+\subsection{Purpose}
 
 % Folie 3
@@ -98 +100 @@
 \end{frame}
 
+\section{Realization}
+\subsection{Realization}
+
 % Folie 4
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Definition}   
    \begin{itemize}
-      \item{The topography definition in PALM covers solid, impermeable, fixed flow obstacles with a volume of at least one grid box.}
-      \par\bigskip
-      \item{The following qualifies as topography: \textcolor{green!50!black!100}{\checkmark}}      
+      \item{Topography in PALM covers solid, impermeable, fixed flow obstacles with a volume of at least one grid box.}
+      \par\bigskip
+      \item{Following qualifies as topography: \textcolor{green!50!black!100}{\checkmark}}      
       \begin{itemize}
          \footnotesize
-         \item{Human-made obstacles (buildings)}
+         \item{Artificial obstacles (buildings)}
          \item{Natural obstacles (hills, mountains)}
       \end{itemize}
@@ -117 +122 @@
                                                                      \> canopy model, local roughness length  \end{tabbing} } 
          \item{Small obstacles (signposts)}
-         \item{Moving obstacles (vehicles)}                                                    
+         \item{Moving obstacles (vehicles, wind turbine rotors)}                                                    
       \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
@@ -134 +139 @@
    \end{columns}
    \begin{columns}[c]
-   \column{0.6\textwidth}
+   \column{0.4\textwidth}
       \begin{itemize}
          \item{Grid boxes are}
          \begin{itemize}
-            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.1\textwidth} 
-                     \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept_small1.png}
-                  \end{minipage}
-                  \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth} \scriptsize
+            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \scriptsize
                      \par\medskip
-                     100\% free fluid, \\
+                     100\% \\free fluid, \\
                   \end{minipage}}
-            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.1\textwidth}
-                     \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept_small2.png}
-                  \end{minipage}
-                  \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth} \scriptsize
-                     100\% fluid adjacent to an obstacle, or
+            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \scriptsize
+                     100\% \\fluid adjacent to an obstacle, or
                   \end{minipage}}     
-            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.1\textwidth} 
-                     \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept_small3.png}
-                  \end{minipage}
-                  \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth} \scriptsize
+            \item{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} \scriptsize
                      \par\medskip
                      100\% obstacle. \\
                   \end{minipage}}             
          \end{itemize}
+      \end{itemize}
+   \column{0.6\textwidth}
+      \vspace{-2.cm}\includegraphics[angle=90,width=.9\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept.eps}
+   \end{columns}
+   \begin{columns}[c]
+   \column{1.\textwidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
          \item{No-slip boundary condition}
          \begin{itemize}
-            \item{\scriptsize Wall-normal velocity component is zero at obstacle surface \textbf{\textcolor{blue}{---------}}}
+            \item{\scriptsize Wall-normal velocity component is zero at obstacle surface}
          \end{itemize}
          \par\bigskip
-         \item{\begin{minipage}{0.75\textwidth}  \scriptsize
-                  Local surface layer for the first grid box \\adjacent to each obstacle surface
+         \item{\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}  \scriptsize
+                  Local surface layer for the first grid box adjacent to each obstacle surface
                \end{minipage}
                \begin{minipage}{0.1\textwidth}
-                  \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept_small2.png}
+                  \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept_small.eps}
                \end{minipage}}
          \par\smallskip
@@ -175 +178 @@
          \end{itemize}
       \end{itemize}
-   \column{0.4\textwidth}
-      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/physical_concept.png}
    \end{columns}
 \end{frame}
@@ -183 +184 @@
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Realization - \\ Numerical /Technical Implementation (I)}
+   \small
+   \begin{columns}[c]
+   \column{0.65\textwidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
+         \item{Obstacles must be surface-mounted}
+         \item{Overhanging structures \textbf{\textcolor{blue}{$\times$}}, holes \textbf{\textcolor{red}{$\times$}} etc. are not permitted.}
+         \begin{itemize}
+            \footnotesize
+            \item{This simplification allows extra performance optimization by reducing the 3D obstacle structure to a "'2.5D"' structure.}
+            \item{"'2.5D"' means that each surface grid cell is assigned only one building-height value (in m).}
+            \item{This conforms to the "'2.5D"' format of Digital Elevation Models (DEM).}
+         \end{itemize}
+      \end{itemize}     
+   \column{0.3\textwidth}
+      \par\medskip
+      \includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation.eps}
+   \column{0.05\textwidth}
+      \vspace*{2cm}\textcolor{red}{$\times$}
+      \textcolor{green!50!black!100}{\checkmark}
+   \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 7
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Realization - \\ Numerical /Technical Implementation (II)}
    \small
    \begin{columns}[c]
    \column{0.5\textwidth}
       \begin{itemize}
-         \item{Obstacles must be surface-mounted}
-         \item{Overhanging structures \textcolor{blue}{$\times$}, holes \textcolor{red}{$\times$} etc. are not permitted.}
-         \begin{itemize}
-            \footnotesize
-            \item{This simplification allows extra performance optimization by reducing the 3D obstacle dimension to a "'2.5D"' dimension.}
-            \item{"'2.5D"' means that each horizontal grid cell is assigned only one height level.}
-            \item{This conforms to the "'2.5D"' format of Digital Elevation Models (DEM).}
-         \end{itemize}
-      \end{itemize}     
-   \column{0.4\textwidth}
-      \par\medskip
-      \includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation.png}
-   \end{columns}
-\end{frame}
-
-% Folie 7
-\begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Realization - \\ Numerical /Technical Implementation (II)}
-   \begin{columns}[c]
-   \column{0.4\textwidth}
-      \footnotesize     
-      The location of the wall-normal velocity component defines the location of the impermeable obstacle surface. \\
-      \par\smallskip
-      Obstacle surfaces that do not match the grid are approximated by grid boxes like a step-function. 
-      \par\bigskip
-      $\bullet$ scalars \\
-      \textcolor{red}{$\bullet$ u (staggered)} \\
-      \textcolor{green!40!black!100}{\textbf{+} v (staggered)}
-%      \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_small1.png} \\
-%      \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_small2.png} \\
-%      \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_small3.png}
-   \column{0.6\textwidth}
-      \includegraphics<1|handout:0>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_1.png}
-      \includegraphics<2|handout:0>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_2.png}
-      \includegraphics<3|handout:0>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_3.png}
-      \includegraphics<4|handout:0>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_4.png}
-      \includegraphics<5|handout:1>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_5.png}
+         \item{The location of the wall-normal velocity component defines the location of the impermeable obstacle surface}
+         \item{Obstacle surfaces that do not match the grid are approximated by grid boxes like a step-function}
+      \end{itemize}
+      \par\bigskip
+      \hspace{1cm}$\bullet$ scalars \\
+      \hspace{1cm}\textcolor{red}{$\bullet$ u (staggered)} \\
+      \hspace{.92cm}\textcolor{green!40!black!100}{\textbf{+} v (staggered)}
+   \column{0.5\textwidth}
+      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/technical_implementation_grid/technical_implementation_grid_5.png}
    \end{columns}
 \end{frame}
@@ -234 +232 @@
    \begin{itemize}
       \item{In order to process topography from external data sources, the data must be made available 
-            to PALM as a rastered ASCII file, e.g. example\_topo.} 
-      \item{The layout of example\_topo must conform to the computational domain size and to the grid size dx and dy.}
-      \item{The rastered height data of example\_topo are given in m above ground and do not need to match
+            to PALM as a rastered ASCII file:}
+      \begin{itemize}
+         \item{see e.g. {\tt trunk/EXAMPLES/topo\_file/example\_topo\_file\_topo}.} 
+      \end{itemize}
+      \item{The layout of this topography file must conform to the computational domain size and to the grid size {\tt dx} and {\tt dy}.}
+      \item{The rastered height data of this topo file are given in m above ground and do not need to match
             the vertical grid, since they will be interpolated, if required.}
       \par\bigskip
@@ -251 +252 @@
    \frametitle{Realization – \\ Numerical / Technical Implementation (IV)}  
    \small
-   \textbf{Potential issue}
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item{Load imbalance} 
-      \begin{itemize}
-         \item{Leads to inefficient parallelization: \dq fast\dq CPU(s) must wait for \dq slow\dq CPU(s)}
-         \item{Occurs if the CPUs do not share the same workload}
-         \begin{itemize}
-            \item{E.g. if topography is significantly heterogeneous in a large volume fraction of the computational domain}
-         \end{itemize}
-      \end{itemize}     
-   \end{itemize}
+   \textbf{Potential issue: Load imbalance}
+   \begin{columns}[c]
+   \column{0.55\textwidth}
+      \begin{itemize}
+         \item{Since prognostic equations are not calculated inside buildings, \\ \textbf{load imbalance} might occur, if topography is heterogeneously distributed among the subdomains.}
+         \begin{itemize}
+          \item{This means \dq fast\dq CPU(s) must wait for \dq slow\dq CPU(s), leading to inefficient parallelization.}
+         \end{itemize}
+      \end{itemize}
+   \column{0.45\textwidth}
+      \includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/load_imbalance.eps}
+   \end{columns}
 \end{frame}
 
@@ -273 +275 @@
       \item[+]{Conforms with \dq 2.5D\dq format of Digital Elevation Models (DEM)} 
       \par\bigskip
-      \item[-]{Obstacles must be surface-mounted}
-      \item[-]{Grid boxes can only be 100\% fluid or 100\% obstacle \\ \par\smallskip
-              \begin{footnotesize} Obstacle surfaces that do not match the grid are approximated by grid boxes like a step-function, which can modify the real obstacle size or the orientation of the obstacle faces\end{footnotesize}}
-      \item[-]{Overhanging structures, holes etc. are not permitted due to the \dq 2.5D\dq format}
+      \item[$-$]{Obstacles must be surface-mounted}
+      \item[$-$]{Overhanging structures, holes etc. are not permitted due to the \dq 2.5D\dq format}
+      \item[$-$]{Grid boxes can only be 100\% fluid or 100\% obstacle \\ \par\smallskip
+                \begin{footnotesize} Obstacle surfaces that do not match the grid are approximated by grid boxes like a step-function, which can modify the real obstacle size or the orientation of the obstacle faces\end{footnotesize}}
    \end{itemize}
 \end{frame}
@@ -284 +286 @@
    \frametitle{Take a Short Break... Urban Flow Visualization}
    \begin{columns}[c]
-   \column{0.42\textwidth}
-      \includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/hannover_1.png}
-      \href{.html}{\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{topography_figures/hannover_2.png}}
-   \column{0.58\textwidth}
-      Set-up: neutral boundary layer
-      \begin{itemize}
-         \item{Particle = passive tracer}
-         \item{Colour $\sim$ particle height}
-         \item{Tail length ~ particle velocity}         
-      \end{itemize}      
-      \par\bigskip
-      \begin{itemize}
-         \item{Flow past office tower:}
-         \begin{itemize}
-            \item{initially laminar: not yet an LES}
-            \item{intermittent: different episodes}
-         \end{itemize}
-         \item{Broad street canyon flow:}
-         \begin{itemize}
-            \item{channeling}
-            \item{low-level upstream flow}
+   \column{0.5\textwidth}
+      \includegraphics<1->[width=.8\textwidth]{topography_figures/hannover_1.png}
+      \par\smallskip
+      \href{.html}{\includegraphics<2->[width=.8\textwidth]{topography_figures/hannover_2.png}}
+   \column{0.5\textwidth}
+      \par\smallskip
+      \footnotesize
+      \uncover<1->{Set-up: neutral boundary layer}
+      \begin{itemize}
+         \uncover<1->{\item{Particle = passive tracer}}
+         \uncover<1->{\item{Colour $\sim$ particle height}}
+         \uncover<1->{\item{Tail length ~ particle velocity}}         
+      \end{itemize} 
+      \begin{itemize}
+         \uncover<2>{\item{Flow past office tower:}}
+         \begin{itemize}
+            \uncover<2>{\item{initially laminar: not yet an LES}}
+            \uncover<2>{\item{intermittent: different episodes}}
+         \end{itemize}
+         \uncover<2>{\item{Broad street canyon flow:}}
+         \begin{itemize}
+            \uncover<2>{\item{channeling}}
+            \uncover<2>{\item{low-level upstream flow}}
          \end{itemize}
       \end{itemize}
@@ -310 +314 @@
 \end{frame}
 
+\section{Control parameters}
+\subsection{Control parameters}
+
 % Folie 12
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Required Topography Control Parameters}
-    \footnotesize
-   {\tt topography =} 
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item{{\tt 'flat'} \hspace{3cm} no topography (default)}
-      \item{{\tt 'single\_building'} \hspace{1.2cm} \textcolor{red}{generic} single building} 
-      \item{{\tt 'single\_street\_canyon'} \hspace{0.4cm} \textcolor{red}{generic} single quasi-2D street canyon}
-      \item{{\tt 'read\_from\_file'} \hspace{1.4cm} \textcolor{blue}{rastered} ASCII file, e.g. {\tt example\_topo}}
-      \item{any other string \hspace{1.8cm} processed by user subroutine user\_init\_grid}
-   \end{itemize}
-   {\tt topography\_grid\_convention =}
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item{{\tt '\textcolor{red}{cell\_edge}'} \hspace{2.2cm} default for \textcolor{red}{generic} topography: \textcolor{red}{$\leftrightarrow$}}
-      \item{{\tt '\textcolor{blue}{cell\_center}'} \hspace{1.9cm} default for \textcolor{blue}{rastered} topography: \textcolor{blue}{$\bigcirc$ $\leftrightarrow$}} 
-   \end{itemize}
-   \includegraphics<1|handout:0>[width=0.5\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_1.png}
-   \includegraphics<2|handout:0>[width=0.5\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_2.png}
-   \includegraphics<3|handout:0>[width=0.5\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_3.png}
-   \includegraphics<4|handout:1>[width=0.5\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_4.png}
+    \scriptsize
+   \uncover<1->{{\tt topography =}}
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \uncover<1->{\item{{\tt 'flat'}                   \tabto{4cm} no topography (default)}}
+      \uncover<1->{\item{{\tt 'single\_building'}       \tabto{4cm} \textcolor{red}{generic} single building}}
+      \uncover<1->{\item{{\tt 'single\_street\_canyon'} \tabto{4cm} \textcolor{red}{generic} single quasi-2D street canyon}}
+      \uncover<1->{\item{{\tt 'read\_from\_file'}       \tabto{4cm} \textcolor{blue}{rastered} ASCII file \\ \tabto{4cm}(e.g. {\tt trunk/EXAMPLES/topo\_file})}}
+      \uncover<1->{\item{any other string               \tabto{4cm} processed by user subroutine user\_init\_grid}}
+   \end{itemize}
+   \uncover<2->{{\tt topography\_grid\_convention =}}
+   \begin{itemize}
+      \uncover<2->{\item{{\tt '\textcolor{red}{cell\_edge}'}    \tabto{4cm} default for \textcolor{red}{generic} topography: \textcolor{red}{$\leftrightarrow$}}}
+      \uncover<3->{\item{{\tt '\textcolor{blue}{cell\_center}'} \tabto{4cm} default for \textcolor{blue}{rastered} topography: \textcolor{blue}{$\bigcirc$ $\leftrightarrow$}}}
+   \end{itemize}
+   \includegraphics<2|handout:0>[width=0.4\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_2.png}
+   \includegraphics<3|handout:1>[width=0.4\textwidth]{topography_figures/control_parameters_4.png}
 \end{frame}
 
@@ -337 +342 @@
    \frametitle{Optional Topography Control Parameters (I)}
    \small
-   \textbf{Generic topography}    
-   \scriptsize
-   \begin{itemize}
-      \item{topography = {\tt 'single\_building'}} 
-      \begin{itemize}
-         \scriptsize
-         \item{building\_height = 50.0 \hspace{0.67cm} height of the building}
-         \item{building\_length\_x = 50.0 \hspace{0.43cm} length of the building in x-direction}
-         \item{building\_length\_y = 50.0 \hspace{0.43cm} length of the building in y-direction}
-         \item{building\_wall\_left \hspace{1.4cm} (default is building centered in x-direction)}
-         \item{building\_wall\_south \hspace{1.13cm} (default is building centered in y-direction)}
-      \end{itemize}
-      \item{topography = {\tt 'single\_street\_canyon'}}
-      \begin{itemize}
-         \scriptsize
-         \item{canyon\_height = 50.0 \hspace{0.45cm} height of the canyon \\
-               and}
-         \item{canyon\_width\_x = 50.0 \hspace{0.3cm} implies canyon axis orientation in y-direction}
-         \item{canyon\_wall\_left \hspace{1.17cm} (default is canyon centered in x-direction) \\
-               or}
-         \item{canyon\_width\_y = 50.0 \hspace{0.3cm} implies canyon axis orientation in x-direction}
-         \item{canyon\_wall\_south \hspace{0.9cm} (default is canyon centered in y-direction)}
-      \end{itemize}
-   \end{itemize}
+   \textbf{Generic topography}
+   \begin{figure}
+      \centering\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{topography_figures/single_building_parameters.eps}
+   \end{figure}
 \end{frame}
 
@@ -366 +351 @@
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Optional Topography Control Parameters (II)}
+   \small
+   \textbf{Generic topography}
+   \begin{figure}
+      \centering\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{topography_figures/single_canyon_parameters.eps}
+   \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 15
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Optional Topography Control Parameters (III)}
    \scriptsize   
    \textbf{Rastered topography}\\
-   \begin{minipage}{0.7\textwidth}
+   \begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
       \begin{itemize}
          \scriptsize
@@ -378 +373 @@
       \end{itemize}
    \end{minipage}
-   \begin{minipage}{0.2\textwidth}
+   \begin{minipage}{0.15\textwidth}
       \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{topography_figures/optional_control_parameters_1.png}
    \end{minipage}
    \begin{center}
-      \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{topography_figures/optional_control_parameters_2.png}
+      \includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{topography_figures/optional_control_parameters_2.png}
    \end{center}
    \begin{itemize}
       \item[]{}
       \begin{itemize} 
-         \scriptsize         
-         \item{layout must conform to domain size and grid size dx and dy.}
-         \item{height data}
-         \begin{itemize}
-            \scriptsize
-            \item{in m above ground (INTEGER or REAL)}
-            \item{do not need to match the vertical grid}
-         \end{itemize}
-      \end{itemize}
-   \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-% Folie 15
-\begin{frame}
-   \frametitle{Optional Topography Control Parameters (III)}
+         \scriptsize
+         \item{ASCII file {\tt example\_topo} must be available as INPUT file, like {\tt example\_p3d} ({\tt JOBS/example/INPUT/})}     
+         \item{layout must conform to domain size and grid size {\tt dx} and {\tt dy}}
+         \item{height data in m above ground (INTEGER or REAL) do not need to match the vertical grid}
+      \end{itemize}
+   \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 16
+\begin{frame}
+   \frametitle{Optional Topography Control Parameters (IV)}
    \small
    \textbf{Rastered topography}
@@ -417 +408 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 16   
+% Folie 17   
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{General Control Parameters (I): Suitable Driving Methods}
@@ -460 +451 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 17
+% Folie 18
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{General Control Parameters (II): Initialization}
@@ -500 +491 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 18
+% Folie 19
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{General Control Parameters (III): Boundary Conditions}
@@ -524 +515 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 19
+% Folie 20
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{General Control Parameters (IV): Pressure Solver} 
@@ -544 +535 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 20
+\section{Data output/ Scenarios}
+\subsection{Data output/ Scenarios}
+
+% Folie 21
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Data Analysis / Output – Some Considerations (I)}
@@ -580 +574 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 21
+% Folie 22
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Your Responsibility and Contribution}
@@ -598 +592 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 22
+% Folie 23
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Some recent examples of topography/building applications with PALM}
@@ -645 +639 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 22
+% Folie 24
 \begin{frame}
    \Large
@@ -651 +645 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 23
+% Folie 25
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Set-up Scenario: Single Street Canyon (I)}
@@ -670 +664 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 24
+% Folie 26
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Set-up Scenario: Single Street Canyon (II)}
@@ -680 +674 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 25
+% Folie 27
 \begin{frame}
  \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
@@ -686 +680 @@
          {%
          \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
-            \uncover<1>{\node at (0,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_1.png}};}
-            \uncover<2->{\node at (0,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_2.png}};}
-            %\uncover<3->{\node at (0,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_3.png}};}
-            \uncover<3->{\node at (-3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_4.png}};}
-            \uncover<4->{\node at (3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.38\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_5.png}};}
+            \uncover<1>{\node at (2.75,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_2.png}};}
+            \uncover<1>{\node at (-3.25,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_1.png}};}
          \end{tikzpicture}
          };
@@ -696 +687 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 26
+% Folie 28
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
+      \node [shift={(6.5 cm, 5cm)}]  at (current page.south west)
+         {%
+         \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
+            \uncover<1>{\node at (2.75,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_2.png}};}
+            \uncover<1>{\node at (-3.25,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_1.png}};}
+            \uncover<1>{\node at (3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.38\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_5.png}};}
+            \uncover<2>{\node at (-3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_ssc_example_4.png}};}
+         \end{tikzpicture}
+         };
+  \end{tikzpicture}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 29
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Set-up Scenario: Constant Flux Layer}
@@ -715 +721 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 27
+% Folie 30
 \begin{frame}
  \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
@@ -722 +728 @@
          \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
             \uncover<1->{\node at (0,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_1.png}};}
-            \uncover<2->{\node at (-3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_2.png}};}
-            \uncover<3->{\node at (3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.38\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_3.png}};}
          \end{tikzpicture}
          };
@@ -729 +733 @@
 \end{frame}
 
-% Folie 28
+% Folie 31
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
+      \node [shift={(6.5 cm, 5cm)}]  at (current page.south west)
+         {%
+         \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
+            \uncover<1->{\node at (0,-0.5) {\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_1.png}};}
+            \uncover<1->{\node at (3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.38\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_3.png}};}
+            \uncover<2->{\node at (-3.5,-0.2) {\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{topography_figures/scenario_cfl_example_2.png}};}
+         \end{tikzpicture}
+         };
+  \end{tikzpicture}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Folie 32
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Rules of Good Practise}