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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1856

Last change on this file since 1856 was 1856, checked in by maronga, 8 years ago
bugfix in land surface / radiation model
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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	! Bugfix: for water surfaces, the initial water surface temperature is set equal
22	! to the intital skin temperature. Moreover, the minimum value of r_a is now
23	! 1.0 to avoid too large fluxes at the first model time step
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1856 2016-04-13 12:56:17Z maronga $
28	!
29	! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
30	! prr moved to arrays_3d
31	!
32	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
33	! Cleanup after modularization
34	!
35	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
36	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
37	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
38	!
39	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
40	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
41	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
42	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
43	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
44	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
45	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
46	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
47	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
48	! Syntax layout improved.
49	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
50	!
51	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
52	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
53	!
54	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
55	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
56	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
57	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
58	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
59	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
60	!
61	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
62	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
63	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
64	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
65	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
66	! Added todo action
67	!
68	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
69	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
70	!
71	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
72	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
73	! Replaced rif with ol
74	!
75	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
76	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
77	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
78	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
79	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
80	!
81	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
82	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
83	!
84	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
85	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
86	!
87	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
88	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
89	!
90	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
91	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
92	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
93	!
94	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
95	! Added output of r_a and r_s
96	!
97	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
98	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
99	! profile
100	!
101	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
102	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
103	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
104	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
105	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
106	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
107	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
108	! calculation
109	!
110	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
111	!
112	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
113	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
114	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
115	! Added support for dry runs.
116	!
117	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
118	! Initial revision
119	!
120	!
121	! Description:
122	! ------------
123	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
124	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
125	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
126	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
127	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
128	!>
129	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
130	!> skin layer.
131	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
132	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
133	!> nzt_soil=3)).
134	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
135	!> with considerable precipitation.
136	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
137	!>
138	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
139	!> become too thin.
140	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
141	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
142
143	USE arrays_3d, &
144	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, prr, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, &
145	z0h, z0q
146
147	USE cloud_parameters, &
148	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
149
150	USE control_parameters, &
151	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
152	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
153	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
154	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
155	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
156
157	USE indices, &
158	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
159
160	USE kinds
161
162	USE pegrid
163
164	USE radiation_model_mod, &
165	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
166	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
167	unscheduled_radiation_calls
168
169	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
170	USE radiation_model_mod, &
171	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
172	#endif
173
174	USE statistics, &
175	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
176
177	IMPLICIT NONE
178
179	!
180	!-- LSM model constants
181	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
182	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
183	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
184
185	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
186	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
187	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
188	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
189	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
190	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
191	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
192	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
193	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
194
195
196	!
197	!-- LSM variables
198	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
199	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
200
201	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
202	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
203
204	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
205	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
206	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
207
208	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
209	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
210	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
211
212	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
213	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
214	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
215	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
216	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
217	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
218	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
219	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
220	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
221	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
222	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
223	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
224	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
225	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
226	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
227	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
228	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
229	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
230	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
231	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
232	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
233	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
234	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
235	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
236	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
237	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
238	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
239	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
240	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
241	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
242	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
243	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
244	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
245	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
246	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
247	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
248
249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
250	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
251	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
252	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
253	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
254	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
255	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
256	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
257
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
259	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
260	283.0_wp /), &
261	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
262	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
263
264	#if defined( __nopointer )
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
266	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
267	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
268	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
269	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
270	#else
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
272	t_surface_p, &
273	m_liq_eb, &
274	m_liq_eb_p
275
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
277	m_liq_eb_av, &
278	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
279	#endif
280
281	!
282	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
284	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
285
286	!
287	!-- Energy balance variables
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
289	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
290	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
291	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
292	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
293	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
294	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
295	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
296	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
297	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
298	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
299	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
300	lai, & !< leaf area index
301	lai_av, & !< average of lai
302	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
303	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
304	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
305	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
306	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
307	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
308	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
309	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
310	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
311	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
312	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
313	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
314	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
315	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
316	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
317	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
318	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
319	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
320	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
321	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
322	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
323	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
324	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
325	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
326	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
327	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
328	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
329
330
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
332	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
333	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
334	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
335	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
336
337	#if defined( __nopointer )
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
339	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
340	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
341	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
342	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
343	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
344	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
345	#else
346	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
347	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
348	m_soil, m_soil_p
349
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
351	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
352	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
353	#endif
354
355
356	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
357	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
358	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
359	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
360
361
362	!
363	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
364	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
365	'user defined ', & ! 0
366	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
367	'short grass ', & ! 2
368	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
369	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
370	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
371	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
372	'tall grass ', & ! 7
373	'desert ', & ! 8
374	'tundra ', & ! 9
375	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
376	'semidesert ', & ! 11
377	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
378	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
379	'inland water ', & ! 14
380	'ocean ', & ! 15
381	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
382	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
383	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
384	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
385	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
386	/)
387
388	!
389	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
390	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
391	'user defined', & ! 0
392	'coarse ', & ! 1
393	'medium ', & ! 2
394	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
395	'fine ', & ! 4
396	'very fine ', & ! 5
397	'organic ', & ! 6
398	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
399	/)
400	!
401	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
402
403	!
404	!-- Land surface parameters I
405	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
406	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
407	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
408	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
409	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
410	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
411	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
412	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
413	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
414	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
415	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
416	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
417	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
418	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
419	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
420	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
421	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
422	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
423	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
424	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
425	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
426	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
427	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
428
429	!
430	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
431	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
432	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
433	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
434	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
435	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
436	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
437	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
438	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
439	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
440	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
441	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
442	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
443	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
444	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
445	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
446	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
447	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
448	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
449	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
450	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
451	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
452	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
453
454	!
455	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
456	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
457	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
458	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
459	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
460	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
461	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
462	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
463	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
464	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
465	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
466	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
468	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
469	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
470	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
471	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
472	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
473	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
474	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
475	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
476	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
477	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
478
479	!
480	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
481	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
482	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
483	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
484	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
485	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
486	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
487	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
488	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
489	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
490	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
491	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
492	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
493	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
494	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
495	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
496	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
497	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
498	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
499	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
500	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
501	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
502	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
503
504	!
505	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
506
507	!
508	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
509	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
510	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
511	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
512	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
513	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
514	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
515	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
516	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
517	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
518
519	!
520	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
521	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
522	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
523	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
524	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
525	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
526	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
527	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
528	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
529	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
530
531
532	SAVE
533
534
535	PRIVATE
536
537
538	!
539	!-- Public functions
540	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
541	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
542	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
543	!
544	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
545	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
546
547	!
548	!-- Public grid variables
549	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
550
551	!
552	!-- Public 2D output variables
553	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
554	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
555	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
556	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
557
558	!
559	!-- Public prognostic variables
560	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
561
562
563	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
564	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
565	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
566
567	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
568	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
569	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
570
571	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
572	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
573	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
574
575	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
576	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
577	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
578
579	INTERFACE lsm_header
580	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
581	END INTERFACE lsm_header
582
583	INTERFACE lsm_init
584	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
585	END INTERFACE lsm_init
586
587	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
588	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
589	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
590
591	INTERFACE lsm_parin
592	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
593	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
594
595	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
596	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
597	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
598
599	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
600	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
601	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
602
603	CONTAINS
604
605	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
606	! Description:
607	! ------------
608	!> Check data output for land surface model
609	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
610	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
611
612
613	USE control_parameters, &
614	ONLY: data_output, message_string
615
616	IMPLICIT NONE
617
618	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
619	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
620
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
622	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
624
625	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
626
627	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
628	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
629	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
630	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
631	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
632	ENDIF
633	unit = 'm3/m3'
634
635	CASE ( 't_soil' )
636	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
637	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
638	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
639	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
640	ENDIF
641	unit = 'K'
642
643	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
644	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
645	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
646	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
647	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
648	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
649	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
650	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
651	ENDIF
652	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
653	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
654	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
655	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
656	ENDIF
657	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
658	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
659	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
660	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
661	ENDIF
662	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
663	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
664	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
665	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
666	ENDIF
667	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
668	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
669	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
670	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
671	ENDIF
672	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
673	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
674	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
675	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
676	ENDIF
677	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
678	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
679	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
680	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
681	ENDIF
682	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
683	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
684	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
685	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
686	ENDIF
687	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
688	THEN
689	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
690	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
691	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
692	ENDIF
693	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
694	THEN
695	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
696	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
697	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
698	ENDIF
699	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
700	THEN
701	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
702	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
703	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
704	ENDIF
705	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
706	THEN
707	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
708	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
709	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
710	ENDIF
711	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
712	THEN
713	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
714	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
715	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
716	ENDIF
717
718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
727	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
729	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
730	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
731
732	CASE DEFAULT
733	unit = 'illegal'
734
735	END SELECT
736
737
738	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
739
740	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
741
742	USE control_parameters, &
743	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
744
745	USE indices
746
747	USE profil_parameter
748
749	USE statistics
750
751	IMPLICIT NONE
752
753	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
754	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
755	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
756
757	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
758	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
759
760	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
761
762	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
763	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
764	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
765	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
766	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
767	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
768	ELSE
769	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
770	dopr_unit = 'K'
771	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
772	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
773	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
774	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
775	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
776	ENDIF
777	unit = dopr_unit
778	ENDIF
779
780	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
781	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
782	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
783	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
784	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
785	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
786	ELSE
787	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
788	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
789	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
790	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
791	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
792	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
793	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
794	ENDIF
795	unit = dopr_unit
796	ENDIF
797
798
799	CASE DEFAULT
800	unit = 'illegal'
801
802	END SELECT
803
804
805	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
806
807
808	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
809	! Description:
810	! ------------
811	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
812	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
813	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
814
815	USE control_parameters, &
816	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
817	most_method, topography
818
819	USE radiation_model_mod, &
820	ONLY: radiation
821
822
823	IMPLICIT NONE
824
825
826	!
827	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
828	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
829	!-- model
830	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
831	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
832	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
833	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
834	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
835	ENDIF
836
837	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
838	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
839	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
840	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
841	ENDIF
842
843	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
844	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
845	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
846	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
847	ENDIF
848
849	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
850	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
851	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
852	'allowed in combination with ', &
853	'most_method = ', most_method
854	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
855	ENDIF
856
857	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
858	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
859	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
860	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
861	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
862	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
863	ENDIF
864
865	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
866	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
867	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
868	'/= 9999999.9'
869	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
870	ENDIF
871
872	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
873	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
874	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
875	'/= 9999999.9'
876	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
877	ENDIF
878
879	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
880	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
881	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
882	'/= 9999999.9'
883	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
884	ENDIF
885
886	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
887	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
888	'requires setting of'// &
889	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
890	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
891	ENDIF
892
893	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
894	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
895	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
896	'/= 9999999.9'
897	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
898	ENDIF
899
900	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
901	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
902	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
903	'/= 9999999.9'
904	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
905	ENDIF
906
907	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
908	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
909	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
910	'/= 9999999.9'
911	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
912	ENDIF
913
914	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
915	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
916	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
917	'/= 9999999.9'
918	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
919	ENDIF
920
921	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
922	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
923	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
924	'/= 9999999.9'
925	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
926	ENDIF
927
928
929	ENDIF
930
931	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
932
933	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
934	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
935	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
936	'/= 9999999.9'
937	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
938	ENDIF
939
940	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
941	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
942	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
943	'/= 9999999.9'
944	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
945	ENDIF
946
947	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
948	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
949	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
950	'/= 9999999.9'
951	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
952	ENDIF
953
954	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
955	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
956	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
957	'/= 9999999.9'
958	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
959	ENDIF
960
961	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
962	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
963	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
964	'/= 9999999.9'
965	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
966	ENDIF
967
968	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
969	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
970	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
971	'/= 9999999.9'
972	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
973	ENDIF
974
975	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
976	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
977	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
978	'/= 9999999.9'
979	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
980	ENDIF
981
982	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
983	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
984	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
985	'/= 9999999.9'
986	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
987	ENDIF
988
989	ENDIF
990
991	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
992	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
993	'radiation = .T.'
994	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
995	ENDIF
996
997
998	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
999
1000	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1001	! Description:
1002	! ------------
1003	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1004	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1005	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1006
1007
1008	IMPLICIT NONE
1009
1010	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1011	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1012	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1013
1014	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1015	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1016	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1017	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1018	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1019	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1020	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1021	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1022	tend, & !< tendency
1023	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1024	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1025	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1026	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1027	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1028	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1029	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1030	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1031	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1032	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1033	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1034	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1035
1036	!
1037	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1038	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1039
1040	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1041	DO j = nysg, nyng
1042	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1043
1044	!
1045	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1046	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1047
1048	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1049
1050	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1051	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1052	ELSE
1053	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1054	ENDIF
1055	ELSE
1056
1057	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1058	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1059
1060	ENDIF
1061
1062	!
1063	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1064	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1065	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1066	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1067	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1068	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1069	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1070	ELSE
1071	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1072	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1073	ENDIF
1074
1075	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1076
1077	!
1078	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero for neutral
1079	!-- stratification
1080	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0_wp
1081
1082	!
1083	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1084	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1085
1086	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1087	!-- night)
1088	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1089	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1090	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1091	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1092	ELSE
1093	f1 = 1.0_wp
1094	ENDIF
1095
1096
1097	!
1098	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1099	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1100	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1101	m_total = 0.0_wp
1102	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1103	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1104	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1105	ENDDO
1106
1107	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1108	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1109	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1110	f2 = 1.0_wp
1111	ELSE
1112	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1113	ENDIF
1114
1115	!
1116	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1117	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1118	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1119
1120	!
1121	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1122	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1123	!
1124	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1125	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1126	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1127	ELSE
1128	f3 = 1.0_wp
1129	ENDIF
1130
1131	!
1132	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1133	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1134	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1135	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1136	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1137
1138	!
1139	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1140	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1141	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1142	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1143	m_res(j,i)
1144	ELSE
1145	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1146	ENDIF
1147
1148	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1149	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1150	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1151
1152	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1153
1154	!
1155	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1156	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1157	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1158	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1159	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1160	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1161	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1162	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1163	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1164	ELSE
1165	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1166	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1167	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1168	ENDIF
1169
1170	!
1171	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1172	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1173
1174	!
1175	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1176	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1177	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1178	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1179	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1180	ENDIF
1181
1182	!
1183	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1184	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1185	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1186	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1187	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1188	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1189	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1190	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1191	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1192	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1193	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1194	ELSE
1195	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1196	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1197	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1198	r_soil(j,i))
1199	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1200	ENDIF
1201	!
1202	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1203	!-- transpirate.
1204	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1205	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1206	! ENDIF
1207
1208	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1209	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1210
1211	!
1212	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1213	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1214	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1215	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1216
1217	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1218
1219	!
1220	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1221	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1222
1223	!
1224	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1225	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1226	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1227	!
1228	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1229	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1230	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1231	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1232	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1233	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1234
1235	!
1236	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1237	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1238	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1239	#else
1240
1241	!
1242	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1243	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1244	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1245	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1246	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1247	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1248
1249	!
1250	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1251	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1252	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1253
1254	#endif
1255	ELSE
1256
1257	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1258	!
1259	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1260	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1261	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1262	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1263	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1264
1265	!
1266	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1267	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1268	#else
1269
1270	!
1271	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1272	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1273	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1274	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1275
1276	!
1277	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1278	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1279	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1280	#endif
1281	ENDIF
1282
1283	tend = 0.0_wp
1284
1285	!
1286	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1287	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1288	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1289	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1290	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1291
1292	!
1293	!-- Add RK3 term
1294	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1295
1296	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1297	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1298
1299	!
1300	!-- Calculate true tendency
1301	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1302	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1303	!
1304	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1305	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1306	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1307	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1308	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1309	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1310	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1311	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1312	ENDIF
1313	ENDIF
1314	ENDIF
1315
1316	!
1317	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1318	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1319	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1320	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1321	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1322	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1323	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1324	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1325	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1326	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1327	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1328	ENDIF
1329
1330	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1331
1332	!
1333	!-- Calculate fluxes
1334	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1335	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1336	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1337	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1338
1339	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1340	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1341	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1342	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1343	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1344	ENDIF
1345	#else
1346	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1347	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1348	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1349	#endif
1350
1351	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1352	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1353
1354	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1355
1356	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1357
1358	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1359	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1360	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1361
1362	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1363
1364	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1365	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1366	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1367
1368	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1369	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1370	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1371
1372	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1373	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1374	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1375	ENDIF
1376
1377	!
1378	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1379	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1380	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1381	ELSE
1382	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1383	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1384	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1385	ENDIF
1386
1387	!
1388	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1389	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1390	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1391	!
1392	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1393	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1394	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1395	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1396
1397	!
1398	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1399	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1400	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1401	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1402	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1403	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1404	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1405	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1406	ELSE
1407	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1408	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1409	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1410	ENDIF
1411
1412	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1413	!-- coverage.
1414	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1415	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1416	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1417	ENDIF
1418
1419	!
1420	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1421	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1422
1423	!
1424	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1425	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1426	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1427	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1428	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1429	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1430	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1431	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1432	ENDIF
1433
1434	!
1435	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1436	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1437	!-- plant
1438	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1439	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1440	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1441	ENDIF
1442	ENDIF
1443
1444	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1445
1446	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1447	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1448
1449	!
1450	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1451	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1452	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1453
1454	!
1455	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1456	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1457	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1458
1459
1460	!
1461	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1462	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1463	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1464	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1465	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1466	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1467	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1468	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1469	ENDIF
1470	ENDIF
1471
1472	ENDIF
1473
1474	ENDDO
1475	ENDDO
1476
1477	!
1478	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1479	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1480	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1481	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1482	#if defined( __parallel )
1483	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1484	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1485	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1486	#else
1487	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1488	#endif
1489	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1490	ENDIF
1491
1492	!
1493	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1494	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1495	CALL calc_q_surface
1496	ENDIF
1497
1498	!
1499	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1500	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1501
1502
1503	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1504
1505	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1506	! Description:
1507	! ------------
1508	!> Header output for land surface model
1509	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1510	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1511
1512
1513	IMPLICIT NONE
1514
1515	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1516	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1517	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1518	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1519	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1520	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1521
1522	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1523
1524	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1525
1526	t_soil_chr = ''
1527	m_soil_chr = ''
1528	soil_depth_chr = ''
1529	roots_chr = ''
1530	vertical_index_chr = ''
1531
1532	i = 1
1533	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1534	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1535	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1536
1537	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1538	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1539
1540	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1541	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1542
1543	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1544	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1545
1546	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1547	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1548	TRIM( coor_chr )
1549	ENDDO
1550
1551	!
1552	!-- Write land surface model header
1553	WRITE( io, 1 )
1554	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1555	WRITE( io, 2 )
1556	ELSE
1557	WRITE( io, 3 )
1558	ENDIF
1559
1560	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1561	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1562	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1563	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1564	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1565
1566	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1567	' ------------------------------'/)
1568	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
1569	', default)')
1570	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1571	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1572	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1573	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1574	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1575	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1576	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1577	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1578	' Grid point: ',A)
1579
1580	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1581
1582
1583	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1584	! Description:
1585	! ------------
1586	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1587	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1588	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1589
1590
1591	IMPLICIT NONE
1592
1593	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1594	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1595	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1596
1597	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1598
1599
1600	!
1601	!-- Calculate Exner function
1602	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1603
1604
1605	!
1606	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1607	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1608	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1609	ENDIF
1610
1611	!
1612	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1613	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1614	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1615	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1616	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1617
1618	!
1619	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1620	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1621	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1622	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1623	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1624	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1625
1626	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1627	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1628
1629	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1630	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
1631	ELSE
1632	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1633	ENDIF
1634
1635	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1636	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1637	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1638
1639	r_a = 50.0_wp
1640	r_s = 50.0_wp
1641	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1642	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1643
1644	!
1645	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1646	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1647	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1648	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1649
1650	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1651	!
1652	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1653	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1654	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1655	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1656
1657	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1658	ENDIF
1659
1660	!
1661	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1662	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1663	!-- at the centers
1664	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1665
1666	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1667	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1668	ENDDO
1669	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1670
1671	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1672	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1673	ENDDO
1674	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1675
1676	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1677	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1678
1679	!
1680	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1681	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1682	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1683	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1684
1685	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1686	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1687	ENDIF
1688
1689	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1690	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1691	ENDIF
1692
1693	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1694	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1695	ENDIF
1696
1697	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1698	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1699	ENDIF
1700
1701	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1702	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1703	ENDIF
1704
1705	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1706	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1707	ENDIF
1708
1709	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1710	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1711	ENDIF
1712
1713	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1714	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1715	ENDIF
1716
1717	ENDIF
1718
1719	!
1720	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1721	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1722	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1723	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1724	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1725	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1726	m_fc = field_capacity
1727	m_wilt = wilting_point
1728	m_res = residual_moisture
1729	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1730
1731	!
1732	!-- Initial run actions
1733	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1734
1735	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1736	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1737	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1738
1739	!
1740	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1741	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1742	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1743	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1744	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1745	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1746	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1747	ENDDO
1748	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1749
1750	!
1751	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1752	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1753
1754	!
1755	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1756	!-- for the first time step
1757	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1758	DO j = nysg, nyng
1759	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1760
1761	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1762	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1763	ELSE
1764	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1765	ENDIF
1766
1767	!
1768	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1769	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1770
1771	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1772	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1773	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1774	ENDDO
1775	ENDDO
1776
1777	!
1778	!-- Actions for restart runs
1779	ELSE
1780
1781	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1782	DO j = nysg, nyng
1783	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1784	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1785	ENDDO
1786	ENDDO
1787
1788	ENDIF
1789
1790	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1791	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1792	ENDDO
1793
1794	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1795	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1796	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1797	ENDIF
1798	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1799	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1800	ENDIF
1801	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1802	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1803	ENDIF
1804	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1805	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1806	ENDIF
1807	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1808	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1809	ENDIF
1810	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1811	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1812	ENDIF
1813	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1814	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1815	ENDIF
1816	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1817	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1818	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1819	ENDIF
1820	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1821	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1822	ENDIF
1823	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1824	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1825	ENDIF
1826	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1827
1828	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1829	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1830	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1831	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1832	ENDDO
1833	ENDIF
1834
1835	ELSE
1836
1837	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1838	z0_eb = roughness_length
1839	ENDIF
1840	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1841	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1842	ENDIF
1843	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1844	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1845	ENDIF
1846
1847	ENDIF
1848
1849	!
1850	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1851	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1852	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1853	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1854	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1855	ELSE
1856	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1857	ENDIF
1858	ENDIF
1859
1860	!
1861	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1862	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1863	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1864	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1865
1866	!
1867	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1868	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1869	lai = leaf_area_index
1870	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1871	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1872	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1873	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1874	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1875	z0 = z0_eb
1876	z0h = z0h_eb
1877	z0q = z0q_eb
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1881	CALL user_init_land_surface
1882
1883	!
1884	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1885	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1886	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1887	DO j = nysg, nyng
1888	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1889	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1890	t_soil(:,j,i) = t_surface(j,i)
1891	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1892	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1893	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1894	ENDIF
1895
1896	ENDDO
1897	ENDDO
1898
1899	!
1900	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1901	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1902
1903	t_soil_p = t_soil
1904	m_soil_p = m_soil
1905	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1906	t_surface_p = t_surface
1907
1908
1909
1910	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1911	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1912	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1913	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1914	statistic_regions+1 )
1915	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1916	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1917	statistic_regions+1 )
1918
1919	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1920
1921
1922	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1923	! Description:
1924	! ------------
1925	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1926	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1927	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1928
1929
1930	IMPLICIT NONE
1931
1932	!
1933	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1934	#if defined( __nopointer )
1935	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1936	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1937	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1938	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1939	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1940	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	#else
1944	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1947	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1948	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1949	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1950	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1951	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1952	#endif
1953
1954	!
1955	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1956	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1957	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1958	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1959	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1960
1961	!
1962	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1963	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1966	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1992	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1993	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1994	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1995	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1996
1997	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
1998	!
1999	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
2000	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2001	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2002	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2003	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2004	#endif
2005
2006
2007	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2008
2009
2010	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2011	! Description:
2012	! ------------
2013	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2014	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2015	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2016
2017
2018	IMPLICIT NONE
2019
2020	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2021
2022	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2023	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2024	conserve_water_content, &
2025	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2026	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2027	lambda_surface_stable, &
2028	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2029	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2030	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2031	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2032	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2033	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2034	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2035	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2036	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2037	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2038
2039	line = ' '
2040
2041	!
2042	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2043	REWIND ( 11 )
2044	line = ' '
2045	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2046	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2047	ENDDO
2048	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2049
2050	!
2051	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2052	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2053
2054	!
2055	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2056	land_surface = .TRUE.
2057
2058	10 CONTINUE
2059
2060
2061	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2062
2063
2064	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2065	! Description:
2066	! ------------
2067	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2068	!> temperature and water content.
2069	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2070	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2071
2072
2073	IMPLICIT NONE
2074
2075	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2076	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2077	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2078
2079	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2080
2081	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2082	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2083	tend !< tendency
2084
2085	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2086	DO j = nysg, nyng
2087
2088	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2089	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2090	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2091	ENDIF
2092
2093	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2094	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2095
2096
2097	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2098
2099	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2100	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2101
2102	ELSE
2103	!
2104	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2105	!-- into account water content
2106	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2107	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2108
2109	!
2110	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2111	!-- layers
2112	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2113	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2114
2115	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2116	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2117
2118	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2119	lambda_h_dry
2120	ENDIF
2121
2122	ENDDO
2123
2124	!
2125	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2126	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2127	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2128	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2129	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2130	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2131	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2132	* lambda_temp(k) &
2133	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2134	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2135	ELSE
2136	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2137	* 0.5_wp
2138	ENDIF
2139	ENDDO
2140	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145	!
2146	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2147	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2148
2149	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2150	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2151	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2152	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2153
2154	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2155	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2156	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2157	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2158	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2159	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2160	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2161	* ddz_soil(k) &
2162	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2163
2164	ENDDO
2165
2166	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2167	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2168	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2169	+ tsc(3) &
2170	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2171
2172	!
2173	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2174	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2175	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2176	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2177	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2178	ENDDO
2179	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2180	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2181	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2182	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2183	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2184	ENDDO
2185	ENDIF
2186	ENDIF
2187
2188
2189	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2190
2191	!
2192	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2193	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2194	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2195	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2196	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2197
2198	!
2199	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2200	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2201	!
2202	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2203	!-- (1980)
2204	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2205	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2206	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2207	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2208
2209
2210	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2211	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2212	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2213	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2214	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2215	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2216	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2217	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2218
2219	!
2220	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2221	ELSE
2222	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2223	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2224	ENDIF
2225
2226	ENDDO
2227
2228	!
2229	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2230	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2231	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2232	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2233	!
2234	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2235	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2236	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2237	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2238
2239	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2240	* 0.5_wp
2241	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2242	* 0.5_wp
2243
2244	ENDDO
2245
2246	!
2247	!
2248	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2249	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2250	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2251	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2252	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2253	ELSE
2254	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2255	ENDIF
2256
2257	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2258	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2259	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2260	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2261	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2262	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2263	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2264	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2265
2266	!
2267	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2268	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2269	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2270	!-- additional check.
2271	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2272	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2273	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2274	ENDIF
2275	ENDDO
2276
2277	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2278	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2279	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2280	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2281	/ m_total
2282	ELSE
2283	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2284	ENDIF
2285	ENDDO
2286	ENDIF
2287
2288	!
2289	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2290	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2291
2292	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2293	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2294	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2295	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2296	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2297	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2298
2299	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2300	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2301	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2302	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2303	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2304	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2305	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2306	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2307	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2308
2309	ENDDO
2310	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2311	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2312	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2313	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2314	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2315	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2316	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2317	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2318	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2319
2320	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2321	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2322	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2323
2324	!
2325	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2326	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2327	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2328	ENDDO
2329
2330	!
2331	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2332	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2333	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2334	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2335	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2336	ENDDO
2337	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2338	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2339	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2340	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2341	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2342	ENDDO
2343	ENDIF
2344	ENDIF
2345
2346	ENDIF
2347
2348	ENDIF
2349
2350	ENDDO
2351	ENDDO
2352
2353	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2354
2355
2356	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2357	! Description:
2358	! ------------
2359	!> Swapping of timelevels
2360	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2361	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2362
2363	IMPLICIT NONE
2364
2365	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2366
2367	#if defined( __nopointer )
2368
2369	t_surface = t_surface_p
2370	t_soil = t_soil_p
2371	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2372	m_soil = m_soil_p
2373	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2374	ENDIF
2375
2376	#else
2377
2378	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2379
2380	CASE ( 0 )
2381
2382	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2383	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2384	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2385	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2386	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2387	ENDIF
2388
2389
2390	CASE ( 1 )
2391
2392	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2393	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2394	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2395	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2396	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2397	ENDIF
2398
2399	END SELECT
2400	#endif
2401
2402	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2403
2404
2405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2406	! Description:
2407	! ------------
2408	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2409	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2410	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2411	!> 2012)
2412	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2413	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2414
2415	USE control_parameters, &
2416	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2417
2418	IMPLICIT NONE
2419
2420	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2421	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2422
2423	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2424	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2425	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2426	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2427
2428
2429	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2430	DO j = nysg, nyng
2431	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2432
2433	!
2434	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2435	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2436	!-- length
2437	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2438	!
2439	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2440	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2441	!
2442	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2443	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2444
2445	!
2446	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2447	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2448	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2449	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2450	! ENDIF
2451
2452	!
2453	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2454	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2455	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2456	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2457	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2458	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2459
2460	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2461	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2462
2463	ENDIF
2464	ENDDO
2465	ENDDO
2466
2467	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2468
2469
2470	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2471	! Description:
2472	! ------------
2473	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2474	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2475	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2476	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2477
2478	IMPLICIT NONE
2479
2480	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2481	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2482	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2483
2484	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2485
2486	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2487	DO j = nysg, nyng
2488	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2489
2490	!
2491	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2492	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2493	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2494
2495	!
2496	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2497	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2498
2499	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2500
2501	!
2502	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2503	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2504	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2505	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2506	ELSE
2507	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2508	* q(k+1,j,i)
2509	ENDIF
2510
2511	!
2512	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2513	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2514
2515	ENDDO
2516	ENDDO
2517
2518	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2519
2520
2521	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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