| | 7 | Since r19xx an urban surface model (USM) is available in PALM. A brief description of the USM will follow here (see [wiki:doc/app/lsmpar#LandSurfaceParameters LSM description] as an example). It consists of a multi layer wall and soil model, predicting wall and soil temperature and moisture content, and a solver for the energy balance, predicting the temperature of the surface or the skin layer. Urban surfaces (building surfaces) are simulated using a tile approach. Each surface element consists of a fraction of bare wall/ roof, window and green elements (green roofs/ facades) with underlying soil layers (green roofs only) and a bare wall/ roof structure. |
