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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1936

Last change on this file since 1936 was 1857, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1857 2016-04-13 12:56:38Z suehring $
26	!
27	! 1856 2016-04-13 12:56:17Z maronga
28	! Bugfix: for water surfaces, the initial water surface temperature is set equal
29	! to the intital skin temperature. Moreover, the minimum value of r_a is now
30	! 1.0 to avoid too large fluxes at the first model time step
31	!
32	! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
33	! prr moved to arrays_3d
34	!
35	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
36	! Cleanup after modularization
37	!
38	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
39	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
40	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
41	!
42	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
43	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
44	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
45	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
46	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
47	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
48	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
49	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
50	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
51	! Syntax layout improved.
52	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
53	!
54	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
55	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
56	!
57	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
58	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
59	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
60	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
61	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
62	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
63	!
64	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
65	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
66	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
67	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
68	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
69	! Added todo action
70	!
71	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
72	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
73	!
74	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
75	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
76	! Replaced rif with ol
77	!
78	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
79	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
80	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
81	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
82	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
83	!
84	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
85	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
86	!
87	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
88	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
89	!
90	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
91	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
92	!
93	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
94	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
95	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
96	!
97	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
98	! Added output of r_a and r_s
99	!
100	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
101	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
102	! profile
103	!
104	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
105	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
106	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
107	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
108	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
109	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
110	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
111	! calculation
112	!
113	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
114	!
115	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
116	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
117	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
118	! Added support for dry runs.
119	!
120	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
121	! Initial revision
122	!
123	!
124	! Description:
125	! ------------
126	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
127	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
128	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
129	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
130	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
131	!>
132	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
133	!> skin layer.
134	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
135	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
136	!> nzt_soil=3)).
137	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
138	!> with considerable precipitation.
139	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
140	!>
141	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
142	!> become too thin.
143	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
144	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
145
146	USE arrays_3d, &
147	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, prr, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, &
148	z0h, z0q
149
150	USE cloud_parameters, &
151	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
152
153	USE control_parameters, &
154	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
155	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
156	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
157	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
158	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
159
160	USE indices, &
161	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
162
163	USE kinds
164
165	USE pegrid
166
167	USE radiation_model_mod, &
168	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
169	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
170	unscheduled_radiation_calls
171
172	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
173	USE radiation_model_mod, &
174	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
175	#endif
176
177	USE statistics, &
178	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
179
180	IMPLICIT NONE
181
182	!
183	!-- LSM model constants
184	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
185	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
186	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
187
188	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
189	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
190	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
191	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
192	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
193	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
194	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
195	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
196	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
197
198
199	!
200	!-- LSM variables
201	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
202	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
203
204	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
205	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
206
207	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
208	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
209	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
210
211	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
212	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
213	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
214
215	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
216	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
217	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
218	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
219	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
220	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
221	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
222	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
223	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
224	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
225	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
226	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
227	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
228	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
229	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
230	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
231	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
232	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
233	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
234	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
235	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
236	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
237	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
238	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
239	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
240	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
241	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
242	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
243	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
244	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
245	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
246	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
247	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
248	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
249	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
250	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
251
252	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
253	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
254	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
255	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
256	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
257	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
258	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
259	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
260
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
262	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
263	283.0_wp /), &
264	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
265	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
266
267	#if defined( __nopointer )
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
269	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
270	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
271	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
272	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
273	#else
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
275	t_surface_p, &
276	m_liq_eb, &
277	m_liq_eb_p
278
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
280	m_liq_eb_av, &
281	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
282	#endif
283
284	!
285	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
287	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
288
289	!
290	!-- Energy balance variables
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
292	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
293	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
294	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
295	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
296	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
297	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
298	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
299	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
300	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
301	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
302	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
303	lai, & !< leaf area index
304	lai_av, & !< average of lai
305	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
306	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
307	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
308	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
309	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
310	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
311	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
312	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
313	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
314	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
315	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
316	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
317	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
318	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
319	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
320	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
321	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
322	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
323	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
324	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
325	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
326	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
327	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
328	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
329	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
330	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
331	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
332
333
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
335	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
336	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
337	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
338	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
339
340	#if defined( __nopointer )
341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
342	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
343	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
344	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
345	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
346	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
347	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
348	#else
349	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
350	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
351	m_soil, m_soil_p
352
353	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
354	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
355	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
356	#endif
357
358
359	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
360	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
361	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
362	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
363
364
365	!
366	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
367	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
368	'user defined ', & ! 0
369	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
370	'short grass ', & ! 2
371	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
372	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
373	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
374	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
375	'tall grass ', & ! 7
376	'desert ', & ! 8
377	'tundra ', & ! 9
378	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
379	'semidesert ', & ! 11
380	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
381	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
382	'inland water ', & ! 14
383	'ocean ', & ! 15
384	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
385	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
386	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
387	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
388	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
389	/)
390
391	!
392	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
393	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
394	'user defined', & ! 0
395	'coarse ', & ! 1
396	'medium ', & ! 2
397	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
398	'fine ', & ! 4
399	'very fine ', & ! 5
400	'organic ', & ! 6
401	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
402	/)
403	!
404	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
405
406	!
407	!-- Land surface parameters I
408	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
409	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
410	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
411	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
412	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
413	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
414	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
415	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
416	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
417	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
418	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
419	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
420	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
421	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
422	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
423	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
424	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
425	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
426	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
427	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
428	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
429	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
430	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
431
432	!
433	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
434	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
435	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
436	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
437	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
438	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
439	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
440	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
441	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
442	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
443	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
444	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
445	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
446	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
447	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
448	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
449	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
450	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
451	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
452	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
453	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
454	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
455	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
456
457	!
458	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
459	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
460	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
462	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
463	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
464	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
465	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
466	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
467	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
468	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
469	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
470	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
471	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
472	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
473	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
474	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
475	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
476	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
477	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
478	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
479	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
480	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
481
482	!
483	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
484	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
485	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
486	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
487	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
488	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
489	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
490	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
491	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
492	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
493	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
494	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
495	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
496	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
497	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
498	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
499	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
500	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
501	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
502	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
503	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
504	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
505	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
506
507	!
508	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
509
510	!
511	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
512	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
513	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
514	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
515	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
516	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
517	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
518	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
519	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
520	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
521
522	!
523	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
524	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
525	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
526	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
527	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
528	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
529	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
530	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
531	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
532	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
533
534
535	SAVE
536
537
538	PRIVATE
539
540
541	!
542	!-- Public functions
543	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
544	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
545	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
546	!
547	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
548	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
549
550	!
551	!-- Public grid variables
552	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
553
554	!
555	!-- Public 2D output variables
556	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
557	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
558	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
559	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
560
561	!
562	!-- Public prognostic variables
563	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
564
565
566	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
567	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
568	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
569
570	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
571	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
572	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
573
574	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
575	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
576	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
577
578	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
579	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
580	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
581
582	INTERFACE lsm_header
583	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
584	END INTERFACE lsm_header
585
586	INTERFACE lsm_init
587	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
588	END INTERFACE lsm_init
589
590	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
591	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
592	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
593
594	INTERFACE lsm_parin
595	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
596	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
597
598	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
599	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
600	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
601
602	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
603	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
604	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
605
606	CONTAINS
607
608	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
609	! Description:
610	! ------------
611	!> Check data output for land surface model
612	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
613	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
614
615
616	USE control_parameters, &
617	ONLY: data_output, message_string
618
619	IMPLICIT NONE
620
621	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
622	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
623
624	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
625	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
626	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
627
628	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
629
630	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
631	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
632	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
633	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
634	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
635	ENDIF
636	unit = 'm3/m3'
637
638	CASE ( 't_soil' )
639	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
640	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
641	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
642	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
643	ENDIF
644	unit = 'K'
645
646	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
647	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
648	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
649	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
650	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
651	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
652	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
653	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
654	ENDIF
655	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
656	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
657	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
658	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
659	ENDIF
660	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
661	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
662	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
663	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
664	ENDIF
665	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
666	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
667	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
668	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
669	ENDIF
670	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
671	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
672	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
673	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
674	ENDIF
675	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
676	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
677	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
678	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
679	ENDIF
680	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
681	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
682	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
683	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
684	ENDIF
685	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
686	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
687	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
688	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
689	ENDIF
690	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
691	THEN
692	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
693	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
694	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
695	ENDIF
696	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
697	THEN
698	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
699	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
700	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
701	ENDIF
702	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
703	THEN
704	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
705	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
706	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
707	ENDIF
708	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
709	THEN
710	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
711	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
712	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
713	ENDIF
714	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
715	THEN
716	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
717	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
718	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
719	ENDIF
720
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
727	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
729	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
730	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
731	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
732	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
733	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
734
735	CASE DEFAULT
736	unit = 'illegal'
737
738	END SELECT
739
740
741	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
742
743	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
744
745	USE control_parameters, &
746	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
747
748	USE indices
749
750	USE profil_parameter
751
752	USE statistics
753
754	IMPLICIT NONE
755
756	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
757	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
758	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
759
760	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
761	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
762
763	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
764
765	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
766	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
767	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
768	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
769	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
770	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
771	ELSE
772	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
773	dopr_unit = 'K'
774	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
775	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
776	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
777	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
778	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
779	ENDIF
780	unit = dopr_unit
781	ENDIF
782
783	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
784	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
785	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
786	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
787	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
788	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
789	ELSE
790	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
791	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
792	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
793	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
794	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
795	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
796	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
797	ENDIF
798	unit = dopr_unit
799	ENDIF
800
801
802	CASE DEFAULT
803	unit = 'illegal'
804
805	END SELECT
806
807
808	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
809
810
811	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
812	! Description:
813	! ------------
814	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
815	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
816	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
817
818	USE control_parameters, &
819	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
820	most_method, topography
821
822	USE radiation_model_mod, &
823	ONLY: radiation
824
825
826	IMPLICIT NONE
827
828
829	!
830	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
831	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
832	!-- model
833	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
834	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
835	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
836	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
837	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
838	ENDIF
839
840	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
841	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
842	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
843	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
844	ENDIF
845
846	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
847	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
848	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
849	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
850	ENDIF
851
852	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
853	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
854	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
855	'allowed in combination with ', &
856	'most_method = ', most_method
857	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
858	ENDIF
859
860	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
861	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
862	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
863	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
864	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
865	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
866	ENDIF
867
868	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
869	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
870	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
871	'/= 9999999.9'
872	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
873	ENDIF
874
875	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
876	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
877	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
878	'/= 9999999.9'
879	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
880	ENDIF
881
882	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
883	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
884	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
885	'/= 9999999.9'
886	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
887	ENDIF
888
889	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
890	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
891	'requires setting of'// &
892	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
893	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
894	ENDIF
895
896	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
897	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
898	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
899	'/= 9999999.9'
900	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
901	ENDIF
902
903	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
904	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
905	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
906	'/= 9999999.9'
907	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
908	ENDIF
909
910	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
911	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
912	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
913	'/= 9999999.9'
914	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
915	ENDIF
916
917	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
918	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
919	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
920	'/= 9999999.9'
921	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
922	ENDIF
923
924	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
925	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
926	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
927	'/= 9999999.9'
928	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
929	ENDIF
930
931
932	ENDIF
933
934	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
935
936	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
937	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
938	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
939	'/= 9999999.9'
940	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
941	ENDIF
942
943	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
944	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
945	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
946	'/= 9999999.9'
947	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
948	ENDIF
949
950	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
951	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
952	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
953	'/= 9999999.9'
954	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
955	ENDIF
956
957	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
958	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
959	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
960	'/= 9999999.9'
961	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
962	ENDIF
963
964	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
965	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
966	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
967	'/= 9999999.9'
968	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
969	ENDIF
970
971	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
972	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
973	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
974	'/= 9999999.9'
975	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
976	ENDIF
977
978	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
979	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
980	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
981	'/= 9999999.9'
982	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
983	ENDIF
984
985	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
986	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
987	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
988	'/= 9999999.9'
989	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
990	ENDIF
991
992	ENDIF
993
994	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
995	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
996	'radiation = .T.'
997	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
998	ENDIF
999
1000
1001	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
1002
1003	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1004	! Description:
1005	! ------------
1006	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1008	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1009
1010
1011	IMPLICIT NONE
1012
1013	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1014	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1015	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1016
1017	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1018	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1019	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1020	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1021	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1022	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1023	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1024	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1025	tend, & !< tendency
1026	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1027	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1028	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1029	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1030	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1031	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1032	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1033	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1034	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1035	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1036	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1037	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1038
1039	!
1040	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1041	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1042
1043	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1044	DO j = nysg, nyng
1045	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1046
1047	!
1048	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1049	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1050
1051	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1052
1053	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1054	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1055	ELSE
1056	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1057	ENDIF
1058	ELSE
1059
1060	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1061	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1062
1063	ENDIF
1064
1065	!
1066	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1067	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1068	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1069	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1070	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1071	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1072	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1073	ELSE
1074	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1075	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1076	ENDIF
1077
1078	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1079
1080	!
1081	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero for neutral
1082	!-- stratification
1083	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0_wp
1084
1085	!
1086	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1087	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1088
1089	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1090	!-- night)
1091	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1092	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1093	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1094	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1095	ELSE
1096	f1 = 1.0_wp
1097	ENDIF
1098
1099
1100	!
1101	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1102	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1103	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1104	m_total = 0.0_wp
1105	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1106	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1107	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1108	ENDDO
1109
1110	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1111	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1112	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1113	f2 = 1.0_wp
1114	ELSE
1115	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1116	ENDIF
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1120	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1121	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1122
1123	!
1124	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1125	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1126	!
1127	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1128	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1129	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1130	ELSE
1131	f3 = 1.0_wp
1132	ENDIF
1133
1134	!
1135	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1136	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1137	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1138	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1139	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1140
1141	!
1142	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1143	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1144	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1145	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1146	m_res(j,i)
1147	ELSE
1148	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1149	ENDIF
1150
1151	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1152	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1153	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1154
1155	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1156
1157	!
1158	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1159	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1160	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1161	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1162	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1163	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1164	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1165	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1166	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1167	ELSE
1168	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1169	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1170	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1171	ENDIF
1172
1173	!
1174	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1175	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1176
1177	!
1178	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1179	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1180	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1181	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1182	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1183	ENDIF
1184
1185	!
1186	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1187	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1188	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1189	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1190	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1191	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1192	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1193	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1194	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1195	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1196	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1197	ELSE
1198	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1199	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1200	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1201	r_soil(j,i))
1202	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1203	ENDIF
1204	!
1205	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1206	!-- transpirate.
1207	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1208	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1209	! ENDIF
1210
1211	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1212	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1213
1214	!
1215	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1216	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1217	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1218	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1219
1220	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1221
1222	!
1223	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1224	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1225
1226	!
1227	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1228	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1229	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1230	!
1231	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1232	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1233	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1234	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1235	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1236	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1237
1238	!
1239	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1240	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1241	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1242	#else
1243
1244	!
1245	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1246	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1247	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1248	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1249	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1250	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1251
1252	!
1253	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1254	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1255	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1256
1257	#endif
1258	ELSE
1259
1260	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1261	!
1262	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1263	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1264	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1265	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1266	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1267
1268	!
1269	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1270	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1271	#else
1272
1273	!
1274	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1275	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1276	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1277	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1278
1279	!
1280	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1281	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1282	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1283	#endif
1284	ENDIF
1285
1286	tend = 0.0_wp
1287
1288	!
1289	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1290	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1291	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1292	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1293	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1294
1295	!
1296	!-- Add RK3 term
1297	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1298
1299	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1300	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1301
1302	!
1303	!-- Calculate true tendency
1304	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1305	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1306	!
1307	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1308	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1309	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1310	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1311	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1312	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1313	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1314	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1315	ENDIF
1316	ENDIF
1317	ENDIF
1318
1319	!
1320	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1321	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1322	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1323	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1324	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1325	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1326	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1327	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1328	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1329	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1330	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1331	ENDIF
1332
1333	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1334
1335	!
1336	!-- Calculate fluxes
1337	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1338	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1339	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1340	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1341
1342	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1343	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1344	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1345	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1346	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1347	ENDIF
1348	#else
1349	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1350	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1351	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1352	#endif
1353
1354	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1355	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1356
1357	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1358
1359	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1360
1361	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1362	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1363	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1364
1365	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1366
1367	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1368	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1369	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1370
1371	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1372	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1373	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1374
1375	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1376	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1377	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1378	ENDIF
1379
1380	!
1381	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1382	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1383	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1384	ELSE
1385	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1386	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1387	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1388	ENDIF
1389
1390	!
1391	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1392	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1393	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1394	!
1395	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1396	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1397	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1398	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1399
1400	!
1401	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1402	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1403	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1404	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1405	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1406	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1407	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1408	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1409	ELSE
1410	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1411	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1412	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1413	ENDIF
1414
1415	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1416	!-- coverage.
1417	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1418	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1419	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1420	ENDIF
1421
1422	!
1423	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1424	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1425
1426	!
1427	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1428	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1429	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1430	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1431	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1432	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1433	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1434	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1435	ENDIF
1436
1437	!
1438	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1439	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1440	!-- plant
1441	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1442	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1443	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1444	ENDIF
1445	ENDIF
1446
1447	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1448
1449	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1450	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1451
1452	!
1453	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1454	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1455	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1456
1457	!
1458	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1459	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1460	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1461
1462
1463	!
1464	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1465	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1466	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1467	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1468	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1469	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1470	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1471	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1472	ENDIF
1473	ENDIF
1474
1475	ENDIF
1476
1477	ENDDO
1478	ENDDO
1479
1480	!
1481	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1482	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1483	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1484	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1485	#if defined( __parallel )
1486	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1487	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1488	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1489	#else
1490	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1491	#endif
1492	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1493	ENDIF
1494
1495	!
1496	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1497	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1498	CALL calc_q_surface
1499	ENDIF
1500
1501	!
1502	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1503	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1504
1505
1506	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1507
1508	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1509	! Description:
1510	! ------------
1511	!> Header output for land surface model
1512	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1513	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1514
1515
1516	IMPLICIT NONE
1517
1518	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1519	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1520	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1521	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1522	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1523	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1524
1525	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1526
1527	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1528
1529	t_soil_chr = ''
1530	m_soil_chr = ''
1531	soil_depth_chr = ''
1532	roots_chr = ''
1533	vertical_index_chr = ''
1534
1535	i = 1
1536	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1537	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1538	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1539
1540	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1541	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1542
1543	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1544	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1545
1546	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1547	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1548
1549	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1550	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1551	TRIM( coor_chr )
1552	ENDDO
1553
1554	!
1555	!-- Write land surface model header
1556	WRITE( io, 1 )
1557	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1558	WRITE( io, 2 )
1559	ELSE
1560	WRITE( io, 3 )
1561	ENDIF
1562
1563	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1564	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1565	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1566	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1567	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1568
1569	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1570	' ------------------------------'/)
1571	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
1572	', default)')
1573	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1574	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1575	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1576	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1577	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1578	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1579	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1580	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1581	' Grid point: ',A)
1582
1583	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1584
1585
1586	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1587	! Description:
1588	! ------------
1589	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1590	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1591	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1592
1593
1594	IMPLICIT NONE
1595
1596	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1597	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1598	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1599
1600	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1601
1602
1603	!
1604	!-- Calculate Exner function
1605	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1606
1607
1608	!
1609	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1610	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1611	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1612	ENDIF
1613
1614	!
1615	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1616	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1617	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1618	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1619	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1620
1621	!
1622	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1623	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1624	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1625	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1626	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1627	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1628
1629	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1630	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1631
1632	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1633	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
1634	ELSE
1635	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1636	ENDIF
1637
1638	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1639	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1640	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1641
1642	r_a = 50.0_wp
1643	r_s = 50.0_wp
1644	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1645	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1646
1647	!
1648	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1649	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1650	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1651	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1652
1653	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1654	!
1655	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1656	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1657	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1658	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1659
1660	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1661	ENDIF
1662
1663	!
1664	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1665	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1666	!-- at the centers
1667	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1668
1669	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1670	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1671	ENDDO
1672	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1673
1674	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1675	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1676	ENDDO
1677	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1678
1679	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1680	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1681
1682	!
1683	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1684	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1685	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1686	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1687
1688	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1689	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1690	ENDIF
1691
1692	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1693	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1694	ENDIF
1695
1696	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1697	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1698	ENDIF
1699
1700	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1701	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1702	ENDIF
1703
1704	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1705	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1706	ENDIF
1707
1708	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1709	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1710	ENDIF
1711
1712	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1713	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1714	ENDIF
1715
1716	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1717	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1718	ENDIF
1719
1720	ENDIF
1721
1722	!
1723	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1724	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1725	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1726	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1727	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1728	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1729	m_fc = field_capacity
1730	m_wilt = wilting_point
1731	m_res = residual_moisture
1732	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1733
1734	!
1735	!-- Initial run actions
1736	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1737
1738	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1739	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1740	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1741
1742	!
1743	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1744	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1745	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1746	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1747	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1748	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1749	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1750	ENDDO
1751	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1752
1753	!
1754	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1755	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1756
1757	!
1758	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1759	!-- for the first time step
1760	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1761	DO j = nysg, nyng
1762	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1763
1764	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1765	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1766	ELSE
1767	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1768	ENDIF
1769
1770	!
1771	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1772	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1773
1774	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1775	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1776	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1777	ENDDO
1778	ENDDO
1779
1780	!
1781	!-- Actions for restart runs
1782	ELSE
1783
1784	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1785	DO j = nysg, nyng
1786	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1787	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1788	ENDDO
1789	ENDDO
1790
1791	ENDIF
1792
1793	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1794	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1795	ENDDO
1796
1797	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1798	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1799	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1800	ENDIF
1801	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1802	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1803	ENDIF
1804	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1805	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1806	ENDIF
1807	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1808	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1809	ENDIF
1810	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1811	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1812	ENDIF
1813	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1814	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1815	ENDIF
1816	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1817	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1818	ENDIF
1819	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1820	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1821	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1822	ENDIF
1823	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1824	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1825	ENDIF
1826	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1827	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1828	ENDIF
1829	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1830
1831	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1832	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1833	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1834	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1835	ENDDO
1836	ENDIF
1837
1838	ELSE
1839
1840	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1841	z0_eb = roughness_length
1842	ENDIF
1843	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1844	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1845	ENDIF
1846	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1847	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1848	ENDIF
1849
1850	ENDIF
1851
1852	!
1853	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1854	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1855	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1856	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1857	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1858	ELSE
1859	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1860	ENDIF
1861	ENDIF
1862
1863	!
1864	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1865	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1866	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1867	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1868
1869	!
1870	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1871	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1872	lai = leaf_area_index
1873	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1874	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1875	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1876	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1877	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1878	z0 = z0_eb
1879	z0h = z0h_eb
1880	z0q = z0q_eb
1881
1882	!
1883	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1884	CALL user_init_land_surface
1885
1886	!
1887	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1888	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1889	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1890	DO j = nysg, nyng
1891	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1892	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1893	t_soil(:,j,i) = t_surface(j,i)
1894	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1895	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1896	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1897	ENDIF
1898
1899	ENDDO
1900	ENDDO
1901
1902	!
1903	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1904	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1905
1906	t_soil_p = t_soil
1907	m_soil_p = m_soil
1908	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1909	t_surface_p = t_surface
1910
1911
1912
1913	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1914	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1915	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1916	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1917	statistic_regions+1 )
1918	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1919	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1920	statistic_regions+1 )
1921
1922	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1923
1924
1925	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1926	! Description:
1927	! ------------
1928	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1929	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1930	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1931
1932
1933	IMPLICIT NONE
1934
1935	!
1936	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1937	#if defined( __nopointer )
1938	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1939	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1940	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	#else
1947	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1948	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1949	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1950	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1951	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1952	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1953	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1954	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1955	#endif
1956
1957	!
1958	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1959	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1960	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1961	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963
1964	!
1965	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1966	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1992	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1993	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1994	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1995	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1996	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1997	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1998	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1999
2000	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
2001	!
2002	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
2003	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2004	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2005	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2006	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2007	#endif
2008
2009
2010	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2011
2012
2013	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2014	! Description:
2015	! ------------
2016	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2017	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2018	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2019
2020
2021	IMPLICIT NONE
2022
2023	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2024
2025	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2026	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2027	conserve_water_content, &
2028	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2029	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2030	lambda_surface_stable, &
2031	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2032	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2033	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2034	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2035	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2036	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2037	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2038	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2039	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2040	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2041
2042	line = ' '
2043
2044	!
2045	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2046	REWIND ( 11 )
2047	line = ' '
2048	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2049	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2050	ENDDO
2051	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2052
2053	!
2054	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2055	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2056
2057	!
2058	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2059	land_surface = .TRUE.
2060
2061	10 CONTINUE
2062
2063
2064	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2065
2066
2067	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2068	! Description:
2069	! ------------
2070	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2071	!> temperature and water content.
2072	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2073	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2074
2075
2076	IMPLICIT NONE
2077
2078	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2079	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2080	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2081
2082	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2083
2084	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2085	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2086	tend !< tendency
2087
2088	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2089	DO j = nysg, nyng
2090
2091	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2092	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2093	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2094	ENDIF
2095
2096	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2097	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2098
2099
2100	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2101
2102	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2103	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2104
2105	ELSE
2106	!
2107	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2108	!-- into account water content
2109	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2110	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2111
2112	!
2113	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2114	!-- layers
2115	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2116	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2117
2118	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2119	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2120
2121	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2122	lambda_h_dry
2123	ENDIF
2124
2125	ENDDO
2126
2127	!
2128	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2129	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2130	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2131	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2132	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2133	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2134	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2135	* lambda_temp(k) &
2136	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2137	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2138	ELSE
2139	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2140	* 0.5_wp
2141	ENDIF
2142	ENDDO
2143	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148	!
2149	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2150	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2151
2152	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2153	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2154	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2155	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2156
2157	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2158	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2159	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2160	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2161	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2162	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2163	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2164	* ddz_soil(k) &
2165	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2166
2167	ENDDO
2168
2169	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2170	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2171	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2172	+ tsc(3) &
2173	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2174
2175	!
2176	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2177	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2178	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2179	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2180	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2181	ENDDO
2182	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2183	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2184	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2185	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2186	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2187	ENDDO
2188	ENDIF
2189	ENDIF
2190
2191
2192	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2193
2194	!
2195	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2196	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2197	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2198	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2199	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2200
2201	!
2202	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2203	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2204	!
2205	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2206	!-- (1980)
2207	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2208	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2209	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2210	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2211
2212
2213	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2214	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2215	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2216	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2217	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2218	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2219	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2220	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2221
2222	!
2223	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2224	ELSE
2225	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2226	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2227	ENDIF
2228
2229	ENDDO
2230
2231	!
2232	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2233	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2234	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2235	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2236	!
2237	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2238	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2239	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2240	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2241
2242	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2243	* 0.5_wp
2244	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2245	* 0.5_wp
2246
2247	ENDDO
2248
2249	!
2250	!
2251	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2252	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2253	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2254	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2255	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2256	ELSE
2257	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2258	ENDIF
2259
2260	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2261	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2262	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2263	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2264	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2265	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2266	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2267	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2268
2269	!
2270	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2271	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2272	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2273	!-- additional check.
2274	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2275	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2276	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2277	ENDIF
2278	ENDDO
2279
2280	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2281	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2282	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2283	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2284	/ m_total
2285	ELSE
2286	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2287	ENDIF
2288	ENDDO
2289	ENDIF
2290
2291	!
2292	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2293	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2294
2295	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2296	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2297	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2298	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2299	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2300	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2301
2302	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2303	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2304	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2305	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2306	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2307	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2308	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2309	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2310	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2311
2312	ENDDO
2313	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2314	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2315	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2316	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2317	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2318	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2319	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2320	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2321	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2322
2323	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2324	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2325	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2326
2327	!
2328	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2329	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2330	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2331	ENDDO
2332
2333	!
2334	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2335	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2336	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2337	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2338	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2339	ENDDO
2340	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2341	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2342	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2343	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2344	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2345	ENDDO
2346	ENDIF
2347	ENDIF
2348
2349	ENDIF
2350
2351	ENDIF
2352
2353	ENDDO
2354	ENDDO
2355
2356	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2357
2358
2359	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2360	! Description:
2361	! ------------
2362	!> Swapping of timelevels
2363	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2364	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2365
2366	IMPLICIT NONE
2367
2368	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2369
2370	#if defined( __nopointer )
2371
2372	t_surface = t_surface_p
2373	t_soil = t_soil_p
2374	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2375	m_soil = m_soil_p
2376	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2377	ENDIF
2378
2379	#else
2380
2381	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2382
2383	CASE ( 0 )
2384
2385	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2386	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2387	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2388	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2389	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2390	ENDIF
2391
2392
2393	CASE ( 1 )
2394
2395	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2396	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2397	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2398	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2399	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2400	ENDIF
2401
2402	END SELECT
2403	#endif
2404
2405	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2406
2407
2408	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2409	! Description:
2410	! ------------
2411	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2412	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2413	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2414	!> 2012)
2415	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2416	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2417
2418	USE control_parameters, &
2419	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2420
2421	IMPLICIT NONE
2422
2423	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2424	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2425
2426	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2427	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2428	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2429	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2430
2431
2432	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2433	DO j = nysg, nyng
2434	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2435
2436	!
2437	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2438	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2439	!-- length
2440	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2441	!
2442	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2443	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2444	!
2445	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2446	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2447
2448	!
2449	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2450	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2451	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2452	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2453	! ENDIF
2454
2455	!
2456	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2457	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2458	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2459	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2460	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2461	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2462
2463	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2464	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2465
2466	ENDIF
2467	ENDDO
2468	ENDDO
2469
2470	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2471
2472
2473	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2474	! Description:
2475	! ------------
2476	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2477	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2478	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2479	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2480
2481	IMPLICIT NONE
2482
2483	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2484	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2485	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2486
2487	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2488
2489	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2490	DO j = nysg, nyng
2491	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2492
2493	!
2494	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2495	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2496	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2497
2498	!
2499	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2500	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2501
2502	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2503
2504	!
2505	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2506	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2507	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2508	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2509	ELSE
2510	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2511	* q(k+1,j,i)
2512	ENDIF
2513
2514	!
2515	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2516	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2517
2518	ENDDO
2519	ENDDO
2520
2521	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2522
2523
2524	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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