source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/time_integration.f90 @ 3646

!> @file time_integration.f90
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
! This file is part of the PALM model system.
!
! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
! version.
!
! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
!
! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
!
! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
!
! Current revisions:
! ------------------
! 
! 
! Former revisions:
! -----------------
! $Id: time_integration.f90 3646 2018-12-28 17:58:49Z kanani $
! Bugfix: use time_since_reference_point instead of simulated_time where
! required (relevant when using wall/soil spinup)
! 
! 3634 2018-12-18 12:31:28Z knoop
! OpenACC port for SPEC
! 
! 3597 2018-12-04 08:40:18Z maronga
! Removed call to calculation of near air (10 cm) potential temperature (now in
! surface layer fluxes)
! 
! 3589 2018-11-30 15:09:51Z suehring
! Move the control parameter "salsa" from salsa_mod to control_parameters 
! (M. Kurppa)
! 
! 3582 2018-11-29 19:16:36Z suehring
! dom_dwd_user, Schrempf:
! Changes due to merge of uv exposure model into biometeorology_mod.
!
! 3525 2018-11-14 16:06:14Z kanani
! Changes related to clean-up of biometeorology (dom_dwd_user)
! 
! 3524 2018-11-14 13:36:44Z raasch
! unused variables removed
! 
! 3484 2018-11-02 14:41:25Z hellstea
! pmci_ensure_nest_mass_conservation is premanently removed
! 
! 3473 2018-10-30 20:50:15Z suehring
! new module for virtual measurements introduced
! 
! 3472 2018-10-30 20:43:50Z suehring
! Add indoor model (kanani, srissman, tlang)
! 
! 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z suehring
! Implementation of a new aerosol module salsa.
! 
! 3448 2018-10-29 18:14:31Z kanani
! Add biometeorology
! 
! 3421 2018-10-24 18:39:32Z gronemeier
! Surface data output
! 
! 3418 2018-10-24 16:07:39Z kanani
! call to material_heat_model now with check if spinup runs (rvtils)
! 
! 3378 2018-10-19 12:34:59Z kanani
! merge from radiation branch (r3362) into trunk
! (moh.hefny):
! Bugfix in the if statement to call radiation_interaction
! 
! 3347 2018-10-15 14:21:08Z suehring
! - offline nesting separated from large-scale forcing module
! - changes for synthetic turbulence generator
! 
! 3343 2018-10-15 10:38:52Z suehring
! - Formatting, clean-up, comments (kanani)
! - Added CALL to chem_emissions_setup (Russo)
! - Code added for decycling chemistry (basit)
! 
! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
! changes concerning modularization of ocean option
! 
! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
! 
! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
! unused variables removed
! 
! 3198 2018-08-15 09:23:10Z sward
! Added multi_agent_system_end; defined start time for MAS relative to
! time_since_reference_point
! 
! 3183 2018-07-27 14:25:55Z suehring
! Replace simulated_time by time_since_reference_point in COSMO nesting mode. 
! Rename subroutines and variables in COSMO nesting mode
! 
! 3182 2018-07-27 13:36:03Z suehring
! Added multi agent system
! 
! 3042 2018-05-25 10:44:37Z schwenkel
! Changed the name specific humidity to mixing ratio
! 
! 3040 2018-05-25 10:22:08Z schwenkel
! Fixed bug in IF statement
! Ensure that the time when calling the radiation to be the time step of the
! pre-calculated time when first calculate the positions of the sun
! 
! 3004 2018-04-27 12:33:25Z Giersch
! First call of flow_statistics has been removed. It is already called in 
! run_control itself
! 
! 2984 2018-04-18 11:51:30Z hellstea
! CALL pmci_ensure_nest_mass_conservation is removed (so far only commented out)
! as seemingly unnecessary.
! 
! 2941 2018-04-03 11:54:58Z kanani
! Deduct spinup_time from RUN_CONTROL output of main 3d run 
! (use time_since_reference_point instead of simulated_time)
! 
! 2938 2018-03-27 15:52:42Z suehring
! Nesting of dissipation rate in case of RANS mode and TKE-e closure is applied
! 
! 2936 2018-03-27 14:49:27Z suehring
! Little formatting adjustment.
! 
! 2817 2018-02-19 16:32:21Z knoop
! Preliminary gust module interface implemented
! 
! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
! Changed lpm from subroutine to module.
! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
! 
! 2776 2018-01-31 10:44:42Z Giersch
! Variable use_synthetic_turbulence_generator has been abbreviated
! 
! 2773 2018-01-30 14:12:54Z suehring
! - Nesting for chemical species
! 
! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
! Removed preprocessor directive __chem
! 
! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
! Corrected "Former revisions" section
! 
! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
! - Change in file header (GPL part)
! - Implementation of uv exposure model (FK)
! - Moved vnest_boundary_conds_khkm from tcm_diffusivities to here (TG)
! - renamed diffusivities to tcm_diffusivities (TG)
! - implement prognostic equation for diss (TG)
! - Moved/commented CALL to chem_emissions (FK)
! - Added CALL to chem_emissions (FK)
! - Implementation of chemistry module (FK)
! - Calls for setting boundary conditions in USM and LSM (MS)
! - Large-scale forcing with larger-scale models implemented (MS)
! - Rename usm_radiation into radiation_interactions; merge with branch 
!   radiation (MS)
! - added call for usm_green_heat_model for green building surfaces (RvT)
! - added call for usm_temperature_near_surface for use in indoor model (RvT)
! 
! 2617 2017-11-16 12:47:24Z suehring
! Bugfix, assure that the reference state does not become zero.
! 
! 2563 2017-10-19 15:36:10Z Giersch
! Variable wind_turbine moved to module control_parameters
! 
! 2365 2017-08-21 14:59:59Z kanani
! Vertical grid nesting implemented (SadiqHuq)
! 
! 2320 2017-07-21 12:47:43Z suehring
! Set bottom boundary conditions after nesting interpolation and anterpolation
! 
! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z maronga
! Call of soil model adjusted
! 
! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison' 
! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)  
! and cloud water content (qc). 
! 
! 2271 2017-06-09 12:34:55Z sward
! Start timestep message changed
! 
! 2259 2017-06-08 09:09:11Z gronemeier
! Implemented synthetic turbulence generator
!
! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
!
! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
! Adjustments to new topography and surface concept
! Modify passed parameters for disturb_field
! 
! 2178 2017-03-17 11:07:39Z hellstea
! Setting perturbations at all times near inflow boundary is removed
! in case of nested boundaries
!
! 2174 2017-03-13 08:18:57Z maronga
! Added support for nesting with cloud microphysics
! 
! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
! OpenACC directives and related code removed
! 
! 2050 2016-11-08 15:00:55Z gronemeier
! Implement turbulent outflow condition
! 
! 2031 2016-10-21 15:11:58Z knoop
! renamed variable rho to rho_ocean
! 
! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters,
! removed commented CALLs of global_min_max.
! 
! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
! Added CALLs for new urban surface model
! 
! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
! 
! 1976 2016-07-27 13:28:04Z maronga
! Simplified calls to radiation model
! 
! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
! Separate humidity and passive scalar
! 
! 1957 2016-07-07 10:43:48Z suehring
! flight module added
! 
! 1919 2016-05-27 14:51:23Z raasch
! Initial version of purely vertical nesting introduced. 
!
! 1918 2016-05-27 14:35:57Z raasch
! determination of time step moved to the end of the time step loop,
! the first time step is now always calculated before the time step loop (i.e.
! also in case of restart runs)
!
! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
! Added call for wind turbine model
!
! 1878 2016-04-19 12:30:36Z hellstea
! Synchronization for nested runs rewritten
! 
! 1853 2016-04-11 09:00:35Z maronga
! Adjusted for use with radiation_scheme = constant
!
! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
! Adapted for modularization of microphysics
!
! 1833 2016-04-07 14:23:03Z raasch
! spectrum renamed spectra_mod, spectra related variables moved to spectra_mod
!
! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
! turbulence renamed collision_turbulence
!
! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
!
! 1808 2016-04-05 19:44:00Z raasch
! output message in case unscheduled radiation calls removed
!
! 1797 2016-03-21 16:50:28Z raasch
! introduction of different datatransfer modes
!
! 1791 2016-03-11 10:41:25Z raasch
! call of pmci_update_new removed
!
! 1786 2016-03-08 05:49:27Z raasch
! +module spectrum
!
! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
! switch back of netcdf data format for mask output moved to the mask output
! routine
!
! 1781 2016-03-03 15:12:23Z raasch
! some pmc calls removed at the beginning (before timeloop),
! pmc initialization moved to the main program
!
! 1764 2016-02-28 12:45:19Z raasch
! PMC_ACTIVE flags removed,
! bugfix: nest synchronization after first call of timestep
!
! 1762 2016-02-25 12:31:13Z hellstea
! Introduction of nested domain feature
!
! 1736 2015-12-04 08:56:33Z raasch
! no perturbations added to total domain if energy limit has been set zero
!
! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
! Added option for spin-ups without land surface and radiation models. Moved calls
! for radiation and lan surface schemes.
! 
! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
! Code annotations made doxygen readable 
! 
! 1671 2015-09-25 03:29:37Z raasch
! bugfix: ghostpoint exchange for array diss in case that sgs velocities are used
! for particles
!
! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
! Moved call of radiation scheme. Added support for RRTM
! 
! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
! Added interface for different radiation schemes.
! 
! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
! Added calls for the land surface model and radiation scheme
! 
! 1402 2014-05-09 14:25:13Z raasch
! location messages modified
! 
! 1384 2014-05-02 14:31:06Z raasch
! location messages added
! 
! 1380 2014-04-28 12:40:45Z heinze
! CALL of nudge_ref added 
! bc_pt_t_val and bc_q_t_val are updated in case nudging is used
! 
! 1365 2014-04-22 15:03:56Z boeske
! Reset sums_ls_l to zero at each timestep
! +sums_ls_l
! Calculation of reference state (previously in subroutine calc_mean_profile)

! 1342 2014-03-26 17:04:47Z kanani
! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
! 
! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
! old module precision_kind is removed,
! revision history before 2012 removed,
! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
! all variable declaration statements 
! 1318 2014-03-17 13:35:16Z raasch
! module interfaces removed
!
! 1308 2014-03-13 14:58:42Z fricke
! +netcdf_data_format_save
! For masked data, parallel netcdf output is not tested so far, hence 
! netcdf_data_format is switched back to non-paralell output.
!
! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
!
! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
! acc-update-host directive for timestep removed
!
! 1241 2013-10-30 11:36:58Z heinze
! Generalize calc_mean_profile for wider use
! Determine shf and qsws in dependence on data from LSF_DATA
! Determine ug and vg in dependence on data from LSF_DATA
! 1221 2013-09-10 08:59:13Z raasch
! host update of arrays before timestep is called
!
! 1179 2013-06-14 05:57:58Z raasch
! mean profiles for reference state are only calculated if required,
! small bugfix for background communication
!
! 1171 2013-05-30 11:27:45Z raasch
! split of prognostic_equations deactivated (comment lines), for the time being
!
! 1128 2013-04-12 06:19:32Z raasch
! asynchronous transfer of ghost point data realized for acc-optimized version:
! prognostic_equations are first called two times for those points required for
! the left-right and north-south exchange, respectively, and then for the
! remaining points,
! those parts requiring global communication moved from prognostic_equations to
! here
!
! 1115 2013-03-26 18:16:16Z hoffmann
! calculation of qr and nr is restricted to precipitation
!
! 1113 2013-03-10 02:48:14Z raasch
! GPU-porting of boundary conditions,
! openACC directives updated
! formal parameter removed from routine boundary_conds
!
! 1111 2013-03-08 23:54:10Z raasch
! +internal timestep counter for cpu statistics added,
! openACC directives updated
!
! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
! unused variables removed
!
! 1065 2012-11-22 17:42:36Z hoffmann
! exchange of diss (dissipation rate) in case of turbulence = .TRUE. added
!
! 1053 2012-11-13 17:11:03Z hoffmann
! exchange of ghost points for nr, qr added
!
! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
!
! 1019 2012-09-28 06:46:45Z raasch
! non-optimized version of prognostic_equations removed
!
! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
! +call of prognostic_equations_acc
!
! 1001 2012-09-13 14:08:46Z raasch
! all actions concerning leapfrog- and upstream-spline-scheme removed
!
! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
! advec_particles renamed lpm, first_call_advec_particles renamed first_call_lpm
!
! 825 2012-02-19 03:03:44Z raasch
! wang_collision_kernel renamed wang_kernel
!
! Revision 1.1  1997/08/11 06:19:04  raasch
! Initial revision
!
!
! Description:
! ------------
!> Integration in time of the model equations, statistical analysis and graphic
!> output
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
 SUBROUTINE time_integration
 

    USE advec_ws,                                                              &
        ONLY:  ws_statistics

    USE arrays_3d,                                                             &
        ONLY:  d, diss, diss_p, ddzu, dd2zu, ddzw, drho_air, drho_air_zw, dzu, &
               dzw, e, e_p, kh, km, nc, nc_p, nr, nr_p, p, prho, pt, pt_p,     &
               pt_init, ptdf_x, ptdf_y, q_init, q, qc, qc_p, ql, ql_c, ql_v,   &
               ql_vp, qr, qr_p, q_p, rdf, rdf_sc, ref_state, rho_air,          &
               rho_air_zw, rho_ocean, s, s_p, sa_p, te_m, tend, tpt_m, tu_m,   &
               tv_m, tw_m, u, ug, u_init, u_p, u_stokes_zu, v, vg, v_init, vpt,&
               v_p, v_stokes_zu, w, w_p, zu

    USE biometeorology_mod,                                                    &
        ONLY:  bio_calculate_thermal_index_maps, time_bio_results,             &
               thermal_comfort, uvem_calc_exposure, uv_exposure

    USE bulk_cloud_model_mod,                                                  &
        ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, calc_liquid_water_content,                     &
              collision_turbulence, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert

    USE calc_mean_profile_mod,                                                 &
        ONLY:  calc_mean_profile

    USE chem_emissions_mod,                                                    &
        ONLY:  chem_emissions_setup

    USE chem_modules,                                                          &
        ONLY:  bc_cs_t_val, cs_name, do_emis, nspec, nspec_out

    USE chemistry_model_mod,                                                   &
        ONLY:  chem_boundary_conds, chem_species

    USE control_parameters,                                                    &
        ONLY:  advected_distance_x, advected_distance_y, air_chemistry,        &
               average_count_3d, averaging_interval, averaging_interval_pr,    &
               bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, bc_pt_t_val, bc_q_t_val, biometeorology,  &
               call_psolver_at_all_substeps,  child_domain, cloud_droplets,    &
               constant_flux_layer, constant_heatflux,                         &
               create_disturbances, dopr_n, constant_diffusion, coupling_mode, &
               coupling_start_time, current_timestep_number,                   &
               disturbance_created, disturbance_energy_limit, dist_range,      &
               do_sum, dt_3d, dt_averaging_input, dt_averaging_input_pr,       &
               dt_coupling, dt_data_output_av, dt_disturb, dt_do2d_xy,         &
               dt_do2d_xz, dt_do2d_yz, dt_do3d, dt_domask,dt_dopts, dt_dopr,   &
               dt_dopr_listing, dt_dots, dt_dvrp, dt_run_control, end_time,    &
               first_call_lpm, first_call_mas, galilei_transformation,         &
               humidity, indoor_model, intermediate_timestep_count,            &
               intermediate_timestep_count_max,                                &
               land_surface, large_scale_forcing,                              &
               loop_optimization, lsf_surf, lsf_vert, masks, mid,              &
               multi_agent_system_end, multi_agent_system_start,               &
               nesting_offline, neutral, nr_timesteps_this_run, nudging,       &
               ocean_mode, passive_scalar, pt_reference,                       &
               pt_slope_offset, random_heatflux, rans_mode,                    &
               rans_tke_e, run_coupled, salsa,                                 &
               simulated_time, simulated_time_chr,                             &
               skip_time_do2d_xy, skip_time_do2d_xz, skip_time_do2d_yz,        &
               skip_time_do3d, skip_time_domask, skip_time_dopr,               &
               skip_time_data_output_av, sloping_surface, stop_dt,             &
               surface_data_output, terminate_coupled, terminate_run,          &
               timestep_scheme,                                                &
               time_coupling, time_do2d_xy, time_do2d_xz, time_do2d_yz,        &
               time_do3d, time_domask, time_dopr, time_dopr_av,                &
               time_dopr_listing, time_dopts, time_dosp, time_dosp_av,         &
               time_dots, time_do_av, time_do_sla, time_disturb, time_dvrp,    &
               time_run_control, time_since_reference_point, tsc,              &
               turbulent_inflow, turbulent_outflow, urban_surface,             &
               use_initial_profile_as_reference,                               &
               use_single_reference_value, u_gtrans, v_gtrans,                 &
               virtual_flight, virtual_measurement, wind_turbine,              &
               ws_scheme_mom, ws_scheme_sca 

    USE cpulog,                                                                &
        ONLY:  cpu_log, log_point, log_point_s

    USE date_and_time_mod,                                                     &
        ONLY:  calc_date_and_time, hour_call_emis, hour_of_year

    USE flight_mod,                                                            &
        ONLY:  flight_measurement

    USE gust_mod,                                                              &
        ONLY:  gust_actions, gust_module_enabled

    USE indices,                                                               &
        ONLY:  nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt, &
               nz, nzb_max, advc_flags_1, advc_flags_2, wall_flags_0

    USE indoor_model_mod,                                                      &
        ONLY:  dt_indoor, im_main_heatcool, skip_time_do_indoor, time_indoor

    USE interaction_droplets_ptq_mod,                                          &
        ONLY:  interaction_droplets_ptq

    USE interfaces

    USE kinds

    USE land_surface_model_mod,                                                &
        ONLY:  lsm_boundary_condition, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model,     &
               skip_time_do_lsm

    USE lsf_nudging_mod,                                                       &
        ONLY:  calc_tnudge, ls_forcing_surf, ls_forcing_vert, nudge_ref

    USE multi_agent_system_mod,                                                &
        ONLY:  agents_active, multi_agent_system

    USE nesting_offl_mod,                                                      &
        ONLY:  nesting_offl_bc, nesting_offl_mass_conservation
        
    USE netcdf_data_input_mod,                                                 &
        ONLY:  chem_emis, chem_emis_att, nest_offl,                            &
               netcdf_data_input_offline_nesting

    USE ocean_mod,                                                             &
        ONLY:  prho_reference

    USE particle_attributes,                                                   &
        ONLY:  particle_advection, particle_advection_start,                   &
               use_sgs_for_particles, wang_kernel

    USE pegrid

    USE pmc_interface,                                                         &
        ONLY:  nested_run, nesting_mode, pmci_boundary_conds, pmci_datatrans,  &
               pmci_synchronize

    USE progress_bar,                                                          &
        ONLY:  finish_progress_bar, output_progress_bar

    USE prognostic_equations_mod,                                              &
        ONLY:  prognostic_equations_cache, prognostic_equations_vector

    USE radiation_model_mod,                                                   &
        ONLY: dt_radiation, force_radiation_call, radiation, radiation_control,&
              radiation_interaction, radiation_interactions,                   &
              skip_time_do_radiation, time_radiation
         
    USE salsa_mod,                                                             &
        ONLY: aerosol_number, aerosol_mass, nbins, ncc_tot, ngast,             &
              salsa_boundary_conds, salsa_gas, salsa_gases_from_chem,          &
              skip_time_do_salsa                      
    
    USE salsa_util_mod,                                                        &
           ONLY:  sums_salsa_ws_l      

    USE spectra_mod,                                                           &
        ONLY: average_count_sp, averaging_interval_sp, calc_spectra, dt_dosp,  &
              skip_time_dosp

    USE statistics,                                                            &
        ONLY:  flow_statistics_called, hom, pr_palm, sums_ls_l,                &
               rmask, statistic_regions, weight_substep, sums_l_l,             &
               sums_us2_ws_l, sums_wsus_ws_l, sums_vs2_ws_l, sums_wsvs_ws_l,   &
               sums_ws2_ws_l, sums_wspts_ws_l, sums_wsqs_ws_l, sums_wssas_ws_l,&
               sums_wsqcs_ws_l, sums_wsqrs_ws_l, sums_wsncs_ws_l,              &
               sums_wsnrs_ws_l, sums_wsss_ws_l

    USE surface_layer_fluxes_mod,                                              &
        ONLY:  surface_layer_fluxes

    USE surface_mod,                                                           &
        ONLY:  bc_h, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h,                       &
               enter_surface_arrays, exit_surface_arrays

    USE surface_output_mod,                                                    &
        ONLY:  average_count_surf, averaging_interval_surf, dt_dosurf,         &
               dt_dosurf_av, surface_output, surface_output_averaging,         &
               skip_time_dosurf, skip_time_dosurf_av, time_dosurf,             &
               time_dosurf_av

    USE turbulence_closure_mod,                                                &
        ONLY:  tcm_diffusivities, production_e_init

    USE urban_surface_mod,                                                     &
        ONLY:  usm_boundary_condition, usm_material_heat_model,                &
               usm_material_model,                                             &
               usm_surface_energy_balance, usm_green_heat_model

    USE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod,                                    &
        ONLY:  dt_stg_call, dt_stg_adjust, parametrize_inflow_turbulence,      &
               stg_adjust, stg_main, time_stg_adjust, time_stg_call,           &
               use_syn_turb_gen   

    USE user_actions_mod,                                                      &
        ONLY:  user_actions


    USE wind_turbine_model_mod,                                                &
        ONLY:  wtm_forces

    USE lpm_mod,                                                               &
        ONLY:  lpm

    USE vertical_nesting_mod,                                                  &
        ONLY:  vnested, vnest_anterpolate, vnest_anterpolate_e,                &
               vnest_boundary_conds, vnest_boundary_conds_khkm,                & 
               vnest_deallocate, vnest_init, vnest_init_fine,                  &
               vnest_start_time
               
    USE virtual_measurement_mod,                                               &
        ONLY:  vm_sampling, vm_time_start

    IMPLICIT NONE

    CHARACTER (LEN=9) ::  time_to_string   !<
    
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  b !< index for aerosol size bins    
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  c !< index for chemical compounds in aerosol size bins
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  g !< index for gaseous compounds 
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  lsp
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  lsp_usr   !<
    INTEGER(iwp)      ::  n         !< loop counter for chemistry species

    REAL(wp) ::  dt_3d_old  !< temporary storage of timestep to be used for
                            !< steering of run control output interval
    REAL(wp) ::  time_since_reference_point_save  !< original value of
                                                  !< time_since_reference_point


! Copy data from arrays_3d
!$ACC DATA & 
!$ACC COPY(d(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr)) &
!$ACC COPY(e(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(u(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(v(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(w(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(kh(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(km(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(pt(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg))

!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPY(e_p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(u_p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(v_p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(w_p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(pt_p(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(tend(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(te_m(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(tu_m(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(tv_m(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(tw_m(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPY(tpt_m(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg))

!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPYIN(rho_air(nzb:nzt+1), drho_air(nzb:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(rho_air_zw(nzb:nzt+1), drho_air_zw(nzb:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(zu(nzb:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(dzu(1:nzt+1), dzw(1:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(ddzu(1:nzt+1), dd2zu(1:nzt)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(ddzw(1:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(rdf(nzb+1:nzt), rdf_sc(nzb+1:nzt)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(ptdf_x(nxlg:nxrg), ptdf_y(nysg:nyng)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(ref_state(0:nz+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(u_init(0:nz+1), v_init(0:nz+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(u_stokes_zu(nzb:nzt+1), v_stokes_zu(nzb:nzt+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(pt_init(0:nz+1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(ug(0:nz+1), vg(0:nz+1))

! Copy data from control_parameters
!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPYIN(tsc(1:5))

! Copy data from indices
!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPYIN(advc_flags_1(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(advc_flags_2(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(wall_flags_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg))

! Copy data from surface_mod
!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(0:1)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(0)%i(1:bc_h(0)%ns)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(0)%j(1:bc_h(0)%ns)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(0)%k(1:bc_h(0)%ns)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(1)%i(1:bc_h(1)%ns)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(1)%j(1:bc_h(1)%ns)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(bc_h(1)%k(1:bc_h(1)%ns))

! Copy data from statistics
!$ACC DATA &
!$ACC COPYIN(hom(nzb+1:nzb_max,1,1:3,0)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(rmask(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg,0:statistic_regions)) &
!$ACC COPYIN(weight_substep(1:intermediate_timestep_count_max)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_l_l(nzb:nzt+1,0:statistic_regions,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_us2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsus_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_vs2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsvs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_ws2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wspts_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wssas_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsqs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsqcs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsqrs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsncs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsnrs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_wsss_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
!$ACC COPY(sums_salsa_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0))

!
!-- At beginning determine the first time step
    CALL timestep
!
!-- Synchronize the timestep in case of nested run.
    IF ( nested_run )  THEN
!
!--    Synchronization by unifying the time step.
!--    Global minimum of all time-steps is used for all.
       CALL pmci_synchronize
    ENDIF

!
!-- Determine and print out the run control quantities before the first time
!-- step of this run. For the initial run, some statistics (e.g. divergence)
!-- need to be determined first --> CALL flow_statistics at the beginning of
!-- run_control
    CALL run_control
!
!-- Data exchange between coupled models in case that a call has been omitted 
!-- at the end of the previous run of a job chain.
    IF ( coupling_mode /= 'uncoupled'  .AND.  run_coupled .AND. .NOT. vnested)  THEN
!
!--    In case of model termination initiated by the local model the coupler 
!--    must not be called because this would again cause an MPI hang. 
       DO WHILE ( time_coupling >= dt_coupling  .AND.  terminate_coupled == 0 )
          CALL surface_coupler
          time_coupling = time_coupling - dt_coupling
       ENDDO
       IF (time_coupling == 0.0_wp  .AND.                                      &
           time_since_reference_point < dt_coupling )                          &
       THEN
          time_coupling = time_since_reference_point
       ENDIF
    ENDIF

#if defined( __dvrp_graphics )
!
!-- Time measurement with dvrp software  
    CALL DVRP_LOG_EVENT( 2, current_timestep_number )
#endif

    CALL location_message( 'starting timestep-sequence', .TRUE. )
!
!-- Start of the time loop
    DO  WHILE ( simulated_time < end_time  .AND.  .NOT. stop_dt  .AND. &
                .NOT. terminate_run )

       CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(10), 'timesteps', 'start' )
!
!--    Vertical nesting: initialize fine grid
       IF ( vnested ) THEN
          IF ( .NOT. vnest_init  .AND.  simulated_time >= vnest_start_time )  THEN
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(80), 'vnest_init', 'start' )
             CALL vnest_init_fine
             vnest_init = .TRUE.
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(80), 'vnest_init', 'stop' )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF
!
!--    Determine ug, vg and w_subs in dependence on data from external file 
!--    LSF_DATA
       IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_vert )  THEN
           CALL ls_forcing_vert ( simulated_time )
           sums_ls_l = 0.0_wp
       ENDIF

!
!--    Set pt_init and q_init to the current profiles taken from 
!--    NUDGING_DATA 
       IF ( nudging )  THEN
           CALL nudge_ref ( simulated_time )
!
!--        Store temperature gradient at the top boundary for possible Neumann
!--        boundary condition
           bc_pt_t_val = ( pt_init(nzt+1) - pt_init(nzt) ) / dzu(nzt+1)
           bc_q_t_val  = ( q_init(nzt+1) - q_init(nzt) ) / dzu(nzt+1)
           IF ( air_chemistry )  THEN
              DO  lsp = 1, nspec
                 bc_cs_t_val = (  chem_species(lsp)%conc_pr_init(nzt+1)       &
                                - chem_species(lsp)%conc_pr_init(nzt) )       &
                               / dzu(nzt+1)
              ENDDO
           ENDIF
       ENDIF
!
!--    If forcing by larger-scale models is applied, check if new data
!--    at domain boundaries need to be read.
       IF ( nesting_offline )  THEN
          IF ( nest_offl%time(nest_offl%tind_p) <= time_since_reference_point )&
             CALL netcdf_data_input_offline_nesting
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute the gust module actions
       IF ( gust_module_enabled )  THEN
          CALL gust_actions( 'before_timestep' )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute the user-defined actions
       CALL user_actions( 'before_timestep' )

!
!--    Calculate forces by wind turbines
       IF ( wind_turbine )  THEN

          CALL cpu_log( log_point(55), 'wind_turbine', 'start' )

          CALL wtm_forces

          CALL cpu_log( log_point(55), 'wind_turbine', 'stop' )

       ENDIF   
       
#ifdef _OPENACC
       CALL enter_surface_arrays
#endif
        
!
!--    Start of intermediate step loop
       intermediate_timestep_count = 0
       DO  WHILE ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
                   intermediate_timestep_count_max )

          intermediate_timestep_count = intermediate_timestep_count + 1

!
!--       Set the steering factors for the prognostic equations which depend
!--       on the timestep scheme
          CALL timestep_scheme_steering

!
!--       Calculate those variables needed in the tendency terms which need
!--       global communication
          IF ( .NOT. use_single_reference_value  .AND. &
               .NOT. use_initial_profile_as_reference )  THEN
!
!--          Horizontally averaged profiles to be used as reference state in
!--          buoyancy terms (WARNING: only the respective last call of
!--          calc_mean_profile defines the reference state!)
             IF ( .NOT. neutral )  THEN
                CALL calc_mean_profile( pt, 4 )
                ref_state(:)  = hom(:,1,4,0) ! this is used in the buoyancy term
             ENDIF
             IF ( ocean_mode )  THEN
                CALL calc_mean_profile( rho_ocean, 64 )
                ref_state(:)  = hom(:,1,64,0)
             ENDIF
             IF ( humidity )  THEN
                CALL calc_mean_profile( vpt, 44 )
                ref_state(:)  = hom(:,1,44,0)
             ENDIF
!
!--          Assure that ref_state does not become zero at any level
!--          ( might be the case if a vertical level is completely occupied 
!--            with topography ).
             ref_state = MERGE( MAXVAL(ref_state), ref_state,                  &
                                ref_state == 0.0_wp )
          ENDIF

          IF ( .NOT. constant_diffusion )  CALL production_e_init
          IF ( ( ws_scheme_mom .OR. ws_scheme_sca )  .AND.  &
               intermediate_timestep_count == 1 )  CALL ws_statistics
!
!--       In case of nudging calculate current nudging time scale and horizontal
!--       means of u, v, pt and q
          IF ( nudging )  THEN
             CALL calc_tnudge( simulated_time )
             CALL calc_mean_profile( u, 1 )
             CALL calc_mean_profile( v, 2 )
             CALL calc_mean_profile( pt, 4 )
             CALL calc_mean_profile( q, 41 )
          ENDIF

!
!--       Solve the prognostic equations. A fast cache optimized version with
!--       only one single loop is used in case of Piascek-Williams advection
!--       scheme. NEC vector machines use a different version, because
!--       in the other versions a good vectorization is prohibited due to
!--       inlining problems.
          IF ( loop_optimization == 'cache' )  THEN
             CALL prognostic_equations_cache
          ELSEIF ( loop_optimization == 'vector' )  THEN
             CALL prognostic_equations_vector
          ENDIF

!
!--       Particle transport/physics with the Lagrangian particle model
!--       (only once during intermediate steps, because it uses an Euler-step)
!--       ### particle model should be moved before prognostic_equations, in order
!--       to regard droplet interactions directly
          IF ( particle_advection  .AND.                         &
               time_since_reference_point >= particle_advection_start  .AND. &
               intermediate_timestep_count == 1 )  THEN
             CALL lpm
             first_call_lpm = .FALSE.
          ENDIF

!
!--       Interaction of droplets with temperature and mixing ratio.
!--       Droplet condensation and evaporation is calculated within
!--       advec_particles.
          IF ( cloud_droplets  .AND.  &
               intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max )&
          THEN
             CALL interaction_droplets_ptq
          ENDIF

!
!--       Movement of agents in multi agent system
          IF ( agents_active  .AND.                                            &
               time_since_reference_point >= multi_agent_system_start  .AND.   &
               time_since_reference_point <= multi_agent_system_end    .AND.   &
               intermediate_timestep_count == 1 )  THEN
             CALL multi_agent_system
             first_call_mas = .FALSE.
          ENDIF

!
!--       Exchange of ghost points (lateral boundary conditions)
          CALL cpu_log( log_point(26), 'exchange-horiz-progn', 'start' )

          CALL exchange_horiz( u_p, nbgp )
          CALL exchange_horiz( v_p, nbgp )
          CALL exchange_horiz( w_p, nbgp )
          CALL exchange_horiz( pt_p, nbgp )
          IF ( .NOT. constant_diffusion )  CALL exchange_horiz( e_p, nbgp )
          IF ( rans_tke_e  .OR.  wang_kernel  .OR.  collision_turbulence       &
               .OR.  use_sgs_for_particles )  THEN
             IF ( rans_tke_e )  THEN
                CALL exchange_horiz( diss_p, nbgp )
             ELSE
                CALL exchange_horiz( diss, nbgp )
             ENDIF
          ENDIF
          IF ( ocean_mode )  THEN
             CALL exchange_horiz( sa_p, nbgp )
             CALL exchange_horiz( rho_ocean, nbgp )
             CALL exchange_horiz( prho, nbgp )
          ENDIF
          IF ( humidity )  THEN
             CALL exchange_horiz( q_p, nbgp )
             IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison )  THEN
                CALL exchange_horiz( qc_p, nbgp )
                CALL exchange_horiz( nc_p, nbgp )
             ENDIF
             IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert )  THEN
                CALL exchange_horiz( qr_p, nbgp )
                CALL exchange_horiz( nr_p, nbgp )
             ENDIF
          ENDIF
          IF ( cloud_droplets )  THEN
             CALL exchange_horiz( ql, nbgp )
             CALL exchange_horiz( ql_c, nbgp )
             CALL exchange_horiz( ql_v, nbgp )
             CALL exchange_horiz( ql_vp, nbgp )
          ENDIF
          IF ( passive_scalar )  CALL exchange_horiz( s_p, nbgp )
          IF ( air_chemistry )  THEN
             DO  lsp = 1, nspec
                CALL exchange_horiz( chem_species(lsp)%conc_p, nbgp )
!
!--             kanani: Push chem_boundary_conds after CALL boundary_conds
                lsp_usr = 1
                DO WHILE ( TRIM( cs_name( lsp_usr ) ) /= 'novalue' )
                   IF ( TRIM(chem_species(lsp)%name) == TRIM(cs_name(lsp_usr)) )  THEN
                      CALL chem_boundary_conds( chem_species(lsp)%conc_p,              &
                                                chem_species(lsp)%conc_pr_init )
                   ENDIF
                   lsp_usr = lsp_usr + 1
                ENDDO
             ENDDO
          ENDIF

          IF ( salsa  .AND.  time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do_salsa )&
          THEN
             CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(91), 'salsa exch-horiz ', 'start' )
             DO  b = 1, nbins
                CALL exchange_horiz( aerosol_number(b)%conc_p, nbgp )
                CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'start' )
                CALL salsa_boundary_conds( aerosol_number(b)%conc_p,           &
                                           aerosol_number(b)%init )
                CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'stop' )
                DO  c = 1, ncc_tot
                   CALL exchange_horiz( aerosol_mass((c-1)*nbins+b)%conc_p,    &
                                        nbgp )
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'start' )
                   CALL salsa_boundary_conds( aerosol_mass((c-1)*nbins+b)%conc_p,&
                                              aerosol_mass((c-1)*nbins+b)%init )
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'stop' )
                ENDDO
             ENDDO
             IF ( .NOT. salsa_gases_from_chem )  THEN
                DO  g = 1, ngast
                   CALL exchange_horiz( salsa_gas(g)%conc_p, nbgp ) 
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'start' )
                   CALL salsa_boundary_conds( salsa_gas(g)%conc_p,             &
                                              salsa_gas(g)%init )
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(93), 'salsa decycle', 'stop' )
             ENDDO
             ENDIF
             CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(91), 'salsa exch-horiz ', 'stop' )
          ENDIF         
          CALL cpu_log( log_point(26), 'exchange-horiz-progn', 'stop' )

!
!--       Boundary conditions for the prognostic quantities (except of the
!--       velocities at the outflow in case of a non-cyclic lateral wall)
          CALL boundary_conds
!
!--       Swap the time levels in preparation for the next time step.
          CALL swap_timelevel

!
!--       Vertical nesting: Interpolate fine grid data to the coarse grid
          IF ( vnest_init ) THEN
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(81), 'vnest_anterpolate', 'start' )
             CALL vnest_anterpolate
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(81), 'vnest_anterpolate', 'stop' )
          ENDIF

          IF ( nested_run )  THEN

             CALL cpu_log( log_point(60), 'nesting', 'start' )
!
!--          Domain nesting. The data transfer subroutines pmci_parent_datatrans
!--          and pmci_child_datatrans are called inside the wrapper
!--          subroutine pmci_datatrans according to the control parameters
!--          nesting_mode and nesting_datatransfer_mode.
!--          TO_DO: why is nesting_mode given as a parameter here?
             CALL pmci_datatrans( nesting_mode )

             IF ( TRIM( nesting_mode ) == 'two-way' .OR.                       &
                  nesting_mode == 'vertical' )  THEN
!
!--             Exchange_horiz is needed for all parent-domains after the
!--             anterpolation
                CALL exchange_horiz( u, nbgp )
                CALL exchange_horiz( v, nbgp )
                CALL exchange_horiz( w, nbgp )
                IF ( .NOT. neutral )  CALL exchange_horiz( pt, nbgp )

                IF ( humidity )  THEN

                   CALL exchange_horiz( q, nbgp )

                   IF ( bulk_cloud_model  .AND.  microphysics_morrison )  THEN
                       CALL exchange_horiz( qc, nbgp )
                       CALL exchange_horiz( nc, nbgp )
                   ENDIF
                   IF ( bulk_cloud_model  .AND.  microphysics_seifert )  THEN
                       CALL exchange_horiz( qr, nbgp )
                       CALL exchange_horiz( nr, nbgp )
                   ENDIF

                ENDIF

                IF ( passive_scalar )  CALL exchange_horiz( s, nbgp )  
               
                IF ( .NOT. constant_diffusion )  CALL exchange_horiz( e, nbgp )

                IF ( .NOT. constant_diffusion  .AND.  rans_mode  .AND.         &
                                                      rans_tke_e )             &
                   CALL exchange_horiz( diss, nbgp )

                IF ( air_chemistry )  THEN
                   DO  n = 1, nspec     
                      CALL exchange_horiz( chem_species(n)%conc, nbgp ) 
                   ENDDO
                ENDIF

             ENDIF
!
!--          Set boundary conditions again after interpolation and anterpolation.
             CALL pmci_boundary_conds

             CALL cpu_log( log_point(60), 'nesting', 'stop' )

          ENDIF

!
!--       Temperature offset must be imposed at cyclic boundaries in x-direction
!--       when a sloping surface is used
          IF ( sloping_surface )  THEN
             IF ( nxl ==  0 )  pt(:,:,nxlg:nxl-1) = pt(:,:,nxlg:nxl-1) - &
                                                    pt_slope_offset
             IF ( nxr == nx )  pt(:,:,nxr+1:nxrg) = pt(:,:,nxr+1:nxrg) + &
                                                    pt_slope_offset
          ENDIF

!
!--       Impose a turbulent inflow using the recycling method
          IF ( turbulent_inflow )  CALL  inflow_turbulence

!
!--       Set values at outflow boundary using the special outflow condition
          IF ( turbulent_outflow )  CALL  outflow_turbulence

!
!--       Impose a random perturbation on the horizontal velocity field
          IF ( create_disturbances  .AND.                                      &
               ( call_psolver_at_all_substeps  .AND.                           &
               intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max )&
          .OR. ( .NOT. call_psolver_at_all_substeps  .AND.                     &
               intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) )                            &
          THEN
             time_disturb = time_disturb + dt_3d
             IF ( time_disturb >= dt_disturb )  THEN
                IF ( disturbance_energy_limit /= 0.0_wp  .AND.                 &
                     hom(nzb+5,1,pr_palm,0) < disturbance_energy_limit )  THEN
                   CALL disturb_field( 'u', tend, u )
                   CALL disturb_field( 'v', tend, v )
                ELSEIF ( ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc  .OR.  .NOT. bc_ns_cyc )            &
                     .AND. .NOT. child_domain  .AND.  .NOT.  nesting_offline )  &
                THEN
!
!--                Runs with a non-cyclic lateral wall need perturbations
!--                near the inflow throughout the whole simulation
                   dist_range = 1
                   CALL disturb_field( 'u', tend, u )
                   CALL disturb_field( 'v', tend, v )
                   dist_range = 0
                ENDIF
                time_disturb = time_disturb - dt_disturb
             ENDIF
          ENDIF

!
!--       Map forcing data derived from larger scale model onto domain 
!--       boundaries. 
          IF ( nesting_offline  .AND.  intermediate_timestep_count ==          &
                                       intermediate_timestep_count_max  )      &
             CALL nesting_offl_bc
!
!--       Impose a turbulent inflow using synthetic generated turbulence, 
!--       only once per time step.
          IF ( use_syn_turb_gen  .AND.  time_stg_call >= dt_stg_call  .AND.    &
             intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max )  THEN! &
             CALL stg_main
          ENDIF
!
!--       Ensure mass conservation. This need to be done after imposing
!--       synthetic turbulence and top boundary condition for pressure is set to
!--       Neumann conditions. 
!--       Is this also required in case of Dirichlet?
          IF ( nesting_offline )  CALL nesting_offl_mass_conservation
!
!--       Reduce the velocity divergence via the equation for perturbation
!--       pressure.
          IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1  .OR. &
                call_psolver_at_all_substeps )  THEN

             IF (  vnest_init ) THEN
!
!--             Compute pressure in the CG, interpolate top boundary conditions
!--             to the FG and then compute pressure in the FG
                IF ( coupling_mode == 'vnested_crse' )  CALL pres

                CALL cpu_log( log_point(82), 'vnest_bc', 'start' )
                CALL vnest_boundary_conds
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(82), 'vnest_bc', 'stop' )
 
                IF ( coupling_mode == 'vnested_fine' )  CALL pres

!--             Anterpolate TKE, satisfy Germano Identity
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(83), 'vnest_anter_e', 'start' )
                CALL vnest_anterpolate_e
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(83), 'vnest_anter_e', 'stop' )

             ELSE

                CALL pres

             ENDIF

          ENDIF

!
!--       If required, compute liquid water content
          IF ( bulk_cloud_model )  THEN
             CALL calc_liquid_water_content
          ENDIF
!
!--       If required, compute virtual potential temperature 
          IF ( humidity )  THEN 
             CALL compute_vpt 
          ENDIF 

!
!--       Compute the diffusion quantities
          IF ( .NOT. constant_diffusion )  THEN

!
!--          Determine surface fluxes shf and qsws and surface values 
!--          pt_surface and q_surface in dependence on data from external 
!--          file LSF_DATA respectively
             IF ( ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) .AND. &
                 intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max )&
             THEN
                CALL ls_forcing_surf( simulated_time )
             ENDIF

!
!--          First the vertical (and horizontal) fluxes in the surface 
!--          (constant flux) layer are computed
             IF ( constant_flux_layer )  THEN
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(19), 'surface_layer_fluxes', 'start' )
                CALL surface_layer_fluxes
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(19), 'surface_layer_fluxes', 'stop' )
             ENDIF
!
!--          If required, solve the energy balance for the surface and run soil 
!--          model. Call for horizontal as well as vertical surfaces
             IF ( land_surface .AND. time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do_lsm)  THEN

                CALL cpu_log( log_point(54), 'land_surface', 'start' )
!
!--             Call for horizontal upward-facing surfaces
                CALL lsm_energy_balance( .TRUE., -1 )
                CALL lsm_soil_model( .TRUE., -1, .TRUE. )
!
!--             Call for northward-facing surfaces
                CALL lsm_energy_balance( .FALSE., 0 )
                CALL lsm_soil_model( .FALSE., 0, .TRUE. )
!
!--             Call for southward-facing surfaces
                CALL lsm_energy_balance( .FALSE., 1 )
                CALL lsm_soil_model( .FALSE., 1, .TRUE. )
!
!--             Call for eastward-facing surfaces
                CALL lsm_energy_balance( .FALSE., 2 )
                CALL lsm_soil_model( .FALSE., 2, .TRUE. )
!
!--             Call for westward-facing surfaces
                CALL lsm_energy_balance( .FALSE., 3 )
                CALL lsm_soil_model( .FALSE., 3, .TRUE. )
                
!
!--             At the end, set boundary conditons for potential temperature
!--             and humidity after running the land-surface model. This 
!--             might be important for the nesting, where arrays are transfered.
                CALL lsm_boundary_condition

                
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(54), 'land_surface', 'stop' )
             ENDIF
!
!--          If required, solve the energy balance for urban surfaces and run 
!--          the material heat model
             IF (urban_surface) THEN
                CALL cpu_log( log_point(74), 'urban_surface', 'start' )
                
                CALL usm_surface_energy_balance( .FALSE. )
                IF ( usm_material_model )  THEN
                   CALL usm_green_heat_model
                   CALL usm_material_heat_model ( .FALSE. )
                ENDIF

!
!--             At the end, set boundary conditons for potential temperature
!--             and humidity after running the urban-surface model. This 
!--             might be important for the nesting, where arrays are transfered.
                CALL usm_boundary_condition

                CALL cpu_log( log_point(74), 'urban_surface', 'stop' )
             ENDIF
!
!--          Compute the diffusion coefficients
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(17), 'diffusivities', 'start' )
             IF ( .NOT. humidity ) THEN
                IF ( ocean_mode )  THEN
                   CALL tcm_diffusivities( prho, prho_reference )
                ELSE
                   CALL tcm_diffusivities( pt, pt_reference )
                ENDIF
             ELSE
                CALL tcm_diffusivities( vpt, pt_reference )
             ENDIF
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(17), 'diffusivities', 'stop' )
!
!--          Vertical nesting: set fine grid eddy viscosity top boundary condition
             IF ( vnest_init )  CALL vnest_boundary_conds_khkm

          ENDIF

!
!--       If required, calculate radiative fluxes and heating rates
          IF ( radiation .AND. intermediate_timestep_count                     &
               == intermediate_timestep_count_max .AND. time_since_reference_point >    &
               skip_time_do_radiation )  THEN

               time_radiation = time_radiation + dt_3d

             IF ( time_radiation >= dt_radiation .OR. force_radiation_call )   &
             THEN

                CALL cpu_log( log_point(50), 'radiation', 'start' )

                IF ( .NOT. force_radiation_call )  THEN
                   time_radiation = time_radiation - dt_radiation
                ENDIF

!
!--             Adjust the current time to the time step of the radiation model.
!--             Needed since radiation is pre-calculated and stored only on apparent 
!--             solar positions
                time_since_reference_point_save = time_since_reference_point
                time_since_reference_point =                                   &
                                    REAL( FLOOR( time_since_reference_point /  &
                                                 dt_radiation), wp )           &
                                             * dt_radiation

                CALL radiation_control

                CALL cpu_log( log_point(50), 'radiation', 'stop' )

                IF ( ( urban_surface  .OR.  land_surface )  .AND.               &
                     radiation_interactions )  THEN
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point(75), 'radiation_interaction', 'start' )
                   CALL radiation_interaction
                   CALL cpu_log( log_point(75), 'radiation_interaction', 'stop' )
                ENDIF
    
!
!--             Return the current time to its original value
                time_since_reference_point = time_since_reference_point_save

             ENDIF
          ENDIF

       ENDDO   ! Intermediate step loop

!
!--    Will be used at some point by flow_statistics.
       !$ACC UPDATE HOST(e, u, v, w, pt) &
       !$ACC HOST(kh(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
       !$ACC HOST(km(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_l_l(nzb:nzt+1,0:statistic_regions,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_us2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsus_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_vs2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsvs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_ws2_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wspts_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wssas_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsqs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsqcs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsqrs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsncs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsnrs_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_wsss_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0)) &
       !$ACC HOST(sums_salsa_ws_l(nzb:nzt+1,0))
#ifdef _OPENACC
       CALL exit_surface_arrays
#endif

!
!--    If required, consider chemical emissions
       IF ( air_chemistry  .AND.  do_emis )  THEN
!
!--       Update the time --> kanani: revise location of this CALL
          CALL calc_date_and_time
!
!--       Call emission routine only once an hour
          IF (hour_of_year  .GT.  hour_call_emis )  THEN
             CALL chem_emissions_setup( chem_emis_att, chem_emis, nspec_out )
             hour_call_emis = hour_of_year
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    If required, calculate indoor temperature, waste heat, heat flux
!--    through wall, etc.
!--    dt_indoor steers the frequency of the indoor model calculations
       IF (       indoor_model                                                    &
            .AND. intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max  &
            .AND. time_since_reference_point > skip_time_do_indoor )  THEN

          time_indoor = time_indoor + dt_3d

          IF ( time_indoor >= dt_indoor )  THEN

             time_indoor = time_indoor - dt_indoor

             CALL cpu_log( log_point(76), 'indoor_model', 'start' )
             CALL im_main_heatcool
             CALL cpu_log( log_point(76), 'indoor_model', 'stop' )

          ENDIF
       ENDIF
!
!--    Increase simulation time and output times
       nr_timesteps_this_run      = nr_timesteps_this_run + 1
       current_timestep_number    = current_timestep_number + 1
       simulated_time             = simulated_time   + dt_3d
       time_since_reference_point = simulated_time - coupling_start_time
       simulated_time_chr         = time_to_string( time_since_reference_point )




       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_data_output_av )  THEN
          time_do_av         = time_do_av       + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do2d_xy )  THEN
          time_do2d_xy       = time_do2d_xy     + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do2d_xz )  THEN
          time_do2d_xz       = time_do2d_xz     + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do2d_yz )  THEN
          time_do2d_yz       = time_do2d_yz     + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_do3d    )  THEN
          time_do3d          = time_do3d        + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       DO  mid = 1, masks
          IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_domask(mid) )  THEN
             time_domask(mid)= time_domask(mid) + dt_3d
          ENDIF
       ENDDO
       time_dvrp          = time_dvrp        + dt_3d
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dosp )  THEN
          time_dosp       = time_dosp        + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       time_dots          = time_dots        + dt_3d
       IF ( .NOT. first_call_lpm )  THEN
          time_dopts      = time_dopts       + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dopr )  THEN
          time_dopr       = time_dopr        + dt_3d
       ENDIF
       time_dopr_listing  = time_dopr_listing + dt_3d
       time_run_control   = time_run_control + dt_3d
!
!--    Increment time-counter for surface output
       IF ( surface_data_output )  THEN
          IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dosurf )  THEN
             time_dosurf    = time_dosurf + dt_3d
          ENDIF
          IF ( time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dosurf_av )  THEN
             time_dosurf_av = time_dosurf_av + dt_3d
          ENDIF
       ENDIF
!
!--    In case of synthetic turbulence generation and parametrized turbulence
!--    information, update the time counter and if required, adjust the 
!--    STG to new atmospheric conditions.
       IF ( use_syn_turb_gen  )  THEN
          IF ( parametrize_inflow_turbulence )  THEN
             time_stg_adjust = time_stg_adjust + dt_3d
             IF ( time_stg_adjust >= dt_stg_adjust )  CALL stg_adjust
          ENDIF
          time_stg_call = time_stg_call + dt_3d
       ENDIF

!
!--    Data exchange between coupled models
       IF ( coupling_mode /= 'uncoupled'  .AND.  run_coupled                   &
                                          .AND. .NOT. vnested )  THEN
          time_coupling = time_coupling + dt_3d

!
!--       In case of model termination initiated by the local model 
!--       (terminate_coupled > 0), the coupler must be skipped because it would 
!--       cause an MPI intercomminucation hang.
!--       If necessary, the coupler will be called at the beginning of the 
!--       next restart run.
          DO WHILE ( time_coupling >= dt_coupling .AND. terminate_coupled == 0 )
             CALL surface_coupler
             time_coupling = time_coupling - dt_coupling
          ENDDO
       ENDIF

!
!--    Biometeorology calculation of stationary thermal indices
       IF ( biometeorology  .AND.  time_do3d >= dt_do3d )  THEN
!
!--       If required, do thermal comfort calculations
          IF ( thermal_comfort )  THEN
             CALL bio_calculate_thermal_index_maps ( .FALSE. )
             time_bio_results = time_since_reference_point
          ENDIF
!
!--       If required, do UV exposure calculations
          IF ( uv_exposure )  THEN
             CALL uvem_calc_exposure
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute the gust module actions
       IF ( gust_module_enabled )  THEN
          CALL gust_actions( 'after_integration' )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute user-defined actions
       CALL user_actions( 'after_integration' )

!
!--    If Galilei transformation is used, determine the distance that the
!--    model has moved so far
       IF ( galilei_transformation )  THEN
          advected_distance_x = advected_distance_x + u_gtrans * dt_3d
          advected_distance_y = advected_distance_y + v_gtrans * dt_3d
       ENDIF

!
!--    Check, if restart is necessary (because cpu-time is expiring or
!--    because it is forced by user) and set stop flag
!--    This call is skipped if the remote model has already initiated a restart.
       IF ( .NOT. terminate_run )  CALL check_for_restart

!
!--    Carry out statistical analysis and output at the requested output times.
!--    The MOD function is used for calculating the output time counters (like
!--    time_dopr) in order to regard a possible decrease of the output time
!--    interval in case of restart runs

!
!--    Set a flag indicating that so far no statistics have been created
!--    for this time step
       flow_statistics_called = .FALSE.

!
!--    If required, call flow_statistics for averaging in time
       IF ( averaging_interval_pr /= 0.0_wp  .AND.  &
            ( dt_dopr - time_dopr ) <= averaging_interval_pr  .AND.  &
            time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dopr )  THEN
          time_dopr_av = time_dopr_av + dt_3d
          IF ( time_dopr_av >= dt_averaging_input_pr )  THEN
             do_sum = .TRUE.
             time_dopr_av = MOD( time_dopr_av, &
                                    MAX( dt_averaging_input_pr, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF
       IF ( do_sum )  CALL flow_statistics

!
!--    Sum-up 3d-arrays for later output of time-averaged 2d/3d/masked data
       IF ( averaging_interval /= 0.0_wp  .AND.                                &
            ( dt_data_output_av - time_do_av ) <= averaging_interval  .AND. &
            time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_data_output_av )                    &
       THEN
          time_do_sla = time_do_sla + dt_3d
          IF ( time_do_sla >= dt_averaging_input )  THEN
             CALL sum_up_3d_data
             average_count_3d = average_count_3d + 1
             time_do_sla = MOD( time_do_sla, MAX( dt_averaging_input, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF
!
!--    Average surface data
       IF ( surface_data_output )  THEN
          IF ( averaging_interval_surf /= 0.0_wp  .AND.                        & 
               ( dt_dosurf_av - time_dosurf_av ) <= averaging_interval_surf    &
          .AND.  time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dosurf_av )  THEN
             IF ( time_dosurf_av >= dt_averaging_input )  THEN        
                CALL surface_output_averaging
                average_count_surf = average_count_surf + 1
             ENDIF
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Calculate spectra for time averaging
       IF ( averaging_interval_sp /= 0.0_wp  .AND.  &
            ( dt_dosp - time_dosp ) <= averaging_interval_sp  .AND.  &
            time_since_reference_point >= skip_time_dosp )  THEN
          time_dosp_av = time_dosp_av + dt_3d
          IF ( time_dosp_av >= dt_averaging_input_pr )  THEN
             CALL calc_spectra
             time_dosp_av = MOD( time_dosp_av, &
                                 MAX( dt_averaging_input_pr, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Call flight module and output data
       IF ( virtual_flight )  THEN
          CALL flight_measurement
          CALL data_output_flight
       ENDIF
!
!--    Take virtual measurements
       IF ( virtual_measurement  .AND.                                         &
            vm_time_start <= time_since_reference_point )  CALL vm_sampling

!
!--    Profile output (ASCII) on file
       IF ( time_dopr_listing >= dt_dopr_listing )  THEN
          CALL print_1d
          time_dopr_listing = MOD( time_dopr_listing, MAX( dt_dopr_listing, &
                                                           dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Graphic output for PROFIL
       IF ( time_dopr >= dt_dopr )  THEN
          IF ( dopr_n /= 0 )  CALL data_output_profiles
          time_dopr = MOD( time_dopr, MAX( dt_dopr, dt_3d ) )
          time_dopr_av = 0.0_wp    ! due to averaging (see above)
       ENDIF

!
!--    Graphic output for time series
       IF ( time_dots >= dt_dots )  THEN
          CALL data_output_tseries
          time_dots = MOD( time_dots, MAX( dt_dots, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Output of spectra (formatted for use with PROFIL), in case of no
!--    time averaging, spectra has to be calculated before
       IF ( time_dosp >= dt_dosp )  THEN
          IF ( average_count_sp == 0 )  CALL calc_spectra
          CALL data_output_spectra
          time_dosp = MOD( time_dosp, MAX( dt_dosp, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF

!
!--    2d-data output (cross-sections)
       IF ( time_do2d_xy >= dt_do2d_xy )  THEN
          CALL data_output_2d( 'xy', 0 )
          time_do2d_xy = MOD( time_do2d_xy, MAX( dt_do2d_xy, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_do2d_xz >= dt_do2d_xz )  THEN
          CALL data_output_2d( 'xz', 0 )
          time_do2d_xz = MOD( time_do2d_xz, MAX( dt_do2d_xz, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF
       IF ( time_do2d_yz >= dt_do2d_yz )  THEN
          CALL data_output_2d( 'yz', 0 )
          time_do2d_yz = MOD( time_do2d_yz, MAX( dt_do2d_yz, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF

!
!--    3d-data output (volume data)
       IF ( time_do3d >= dt_do3d )  THEN
          CALL data_output_3d( 0 )
          time_do3d = MOD( time_do3d, MAX( dt_do3d, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Masked data output
       DO  mid = 1, masks
          IF ( time_domask(mid) >= dt_domask(mid) )  THEN
             CALL data_output_mask( 0 )
             time_domask(mid) = MOD( time_domask(mid),  &
                                     MAX( dt_domask(mid), dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDDO

!
!--    Output of time-averaged 2d/3d/masked data
       IF ( time_do_av >= dt_data_output_av )  THEN
          CALL average_3d_data
          CALL data_output_2d( 'xy', 1 )
          CALL data_output_2d( 'xz', 1 )
          CALL data_output_2d( 'yz', 1 )
          CALL data_output_3d( 1 )
          DO  mid = 1, masks
             CALL data_output_mask( 1 )
          ENDDO
          time_do_av = MOD( time_do_av, MAX( dt_data_output_av, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF
!
!--    Output of surface data, instantaneous and averaged data
       IF ( surface_data_output )  THEN
          IF ( time_dosurf >= dt_dosurf )  THEN
             CALL surface_output( 0 )
             time_dosurf = MOD( time_dosurf, MAX( dt_dosurf, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
          IF ( time_dosurf_av >= dt_dosurf_av )  THEN
             CALL surface_output( 1 )
             time_dosurf_av = MOD( time_dosurf_av, MAX( dt_dosurf_av, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Output of particle time series
       IF ( particle_advection )  THEN
          IF ( time_dopts >= dt_dopts  .OR. &
               ( time_since_reference_point >= particle_advection_start  .AND. &
                 first_call_lpm ) )  THEN
             CALL data_output_ptseries
             time_dopts = MOD( time_dopts, MAX( dt_dopts, dt_3d ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Output of dvrp-graphics (isosurface, particles, slicer)
#if defined( __dvrp_graphics )
       CALL DVRP_LOG_EVENT( -2, current_timestep_number-1 )
#endif
       IF ( time_dvrp >= dt_dvrp )  THEN
          CALL data_output_dvrp
          time_dvrp = MOD( time_dvrp, MAX( dt_dvrp, dt_3d ) )
       ENDIF
#if defined( __dvrp_graphics )
       CALL DVRP_LOG_EVENT( 2, current_timestep_number )
#endif

!
!--    If required, set the heat flux for the next time step at a random value
       IF ( constant_heatflux  .AND.  random_heatflux )  THEN
          IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 )  CALL disturb_heatflux( surf_def_h(0) )
          IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns    >= 1 )  CALL disturb_heatflux( surf_lsm_h    )
          IF ( surf_usm_h%ns    >= 1 )  CALL disturb_heatflux( surf_usm_h    )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute the gust module actions
       IF ( gust_module_enabled )  THEN
          CALL gust_actions( 'after_timestep' )
       ENDIF

!
!--    Execute user-defined actions
       CALL user_actions( 'after_timestep' )

!
!--    Determine size of next time step. Save timestep dt_3d because it is
!--    newly calculated in routine timestep, but required further below for
!--    steering the run control output interval
       dt_3d_old = dt_3d
       CALL timestep

!
!--    Synchronize the timestep in case of nested run.
       IF ( nested_run )  THEN
!
!--       Synchronize by unifying the time step.
!--       Global minimum of all time-steps is used for all.
          CALL pmci_synchronize
       ENDIF

!
!--    Computation and output of run control parameters.
!--    This is also done whenever perturbations have been imposed
       IF ( time_run_control >= dt_run_control  .OR.                     &
            timestep_scheme(1:5) /= 'runge'  .OR.  disturbance_created ) &
       THEN
          CALL run_control
          IF ( time_run_control >= dt_run_control )  THEN
             time_run_control = MOD( time_run_control, &
                                     MAX( dt_run_control, dt_3d_old ) )
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

!
!--    Output elapsed simulated time in form of a progress bar on stdout
       IF ( myid == 0 )  CALL output_progress_bar

       CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(10), 'timesteps', 'stop' )


    ENDDO   ! time loop

!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA
!$ACC END DATA

!
!-- Vertical nesting: Deallocate variables initialized for vertical nesting    
    IF ( vnest_init )  CALL vnest_deallocate

    IF ( myid == 0 )  CALL finish_progress_bar

#if defined( __dvrp_graphics )
    CALL DVRP_LOG_EVENT( -2, current_timestep_number )
#endif

    CALL location_message( 'finished time-stepping', .TRUE. )

 END SUBROUTINE time_integration