Home

Context Navigation

source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1949

Last change on this file since 1949 was 1949, checked in by maronga, 8 years ago
bugfixes in output of land surface variables
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 109.9 KB

Line
1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	! Bugfix: calculation of qsws_soil_eb with precipitation = .TRUE. gave
22	! qsws_soil_eb = 0 due to a typo
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1949 2016-06-17 07:19:16Z maronga $
27	!
28	! 1856 2016-04-13 12:56:17Z maronga
29	! Bugfix: for water surfaces, the initial water surface temperature is set equal
30	! to the intital skin temperature. Moreover, the minimum value of r_a is now
31	! 1.0 to avoid too large fluxes at the first model time step
32	!
33	! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
34	! prr moved to arrays_3d
35	!
36	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
37	! Cleanup after modularization
38	!
39	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
40	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
41	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
42	!
43	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
44	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
45	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
46	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
47	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
48	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
49	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
50	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
51	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
52	! Syntax layout improved.
53	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
54	!
55	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
56	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
57	!
58	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
59	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
60	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
61	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
62	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
63	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
64	!
65	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
66	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
67	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
68	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
69	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
70	! Added todo action
71	!
72	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
73	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
74	!
75	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
76	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
77	! Replaced rif with ol
78	!
79	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
80	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
81	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
82	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
83	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
84	!
85	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
86	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
87	!
88	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
89	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
90	!
91	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
92	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
93	!
94	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
95	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
96	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
97	!
98	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
99	! Added output of r_a and r_s
100	!
101	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
102	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
103	! profile
104	!
105	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
106	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
107	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
108	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
109	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
110	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
111	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
112	! calculation
113	!
114	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
115	!
116	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
117	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
118	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
119	! Added support for dry runs.
120	!
121	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
122	! Initial revision
123	!
124	!
125	! Description:
126	! ------------
127	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
128	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
129	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
130	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
131	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
132	!>
133	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
134	!> skin layer.
135	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
136	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
137	!> nzt_soil=3)).
138	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
139	!> with considerable precipitation.
140	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
141	!>
142	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
143	!> become too thin.
144	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
145	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
146
147	USE arrays_3d, &
148	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, prr, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, &
149	z0h, z0q
150
151	USE cloud_parameters, &
152	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
153
154	USE control_parameters, &
155	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
156	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
157	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
158	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
159	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
160
161	USE indices, &
162	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
163
164	USE kinds
165
166	USE pegrid
167
168	USE radiation_model_mod, &
169	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
170	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
171	unscheduled_radiation_calls
172
173	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
174	USE radiation_model_mod, &
175	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
176	#endif
177
178	USE statistics, &
179	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
180
181	IMPLICIT NONE
182
183	!
184	!-- LSM model constants
185	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
186	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
187	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
188
189	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
190	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
191	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
192	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
193	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
194	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
195	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
196	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
197	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
198
199
200	!
201	!-- LSM variables
202	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
203	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
204
205	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
206	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
207
208	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
209	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
210	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
211
212	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
213	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
214	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
215
216	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
217	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
218	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
219	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
220	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
221	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
222	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
223	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
224	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
225	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
226	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
227	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
228	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
229	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
230	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
231	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
232	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
233	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
234	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
235	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
236	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
237	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
238	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
239	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
240	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
241	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
242	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
243	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
244	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
245	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
246	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
247	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
248	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
249	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
250	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
251	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
252
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
254	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
255	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
256	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
257	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
258	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
259	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
260	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
261
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
263	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
264	283.0_wp /), &
265	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
266	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
267
268	#if defined( __nopointer )
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
270	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
271	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
272	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
273	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
274	#else
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
276	t_surface_p, &
277	m_liq_eb, &
278	m_liq_eb_p
279
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
281	m_liq_eb_av, &
282	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
283	#endif
284
285	!
286	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
288	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
289
290	!
291	!-- Energy balance variables
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
293	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
294	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
295	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
296	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
297	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
298	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
299	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
300	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
301	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
302	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
303	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
304	lai, & !< leaf area index
305	lai_av, & !< average of lai
306	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
307	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
308	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
309	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
310	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
311	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
312	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
313	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
314	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
315	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
316	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
317	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
318	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
319	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
320	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
321	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
322	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
323	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
324	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
325	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
326	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
327	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
328	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
329	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
330	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
331	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
332	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
333
334
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
336	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
337	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
338	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
339	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
340
341	#if defined( __nopointer )
342	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
343	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
344	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
345	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
346	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
347	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
348	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
349	#else
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
351	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
352	m_soil, m_soil_p
353
354	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
355	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
356	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
357	#endif
358
359
360	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
361	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
362	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
363	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
364
365
366	!
367	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
368	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
369	'user defined ', & ! 0
370	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
371	'short grass ', & ! 2
372	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
373	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
374	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
375	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
376	'tall grass ', & ! 7
377	'desert ', & ! 8
378	'tundra ', & ! 9
379	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
380	'semidesert ', & ! 11
381	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
382	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
383	'inland water ', & ! 14
384	'ocean ', & ! 15
385	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
386	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
387	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
388	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
389	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
390	/)
391
392	!
393	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
394	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
395	'user defined', & ! 0
396	'coarse ', & ! 1
397	'medium ', & ! 2
398	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
399	'fine ', & ! 4
400	'very fine ', & ! 5
401	'organic ', & ! 6
402	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
403	/)
404	!
405	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
406
407	!
408	!-- Land surface parameters I
409	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
410	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
411	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
412	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
413	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
414	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
415	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
416	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
417	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
418	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
419	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
420	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
421	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
422	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
423	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
424	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
425	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
426	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
427	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
428	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
429	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
430	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
431	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
432
433	!
434	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
435	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
436	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
437	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
438	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
439	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
440	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
441	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
442	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
443	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
444	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
445	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
446	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
447	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
448	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
449	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
450	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
451	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
452	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
453	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
454	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
455	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
456	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
457
458	!
459	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
460	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
462	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
463	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
464	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
465	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
466	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
468	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
469	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
470	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
471	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
472	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
473	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
474	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
475	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
476	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
477	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
478	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
479	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
480	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
481	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
482
483	!
484	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
485	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
486	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
487	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
488	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
489	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
490	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
491	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
492	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
493	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
494	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
495	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
496	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
497	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
498	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
499	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
500	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
501	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
502	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
503	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
504	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
505	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
506	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
507
508	!
509	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
510
511	!
512	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
513	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
514	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
515	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
516	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
517	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
518	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
519	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
520	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
521	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
522
523	!
524	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
525	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
526	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
527	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
528	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
529	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
530	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
531	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
532	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
533	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
534
535
536	SAVE
537
538
539	PRIVATE
540
541
542	!
543	!-- Public functions
544	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
545	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
546	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
547	!
548	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
549	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
550
551	!
552	!-- Public grid variables
553	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
554
555	!
556	!-- Public 2D output variables
557	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
558	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
559	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
560	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
561
562	!
563	!-- Public prognostic variables
564	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
565
566
567	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
568	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
569	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
570
571	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
572	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
573	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
574
575	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
576	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
577	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
578
579	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
580	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
581	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
582
583	INTERFACE lsm_header
584	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
585	END INTERFACE lsm_header
586
587	INTERFACE lsm_init
588	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
589	END INTERFACE lsm_init
590
591	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
592	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
593	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
594
595	INTERFACE lsm_parin
596	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
597	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
598
599	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
600	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
601	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
602
603	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
604	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
605	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
606
607	CONTAINS
608
609	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
610	! Description:
611	! ------------
612	!> Check data output for land surface model
613	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
614	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
615
616
617	USE control_parameters, &
618	ONLY: data_output, message_string
619
620	IMPLICIT NONE
621
622	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
623	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
624
625	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
626	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
627	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
628
629	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
630
631	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
632	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
633	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
634	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
635	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
636	ENDIF
637	unit = 'm3/m3'
638
639	CASE ( 't_soil' )
640	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
641	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
642	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
643	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
644	ENDIF
645	unit = 'K'
646
647	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
648	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
649	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
650	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
651	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
652	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
653	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
654	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
655	ENDIF
656	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
657	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
658	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
659	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
660	ENDIF
661	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
662	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
663	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
664	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
665	ENDIF
666	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
667	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
668	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
669	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
670	ENDIF
671	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
672	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
673	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
674	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
675	ENDIF
676	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
677	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
678	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
679	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
680	ENDIF
681	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
682	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
683	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
684	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
685	ENDIF
686	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
687	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
688	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
689	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
690	ENDIF
691	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
692	THEN
693	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
694	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
695	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
696	ENDIF
697	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
698	THEN
699	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
700	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
701	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
702	ENDIF
703	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
704	THEN
705	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
706	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
707	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
708	ENDIF
709	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
710	THEN
711	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
712	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
713	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
714	ENDIF
715	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
716	THEN
717	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
718	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
719	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
720	ENDIF
721
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
727	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
729	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
730	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
731	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
732	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
733	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
734	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
735
736	CASE DEFAULT
737	unit = 'illegal'
738
739	END SELECT
740
741
742	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
743
744	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
745
746	USE control_parameters, &
747	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
748
749	USE indices
750
751	USE profil_parameter
752
753	USE statistics
754
755	IMPLICIT NONE
756
757	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
758	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
759	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
760
761	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
762	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
763
764	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
765
766	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
767	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
768	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
769	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
770	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
771	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
772	ELSE
773	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
774	dopr_unit = 'K'
775	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
776	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
777	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
778	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
779	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
780	ENDIF
781	unit = dopr_unit
782	ENDIF
783
784	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
785	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
786	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
787	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
788	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
789	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
790	ELSE
791	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
792	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
793	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
794	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
795	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
796	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
797	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
798	ENDIF
799	unit = dopr_unit
800	ENDIF
801
802
803	CASE DEFAULT
804	unit = 'illegal'
805
806	END SELECT
807
808
809	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
810
811
812	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
813	! Description:
814	! ------------
815	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
816	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
817	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
818
819	USE control_parameters, &
820	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
821	most_method, topography
822
823	USE radiation_model_mod, &
824	ONLY: radiation
825
826
827	IMPLICIT NONE
828
829
830	!
831	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
832	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
833	!-- model
834	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
835	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
836	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
837	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
838	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
839	ENDIF
840
841	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
842	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
843	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
844	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
845	ENDIF
846
847	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
848	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
849	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
850	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
851	ENDIF
852
853	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
854	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
855	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
856	'allowed in combination with ', &
857	'most_method = ', most_method
858	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
859	ENDIF
860
861	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
862	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
863	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
864	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
865	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
866	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
867	ENDIF
868
869	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
870	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
871	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
872	'/= 9999999.9'
873	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
874	ENDIF
875
876	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
877	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
878	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
879	'/= 9999999.9'
880	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
881	ENDIF
882
883	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
884	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
885	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
886	'/= 9999999.9'
887	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
888	ENDIF
889
890	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
891	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
892	'requires setting of'// &
893	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
894	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
895	ENDIF
896
897	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
898	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
899	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
900	'/= 9999999.9'
901	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
902	ENDIF
903
904	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
905	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
906	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
907	'/= 9999999.9'
908	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
909	ENDIF
910
911	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
912	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
913	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
914	'/= 9999999.9'
915	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
916	ENDIF
917
918	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
919	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
920	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
921	'/= 9999999.9'
922	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
923	ENDIF
924
925	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
926	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
927	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
928	'/= 9999999.9'
929	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
930	ENDIF
931
932
933	ENDIF
934
935	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
936
937	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
938	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
939	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
940	'/= 9999999.9'
941	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
942	ENDIF
943
944	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
945	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
946	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
947	'/= 9999999.9'
948	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
949	ENDIF
950
951	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
952	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
953	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
954	'/= 9999999.9'
955	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
956	ENDIF
957
958	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
959	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
960	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
961	'/= 9999999.9'
962	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
963	ENDIF
964
965	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
966	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
967	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
968	'/= 9999999.9'
969	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
970	ENDIF
971
972	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
973	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
974	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
975	'/= 9999999.9'
976	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
977	ENDIF
978
979	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
980	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
981	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
982	'/= 9999999.9'
983	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
984	ENDIF
985
986	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
987	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
988	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
989	'/= 9999999.9'
990	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
991	ENDIF
992
993	ENDIF
994
995	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
996	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
997	'radiation = .T.'
998	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
999	ENDIF
1000
1001
1002	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
1003
1004	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1005	! Description:
1006	! ------------
1007	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1008	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1009	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1010
1011
1012	IMPLICIT NONE
1013
1014	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1015	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1016	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1017
1018	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1019	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1020	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1021	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1022	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1023	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1024	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1025	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1026	tend, & !< tendency
1027	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1028	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1029	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1030	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1031	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1032	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1033	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1034	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1035	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1036	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1037	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1038	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1039
1040	!
1041	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1042	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1043
1044	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1045	DO j = nysg, nyng
1046	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1047
1048	!
1049	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1050	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1051
1052	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1053
1054	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1055	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1056	ELSE
1057	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1058	ENDIF
1059	ELSE
1060
1061	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1062	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1063
1064	ENDIF
1065
1066	!
1067	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1068	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1069	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1070	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1071	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1072	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1073	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1074	ELSE
1075	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1076	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1077	ENDIF
1078
1079	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1080
1081	!
1082	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero for neutral
1083	!-- stratification
1084	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0_wp
1085
1086	!
1087	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1088	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1089
1090	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1091	!-- night)
1092	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1093	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1094	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1095	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1096	ELSE
1097	f1 = 1.0_wp
1098	ENDIF
1099
1100
1101	!
1102	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1103	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1104	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1105	m_total = 0.0_wp
1106	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1107	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1108	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1109	ENDDO
1110
1111	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1112	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1113	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1114	f2 = 1.0_wp
1115	ELSE
1116	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1117	ENDIF
1118
1119	!
1120	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1121	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1122	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1123
1124	!
1125	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1126	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1127	!
1128	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1129	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1130	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1131	ELSE
1132	f3 = 1.0_wp
1133	ENDIF
1134
1135	!
1136	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1137	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1138	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1139	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1140	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1144	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1145	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1146	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1147	m_res(j,i)
1148	ELSE
1149	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1150	ENDIF
1151
1152	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1153	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1154	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1155
1156	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1157
1158	!
1159	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1160	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1161	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1162	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1163	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1164	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1165	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1166	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1167	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1168	ELSE
1169	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1170	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1171	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1172	ENDIF
1173
1174	!
1175	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1176	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1177
1178	!
1179	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1180	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1181	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1182	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1183	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1184	ENDIF
1185
1186	!
1187	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1188	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1189	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1190	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1191	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1192	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1193	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1194	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1195	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1196	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1197	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1198	ELSE
1199	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1200	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1201	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1202	r_soil(j,i))
1203	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1204	ENDIF
1205	!
1206	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1207	!-- transpirate.
1208	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1209	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1210	! ENDIF
1211
1212	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1213	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1214
1215	!
1216	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1217	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1218	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1219	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1220
1221	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1222
1223	!
1224	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1225	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1226
1227	!
1228	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1229	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1230	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1231	!
1232	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1233	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1234	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1235	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1236	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1237	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1238
1239	!
1240	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1241	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1242	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1243	#else
1244
1245	!
1246	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1247	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1248	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1249	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1250	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1251	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1252
1253	!
1254	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1255	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1256	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1257
1258	#endif
1259	ELSE
1260
1261	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1262	!
1263	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1264	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1265	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1266	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1267	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1268
1269	!
1270	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1271	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1272	#else
1273
1274	!
1275	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1276	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1277	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1278	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1279
1280	!
1281	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1282	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1283	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1284	#endif
1285	ENDIF
1286
1287	tend = 0.0_wp
1288
1289	!
1290	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1291	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1292	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1293	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1294	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1295
1296	!
1297	!-- Add RK3 term
1298	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1299
1300	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1301	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1302
1303	!
1304	!-- Calculate true tendency
1305	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1306	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1307	!
1308	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1309	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1310	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1311	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1312	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1313	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1314	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1315	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1316	ENDIF
1317	ENDIF
1318	ENDIF
1319
1320	!
1321	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1322	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1323	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1324	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1325	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1326	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1327	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1328	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1329	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1330	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1331	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1332	ENDIF
1333
1334	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1335
1336	!
1337	!-- Calculate fluxes
1338	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1339	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1340	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1341	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1342
1343	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1344	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1345	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1346	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1347	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1348	ENDIF
1349	#else
1350	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1351	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1352	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1353	#endif
1354
1355	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1356	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1357
1358	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1359
1360	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1361
1362	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1363	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1364	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1365
1366	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1367
1368	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1369	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1370	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1371
1372	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1373	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1374	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1375
1376	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1377	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1378	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1379	ENDIF
1380
1381	!
1382	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1383	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1384	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1385	ELSE
1386	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1387	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1388	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1389	ENDIF
1390
1391	!
1392	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1393	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1394	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1395	!
1396	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1397	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1398	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1399	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1400
1401	!
1402	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1403	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1404	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1405	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1406	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1407	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1408	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1409	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1410	ELSE
1411	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1412	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1413	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1414	ENDIF
1415
1416	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1417	!-- coverage.
1418	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) + (1.0_wp &
1419	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1420	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1421	ENDIF
1422
1423	!
1424	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1425	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1426
1427	!
1428	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1429	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1430	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1431	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1432	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1433	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1434	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1435
1436	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1437	ENDIF
1438
1439	!
1440	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1441	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1442	!-- plant
1443	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1444	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1445	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1446	ENDIF
1447	ENDIF
1448
1449	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1450
1451	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1452	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1453
1454	!
1455	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1456	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1457	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1458
1459	!
1460	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1461	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1462	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1463
1464
1465	!
1466	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1467	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1468	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1469	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1470	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1471	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1472	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1473	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1474	ENDIF
1475	ENDIF
1476
1477	ENDIF
1478
1479	ENDDO
1480	ENDDO
1481
1482	!
1483	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1484	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1485	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1486	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1487	#if defined( __parallel )
1488	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1489	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1490	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1491	#else
1492	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1493	#endif
1494	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1495	ENDIF
1496
1497	!
1498	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1499	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1500	CALL calc_q_surface
1501	ENDIF
1502
1503	!
1504	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1505	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1506
1507
1508	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1509
1510	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1511	! Description:
1512	! ------------
1513	!> Header output for land surface model
1514	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1515	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1516
1517
1518	IMPLICIT NONE
1519
1520	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1521	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1522	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1523	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1524	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1525	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1526
1527	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1528
1529	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1530
1531	t_soil_chr = ''
1532	m_soil_chr = ''
1533	soil_depth_chr = ''
1534	roots_chr = ''
1535	vertical_index_chr = ''
1536
1537	i = 1
1538	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1539	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1540	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1541
1542	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1543	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1544
1545	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1546	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1547
1548	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1549	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1550
1551	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1552	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1553	TRIM( coor_chr )
1554	ENDDO
1555
1556	!
1557	!-- Write land surface model header
1558	WRITE( io, 1 )
1559	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1560	WRITE( io, 2 )
1561	ELSE
1562	WRITE( io, 3 )
1563	ENDIF
1564
1565	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1566	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1567	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1568	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1569	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1570
1571	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1572	' ------------------------------'/)
1573	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
1574	', default)')
1575	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1576	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1577	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1578	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1579	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1580	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1581	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1582	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1583	' Grid point: ',A)
1584
1585	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1586
1587
1588	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1589	! Description:
1590	! ------------
1591	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1592	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1593	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1594
1595
1596	IMPLICIT NONE
1597
1598	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1599	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1600	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1601
1602	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1603
1604
1605	!
1606	!-- Calculate Exner function
1607	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1608
1609
1610	!
1611	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1612	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1613	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1614	ENDIF
1615
1616	!
1617	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1618	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1619	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1620	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1621	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1622
1623	!
1624	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1625	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1626	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1627	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1628	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1629	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1630
1631	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1632	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1633
1634	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1635	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
1636	ELSE
1637	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1638	ENDIF
1639
1640	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1641	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1642	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1643
1644	r_a = 50.0_wp
1645	r_s = 50.0_wp
1646	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1647	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1648
1649	!
1650	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1651	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1652	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1653	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1654
1655	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1656	!
1657	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1658	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1659	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1660	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1661
1662	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1663	ENDIF
1664
1665	!
1666	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1667	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1668	!-- at the centers
1669	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1670
1671	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1672	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1673	ENDDO
1674	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1675
1676	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1677	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1678	ENDDO
1679	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1680
1681	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1682	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1686	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1687	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1688	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1689
1690	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1691	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1692	ENDIF
1693
1694	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1695	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1696	ENDIF
1697
1698	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1699	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1700	ENDIF
1701
1702	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1703	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1704	ENDIF
1705
1706	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1707	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1708	ENDIF
1709
1710	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1711	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1712	ENDIF
1713
1714	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1715	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1716	ENDIF
1717
1718	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1719	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1720	ENDIF
1721
1722	ENDIF
1723
1724	!
1725	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1726	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1727	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1728	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1729	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1730	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1731	m_fc = field_capacity
1732	m_wilt = wilting_point
1733	m_res = residual_moisture
1734	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1735
1736	!
1737	!-- Initial run actions
1738	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1739
1740	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1741	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1742	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1743
1744	!
1745	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1746	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1747	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1748	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1749	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1750	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1751	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1752	ENDDO
1753	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1754
1755	!
1756	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1757	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1758
1759	!
1760	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1761	!-- for the first time step
1762	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1763	DO j = nysg, nyng
1764	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1765
1766	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1767	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1768	ELSE
1769	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1770	ENDIF
1771
1772	!
1773	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1774	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1775
1776	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1777	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1778	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1779	ENDDO
1780	ENDDO
1781
1782	!
1783	!-- Actions for restart runs
1784	ELSE
1785
1786	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1787	DO j = nysg, nyng
1788	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1789	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1790	ENDDO
1791	ENDDO
1792
1793	ENDIF
1794
1795	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1796	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1797	ENDDO
1798
1799	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1800	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1801	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1802	ENDIF
1803	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1804	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1805	ENDIF
1806	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1807	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1808	ENDIF
1809	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1810	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1811	ENDIF
1812	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1813	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1814	ENDIF
1815	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1816	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1817	ENDIF
1818	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1819	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1820	ENDIF
1821	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1822	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1823	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1824	ENDIF
1825	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1826	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1827	ENDIF
1828	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1829	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1830	ENDIF
1831	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1832
1833	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1834	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1835	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1836	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1837	ENDDO
1838	ENDIF
1839
1840	ELSE
1841
1842	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1843	z0_eb = roughness_length
1844	ENDIF
1845	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1846	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1847	ENDIF
1848	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1849	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1850	ENDIF
1851
1852	ENDIF
1853
1854	!
1855	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1856	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1857	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1858	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1859	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1860	ELSE
1861	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1862	ENDIF
1863	ENDIF
1864
1865	!
1866	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1867	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1868	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1869	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1870
1871	!
1872	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1873	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1874	lai = leaf_area_index
1875	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1876	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1877	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1878	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1879	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1880	z0 = z0_eb
1881	z0h = z0h_eb
1882	z0q = z0q_eb
1883
1884	!
1885	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1886	CALL user_init_land_surface
1887
1888	!
1889	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1890	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1891	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1892	DO j = nysg, nyng
1893	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1894	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1895	t_soil(:,j,i) = t_surface(j,i)
1896	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1897	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1898	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1899	ENDIF
1900
1901	ENDDO
1902	ENDDO
1903
1904	!
1905	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1906	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1907
1908	t_soil_p = t_soil
1909	m_soil_p = m_soil
1910	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1911	t_surface_p = t_surface
1912
1913
1914
1915	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1916	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1917	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1918	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1919	statistic_regions+1 )
1920	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1921	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1922	statistic_regions+1 )
1923
1924	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1925
1926
1927	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1928	! Description:
1929	! ------------
1930	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1931	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1932	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1933
1934
1935	IMPLICIT NONE
1936
1937	!
1938	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1939	#if defined( __nopointer )
1940	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1947	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1948	#else
1949	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1950	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1951	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1952	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1953	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1954	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1955	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1956	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1957	#endif
1958
1959	!
1960	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1961	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965
1966	!
1967	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1968	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1992	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1993	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1994	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1995	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1996	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1997	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1998	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1999	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2000	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2001
2002	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
2003	!
2004	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
2005	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2006	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2007	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2008	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2009	#endif
2010
2011
2012	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2013
2014
2015	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2016	! Description:
2017	! ------------
2018	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2019	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2020	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2021
2022
2023	IMPLICIT NONE
2024
2025	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2026
2027	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2028	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2029	conserve_water_content, &
2030	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2031	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2032	lambda_surface_stable, &
2033	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2034	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2035	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2036	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2037	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2038	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2039	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2040	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2041	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2042	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2043
2044	line = ' '
2045
2046	!
2047	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2048	REWIND ( 11 )
2049	line = ' '
2050	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2051	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2052	ENDDO
2053	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2054
2055	!
2056	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2057	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2058
2059	!
2060	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2061	land_surface = .TRUE.
2062
2063	10 CONTINUE
2064
2065
2066	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2067
2068
2069	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2070	! Description:
2071	! ------------
2072	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2073	!> temperature and water content.
2074	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2075	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2076
2077
2078	IMPLICIT NONE
2079
2080	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2081	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2082	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2083
2084	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2085
2086	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2087	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2088	tend !< tendency
2089
2090	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2091	DO j = nysg, nyng
2092
2093	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2094	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2095	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2096	ENDIF
2097
2098	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2099	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2100
2101
2102	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2103
2104	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2105	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2106
2107	ELSE
2108	!
2109	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2110	!-- into account water content
2111	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2112	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2113
2114	!
2115	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2116	!-- layers
2117	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2118	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2119
2120	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2121	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2122
2123	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2124	lambda_h_dry
2125	ENDIF
2126
2127	ENDDO
2128
2129	!
2130	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2131	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2132	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2133	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2134	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2135	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2136	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2137	* lambda_temp(k) &
2138	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2139	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2140	ELSE
2141	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2142	* 0.5_wp
2143	ENDIF
2144	ENDDO
2145	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150	!
2151	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2152	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2153
2154	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2155	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2156	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2157	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2158
2159	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2160	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2161	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2162	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2163	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2164	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2165	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2166	* ddz_soil(k) &
2167	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2168
2169	ENDDO
2170
2171	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2172	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2173	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2174	+ tsc(3) &
2175	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2176
2177	!
2178	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2179	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2180	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2181	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2182	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2183	ENDDO
2184	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2185	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2186	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2187	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2188	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2189	ENDDO
2190	ENDIF
2191	ENDIF
2192
2193
2194	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2195
2196	!
2197	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2198	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2199	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2200	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2201	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2202
2203	!
2204	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2205	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2206	!
2207	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2208	!-- (1980)
2209	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2210	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2211	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2212	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2213
2214
2215	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2216	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2217	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2218	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2219	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2220	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2221	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2222	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2223
2224	!
2225	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2226	ELSE
2227	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2228	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2229	ENDIF
2230
2231	ENDDO
2232
2233	!
2234	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2235	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2236	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2237	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2238	!
2239	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2240	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2241	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2242	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2243
2244	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2245	* 0.5_wp
2246	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2247	* 0.5_wp
2248
2249	ENDDO
2250
2251	!
2252	!
2253	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2254	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2255	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2256	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2257	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2258	ELSE
2259	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2260	ENDIF
2261
2262	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2263	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2264	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2265	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2266	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2267	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2268	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2269	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2270
2271	!
2272	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2273	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2274	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2275	!-- additional check.
2276	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2277	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2278	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2279	ENDIF
2280	ENDDO
2281
2282	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2283	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2284	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2285	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2286	/ m_total
2287	ELSE
2288	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2289	ENDIF
2290	ENDDO
2291	ENDIF
2292
2293	!
2294	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2295	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2296
2297	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2298	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2299	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2300	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2301	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2302	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2303
2304	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2305	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2306	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2307	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2308	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2309	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2310	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2311	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2312	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2313
2314	ENDDO
2315	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2316	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2317	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2318	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2319	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2320	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2321	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2322	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2323	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2324
2325	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2326	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2327	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2328
2329	!
2330	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2331	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2332	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2333	ENDDO
2334
2335	!
2336	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2337	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2338	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2339	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2340	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2341	ENDDO
2342	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2343	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2344	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2345	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2346	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2347	ENDDO
2348	ENDIF
2349	ENDIF
2350
2351	ENDIF
2352
2353	ENDIF
2354
2355	ENDDO
2356	ENDDO
2357
2358	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2359
2360
2361	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2362	! Description:
2363	! ------------
2364	!> Swapping of timelevels
2365	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2366	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2367
2368	IMPLICIT NONE
2369
2370	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2371
2372	#if defined( __nopointer )
2373
2374	t_surface = t_surface_p
2375	t_soil = t_soil_p
2376	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2377	m_soil = m_soil_p
2378	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2379	ENDIF
2380
2381	#else
2382
2383	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2384
2385	CASE ( 0 )
2386
2387	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2388	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2389	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2390	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2391	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2392	ENDIF
2393
2394
2395	CASE ( 1 )
2396
2397	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2398	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2399	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2400	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2401	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2402	ENDIF
2403
2404	END SELECT
2405	#endif
2406
2407	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2408
2409
2410	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2411	! Description:
2412	! ------------
2413	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2414	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2415	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2416	!> 2012)
2417	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2418	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2419
2420	USE control_parameters, &
2421	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2422
2423	IMPLICIT NONE
2424
2425	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2426	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2427
2428	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2429	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2430	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2431	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2432
2433
2434	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2435	DO j = nysg, nyng
2436	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2437
2438	!
2439	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2440	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2441	!-- length
2442	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2443	!
2444	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2445	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2446	!
2447	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2448	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2449
2450	!
2451	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2452	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2453	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2454	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2455	! ENDIF
2456
2457	!
2458	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2459	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2460	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2461	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2462	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2463	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2464
2465	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2466	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2467
2468	ENDIF
2469	ENDDO
2470	ENDDO
2471
2472	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2473
2474
2475	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2476	! Description:
2477	! ------------
2478	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2479	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2480	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2481	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2482
2483	IMPLICIT NONE
2484
2485	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2486	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2487	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2488
2489	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2490
2491	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2492	DO j = nysg, nyng
2493	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2494
2495	!
2496	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2497	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2498	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2499
2500	!
2501	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2502	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2503
2504	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2505
2506	!
2507	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2508	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2509	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2510	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2511	ELSE
2512	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2513	* q(k+1,j,i)
2514	ENDIF
2515
2516	!
2517	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2518	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2519
2520	ENDDO
2521	ENDDO
2522
2523	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2524
2525
2526	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.

Download in other formats:

| Impressum | ©Leibniz Universität Hannover |