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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4182

Last change on this file since 4182 was 4182, checked in by scharf, 5 years ago
corrected "Former revisions" section minor formatting in "Former revisions" section added "Author" section
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf $
29	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
30	!
31	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
32	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
33	!
34	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
35	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
36	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
37	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
38	! (merge from branch resler)
39	!
40	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
41	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
42	! of additional debug messages
43	!
44	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
45	! unsed variables removed
46	!
47	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
48	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
49	! becomes > 40 degrees
50	!
51	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
52	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
53	!
54	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
55	! unused variables removed
56	!
57	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
58	! Initial revision
59	!
60	! Description:
61	! ------------
62	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
63	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
64	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
65	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
66	!
67	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
68	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
69	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
70
71	USE arrays_3d, &
72	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
73
74	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
75	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
76
77	USE control_parameters, &
78	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
79
80	USE indices, &
81	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
82	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind
83
84	USE kinds
85
86	USE pegrid
87
88
89	IMPLICIT NONE
90
91
92	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
93	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
94	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
95	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
96
97	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
98	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
99
100	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
101
102	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
103
104	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
105	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
106	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
107	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
108	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
109	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
110	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
111	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
112	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
113	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
114	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
115	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
116	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
117
118	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
119	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
120
121	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
122	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
123
124	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
125	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
126
127	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
128	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
129	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
130	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
131	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
132
133	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
134	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
135	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
136
137	SAVE
138
139
140	PRIVATE
141
142	!
143	!-- Public functions
144	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
145	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
146	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
147	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
148
149	!
150	!-- Public variables and constants
151	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
152	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
153	plant_canopy_transpiration
154
155	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
156	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
157	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
158
159	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
160	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
161	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
162
163	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
164	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
165	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
166
167	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
168	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
169	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
170
171	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
172	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
173	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
174
175	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
176	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
177	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
178
179	INTERFACE pcm_header
180	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
181	END INTERFACE pcm_header
182
183	INTERFACE pcm_init
184	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
185	END INTERFACE pcm_init
186
187	INTERFACE pcm_parin
188	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
189	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
190
191	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
192	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
193	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
194
195	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
196	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
197	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
198	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
199
200
201	CONTAINS
202
203
204
205	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
206	! Description:
207	! ------------
208	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
209	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
210	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
211	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
212	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
213	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
214	!> Tree Physiology 20).
215	!>
216	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
217	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
218	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
219	!>
220	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
221	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
222
223	USE control_parameters, &
224	ONLY: dz
225
226	USE grid_variables, &
227	ONLY: dx, dy
228
229	IMPLICIT NONE
230	!-- input parameters
231	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
232	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
233	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
234	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
235	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
236
237	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
238	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
239	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
240	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
241	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
242	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
243	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
244	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
245	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
246	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
247	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
248
249
250	!-- Temperature (deg C)
251	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
252	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
253	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
254	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
255	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
256	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
257	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
258	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
259	!-- Wind speed
260	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
261	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
262	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 )
263	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
264	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
265	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
266	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
267	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
268	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
269	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
270	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
271	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
272	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
273	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
274	!-- Water pressure deficit
275	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
276	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
277	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
278	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
279	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
280	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
281	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
282	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
283	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
284	!-- Residual soil water content
285	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
286	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
287	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
288	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
289	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
290	!-- Stomatal conductivity
291	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
292	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
293	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
294	!-- Decoupling factor
295	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
296	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
297	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
298	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
299	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
300	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
301	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
302	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
303	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
304	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
305	!-- Evaporation rate
306	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
307	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
308	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
309	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
310	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
311	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
312	!-- latent heat from evaporation
313	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
314
315	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
316
317
318	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
319	! Description:
320	! ------------
321	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
322	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
323	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
324
325
326	USE control_parameters, &
327	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
328
329	IMPLICIT NONE
330
331	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
332	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
333
334
335	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
336
337	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
338	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
339	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
340	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
341	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
342	ENDIF
343	unit = 'K s-1'
344
345	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
346	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
347
348	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
349	unit = 'K s-1'
350
351	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
352	unit = 'K s-1'
353
354	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
355	unit = 'm2 m-3'
356
357
358	CASE DEFAULT
359	unit = 'illegal'
360
361	END SELECT
362
363
364	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
365
366
367	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
368	! Description:
369	! ------------
370	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
371	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
372	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
373
374	USE control_parameters, &
375	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
376
377	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
378	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
379
380	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
381	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
382
383
384	IMPLICIT NONE
385
386
387	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
388	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
389	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
390	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
391	ENDIF
392
393	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
394	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
395	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
396	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
397	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
398	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
399	ENDIF
400
401	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
402	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
403	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
404	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
405	'lai_beta = 0.0'
406	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
407	ENDIF
408
409	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
410	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
411	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
412	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
413	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
414	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
415	'density profile'
416	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
417	ENDIF
418
419	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
420	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
421	' seifert_beheng'
422	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
423	ENDIF
424	!
425	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
426	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
427	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
428	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
429	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
430	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
431	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
432	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
433	ENDIF
434
435
436	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
437
438
439	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
440	!
441	! Description:
442	! ------------
443	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
444	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
445	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
446
447
448	USE control_parameters
449
450	USE indices
451
452	USE kinds
453
454	IMPLICIT NONE
455
456	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
457	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
458
459	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
460	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
461	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
462
463
464	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
465
466	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
467
468	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
469	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
470	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
471	ENDIF
472	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
473
474
475	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
476	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
477	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
478	ENDIF
479	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
480
481
482	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
483	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
484	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
485	ENDIF
486	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
487
488	CASE DEFAULT
489	CONTINUE
490
491	END SELECT
492
493	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
494
495	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
496
497	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
498	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
499	DO i = nxl, nxr
500	DO j = nys, nyn
501	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
502	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
503	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
504	ENDDO
505	ENDIF
506	ENDDO
507	ENDDO
508	ENDIF
509
510
511	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
512	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
513	DO i = nxl, nxr
514	DO j = nys, nyn
515	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
516	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
517	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
518	ENDDO
519	ENDIF
520	ENDDO
521	ENDDO
522	ENDIF
523
524
525	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
526	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
527	DO i = nxl, nxr
528	DO j = nys, nyn
529	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
530	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
531	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
532	ENDDO
533	ENDIF
534	ENDDO
535	ENDDO
536	ENDIF
537
538	CASE DEFAULT
539	CONTINUE
540
541	END SELECT
542
543	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
544
545	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
546
547	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
548	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
549	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
550	DO j = nysg, nyng
551	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
552	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
553	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
554	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
555	ENDDO
556	ENDIF
557	ENDDO
558	ENDDO
559	ENDIF
560
561
562	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
563	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
564	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
565	DO j = nysg, nyng
566	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
567	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
568	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
569	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
570	ENDDO
571	ENDIF
572	ENDDO
573	ENDDO
574	ENDIF
575
576
577	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
578	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
579	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
580	DO j = nysg, nyng
581	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
582	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
583	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
584	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
585	ENDDO
586	ENDIF
587	ENDDO
588	ENDDO
589	ENDIF
590
591	END SELECT
592
593	ENDIF
594
595	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
596
597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
598	!
599	! Description:
600	! ------------
601	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
602	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
603	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
604	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
605	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
606	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
607	nzb_do, nzt_do )
608
609	USE indices
610
611	USE kinds
612
613
614	IMPLICIT NONE
615
616	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
617
618	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
619	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
620	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
622	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
624
625	LOGICAL :: found !<
626
627	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
628	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
629
630
631	found = .TRUE.
632
633	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
634
635	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
636
637	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
638	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
639	DO i = nxl, nxr
640	DO j = nys, nyn
641	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
642	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
643	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
644	ENDDO
645	ENDIF
646	ENDDO
647	ENDDO
648	ELSE
649	DO i = nxl, nxr
650	DO j = nys, nyn
651	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
652	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
653	ENDDO
654	ENDDO
655	ENDDO
656	ENDIF
657
658	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
659	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
660	DO i = nxl, nxr
661	DO j = nys, nyn
662	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
663	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
664	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
665	ENDDO
666	ENDIF
667	ENDDO
668	ENDDO
669	ELSE
670	DO i = nxl, nxr
671	DO j = nys, nyn
672	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
673	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
674	ENDDO
675	ENDDO
676	ENDDO
677	ENDIF
678
679	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
680	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
681	DO i = nxl, nxr
682	DO j = nys, nyn
683	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
684	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
685	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
686	ENDDO
687	ENDIF
688	ENDDO
689	ENDDO
690	ELSE
691	DO i = nxl, nxr
692	DO j = nys, nyn
693	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
694	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
695	ENDDO
696	ENDDO
697	ENDDO
698	ENDIF
699
700	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
701	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
702	DO i = nxl, nxr
703	DO j = nys, nyn
704	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
705	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
706	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
707	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) / &
708	pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
709	ENDIF
710	ENDDO
711	ENDIF
712	ENDDO
713	ENDDO
714	ENDIF
715
716	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
717	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
718	DO i = nxl, nxr
719	DO j = nys, nyn
720	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
721	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
722	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
723	ENDDO
724	ENDIF
725	ENDDO
726	ENDDO
727	ENDIF
728
729	CASE DEFAULT
730	found = .FALSE.
731
732	END SELECT
733
734
735	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
736
737	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
738	!
739	! Description:
740	! ------------
741	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
742	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
743	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
744	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
745
746	IMPLICIT NONE
747
748	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
749	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
750	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
751	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
752	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
753
754	found = .TRUE.
755
756	!
757	!-- Check for the grid
758	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
759
760	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
761	grid_x = 'x'
762	grid_y = 'y'
763	grid_z = 'zpc'
764
765	CASE DEFAULT
766	found = .FALSE.
767	grid_x = 'none'
768	grid_y = 'none'
769	grid_z = 'none'
770	END SELECT
771
772	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
773
774
775	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
776	! Description:
777	! ------------
778	!> Header output for plant canopy model
779	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
780	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
781
782	USE control_parameters, &
783	ONLY: passive_scalar
784
785
786	IMPLICIT NONE
787
788	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
789
790	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
791	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
792	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
793	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
794
795	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
796	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
797	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
798
799	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
800
801	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
802
803	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
804	canopy_drag_coeff
805	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
806	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
807	leaf_surface_conc
808	ENDIF
809
810	!
811	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
812	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
813
814	!
815	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
816	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
817	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
818
819	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
820	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
821	gradients = '------'
822	slices = ' 0'
823	coordinates = ' 0.0'
824	i = 1
825	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
826	/= -9999 )
827
828	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
829	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
830	TRIM( coor_chr )
831
832	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
833	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
834
835	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
836	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
837
838	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
839	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
840
841	i = i + 1
842	ENDDO
843
844	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
845	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
846
847	ELSE
848
849	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
850	coordinates = ' 0.0'
851
852	DO k = 1, pch_index
853
854	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
855	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
856	TRIM( coor_chr )
857
858	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
859	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
860
861	ENDDO
862
863	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
864	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
865
866	ENDIF
867
868	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
869	' ------------------------------'// &
870	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
871	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
872	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
873	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
874	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
875	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
876	' K m/s')
877	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
878	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
879	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
880	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
881	' Gridpoint: ',A)
882	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
883	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
884	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
885	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
886	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
887	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
888
889	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
890
891
892	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
893	! Description:
894	! ------------
895	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
896	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
897	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
898
899
900	USE control_parameters, &
901	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
902
903	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
904	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
905
906	USE surface_mod, &
907	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
908
909	IMPLICIT NONE
910
911	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
912	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
913	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
914	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
915
916	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
917	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
918	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
919
920	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
921	!
922	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
923	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
924	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
925	lad = 0.0_wp
926	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
927
928	!
929	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
930	!-- a beta probability density function
931	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
932	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
933	ENDIF
934
935
936	!
937	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
938	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
939	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
940	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
941	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
942	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
943
944	!
945	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
946	i = 1
947	gradient = 0.0_wp
948
949	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
950
951	lad(0) = lad_surface
952	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
953
954	DO k = 1, pch_index
955	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
956	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
957	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
958	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
959	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
960	i = i + 1
961	ENDIF
962	ENDIF
963	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
964	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
965	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
966	ELSE
967	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
968	ENDIF
969	ELSE
970	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
971	ENDIF
972	ENDDO
973
974	ENDIF
975
976	!
977	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
978	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
979	!-- file.
980	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
981	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
982	ENDIF
983
984	ELSE
985
986	!
987	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
988	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
989	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
990
991	DO k = 0, pch_index
992	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
993	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
994	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
995	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
996	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
997	ENDDO
998
999	!
1000	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1001	DO k = 0, pch_index
1002	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1003	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1004	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1005	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1006	) / canopy_height
1007	ENDDO
1008
1009	!
1010	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1011	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1012	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1013	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1014	DO k = 1, pch_index
1015	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1016	ENDDO
1017
1018	ENDIF
1019
1020	!
1021	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1022	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1023
1024	!
1025	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1026	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1027	!-- with the prescribed values
1028	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1029	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1030	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1031
1032	!
1033	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1034	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1035	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1036	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1037
1038	CASE( 'block' )
1039
1040	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1041	DO j = nysg, nyng
1042	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1043	ENDDO
1044	ENDDO
1045
1046	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1047	!
1048	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1049	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1050	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1051	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1052	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1053	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1054	!
1055	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1056	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1057	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1058
1059	DO i = nxl, nxr
1060	DO j = nys, nyn
1061	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1062	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1063	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1064	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1065	ENDDO
1066	ENDDO
1067	ENDDO
1068	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1069	!
1070	! ASCII file
1071	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1072	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1073	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1074	!-- each location).
1075	ELSE
1076	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1077	ENDIF
1078
1079	CASE DEFAULT
1080	!
1081	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1082	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1083	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1084	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1085	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1086	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1087
1088	END SELECT
1089	!
1090	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1091	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1092	pch_index_ji = 0
1093
1094	DO i = nxl, nxr
1095	DO j = nys, nyn
1096	DO k = 0, pch_index
1097	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1098	ENDDO
1099	!
1100	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1101	!-- height of the model domain.
1102	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1103	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1104	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1105	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1106	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1107	ENDIF
1108
1109	ENDDO
1110	ENDDO
1111
1112	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1113	!
1114	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1115	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1116	!
1117	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1118	#if defined( __parallel )
1119	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1120	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1121	#endif
1122
1123	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1124	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1125	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1126	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1127	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1128	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1129	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1130	ENDIF
1131
1132	!
1133	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1134	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1135	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1136	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1137	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1138	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1139	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1140	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1141	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1142	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1143	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1144	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1145	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1146	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1147	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1148	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1149	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1150
1151	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1152	!
1153	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1154	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1155	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1156	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1157	DO j = nysg, nyng
1158	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1159	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1160	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1161	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1162	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1163	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1164	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1165	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1166	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1167	ELSE
1168	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1169	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1170	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1171	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1172	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1173	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1174	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1175	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1176	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1177	ENDIF
1178	ENDDO
1179	ENDDO
1180	ENDDO
1181
1182	!
1183	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1184	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1185	!-- Start with default surface type
1186	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1187	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1188	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1189	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1190	ENDDO
1191	!
1192	!-- Natural surfaces
1193	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1194	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1195	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1196	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1197	ENDDO
1198	!
1199	!-- Urban surfaces
1200	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1201	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1202	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1203	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1204	ENDDO
1205	!
1206	!
1207	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1208	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1209	!-- canopy.
1210	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1211	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1212	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1213	!-- of the respective layer
1214	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1215	DO j = nysg, nyng
1216	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1217	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1218	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1219	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1220	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1221	ENDIF
1222	ENDDO
1223	ENDDO
1224	ENDDO
1225
1226	ENDIF
1227
1228	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1229
1230
1231	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1232
1233
1234	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1235	! Description:
1236	! ------------
1237	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1238	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1239	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1240
1241	USE control_parameters, &
1242	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1243
1244	IMPLICIT NONE
1245
1246	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1247
1248	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1249	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1250	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1251	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1252	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1253	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1254	lai_beta, &
1255	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1256	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1257	plant_canopy_transpiration
1258
1259	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1260	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1261	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1262	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1263	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1264	lai_beta, &
1265	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1266	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1267	plant_canopy_transpiration
1268
1269	line = ' '
1270
1271	!
1272	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1273	REWIND ( 11 )
1274	line = ' '
1275	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1276	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1277	ENDDO
1278	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1279
1280	!
1281	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1282	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1283
1284	!
1285	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1286	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1287
1288	GOTO 14
1289
1290	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1291	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1292	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1293	!
1294	!-- Try to find old namelist
1295	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1296	line = ' '
1297	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1298	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1299	ENDDO
1300	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1301
1302	!
1303	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1304	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1305
1306	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1307	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1308	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1309	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1310
1311	!
1312	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1313	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1314
1315	GOTO 14
1316
1317	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1318	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1319	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1320
1321	14 CONTINUE
1322
1323
1324	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1325
1326
1327
1328	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1329	! Description:
1330	! ------------
1331	!
1332	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1333	!>
1334	!> num_levels
1335	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1336	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1337	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1338	!> ...
1339	!>
1340	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1341	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1342	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1343	!>
1344	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1345	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1346	!>
1347	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1348	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1349	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1350	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1351
1352	USE control_parameters, &
1353	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1354
1355	USE indices, &
1356	ONLY: nbgp
1357
1358	IMPLICIT NONE
1359
1360	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1361	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1362	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1363	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1364	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1365	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1366	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1367
1368	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1369
1370	!
1371	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1372	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1373
1374	!
1375	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1376	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1377	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1378	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1379	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1380	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1381	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1382	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1383
1384	DO
1385	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1386	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1387
1388	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1389	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1390	!
1391	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1392	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1393	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1394	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1395	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1396	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1397	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1398	'but pctype is ', pctype
1399	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1400	ENDIF
1401	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1402	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1403	CASE DEFAULT
1404	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1405	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1406	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1407	END SELECT
1408	ENDDO
1409
1410	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1411	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1412
1413	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1414	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1415
1416	517 CLOSE(152)
1417	DEALLOCATE( col )
1418
1419	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1420
1421	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1422
1423
1424
1425	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1426	! Description:
1427	! ------------
1428	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1429	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1430	!>
1431	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1432	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1433	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1434	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1435	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1436	!>
1437	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1438	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1439	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1440	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1441	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1442	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1443	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1444	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1445	!>
1446	!>
1447	!> Call for all grid points
1448	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1449	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1450
1451
1452	USE control_parameters, &
1453	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1454
1455	USE kinds
1456
1457	IMPLICIT NONE
1458
1459	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1460	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1461	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1462	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1463	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1464	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1465
1466	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1467	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1468	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1469	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1470	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1471	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1472
1473
1474	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1475
1476	!
1477	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1478	SELECT CASE ( component )
1479
1480	!
1481	!-- u-component
1482	CASE ( 1 )
1483	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1484	DO j = nys, nyn
1485	!
1486	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1487	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1488	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1489
1490	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1491	!
1492	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1493	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1494	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1495	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1496	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1497	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1498	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1499	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1500	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1501	THEN
1502	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1503	ENDIF
1504
1505	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1506	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1507	!
1508	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1509	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1510	lad_local * &
1511	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1512	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1513	v(k,j,i) + &
1514	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1515	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1516	)**2 + &
1517	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1518	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1519	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1520	w(k,j,i) ) &
1521	)**2 &
1522	) * &
1523	u(k,j,i)
1524
1525	!
1526	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1527	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1528	!
1529	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1530	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1531	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1532	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1533	ELSE
1534	pre_tend = pre_tend
1535	ENDIF
1536	!
1537	!-- Calculate final tendency
1538	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1539
1540	ENDDO
1541	ENDDO
1542	ENDDO
1543
1544	!
1545	!-- v-component
1546	CASE ( 2 )
1547	DO i = nxl, nxr
1548	DO j = nysv, nyn
1549	!
1550	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1551	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1552
1553	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1554
1555	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1556	!
1557	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1558	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1559	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1560	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1561	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1562	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1563	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1564	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1565	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1566	THEN
1567	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1568	ENDIF
1569
1570	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1571	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1572	!
1573	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1574	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1575	lad_local * &
1576	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1577	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1578	u(k,j,i) + &
1579	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1580	)**2 + &
1581	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1582	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1583	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1584	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1585	w(k,j,i) ) &
1586	)**2 &
1587	) * &
1588	v(k,j,i)
1589
1590	!
1591	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1592	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1593	!
1594	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1595	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1596	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1597	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1598	ELSE
1599	pre_tend = pre_tend
1600	ENDIF
1601	!
1602	!-- Calculate final tendency
1603	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1604
1605	ENDDO
1606	ENDDO
1607	ENDDO
1608
1609	!
1610	!-- w-component
1611	CASE ( 3 )
1612	DO i = nxl, nxr
1613	DO j = nys, nyn
1614	!
1615	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1616	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1617
1618	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1619
1620	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1621
1622	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1623	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1624	!
1625	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1626	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1627	(0.5_wp * &
1628	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1629	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1630	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1631	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1632	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1633	)**2 + &
1634	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1635	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1636	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1637	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1638	)**2 + &
1639	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1640	) * &
1641	w(k,j,i)
1642	!
1643	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1644	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1645	!
1646	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1647	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1648	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1649	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1650	ELSE
1651	pre_tend = pre_tend
1652	ENDIF
1653	!
1654	!-- Calculate final tendency
1655	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1656
1657	ENDDO
1658	ENDDO
1659	ENDDO
1660
1661	!
1662	!-- potential temperature
1663	CASE ( 4 )
1664	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1665	DO i = nxl, nxr
1666	DO j = nys, nyn
1667	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1668	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1669	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1670	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1671	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1672	ENDDO
1673	ENDDO
1674	ENDDO
1675	ELSE
1676	DO i = nxl, nxr
1677	DO j = nys, nyn
1678	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1679	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1680	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1681	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1682	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1683	ENDDO
1684	ENDDO
1685	ENDDO
1686	ENDIF
1687
1688	!
1689	!-- humidity
1690	CASE ( 5 )
1691	DO i = nxl, nxr
1692	DO j = nys, nyn
1693	!
1694	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1695	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1696
1697	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1698
1699	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1700
1701	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1702	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1703	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1704	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1705	! in the plant canopy box
1706	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1707	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1708	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1709	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1710	)**2 + &
1711	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1712	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1713	)**2 + &
1714	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1715	w(k,j,i) ) &
1716	)**2 &
1717	) * &
1718	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1719	ENDIF
1720
1721	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1722	ENDDO
1723	ENDDO
1724	ENDDO
1725
1726	!
1727	!-- sgs-tke
1728	CASE ( 6 )
1729	DO i = nxl, nxr
1730	DO j = nys, nyn
1731	!
1732	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1733	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1734
1735	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1736
1737	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1738	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1739	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1740	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1741	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1742	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1743	)**2 + &
1744	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1745	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1746	)**2 + &
1747	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1748	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1749	)**2 &
1750	) * &
1751	e(k,j,i)
1752	ENDDO
1753	ENDDO
1754	ENDDO
1755	!
1756	!-- scalar concentration
1757	CASE ( 7 )
1758	DO i = nxl, nxr
1759	DO j = nys, nyn
1760	!
1761	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1762	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1763
1764	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1765
1766	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1767	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1768	lsec * &
1769	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1770	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1771	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1772	)**2 + &
1773	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1774	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1775	)**2 + &
1776	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1777	w(k,j,i) ) &
1778	)**2 &
1779	) * &
1780	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1781	ENDDO
1782	ENDDO
1783	ENDDO
1784
1785
1786
1787	CASE DEFAULT
1788
1789	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1790	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1791
1792	END SELECT
1793
1794	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1795
1796
1797	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1798	! Description:
1799	! ------------
1800	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1801	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1802	!>
1803	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1804	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1805	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1806	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1807	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1808	!>
1809	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1810	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1811	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1812	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1813	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1814	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1815	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1816	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1817	!>
1818	!>
1819	!> Call for grid point i,j
1820	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1821	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1822
1823
1824	USE control_parameters, &
1825	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1826
1827	USE kinds
1828
1829	IMPLICIT NONE
1830
1831	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1832	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1833	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1834	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1835	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1836	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1837
1838	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1839	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1840	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1841	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1842	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1843	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1844
1845
1846	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1847	!
1848	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1849	SELECT CASE ( component )
1850
1851	!
1852	!-- u-component
1853	CASE ( 1 )
1854	!
1855	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1856	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1857	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1858
1859	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1860
1861	!
1862	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1863	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1864	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1865	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1866	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1867	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1868	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1869	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1870	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1871	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1872	ENDIF
1873
1874	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1875	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1876	!
1877	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1878	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1879	lad_local * &
1880	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1881	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1882	v(k,j,i) + &
1883	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1884	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1885	)**2 + &
1886	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1887	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1888	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1889	w(k,j,i) ) &
1890	)**2 &
1891	) * &
1892	u(k,j,i)
1893
1894	!
1895	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1896	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1897	!
1898	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1899	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1900	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1901	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1902	ELSE
1903	pre_tend = pre_tend
1904	ENDIF
1905	!
1906	!-- Calculate final tendency
1907	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1908	ENDDO
1909
1910
1911	!
1912	!-- v-component
1913	CASE ( 2 )
1914	!
1915	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1916	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1917
1918	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1919
1920	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1921	!
1922	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1923	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1924	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1925	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1926	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1927	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1928	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1929	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1930	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1931	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1932	ENDIF
1933
1934	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1935	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1936	!
1937	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1938	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1939	lad_local * &
1940	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1941	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1942	u(k,j,i) + &
1943	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1944	)**2 + &
1945	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1946	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1947	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1948	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1949	w(k,j,i) ) &
1950	)**2 &
1951	) * &
1952	v(k,j,i)
1953
1954	!
1955	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1956	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1957	!
1958	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1959	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1960	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1961	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1962	ELSE
1963	pre_tend = pre_tend
1964	ENDIF
1965	!
1966	!-- Calculate final tendency
1967	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1968	ENDDO
1969
1970
1971	!
1972	!-- w-component
1973	CASE ( 3 )
1974	!
1975	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1976	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1977
1978	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1979
1980	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1981
1982	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1983	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1984	!
1985	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1986	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1987	(0.5_wp * &
1988	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1989	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1990	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1991	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1992	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1993	)**2 + &
1994	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1995	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1996	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1997	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1998	)**2 + &
1999	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2000	) * &
2001	w(k,j,i)
2002	!
2003	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2004	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2005	!
2006	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2007	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2008	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2009	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2010	ELSE
2011	pre_tend = pre_tend
2012	ENDIF
2013	!
2014	!-- Calculate final tendency
2015	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2016	ENDDO
2017
2018	!
2019	!-- potential temperature
2020	CASE ( 4 )
2021	!
2022	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2023	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2024
2025	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2026	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2027	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2028	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2029	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2030	ENDDO
2031	ELSE
2032	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2033	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2034	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2035	ENDDO
2036	ENDIF
2037
2038	!
2039	!-- humidity
2040	CASE ( 5 )
2041	!
2042	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2043	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2044
2045	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2046	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2047	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2048	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2049	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2050	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2051	! in the plant canopy box
2052	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2053	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2054	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2055	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2056	)**2 + &
2057	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2058	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2059	)**2 + &
2060	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2061	w(k,j,i) ) &
2062	)**2 &
2063	) * &
2064	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2065	ENDIF
2066
2067	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2068
2069	ENDDO
2070
2071	!
2072	!-- sgs-tke
2073	CASE ( 6 )
2074	!
2075	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2076	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2077
2078	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2079
2080	kk = k - k_wall
2081	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2082	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2083	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2084	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2085	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2086	)**2 + &
2087	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2088	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2089	)**2 + &
2090	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2091	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2092	)**2 &
2093	) * &
2094	e(k,j,i)
2095	ENDDO
2096
2097	!
2098	!-- scalar concentration
2099	CASE ( 7 )
2100	!
2101	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2102	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2103
2104	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2105
2106	kk = k - k_wall
2107	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2108	lsec * &
2109	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2110	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2111	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2112	)**2 + &
2113	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2114	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2115	)**2 + &
2116	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2117	w(k,j,i) ) &
2118	)**2 &
2119	) * &
2120	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2121	ENDDO
2122
2123	CASE DEFAULT
2124
2125	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2126	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2127
2128	END SELECT
2129
2130	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2131
2132
2133
2134	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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