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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4471

Last change on this file since 4471 was 4457, checked in by raasch, 5 years ago
ghost point exchange modularized, bugfix for wrong 2d-exchange
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 110.1 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2020 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	!
29	! use statement for exchange horiz added
30	!
31	!
32	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z schwenkel $
33	! (salim) removed the error message PA0672 to consider PC 3d data via ascii file
34	!
35	! 4392 2020-01-31 16:14:57Z pavelkrc (resler)
36	! Make pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av public to allow calculation
37	! of averaged Bowen ratio in the user procedure
38	!
39	! 4381 2020-01-20 13:51:46Z suehring
40	! Give error message 313 only once
41	!
42	! 4363 2020-01-07 18:11:28Z suehring
43	! Fix for last commit
44	!
45	! 4362 2020-01-07 17:15:02Z suehring
46	! Input of plant canopy variables from static driver moved to plant-canopy
47	! model
48	!
49	! 4361 2020-01-07 12:22:38Z suehring
50	! - Remove unused arrays in pmc_rrd_local
51	! - Remove one exchange of ghost points
52	!
53	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
54	! - Bugfix, read restart data for time-averaged pcm output quantities
55	! - Output of plant-canopy quantities will fill values
56	!
57	! 4356 2019-12-20 17:09:33Z suehring
58	! Correct single message call, local check must be given by the respective
59	! mpi rank.
60	!
61	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
62	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
63	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
64	!
65	! 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z Giersch
66	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
67	! variables removed
68	!
69	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
70	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
71	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
72	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
73	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
74	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
75	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
76	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
77	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
78	!
79	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
80	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
81	!
82	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
83	! Typo corrected
84	!
85	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
86	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
87	!
88	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
89	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
90	! and v-component.
91	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
92	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
93	! topography filtering.
94	!
95	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
96	! Typo
97	!
98	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
99	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
100	!
101	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
102	! unused variables removed
103	!
104	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
105	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
106	!
107	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
108	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
109	!
110	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
111	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
112	!
113	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
114	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
115	!
116	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
117	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
118	!
119	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
120	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
121	!
122	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
123	! Minor adjustment in error number
124	!
125	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
126	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
127	!
128	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
129	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
130	!
131	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
132	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
133	!
134	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
135	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
136	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
137	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
138	! (merge from branch resler)
139	!
140	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
141	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
142	! of additional debug messages
143	!
144	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
145	! unsed variables removed
146	!
147	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
148	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
149	! becomes > 40 degrees
150	!
151	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
152	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
153	!
154	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
155	! unused variables removed
156	!
157	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
158	! Initial revision
159	!
160	! Description:
161	! ------------
162	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
163	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
164	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
165	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
166	!
167	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
168	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
169	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
170	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
171
172	USE arrays_3d, &
173	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
174
175	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
176	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
177
178	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
179	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
180
181	USE control_parameters, &
182	ONLY: average_count_3d, &
183	coupling_char, &
184	debug_output, &
185	dt_3d, &
186	dz, &
187	humidity, &
188	length, &
189	message_string, &
190	ocean_mode, &
191	passive_scalar, &
192	plant_canopy, &
193	restart_string, &
194	urban_surface
195
196	USE grid_variables, &
197	ONLY: dx, dy
198
199	USE indices, &
200	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
201	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_total_0
202
203	USE kinds
204
205	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
206	ONLY: input_pids_static, &
207	char_fill, &
208	check_existence, &
209	close_input_file, &
210	get_attribute, &
211	get_dimension_length, &
212	get_variable, &
213	inquire_num_variables, &
214	inquire_variable_names, &
215	input_file_static, &
216	num_var_pids, &
217	open_read_file, &
218	pids_id, &
219	real_3d, &
220	vars_pids
221
222	USE pegrid
223
224	USE surface_mod, &
225	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
226
227
228	IMPLICIT NONE
229
230	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
231	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
232	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
233	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
234
235	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
236	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
237
238	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
239
240	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
241
242	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
243	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
244	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
245	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
246	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
247	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
248	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
249	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
250	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
251	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
252
253	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
254	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
255
256	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
257	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
258
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
261
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
267
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
271
272	TYPE(real_3d) :: basal_area_density_f !< input variable for basal area density - resolved vegetation
273	TYPE(real_3d) :: leaf_area_density_f !< input variable for leaf area density - resolved vegetation
274	TYPE(real_3d) :: root_area_density_lad_f !< input variable for root area density - resolved vegetation
275
276	SAVE
277
278	PRIVATE
279
280	!
281	!-- Public functions
282	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, &
283	pcm_check_data_output, &
284	pcm_check_parameters, &
285	pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
286	pcm_data_output_3d, &
287	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
288	pcm_header, &
289	pcm_init, &
290	pcm_parin, &
291	pcm_rrd_local, &
292	pcm_tendency, &
293	pcm_wrd_local
294
295	!
296	!-- Public variables and constants
297	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
298	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
299	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration, &
300	pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av
301
302	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
303	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
304	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
305
306	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
307	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
308	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
309
310	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
311	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
312	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
313
314	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
315	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
316	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
317
318	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
319	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
320	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
321
322	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
323	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
324	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
325
326	INTERFACE pcm_header
327	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
328	END INTERFACE pcm_header
329
330	INTERFACE pcm_init
331	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
332	END INTERFACE pcm_init
333
334	INTERFACE pcm_parin
335	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
336	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
337
338	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
339	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
340	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
341
342	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
343	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local
344	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
345
346	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
347	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
348	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
349	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
350
351	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
352	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_local
353	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
354
355
356	CONTAINS
357
358
359	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
360	! Description:
361	! ------------
362	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
363	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
364	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
365	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
366	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
367	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
368	!> Tree Physiology 20).
369	!>
370	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
371	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
372	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
373	!>
374	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
375	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
376
377	!
378	!-- input parameters
379	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
380	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
381	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
382	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
383	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
384
385	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
386	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
387	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
388	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
389	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
390	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
391	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
392	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
393	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
394	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
395	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
396
397
398	!-- Temperature (deg C)
399	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
400	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
401	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
402	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
403	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
404	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
405	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
406	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
407	!-- Wind speed
408	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
409	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
410	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
411	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
412	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
413	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
414	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
415	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
416	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
417	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
418	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
419	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
420	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
421	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
422	!-- Water pressure deficit
423	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
424	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
425	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
426	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
427	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
428	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
429	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
430	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
431	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
432	!-- Residual soil water content
433	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
434	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
435	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
436	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
437	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
438	!-- Stomatal conductivity
439	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
440	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
441	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
442	!-- Decoupling factor
443	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
444	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
445	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
446	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
447	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
448	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
449	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
450	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
451	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
452	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
453	!-- Evaporation rate
454	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
455	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
456	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
457	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
458	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
459	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
460	!-- latent heat from evaporation
461	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
462
463	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
464
465
466	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
467	! Description:
468	! ------------
469	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
470	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
471	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
472
473	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
474	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
475
476
477	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
478
479	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
480	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
481	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
482	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
483	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
484	ENDIF
485	unit = 'K s-1'
486
487	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
488	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
489
490	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
491	unit = 'K s-1'
492
493	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
494	unit = 'm2 m-3'
495
496
497	CASE DEFAULT
498	unit = 'illegal'
499
500	END SELECT
501
502
503	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
504
505
506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
507	! Description:
508	! ------------
509	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
510	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
511	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
512
513	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
514	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
515	'ocean'
516	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
517	ENDIF
518
519	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
520	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
521	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
522	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
523	ENDIF
524
525	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
526	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
527	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
528	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
529	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
530	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
531	ENDIF
532
533	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
534	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
535	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
536	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
537	'lai_beta = 0.0'
538	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
539	ENDIF
540
541	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
542	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
543	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
544	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
545	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
546	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
547	'density profile'
548	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
549	ENDIF
550
551	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
552	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
553	' seifert_beheng'
554	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
555	ENDIF
556
557	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
558
559
560	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
561	!
562	! Description:
563	! ------------
564	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
565	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
566	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
567
568	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
569	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
570
571	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
572	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
573	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
574
575
576	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
577
578	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
579
580	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
581	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
582	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ENDIF
584	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
585
586
587	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
588	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
589	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
590	ENDIF
591	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
592
593
594	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
595	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
596	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
597	ENDIF
598	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
599
600	CASE DEFAULT
601	CONTINUE
602
603	END SELECT
604
605	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
606
607	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
608
609	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
610	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
611	DO i = nxl, nxr
612	DO j = nys, nyn
613	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
614	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
615	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
616	ENDDO
617	ENDIF
618	ENDDO
619	ENDDO
620	ENDIF
621
622
623	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
624	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
625	DO i = nxl, nxr
626	DO j = nys, nyn
627	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
628	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
629	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
630	ENDDO
631	ENDIF
632	ENDDO
633	ENDDO
634	ENDIF
635
636
637	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
638	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
639	DO i = nxl, nxr
640	DO j = nys, nyn
641	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
642	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
643	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
644	ENDDO
645	ENDIF
646	ENDDO
647	ENDDO
648	ENDIF
649
650	CASE DEFAULT
651	CONTINUE
652
653	END SELECT
654
655	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
656
657	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
658
659	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
660	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
661	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
662	DO j = nysg, nyng
663	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
664	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
665	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
666	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
667	ENDDO
668	ENDIF
669	ENDDO
670	ENDDO
671	ENDIF
672
673
674	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
675	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
676	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
677	DO j = nysg, nyng
678	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
679	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
680	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
681	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
682	ENDDO
683	ENDIF
684	ENDDO
685	ENDDO
686	ENDIF
687
688
689	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
690	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
691	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
692	DO j = nysg, nyng
693	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
694	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
695	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
696	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
697	ENDDO
698	ENDIF
699	ENDDO
700	ENDDO
701	ENDIF
702
703	END SELECT
704
705	ENDIF
706
707	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
708
709	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
710	!
711	! Description:
712	! ------------
713	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
714	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
715	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
716	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
717	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
718	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
719	nzb_do, nzt_do )
720
721	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
722
723	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
724	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
725	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
726	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
727	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
728	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
729
730	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
731
732	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
733	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
734
735
736	found = .TRUE.
737
738	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
739
740	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
741	!
742	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
743	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
744	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
745	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
746	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
747	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
748	!-- surface.
749	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
750	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
751	DO i = nxl, nxr
752	DO j = nys, nyn
753	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
754	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
755	ENDDO
756	ENDDO
757	ENDDO
758	ELSE
759	DO i = nxl, nxr
760	DO j = nys, nyn
761	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
762	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
763	ENDDO
764	ENDDO
765	ENDDO
766	ENDIF
767
768	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
769	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
770	DO i = nxl, nxr
771	DO j = nys, nyn
772	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
773	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
774	ENDDO
775	ENDDO
776	ENDDO
777	ELSE
778	DO i = nxl, nxr
779	DO j = nys, nyn
780	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
781	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
782	ENDDO
783	ENDDO
784	ENDDO
785	ENDIF
786
787	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
788	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
789	DO i = nxl, nxr
790	DO j = nys, nyn
791	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
792	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
793	ENDDO
794	ENDDO
795	ENDDO
796	ELSE
797	DO i = nxl, nxr
798	DO j = nys, nyn
799	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
800	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
801	ENDDO
802	ENDDO
803	ENDDO
804	ENDIF
805
806	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
807	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
808	DO i = nxl, nxr
809	DO j = nys, nyn
810	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
811	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
812	ENDDO
813	ENDDO
814	ENDDO
815	ENDIF
816
817	CASE DEFAULT
818	found = .FALSE.
819
820	END SELECT
821
822	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
823
824	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
825	!
826	! Description:
827	! ------------
828	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
829	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
830	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
831	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
832
833	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
834	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
835	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
836	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
837	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
838
839	found = .TRUE.
840
841	!
842	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
843	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
844
845	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
846	grid_x = 'x'
847	grid_y = 'y'
848	grid_z = 'zpc'
849
850	CASE DEFAULT
851	found = .FALSE.
852	grid_x = 'none'
853	grid_y = 'none'
854	grid_z = 'none'
855	END SELECT
856
857	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
858
859
860	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
861	! Description:
862	! ------------
863	!> Header output for plant canopy model
864	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
865	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
866
867	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
868
869	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
870	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
871	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
872	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
873
874	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
875	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
876	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
877
878	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
879
880	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
881
882	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
883	canopy_drag_coeff
884	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
885	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
886	leaf_surface_conc
887	ENDIF
888
889	!
890	! Heat flux at the top of vegetation
891	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
892
893	!
894	! Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
895	! gradients or from beta probability density function.
896	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
897
898	! Building output strings, starting with surface value
899	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
900	gradients = '------'
901	slices = ' 0'
902	coordinates = ' 0.0'
903	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
904	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
905
906	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
907	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
908
909	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
910	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
911
912	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
913	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
914
915	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
916	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
917	ELSE
918	EXIT
919	ENDIF
920	ENDDO
921
922	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
923	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
924
925	ELSE
926
927	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
928	coordinates = ' 0.0'
929
930	DO k = 1, pch_index
931
932	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
933	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
934	TRIM( coor_chr )
935
936	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
937	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
938
939	ENDDO
940
941	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
942	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
943
944	ENDIF
945
946	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
947	' ------------------------------'// &
948	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
949	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
950	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
951	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
952	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
953	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ', &
954	F6.2, ' K m/s')
955	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
956	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
957	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
958	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
959	' Gridpoint: ',A)
960	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
961	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
962	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
963	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
964	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
965	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
966
967	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
968
969
970	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
971	! Description:
972	! ------------
973	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
974	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
975	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
976
977	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
978	ONLY: exchange_horiz
979
980	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
981	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
982	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
983	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
984
985	LOGICAL :: lad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that LAD is defined on a building roof
986
987	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
988	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
989	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
990	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
991
992	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
993	!
994	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
995	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
996	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
997	lad = 0.0_wp
998	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
999
1000	!
1001	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
1002	!-- a beta probability density function
1003	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1004	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
1005	ENDIF
1006
1007
1008	!
1009	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
1010	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
1011	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
1012	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
1013	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
1014	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
1015
1016	!
1017	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
1018	i = 1
1019	gradient = 0.0_wp
1020
1021	lad(0) = lad_surface
1022	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
1023
1024	DO k = 1, pch_index
1025	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
1026	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
1027	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1028	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
1029	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
1030	i = i + 1
1031	ENDIF
1032	ENDIF
1033	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1034	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
1035	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
1036	ELSE
1037	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1038	ENDIF
1039	ELSE
1040	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1041	ENDIF
1042	ENDDO
1043
1044	!
1045	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1046	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1047	!-- file.
1048	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1049	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1050	ENDIF
1051
1052	ELSE
1053
1054	!
1055	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1056	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1057	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1058
1059	DO k = 0, pch_index
1060	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1061	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1062	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1063	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1064	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1065	ENDDO
1066
1067	!
1068	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1069	DO k = 0, pch_index
1070	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1071	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1072	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1073	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1074	) / canopy_height
1075	ENDDO
1076
1077	!
1078	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1079	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1080	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1081	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1082	DO k = 1, pch_index
1083	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1084	ENDDO
1085
1086	ENDIF
1087
1088	!
1089	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1090	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1091
1092	!
1093	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1094	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
1095	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1096	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1097
1098	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
1099
1100	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1101	DO j = nysg, nyng
1102	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1103	ENDDO
1104	ENDDO
1105
1106	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
1107	!
1108	!-- Read plant canopy
1109	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
1110	!
1111	!-- Open the static input file
1112	#if defined( __netcdf )
1113	CALL open_read_file( TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
1114	TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1115	pids_id )
1116
1117	CALL inquire_num_variables( pids_id, num_var_pids )
1118	!
1119	!-- Allocate memory to store variable names and read them
1120	ALLOCATE( vars_pids(1:num_var_pids) )
1121	CALL inquire_variable_names( pids_id, vars_pids )
1122	!
1123	!-- Read leaf area density - resolved vegetation
1124	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'lad' ) ) THEN
1125	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1126	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1127	leaf_area_density_f%fill, &
1128	.FALSE., 'lad' )
1129	!
1130	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1131	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1132	leaf_area_density_f%nz, &
1133	'zlad' )
1134	!
1135	!-- Allocate variable for leaf-area density
1136	ALLOCATE( leaf_area_density_f%var &
1137	(0:leaf_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1138	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1139
1140	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'lad', leaf_area_density_f%var, &
1141	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1142	0, leaf_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1143
1144	ELSE
1145	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1146	ENDIF
1147	!
1148	!-- Read basal area density - resolved vegetation
1149	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'bad' ) ) THEN
1150	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1151	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1152	basal_area_density_f%fill, &
1153	.FALSE., 'bad' )
1154	!
1155	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1156	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1157	basal_area_density_f%nz, &
1158	'zlad' )
1159	!
1160	!-- Allocate variable
1161	ALLOCATE( basal_area_density_f%var &
1162	(0:basal_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1163	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1164
1165	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'bad', basal_area_density_f%var,&
1166	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1167	0, basal_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1168	ELSE
1169	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1170	ENDIF
1171	!
1172	!-- Read root area density - resolved vegetation
1173	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'root_area_dens_r' ) ) THEN
1174	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1175	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1176	root_area_density_lad_f%fill, &
1177	.FALSE., 'root_area_dens_r' )
1178	!
1179	!-- Inquire number of vertical soil layers
1180	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1181	root_area_density_lad_f%nz, &
1182	'zsoil' )
1183	!
1184	!-- Allocate variable
1185	ALLOCATE( root_area_density_lad_f%var &
1186	(0:root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1,&
1187	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1188
1189	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'root_area_dens_r', &
1190	root_area_density_lad_f%var, &
1191	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1192	0, root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1 )
1193	ELSE
1194	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1195	ENDIF
1196
1197	DEALLOCATE( vars_pids )
1198	!
1199	!-- Finally, close the input file and deallocate temporary array
1200	CALL close_input_file( pids_id )
1201	#endif
1202	ENDIF
1203
1204	!
1205	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1206	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1207	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1208	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1209	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1210	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1211	!
1212	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1213	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1214	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1215
1216	DO i = nxl, nxr
1217	DO j = nys, nyn
1218	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1219	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1220	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1221	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1222	ENDDO
1223	!
1224	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1225	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
1226	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
1227	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
1228	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
1229	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
1230	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
1231	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
1232	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
1233	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
1234	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
1235	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
1236	!-- an informative message is given.
1237	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1238	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1239	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1240	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1241	lad_on_top = .TRUE.
1242	ENDIF
1243	ENDDO
1244	ENDDO
1245	#if defined( __parallel )
1246	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
1247	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
1248	#endif
1249	IF ( lad_on_top ) THEN
1250	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1251	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
1252	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
1253	'created building grid point(s) ' // &
1254	'(emerged from the filtering) - ' // &
1255	'LAD profile is omitted at this / ' // &
1256	'these grid point(s).'
1257	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1258	ENDIF
1259	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1260	!
1261	! ASCII file
1262	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
1263	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
1264	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1265	!-- each location).
1266	ELSE
1267	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1268	ENDIF
1269
1270	CASE DEFAULT
1271	!
1272	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1273	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1274	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1275	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1276	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1277	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1278
1279	END SELECT
1280	!
1281	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1282	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1283	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1284	#if defined( __parallel )
1285	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1286	comm2d, ierr)
1287	#endif
1288	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1289	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1290	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1291	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1292	ENDIF
1293
1294	!
1295	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1296	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1297	pch_index_ji = 0
1298
1299	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1300	DO j = nysg, nyng
1301	DO k = 0, pch_index
1302	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1303	ENDDO
1304	!
1305	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1306	!-- height of the model domain.
1307	IF ( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1308	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1309	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1310	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, myid, 6, 0 )
1311	ENDIF
1312
1313	ENDDO
1314	ENDDO
1315	!
1316	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1317	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1318	!
1319	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1320	#if defined( __parallel )
1321	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1322	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1323	#endif
1324	!
1325	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
1326	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1327	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1328
1329	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1330	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1331	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1332	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1333	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1334	ENDIF
1335	!
1336	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1337	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1338	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1339	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1340	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1341	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1342	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1343	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1344	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1345	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1346	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1347	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
1348	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
1349	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1350	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1351
1352	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1353	!
1354	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1355	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1356	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1357	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1358	DO j = nysg, nyng
1359	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1360	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1361	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1362	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1363	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1364	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1365	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1366	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1367	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1368	ELSE
1369	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1370	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1371	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1372	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1373	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1374	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1375	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1376	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1377	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1378	ENDIF
1379	ENDDO
1380	ENDDO
1381	ENDDO
1382
1383	!
1384	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1385	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1386	!-- Start with default surface type
1387	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1388	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1389	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1390	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1391	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1392	ENDDO
1393	!
1394	!-- Natural surfaces
1395	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1396	i = surf_lsm_h%i(m)
1397	j = surf_lsm_h%j(m)
1398	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1399	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1400	ENDDO
1401	!
1402	!-- Urban surfaces
1403	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1404	i = surf_usm_h%i(m)
1405	j = surf_usm_h%j(m)
1406	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1407	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1408	ENDDO
1409	!
1410	!
1411	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1412	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1413	!-- canopy.
1414	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1415	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1416	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1417	!-- of the respective layer
1418	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1419	DO j = nysg, nyng
1420	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1421	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1422	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1423	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1424	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1425	ENDIF
1426	ENDDO
1427	ENDDO
1428	ENDDO
1429
1430	ENDIF
1431
1432	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1433
1434	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1435
1436
1437	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1438	! Description:
1439	! ------------
1440	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1441	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1442	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1443
1444	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1445
1446	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1447	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1448	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1449	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1450	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1451	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1452	lai_beta, &
1453	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1454	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1455	plant_canopy_transpiration
1456
1457	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1458	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1459	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1460	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1461	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1462	lai_beta, &
1463	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1464	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1465	plant_canopy_transpiration
1466
1467	line = ' '
1468
1469	!
1470	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1471	REWIND ( 11 )
1472	line = ' '
1473	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1474	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1475	ENDDO
1476	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1477
1478	!
1479	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1480	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1481
1482	!
1483	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1484	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1485
1486	GOTO 14
1487
1488	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1489	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1490	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1491	!
1492	!-- Try to find old namelist
1493	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1494	line = ' '
1495	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1496	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1497	ENDDO
1498	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1499
1500	!
1501	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1502	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1503
1504	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1505	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1506	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1507	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1508
1509	!
1510	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1511	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1512
1513	GOTO 14
1514
1515	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1516	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1517	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1518
1519	14 CONTINUE
1520
1521	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1522
1523
1524	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1525	! Description:
1526	! ------------
1527	!
1528	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1529	!>
1530	!> num_levels
1531	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1532	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1533	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1534	!> ...
1535	!>
1536	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1537	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1538	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1539	!>
1540	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1541	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1542	!>
1543	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1544	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1545	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1546	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1547
1548	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1549	ONLY: exchange_horiz
1550
1551	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1552	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1553	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1554	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1555	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1556	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1557	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1558
1559	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1560
1561	!
1562	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1563	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1564
1565	!
1566	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1567	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1568	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1569	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1570	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1571	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1572	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1573	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1574
1575	DO
1576	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1577	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1578
1579	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1580	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1581	!
1582	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1583	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1584	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1585	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1586	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1587	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1588	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1589	'but pctype is ', pctype
1590	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1591	ENDIF
1592	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1593	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1594	CASE DEFAULT
1595	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1596	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1597	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1598	END SELECT
1599	ENDDO
1600
1601	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1602	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1603
1604	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1605	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1606
1607	517 CLOSE(152)
1608	DEALLOCATE( col )
1609
1610	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1611
1612	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1613
1614	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1615	! Description:
1616	! ------------
1617	!> Subroutine reads local (subdomain) restart data
1618	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1619	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local( k, nxlf, nxlc, nxl_on_file, nxrf, nxrc, &
1620	nxr_on_file, nynf, nync, nyn_on_file, nysf, &
1621	nysc, nys_on_file, found )
1622
1623	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
1624	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlc !<
1625	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlf !<
1626	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_on_file !<
1627	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrc !<
1628	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrf !<
1629	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_on_file !<
1630	INTEGER(iwp) :: nync !<
1631	INTEGER(iwp) :: nynf !<
1632	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_on_file !<
1633	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysc !<
1634	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysf !<
1635	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_on_file !<
1636
1637	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
1638
1639	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:pch_index, &
1640	nys_on_file-nbgp:nyn_on_file+nbgp, &
1641	nxl_on_file-nbgp:nxr_on_file+nbgp) :: tmp_3d2 !< temporary 3D array for entire vertical
1642	!< extension of canopy layer
1643	found = .TRUE.
1644
1645	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1646
1647	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
1648	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
1649	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1650	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
1651	ENDIF
1652	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1653	pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1654	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1655
1656	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
1657	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
1658	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1659	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
1660	ENDIF
1661	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1662	pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1663	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1664
1665	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
1666	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
1667	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1668	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
1669	ENDIF
1670	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1671	pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1672	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1673
1674	CASE DEFAULT
1675
1676	found = .FALSE.
1677
1678	END SELECT
1679
1680	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local
1681
1682	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1683	! Description:
1684	! ------------
1685	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1686	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1687	!>
1688	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1689	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1690	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1691	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1692	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1693	!>
1694	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1695	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1696	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1697	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1698	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1699	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1700	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1701	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1702	!>
1703	!>
1704	!> Call for all grid points
1705	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1706	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1707
1708	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1709	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1710	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1711	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1712	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1713
1714	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1715	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1716	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1717	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1718
1719	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1720	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1721	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1722	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1723	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1724	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1725
1726
1727	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1728
1729	!
1730	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1731	SELECT CASE ( component )
1732
1733	!
1734	!-- u-component
1735	CASE ( 1 )
1736	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1737	DO j = nys, nyn
1738	!
1739	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1740	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1741	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1742	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1743	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1744	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1745	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
1746	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1747	!
1748	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1749	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1750
1751	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1752	!
1753	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1754	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1755	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1756	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1757	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1758	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1759	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1760	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1761	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1762	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1763	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1764	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1765	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
1766	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1767	!
1768	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1769	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1770	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1771	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1772	!-- point (j,i-1).
1773	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
1774	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1775
1776	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1777	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1778	!
1779	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1780	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1781	lad_local * &
1782	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1783	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1784	v(k,j,i) + &
1785	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1786	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1787	)**2 + &
1788	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1789	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1790	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1791	w(k,j,i) ) &
1792	)**2 &
1793	) * &
1794	u(k,j,i)
1795
1796	!
1797	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1798	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1799	!
1800	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1801	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1802	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1803	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1804	ENDIF
1805	!
1806	!-- Calculate final tendency
1807	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1808
1809	ENDDO
1810	ENDDO
1811	ENDDO
1812
1813	!
1814	!-- v-component
1815	CASE ( 2 )
1816	DO i = nxl, nxr
1817	DO j = nysv, nyn
1818	!
1819	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
1820	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
1821	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
1822	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1823	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1824	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
1825	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
1826	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1827	!
1828	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1829	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1830
1831	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1832	!
1833	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1834	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1835	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1836	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1837	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1838	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1839	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1840	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1841	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1842	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1843	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1844	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1845	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
1846	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1847	!
1848	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1849	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1850	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1851	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1852	!-- point (j,i-1).
1853	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
1854	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1855
1856	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1857	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1858	!
1859	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1860	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1861	lad_local * &
1862	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1863	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1864	u(k,j,i) + &
1865	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1866	)**2 + &
1867	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1868	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1869	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1870	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1871	w(k,j,i) ) &
1872	)**2 &
1873	) * &
1874	v(k,j,i)
1875
1876	!
1877	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1878	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1879	!
1880	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1881	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1882	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1883	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1884	ELSE
1885	pre_tend = pre_tend
1886	ENDIF
1887	!
1888	!-- Calculate final tendency
1889	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1890
1891	ENDDO
1892	ENDDO
1893	ENDDO
1894
1895	!
1896	!-- w-component
1897	CASE ( 3 )
1898	DO i = nxl, nxr
1899	DO j = nys, nyn
1900	!
1901	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1902	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1903
1904	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1905
1906	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1907	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1908	!
1909	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1910	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1911	(0.5_wp * &
1912	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1913	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1914	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1915	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1916	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1917	)**2 + &
1918	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1919	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1920	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1921	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1922	)**2 + &
1923	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1924	) * &
1925	w(k,j,i)
1926	!
1927	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1928	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1929	!
1930	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1931	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1932	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1933	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1934	ELSE
1935	pre_tend = pre_tend
1936	ENDIF
1937	!
1938	!-- Calculate final tendency
1939	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1940
1941	ENDDO
1942	ENDDO
1943	ENDDO
1944
1945	!
1946	!-- potential temperature
1947	CASE ( 4 )
1948	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1949	DO i = nxl, nxr
1950	DO j = nys, nyn
1951	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1952	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1953	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1954	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1955	ENDDO
1956	ENDDO
1957	ENDDO
1958	ELSE
1959	DO i = nxl, nxr
1960	DO j = nys, nyn
1961	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1962	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1963	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1964	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1965	ENDDO
1966	ENDDO
1967	ENDDO
1968	ENDIF
1969
1970	!
1971	!-- humidity
1972	CASE ( 5 )
1973	DO i = nxl, nxr
1974	DO j = nys, nyn
1975	!
1976	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1977	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1978
1979	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1980
1981	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1982	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1983	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1984	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1985	! in the plant canopy box
1986	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
1987	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1988	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1989	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1990	)**2 + &
1991	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1992	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1993	)**2 + &
1994	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1995	w(k,j,i) ) &
1996	)**2 &
1997	) * &
1998	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
1999	ENDIF
2000
2001	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2002	ENDDO
2003	ENDDO
2004	ENDDO
2005
2006	!
2007	!-- sgs-tke
2008	CASE ( 6 )
2009	DO i = nxl, nxr
2010	DO j = nys, nyn
2011	!
2012	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2013	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2014
2015	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2016	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2017	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2018	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2019	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2020	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2021	)**2 + &
2022	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2023	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2024	)**2 + &
2025	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2026	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2027	)**2 &
2028	) * &
2029	e(k,j,i)
2030	ENDDO
2031	ENDDO
2032	ENDDO
2033	!
2034	!-- scalar concentration
2035	CASE ( 7 )
2036	DO i = nxl, nxr
2037	DO j = nys, nyn
2038	!
2039	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2040	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2041
2042	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2043	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2044	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2045	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2046	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2047	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2048	)**2 + &
2049	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2050	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2051	)**2 + &
2052	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2053	w(k,j,i) ) &
2054	)**2 &
2055	) * &
2056	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2057	ENDDO
2058	ENDDO
2059	ENDDO
2060
2061
2062
2063	CASE DEFAULT
2064
2065	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2066	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2067
2068	END SELECT
2069
2070	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
2071
2072
2073	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2074	! Description:
2075	! ------------
2076	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
2077	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
2078	!>
2079	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
2080	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
2081	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
2082	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
2083	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
2084	!>
2085	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
2086	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
2087	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
2088	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
2089	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
2090	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
2091	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
2092	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
2093	!>
2094	!>
2095	!> Call for grid point i,j
2096	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2097	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
2098
2099	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
2100	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2101	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2102	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2103	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
2104
2105	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
2106	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
2107	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
2108	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
2109
2110	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
2111	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
2112	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
2113	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
2114	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
2115	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
2116
2117
2118	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
2119	!
2120	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
2121	SELECT CASE ( component )
2122
2123	!
2124	!-- u-component
2125	CASE ( 1 )
2126	!
2127	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
2128	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
2129	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
2130	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2131	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2132	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
2133	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2134	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2135	!
2136	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
2137	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2138
2139	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2140
2141	!
2142	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2143	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2144	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2145	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2146	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2147	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
2148	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2149	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2150	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2151	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2152	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2153	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2154	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2155	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2156	!
2157	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2158	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2159	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2160	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2161	!-- point (j,i-1).
2162	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2163	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2164
2165	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2166	pre_u = 0.0_wp
2167	!
2168	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2169	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2170	lad_local * &
2171	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
2172	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
2173	v(k,j,i) + &
2174	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2175	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
2176	)**2 + &
2177	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
2178	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2179	w(k,j,i-1) + &
2180	w(k,j,i) ) &
2181	)**2 &
2182	) * &
2183	u(k,j,i)
2184
2185	!
2186	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2187	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2188	!
2189	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2190	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2191	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
2192	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2193	ELSE
2194	pre_tend = pre_tend
2195	ENDIF
2196	!
2197	!-- Calculate final tendency
2198	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2199	ENDDO
2200
2201
2202	!
2203	!-- v-component
2204	CASE ( 2 )
2205	!
2206	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
2207	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
2208	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
2209	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2210	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2211	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
2212	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2213	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2214	!
2215	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
2216	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2217
2218	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2219	!
2220	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2221	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2222	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2223	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2224	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2225	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
2226	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2227	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2228	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2229	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2230	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2231	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2232	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2233	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2234	!
2235	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2236	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2237	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2238	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2239	!-- point (j,i-1).
2240	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2241	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2242
2243	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2244	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2245	!
2246	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2247	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2248	lad_local * &
2249	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2250	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2251	u(k,j,i) + &
2252	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2253	)**2 + &
2254	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2255	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2256	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2257	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2258	w(k,j,i) ) &
2259	)**2 &
2260	) * &
2261	v(k,j,i)
2262
2263	!
2264	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2265	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2266	!
2267	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2268	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2269	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2270	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2271	ELSE
2272	pre_tend = pre_tend
2273	ENDIF
2274	!
2275	!-- Calculate final tendency
2276	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2277	ENDDO
2278
2279
2280	!
2281	!-- w-component
2282	CASE ( 3 )
2283	!
2284	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2285	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2286
2287	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2288
2289	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2290	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2291	!
2292	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2293	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2294	(0.5_wp * &
2295	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2296	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2297	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2298	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2299	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2300	)**2 + &
2301	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2302	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2303	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2304	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2305	)**2 + &
2306	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2307	) * &
2308	w(k,j,i)
2309	!
2310	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2311	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2312	!
2313	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2314	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2315	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2316	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2317	ELSE
2318	pre_tend = pre_tend
2319	ENDIF
2320	!
2321	!-- Calculate final tendency
2322	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2323	ENDDO
2324
2325	!
2326	!-- potential temperature
2327	CASE ( 4 )
2328	!
2329	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2330	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2331	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2332	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2333	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2334	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2335	ENDDO
2336	ELSE
2337	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2338	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2339	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2340	ENDDO
2341	ENDIF
2342
2343	!
2344	!-- humidity
2345	CASE ( 5 )
2346	!
2347	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2348	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2349	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2350	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2351	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2352	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2353	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2354	! in the plant canopy box
2355	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2356	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2357	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2358	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2359	)**2 + &
2360	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2361	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2362	)**2 + &
2363	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2364	w(k,j,i) ) &
2365	)**2 &
2366	) * &
2367	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2368	ENDIF
2369
2370	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2371
2372	ENDDO
2373
2374	!
2375	!-- sgs-tke
2376	CASE ( 6 )
2377	!
2378	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2379	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2380
2381	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2382	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2383	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2384	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2385	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2386	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2387	)**2 + &
2388	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2389	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2390	)**2 + &
2391	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2392	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2393	)**2 &
2394	) * &
2395	e(k,j,i)
2396	ENDDO
2397
2398	!
2399	!-- scalar concentration
2400	CASE ( 7 )
2401	!
2402	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2403	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2404
2405	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2406	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2407	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2408	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2409	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2410	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2411	)**2 + &
2412	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2413	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2414	)**2 + &
2415	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2416	w(k,j,i) ) &
2417	)**2 &
2418	) * &
2419	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2420	ENDDO
2421
2422	CASE DEFAULT
2423
2424	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2425	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2426
2427	END SELECT
2428
2429	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2430
2431	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2432	! Description:
2433	! ------------
2434	!> Subroutine writes local (subdomain) restart data
2435	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2436	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2437
2438	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
2439	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
2440	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_heatrate_av
2441	ENDIF
2442
2443	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
2444	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
2445	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_latentrate_av
2446	ENDIF
2447
2448	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
2449	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
2450	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_transpirationrate_av
2451	ENDIF
2452
2453	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2454
2455
2456	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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