Listing of the steering parameters in alphabetical order

Namelist abbreviations:
The NAMELIST names used in PALM are given in brackets.

dvr: DVR graphics (&dvr_graphics_par)
ini: initialization parameters (&initialization_parameters)
lpm: lagrangian-particle-model (particles) parameter (&particle_parameters)
lsm: land surface model parameters (&land_surface_parameters)
nest: nesting parameters (&nesting_parameters)
ocean: ocean parameters (&ocean_parameters
pcm: plant-canopy-model parameters (&plant_canopy_parameters)
rrtmg: radiation model parameters (&radiation_parameters)
run: runtime parameters (&runtime_parameters)
spec: spectra parameters (&spectra_parameters)
user: user-defined parameters (&user_parameters)

Jump to A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Parameter Name	NAMELIST Group	FORTRAN Type	Default Value	Explanation=
aero_type	lpm	C*15	'maritime'	Define a aerosol spectrum using three log-normal distributions.
aero_weight	lpm	R	1.0	Scale the number concentration defined by aero_type.
aerosol_bulk	lpm	C*20	'nacl'	Parameter to choose the used aerosol type.
air_dens	wtm	R	1.225	The air density (in kg/m3) is necessary to convert the aerodynamic torque of the rotor into a power (in W).
albedo	rrtmg	R	0.2	Surface albedo.
albedo_lw_diff	rrtmg	R	depends on albedo_type	Surface albedo for longwave diffuse radiation for a solar angle of 60°.
albedo_lw_dir	rrtmg	R	depends on albedo_type	Surface albedo for longwave direct radiation for a solar angle of 60°.
albedo_sw_diff	rrtmg	R	depends on albedo_type	Surface albedo for shortwave diffuse radiation for a solar angle of 60°.
albedo_sw_dir	rrtmg	R	depends on albedo_type	Surface albedo for shortwave direct radiation for a solar angle of 60°.
albedo_type	rrtmg	I	5	Controls the choice of the surface albedos for direct/diffuse/broadband albedo for a solar angle of 80°.
alloc_factor	lpm	R	20.0	Factor (in percent) describing the memory allocated additionally to the memory needed for initial particles at a given grid cell.
alpha_lad	pcm	R	9999999.9	Coefficient for constructing leaf area density profile.
alpha_surface	ini	R	0.0	Inclination of the model domain with respect to the horizontal (in degrees).
alpha_vangenuchten	lsm	R	depends on soil_type?	Value of the coefficient alpha for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten
approximation	ini	C*20	'boussinesq'	Parameter to choose the approximation of the model equations.
averaging_interval	run	R	0.0	Averaging interval for all output of temporally averaged data (in s).
averaging_interval_pr	run	R	value of averaging_interval	Averaging interval for vertical profiles output to local file DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF (in s).
averaging_interval_sp	run	R	value of averaging_interval	Averaging interval for spectra output to local file DATA_1D_SP_NETCDF (in s).
bc_e_b	ini	C*20	'neumann'	Bottom boundary condition of the TKE.
bc_lr	ini	C*20	'cyclic'	Boundary condition along x (for all quantities).
bc_ns	ini	C*20	'cyclic'	Boundary condition along y (for all quantities).
bc_p_b	ini	C*20	'neumann'	Bottom boundary condition of the perturbation pressure.
bc_p_t	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Top boundary condition of the perturbation pressure.
bc_par_b	lpm	C*15	'reflect'	Bottom boundary condition for particle transport.
bc_par_lr	lpm	C*15	'cyclic'	Lateral boundary condition (x-direction) for particle transport.
bc_par_ns	lpm	C*15	'cyclic'	Lateral boundary condition (y-direction) for particle transport.
bc_par_t	lpm	C*15	'absorb'	Top boundary condition for particle transport.
bc_pt_b	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Bottom boundary condition of the potential temperature.
bc_pt_t	ini	C*20	'initial_gradient'	Top boundary condition of the potential temperature.
bc_q_b	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Bottom boundary condition of the water vapor / total water mixing ratio.
bc_q_t	ini	C*20	'neumann'	Top boundary condition of the water vapor / total water mixing ratio.
bc_s_b	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Bottom boundary condition of the scalar concentration.
bc_s_t	ini	C*20	'neumann'	Top boundary condition of the scalar concentration.
bc_sa_t	ocean	C*20	'neumann'	Top boundary condition of the salinity.
bc_uv_b	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Bottom boundary condition of the horizontal wind components u and v.
bc_uv_t	ini	C*20	'dirichlet'	Top boundary condition of the horizontal velocity components u and v.
beta_lad	pcm	R	9999999.9	Coefficient for constructing leaf area density profile.
bottom_salinityflux	ocean	R	0.0	Kinematic salinity flux near the surface (in psu m/s).
building_height	ini	R	50.0	Height of a single building in m.
building_length_x	ini	R	50.0	Width of a single building in m.
building_length_y	ini	R	50.0	Depth of a single building in m.
building_wall_left	ini	R	building centered in x-direction	x-coordinate of the left building wall in m.
building_wall_south	ini	R	building centered in y-direction	y-coordinate of the South building wall in m.
c_sedimentation	ini	R	2.0	Courant number of sedimentation process
c_surface	lsm	R	20000.0	Heat capacity of the surface (skin layer) per unit of area (in J/m²/K).
calc_soil_moisture _during_spinup	ini	L	.F.	Solve prognosic equation for soil moisture in the spinup phase.
call_psolver_at _all_substeps	ini	L	.T.	Switch to steer the call of the pressure solver.
call_microphysics_at _all_substeps	ini	L	.F.	Switch to steer the call of 2-moment microphysics.
canopy_drag_coeff	pcm	R	0.0	Drag coefficient used in the plant canopy model.
canopy_mode	pcm	C*20	'block'	Canopy mode.
canyon_height	ini	R	50.0	Street canyon height in m.
canopy_resistance _coefficient	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	A coefficient (in 1/hPa) for the dependence of the canopy resistance on water vapor pressure deficit.
canyon_width_x	ini	R	9999999.9	Street canyon width in x-direction in m.
canyon_width_y	ini	R	9999999.9	Street canyon width in y-direction in m.
canyon_wall_left	ini	R	canyon centered in x-direction	x-coordinate of the left canyon wall in m.
canyon_wall_south	ini	R	canyon centered in y-direction	y-coordinate of the South canyon wall in m.
cfl_factor	ini	R	0.1, 0.8 or 0.9	Time step limiting factor.
clip_dvrp_l	dvr	R	0.0	Left boundary of the displayed domain (in m).
clip_dvrp_n	dvr	R	(ny + 1)*dy	North boundary of the displayed domain (in m).
clip_dvrp_r	dvr	R	(nx + 1)*dx	Right boundary of the displayed domain (in m).
clip_dvrp_s	dvr	R	0.0	South boundary of the displayed domain (in m).
cloud_droplets	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on usage of cloud droplets.
cloud_physics	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the condensation scheme.
cloud_scheme	ini	C*20	'saturation_adjust'	Parameter to choose cloud physics scheme.
cloud_top_radiation	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on longwave radiation cooling at cloud-tops.
cloud_water_sedimentation	ini	L	.F.	Parameterize cloud water sedimentation in cloud physics scheme.
cluster_size	dvr	I	1	Vertex cluster size for polygon reduction of topography.
collective_wait	ini	L	see parameter description	Set barriers in front of collective MPI operations.
collision_kernel	lpm	C*15	'none'	Parameter to steer cloud droplet growth by collision processes.
collision_turbulence	ini	L	.F.	Parameterize turbulence effects on autoconversion and accretion of cloud droplets.
color_interval	dvr	R(2)	0.0, 1.0	Interval of values used for determining the particle color displayed in the animation.
comp_spectra_level	spec	I(100)	no level	Vertical level for which horizontal spectra are to be calculated and output (gridpoints).
complex_terrain	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to enable simulations featuring complex topography.
conserve_volume_flow	ini	L	.F.	Conservation of volume flow in x- and y-direction.
conserve_volume _flow_mode	ini	C*16	'default'	Modus of volume flow conservation.
conserve_water_content	lsm	L	.T.	Flag parameter for the bottom boundary condition of the soil model.
constant_albedo	rrtmg	L	.F.	Parameter to fix the surface albedo.
constant_flux_layer	ini	L	.T.	Parameter to switch on a constant flux layer between the surface and first computational grid level.
coupling_start_time	ini	R	0.0	Simulation time of a precursor run..
cpu_log_barrierwait	run	L	.F.	Set an MPI-barrier at the beginning of each CPU time measurement.
create_disturbances	run	L	.T.	Switch to impose random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field.
cross_profiles	run	C*100(100)	see parameter description	Determines which vertical profiles are to be presented in which coordinate system if the plot software palmplot is used.
cthf	ini	R	0.0	Average heat flux that is prescribed at the top of the plant canopy (in K m/s).
curvature_solution _effects	lpm	L	.F.	Parameter to consider solution and curvature effects on the equilibrium vapor pressure of cloud droplets.
curvature_solution _effects_bulk	lpm	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on an activation scheme which considers curvature and solution effects of cloud droplet activation.
cycle_mg	ini	C*1	'w'	Type of cycle to be used with the multi-grid method.
damp_level_1d	ini	R	zu(nz + 1)	Height where the damping layer begins in the 1d-model (in m).
data_output	run	C*10(100)	100*' '	Quantities for which 2d cross section and/or 3d volume data are to be output.
data_output_2d_on _each_pe	run	L	.T.	Output 2d cross section data by one or all processors.
data_output _during_spinup	ini	L	.F.	Parameter for switching on data output in the spinup phase (see spinup_time).
data_output_masks	run	C*10 (max_masks, 100)	max_masks*100*' '	Quantities for which masked data are to be output.
data_output_masks_user	user	C*10 (max_masks, 100)	max_masks*100*' '	User-defined quantities for which masked data are to be output.
data_output_pr	run	C*10(100)	100*' '	Quantities for which vertical profiles (horizontally averaged) are to be output.
data_output_pr_user	user	C*10(200)	200*' '	User defined quantities for which horizontally averaged profile data is to be output.
data_output_sp	spec	C*10(10)	10*' '	Quantities for which horizontal spectra are to be calculated and output.
data_output_user	user	C*10(100)	100*' '	User defined quantities for which 2d cross section and/or 3d volume data are to be output.
day_of_year_init	ini	I	172	Day of the year at model start.
density_ratio	lpm	R(10)	0.0, 9*9999999.9	Ratio of the density of the fluid and the density of the particles.
dissipation_classes	lpm	I	10	Number of dissipation classes to be used in the collision efficiency table.
dissipation_1d	ini	C*20	'detering'	Calculation method for the energy dissipation term in the TKE equation of the 1d-model.
disturbance_amplitude	run	R	0.25	Maximum perturbation amplitude of the random perturbations imposed to the horizontal velocity field (in m/s).
disturbance_energy _limit	run	R	0.01	Upper limit value of the perturbation energy of the velocity field used as a criterion for imposing random perturbations (in m2/s2).
disturbance_level_b	run	R	zu(3) or zu(nz*2/3)	Lower limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal wind field (in m).
disturbance_level_t	run	R	zu(nz/3) or zu(nzt-3)	Upper limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal wind field (in m).
domain_layouts	nest	derived TYPE pmc_layout(64)	None	General information about the nested domains to be used.
do2d_at_begin	run	L	.F.	Output 2d cross section data by one or all processors.
do3d_at_begin	run	L	.F.	Output of 3d volume data at the beginning of a run.
dp_external	run	L	.F.	External pressure gradient switch.
dp_smooth	run	L	.F.	Vertically smooth the external pressure gradient using a sinusoidal smoothing function.
dp_level_b	run	R	0.0	Lower limit of the vertical range for which the external pressure gradient is applied (in m).
dpdxy	run	R(2)	2*0.0	Values of the external pressure gradient applied in x- and y-direction, respectively (in Pa/m).
dry_aerosol_radius	ini	R	0.05E-6	The mean geometric radius of the dry aerosol spectrum.
dt	run	R	variable	Time step for the 3d-model (in s).
dt_averaging_input	run	R	0.0	Temporal interval of data which are subject to temporal averaging (in s).
dt_averaging _input_pr	run	R	value of dt_averaging_input	Temporal interval of data which are subject to temporal averaging of vertical profiles and/or spectra (in s).
dt_coupling	run	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval for the data exchange in case of runs with coupled models (e.g. atmosphere - ocean) (in s).
dt_data_output	run	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval at which data (3d volume data, cross sections, vertical profiles, spectra) shall be output (in s).
dt_data_output_av	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which time averaged 3d volume data and/or 2d cross section data shall be output (in s).
dt_disturb	run	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval at which random perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field (in s).
dt_domask	run	R (max_masks)	max_masks * value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which instantaneous masked data shall be output (in s).
dt_dopr	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which data of vertical profiles shall be output (to local file DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF (in s).
dt_dopr_listing	run	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval at which data of vertical profiles shall be output (output for printouts, local file LIST_PROFIL) (in s).
dt_dopts	lpm	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which time series data of particle quantities shall be output (in s).
dt_dosp	spec	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which spectra data shall be output (in s).
dt_dots	run	R	see parameter description	Temporal interval at which time series data shall be output (in s).
dt_do2d_xy	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which horizontal cross section data shall be output (in s).
dt_do2d_xz	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which vertical cross section data (xz) shall be output (in s).
dt_do2d_yz	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which vertical cross section data (yz) shall be output (in s).
dt_do3d	run	R	value of dt_data_output	Temporal interval at which 3d volume data shall be output (in s).
dt_dvrp	dvr	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval of scenes to be displayed with the dvrp software (in s).
dt_max	run	R	20.0	Maximum allowed value of the timestep (in s).
dt_min_part	lpm	R	0.0002	Minimum value for the particle timestep when SGS velocities are used (in s).
dt_prel	lpm	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval at which particles are to be released from a particle source (in s).
dt_pr_1d	ini	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval of vertical profile output of the 1D-model (in s).
dt_radiation	rrtmg	R	0.0	Time step of the radiation model (in s).
dt_restart	run	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval at which a new restart run is to be carried out (in s).
dt_run_control	run	R	60.0	Temporal interval at which run control output is to be made (in s).
dt_run_control_1d	ini	R	60.0	Temporal interval of runtime control output of the 1d-model (in s).
dt_spinup	ini	R	60.0	Time step during integration of the land surface, urban surface, and radiation models during the spinup phase.
dt_write_particle _data	lpm	R	9999999.9	Temporal interval for output of particle data (in s).
dtow	wtm	R(100)	none	Diameter of the tower of the wind turbine used below the rotor. This parameter has to be non-zero if a tower should be included. The parameter needs to be specified for every turbine separately.
dvrp_directory	dvr	C*80	'default'	Name of the directory into which data created by the dvrp software shall be saved.
dvrp_file	dvr	C*80	'default'	Name of the file into which data created by the dvrp software shall be output.
dvrp_host	dvr	C*80	'origin.rvs. uni-hannover.de'	Name of the computer to which data created by the dvrp software shall be transferred.
dvrp_output	dvr	C*10	'rtsp'	Output mode for the dvrp software.
dvrp_password	dvr	C*80	''	Password for the computer to which data created by the dvrp software is to be transferred.
dvrpsize_interval	dvr	R(2)	0.0, 1.0	Interval of values used for determining the particle size displayed in the animation.
dvrp_username	dvr	C*80	no default value	Username of a valid account on the computer to which data created by the dvrp software is to be transferred.
dx	ini	R	1.0	Horizontal grid spacing along the x-direction (in m).
dy	ini	R	1.0	Horizontal grid spacing along the y-direction (in m).
dz	ini	R	no default value	Vertical grid spacing (in m).
dz_max	ini	R	9999999.9	Allowed maximum vertical grid spacing (in m).
dz_stretch_factor	ini	R	1.08	Stretch factor for a vertically stretched grid (see dz_stretch_level).
dz_stretch_level	ini	R	100000.0	Height level above/below which the grid is to be stretched vertically (in m).
e_init	ini	R	0.0	Initial TKE in m2s-2.
e_min	ini	R	0.0	Minimum TKE in m2s-2.
emissivity	rrtmg	R	0.95	Surface emissivity (0-1).
end_time	run	R	0.0	Simulation time of the 3D model (in s).
end_time_prel	lpm	R	9999999.9	Time of the last release of particles (in s).
end_time_1d	ini	R	864000.0	Time to be simulated for the 1D-model (in s).
ensemble_member_nr	ini	I	0	Number of statistically independent members of a simulation.
f_shortwave_incoming	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Fraction of the net shortwave radiation that is transmitted directly to the top soil layer.
field_capacity	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Soil moisture at field capacity (in m³/m³).
fft_method	ini	C*20	'system specific'	FFT-method to be used.
flux_input_mode	ini	C*40	'approximation-specific'	Parameter to choose the flux unit for input data.
flux_output_mode	ini	C*40	'approximation-specific'	Parameter to choose the flux unit for outputdata.
force_print_header	run	L	.F.	Steering of header output to the local file RUN_CONTROL.
galilei_transformation	ini	L	.F.	Application of a Galilei-transformation to the coordinate system of the model.
gear_eff	wtm	R	1.0	Efficiency of the gear: Loss between rotor and generator.
gear_ratio	wtm	R	97.0	Gear ratio from rotor to generator.
gen_eff	wtm	R	0.944	Electric efficiency of the generator.
groundplate_color	dvr	R(3)	0.0, 0.6, 0.0	Color of the ground plate.
humidity	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the prognostic equation for water vapor mixing ratio q.
hydraulic_conductivity	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Hydraulic conductivity of the soil at saturation (in m/s).
inertia_gen	wtm	R	534.116	Inertia of the generator (in kg/m2).
inertia_rot	wtm	R	34784179.0	Inertia of the rotor (in kg/m2).
inflow_damping_height	ini	R	from precursor run	Height below which the turbulence signal is used for turbulence recycling (in m).
inflow_damping_width	ini	R	0.1* inflow _damping_height	Transition range within which the turbulence signal is damped to zero (in m).
inflow_disturbance _begin	ini	I	MIN(10, nx/2 or ny/2)	Lower limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).
inflow_disturbance _end	ini	I	MIN(100, 3/4*nx or 3/4*ny)	Upper limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).
initializing_actions	ini	C*100	no default value	Initialization actions to be carried out.
initial_weighting _factor	lpm	R	1.0	Factor to define the real number of initial droplets in a grid cell.
isosurface_color	lpm	R(3,10)	0.9, 0.9, 0.9 0.8, 0.1, 0.1 ...	Color of the isosurface(s).
km_constant	ini	R	variable (computed from TKE)	Constant eddy diffusivities are used (laminar simulations).
km_damp_max	ini	R	0.5*(dx or dy)	Maximum diffusivity used for filtering the velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow (in m2/s).
l_vangenuchten	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Value of the coefficient l for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten.
lad_surface	pcm	R	0.0	Surface value of the leaf area density (in m2/m3).
lad_vertical_gradient	pcm	R(10)	10*0.0	Gradient(s) of the leaf area density (in m2/m4).
lad_vertical_gradient _level	pcm	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the gradient of the leaf area density defined by lad_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
lai_beta	pcm	R	0.0	Leaf area index needed for construction of leaf area density profile.
lambda_surface_stable	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Heat conductivity (between atmosphere and soil) (in W/m²/K) in case of stable stratification.
lambda_surface_unstable	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Heat conductivity (between atmosphere and soil) (in W/m²/K) in case of unstable stratification.
large_scale_forcing	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the use of large-scale forcing information from an external file.
large_scale_subsidence	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the use of large scale subsidence/ascent.
latitude	ini	R	55.0	Geographical latitude (in degrees).
leaf_area_index	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Leaf area index of the canopy (in m²/m²).
leaf_scalar_exch_coeff	pcm	R	0.0	Scalar exchange coefficient for a leaf (dimensionless).
leaf_surface_conc	pcm	R	0.0	Concentration of a passive scalar at the surface of a leaf (in kg m-3 or ppm).
limiter_sedimentation	ini	L	.T.	Use limiter in raindrop sedimentation process.
log_sigma	lpm	R(3)	2.0	Parameters of initial aerosol spectrum.
longitude	ini	R	0.0	Geographical longitude (in degrees).
loop_optimization	ini	C*16	'cache'	Method used to optimize loops for solving the prognostic equations.
lsf_exception	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to explicitly allow large-scale forcing in case of topography /= 'flat' .
lw_radiation	rrtmg	L	.T.	Parameter to switch on/off longwave radiation.
masking_method	ini	L	.F.	Switch for topography boundary conditions in multigrid solver.
mask_scale_x	run	R	1.0	Scaling length for masked data output along x-direction.
mask_scale_y	run	R	1.0	Scaling length for masked data output along y-direction.
mask_scale_z	run	R	1.0	Scaling length for masked data output along z-direction.
mask_x	run	R (max_masks, 100)	max_masks*100*-1.0	All x-coordinates of mask positions (in multiples of mask_scale_x).
mask_y	run	R (max_masks, 100)	max_masks*100*-1.0	All y-coordinates of mask positions (in multiples of mask_scale_y).
mask_z	run	R (max_masks, 100)	max_masks*100*-1.0	All z-coordinates of mask positions (in multiples of mask_scale_z).
mask_x_loop	run	R (max_masks, 3)	max_masks*100* (/-1.0,-1.0,-1.0/)	Loop begin, end and stride for x-coordinates of mask locations for masks (in multiples of mask_scale_x).
mask_y_loop	run	R (max_masks, 3)	max_masks*100* (/-1.0,-1.0,-1.0/)	Loop begin, end and stride for y-coordinates of mask locations for masks (in multiples of mask_scale_y).
mask_z_loop	run	R (max_masks, 3)	max_masks*100* (/-1.0,-1.0,-1.0/)	Loop begin, end and stride for z-coordinates of mask locations for masks (in multiples of mask_scale_z).
max_miss	wtm	R	0.08726	Maximum tolerated yaw misalignment (in rad).
max_torque_gen	wtm	R	47402.91	Maximum Torque of the generator (in Nm).
max_trq_rate	wtm	R	15000.0	Maximum generator torque rate (in Nm/s).
mg_cycles	ini	I	-1	Number of cycles to be used with the multigrid scheme.
mg_switch_to _pe0_level	ini	I	see parameter description	Grid level at which data shall be gathered on PE0.
min_canopy_resistance	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Minimum canopy (i.e., stomatal) resistance (in s/m).
min_nr_particles	lpm	I	50	Minimum number of particles for which memory is allocated at every grid cell.
min_miss	wtm	R	0.008726	Minimum yaw misalignment for which the actuator stops (in rad).
min_reg15	wtm	R	7.016.224	Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 (in rad/s).
min_reg2	wtm	R	9.121.091	Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s].
min_soil_resistance	lsm	R	50.0	Minimum soil resistance (in s/m).
mixing_length_1d	ini	C*20	'blackadar'	Mixing length used in the 1d-model.
mode_dvrp	dvr	C*20(10)	10*' '	Graphical objects (isosurfaces, slicers, particles) which are to be created by the dvrp software.
momentum_advec	ini	C*10	'pw-scheme'	Advection scheme to be used for the momentum equations.
most_method	ini	C*8	'newton'	Parameter that defines how the Obukhov length is calculated when a constant_flux_layer is switched on.
n_vangenuchten	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Value of the coefficient n for the calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the parametrization after Van Genuchten.
nairfoils	wtm	I	8	Number of airfoils of the used turbine model.
nc_const	ini	R	70.0E6	Cloud droplet number density (in m-3).
na	lpm	R(3)	100.0	Parameters of initial aerosol spectrum.
na_init	ini	R	100.0E6	Background dry aerosol concentration.
nesting_datatransfer_mode	nest	C*7	'mixed'	Type of nesting data transfer mode.
nesting_mode	nest	C*7	'two-way'	Type of nesting mode.
net_radiation	rrtmg	R	0.0	Net radiation at the surface (in W/m2).
netcdf_data_format	run	I	2	Data format for netCDF files.
netcdf_deflate	run	I	0	Data compression level for NetCDF4/HDF5 format.
netcdf_precision	ini	C*20(10)	single precision for all output quantities	Defines the accuracy of the netCDF output.
neutral	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch off calculation of temperature equation.
ngsrb	ini	I	2	Number of Gauss-Seidel iterations to be carried out on each grid level of the multigrid Poisson solver.
normalizing_region	run	I	0	Determines the subdomain from which the normalization quantities are calculated.
npex	run	I	no default value	Number of processors along x-direction of the virtual processor net.
npey	run	I	no default value	Number of processors along y-direction of the virtual processor net.
nsor	run	I	20	Number of iterations to be used with the SOR-scheme.
nsor_ini	ini	I	100	Initial number of iterations with the SOR algorithm.
nturbines	wtm	I	1	Number of the turbines to be included. Maximum is 100.
nudging	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on nudging with data from larger scale models or from measurements.
number_concentration	lpm	R	-1.0	Initial particle number concentration.
number_of _particle_groups	lpm	I	-1	Number of particle groups to be used.
number_particles _per_gridbox	lpm	I	1	Number of created particles per gridbox.
nx	ini	I	no default value	Number of grid points in x-direction.
ny	ini	I	no default value	Number of grid points in y-direction.
nz	ini	I	no default value	Number of grid points in z-direction.
nz_do3d	ini	I	nz + 1	Limits the output of 3d volume data along the vertical direction (grid point index k).
omega	ini	R	7,29E+00	Angular velocity of the rotating system (in rad s-1).
omega_rot	wtm	R(100)	0.0	Initial rotational speed for each turbine (in rad s-1).
omega_sor	ini	R	1.8	Convergence factor to be used with the SOR-scheme.
outflow_source _plane	ini	R	Position of the vertical source plane from where instantaneous values of u, v, w, pt, q, s, and e are copied to the outflow boundary.
particles_per_point	lpm	I	1	Number of particles to be started per point.
particle_advection _start	lpm	R	0.0	Time of the first release of particles (in s).
particle_color	dvr	C*10	'none'	Parameter, which allows bi the displayed particle color to certain flow quantities.
particle_dvrpsize	dvr	C*10	'none'	Parameter, which allows binding the displayed particle size to certain flow quantities.
particle_maximum _age	lpm	R	9999999.9	Maximum allowed age of particles (in s).
passive_scalar	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the prognostic equation for a passive scalar.
pave_depth	lsm	R	0.0	Depth of the paved surface.
pave_heat_capacity	lsm	R	1.94E6	Heat capacity of the pavement.
pave_heat_conductivity	lsm	R	1.0	Heat conductivity of the pavement.
pch_index	pcm	I	0	Grid point index (w-grid) of the upper boundary of the plant canopy layer.
pdx	lpm	R(10)	10*dx	Distance along x between particles within a particle source (in m).
pdy	lpm	R(10)	10*dy	Distance along y between particles within a particle source (in m).
pdz	lpm	R(10)	10*(zu(2) - zu(1))	Distance along z between particles within a particle source (in m).
phi_yaw	wtm	R(100)	none	Yaw angle for each turbine in degrees. A positive yaw means a rotation of the rotor in clockwise direction within the xy-plane.
pitch_add	wtm	R(100)	0.0	Pitch angle for a constant pitch angle (in degrees).
pitch_control	wtm	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the pitch control.
pitch_rate	wtm	R	8.0	Maximum pitch rate (in degree/s).
plot_spectra_level	spec	I(100)	No level	Vertical level(s) for which horizontal spectra are to be plotted (in grid points).
prandtl_number	ini	R	1.0	Ratio of the eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat (Km/Kh).
precipitation_amount _interval	run	R	value of dt_do2d_xy	Temporal interval for which the precipitation amount (in mm) shall be calculated and output (in s).
profile_columns	run	I	3	Number of coordinate systems to be plotted in one row by plot software palmplot.
profile_rows	run	I	2	Number of rows of coordinate systems to be plotted on one page by plot software palmplot.
psb	lpm	R(10)	10*zu(nz/2)	Bottom edge of a particle source (in m).
psl	lpm	R(10)	10*0.0	Left edge of a particle source (in m).
psn	lpm	R(10)	10*(ny*dy)	Rear ("north") edge of a particle source (in m).
psolver	ini	C*10	'poisfft'	Scheme to be used to solve the Poisson equation for the perturbation pressure.
psr	lpm	R(10)	10*(nx*dx)	Right edge of a particle source (in m).
pss	lpm	R(10)	10*0.0	Front ("south") edge of a particle source (in m).
pst	lpm	R(10)	10*zu(nz/2)	Top edge of a particle source (in m).
pt_damping_factor	ini	R	0.0	Factor for damping the potential temperature.
pt_damping_width	ini	R	0.0	Width of the damping domain of the potential temperature (in m).
pt_reference	ini	R	value of pt_surface	Reference temperature to be used in the buoyancy term (in K).
pt_surface	ini	R	300.0	Surface potential temperature (in K).
pt_surface_initial _change	ini	R	0.0	Change in surface temperature to be made at the beginning of the 3d run (in K).
pt_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Temperature gradient(s) of the initial temperature profile (in K / 100 m).
pt_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the temperature gradient defined by pt_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
q_surface	ini	R	0.0	Surface water vapor / total water mixing ratio (kg/kg).
q_surface_initial _change	ini	R	0.0	Change in surface water vapor / total water mixing ratio to be made at the beginning of the 3d run (kg/kg).
q_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Humidity gradient(s) of the initial humidity profile (in 1/100 m).
q_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the humidity gradient defined by q_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
rm	lpm	R(3)	0.05E-6	Parameters of initial aerosol spectrum.
radiation	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on longwave radiation cooling at cloud-tops.
radiation_scheme	rrtmg	C*10	'clear-sky'	Radiation scheme to be used.
radius	lpm	R(10)	0.0, 9* 9999999.9	Particle radius (in m).
radius_classes	lpm	I	20	Number of radius classes to be used in the collision efficiency table.
random_generator	ini	C*20	'random-parallel'	Random number generator to be used for creating uniformly distributed random numbers.
random_heatflux	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to impose random perturbations on the internal two-dimensional near surface heat flux field shf.
random_start_position	lpm	L	.F.	Initial position of the particles is varied randomly within certain limits.
rated_genspeed	wtm	R	1.216.805	Rated generator speed (in rad/s).
rated_power	wtm	R	5296610.0	Rated power of the wind turbine (in W).
rayleigh_damping _factor	ini	R	0.0 and/or 0.01	Factor for Rayleigh damping.
rayleigh_damping _height	ini	R	2/3*zu(nz)	Height where the Rayleigh damping starts (in m).
rcx	wtm	R(100)	none	Longitudinal position of the rotor center (in m).
rcy	wtm	R(100)	none	Lateral position of the rotor center (in m).
rcz	wtm	R(100)	none	Vertical position of the rotor center (in m). This represents the hub height of the turbine.
read_particles_from _restartfile	lpm	L	.T.	Read particle data from the previous run.
recycling_width	ini	R	0.1*nx*dx	Distance of the recycling plane from the inflow boundary (in m).
recycling_yshift	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on a y-shift for the recycled inflow turbulence.
reference_state	ini	C*20	'initial_profile'	Defines what is used as reference state in the buoyancy term.
region	user	C*40(0:9)	Name(s) of the subdomain(s) defined by the user.
residual_limit	ini	R	1.0E-6	Largest residual permitted for the multigrid scheme (in s-2m-3).
residual_moisture	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Residual soil moisture content (in m³/m³).
restart_time	run	R	9999999.9	Simulated time after which a restart run is to be carried out (in s).
rnac	wtm	R(100)	none	Radius of the nacelle for each turbine (in m). This parameter has to be non-zero if the nacelle should be included.
root_fraction	lsm	R(4)	depends on veg_type	Root distribution over the four soil layers.
roughness_length	ini	R	0.1	Roughness length (in m).
rr	wtm	R(100)	63	Radius of the rotor (in m).
s_surface	ini	R	0.0	Surface value of the passive scalar (in kg m-3 or ppm).
s_surface_initial _change	ini	R	0.0	Change in surface scalar concentration to be made at the beginning of the 3d run (in kg m-3 or ppm).
s_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Scalar concentration gradient(s) of the initial scalar concentration profile (in (kg m-3 or ppm) / 100 m).
s_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the scalar gradient defined by s_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
salinity	ocean	L	.T.	Parameter to switch on/off calculation of salinity equation.
sa_surface	ocean	R	35.0	Surface salinity (in psu).
sa_vertical_gradient	ocean	R(10)	10*0.0	Salinity gradient(s) of the initial salinity profile (in psu / 100 m).
sa_vertical_gradient _level	ocean	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the salinity gradient defined by sa_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
saturation_moisture	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Soil moisture at saturation (in m³/m³).
scalar_advec	ini	C*10	'pw-scheme'	Advection scheme to be used for the scalar quantities.
scalar_rayleigh _damping	ini	L	.T.	Application of Rayleigh damping to scalars.
section_xy	run	I(100)	no section	Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d horizontal cross sections (grid point index k).
section_xz	run	I(100)	no section	Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d (xz) vertical cross sections (grid point index j).
section_yz	run	I(100)	no section	Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d (yz) vertical cross sections (grid point index i).
seed_follows_topography	lpm	L	.F.	Heights of initial particles are interpreted relative to the given topography.
segment_length	wtm	R	1.0	Length of each rotor segment the rotor area is divided into, in tangential direction, as factor of the grid spacing.
segment_width	wtm	R	0.5	Length of each rotor segment the rotor area is divided into, in radial direction, as factor of the grid spacing.
sigma_bulk	ini	R	2.0	The dispersion of the dry aerosol spectrum.
skip_time_data_output	run	R	0.0	No data output before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_data _output_av	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of temporally averaged 2d/3d data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_do_lsm	lsm	R	0.0	Time after which the land surface model is switched on.
skip_time_do_radiation	rrtmg	R	0.0	Time after which the radiation model is switched on.
skip_time_domask	run	R (max_masks)	max_masks*0.0	No output of masked data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_dopr	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of vertical profile data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_dosp	spec	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of spectra data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_do2d_xy	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of instantaneous horizontal cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_do2d_xz	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of instantaneous vertical (xz) cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_do2d_yz	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of instantaneous vertical (yz) cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).
skip_time_do3d	run	R	value of skip_time _data_output	No output of instantaneous 3d volume data before this interval has passed (in s).
slicer_range _limits_dvrp	dvr	R(2,10)	10*(-1,1)	Ranges of values to which a color table has to be mapped (units of the respective quantity).
slope2	wtm	R	2.332.287	Slope constant for region 2.
soil_moisture	lsm	R(4)	4*0.0	Soil moisture distribution over the four soil layers.
soil_temperature	lsm	R(5)	see description	Soil temperature distribution over the four soil layers (in K).
soil_type	lsm	I	3	Soil type to be used in the soil model.
spectra_direction	spec	C*2(10)	10*' '	Direction(s) along which spectra are to be calculated.
speed_control	wtm	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the speed control.
spinup_pt_amplitude	ini	R	0.0	Representative amplitude of the diurnal near-surface temperature variation during the spinup phase.
spinup_pt_mean	ini	R	[value of] [pt_surface]	Mean near-surface air temperature during the spinup phase (see spinup_time).
spinup_time	ini	R	0.0	Parameter for steering of the spinup time.
statistic_regions	ini	I	0	Number of additional user-defined subdomains for which statistical analysis and corresponding output (profiles, time series) shall be made.
stokes_waveheight	ocean	R	0.0	Parameter to switch on and set the effects of Langmuir circulation in PALM's ocean mode.
stokes_wavelength	ocean	R	0.0	Parameter to switch on and set the effects of Langmuir circulation in PALM's ocean mode.
subs_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Gradient(s) of the profile for the large scale subsidence/ascent velocity (in (m/s) / 100 m).
subs_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the gradient for the subsidence/ascent velocity defined by subs_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
superelevation	dvr	R	1.0	Superelevation factor for the vertical coordinate.
superelevation_x	dvr	R	1.0	Superelevation factor for the horizontal (x) coordinate.
superelevation_y	dvr	R	1.0	Superelevation factor for the horizontal (y) coordinate.
surface_cooling _spinup_time	ocean	R	999999.9	Time (in s) after which the surface heat flux is switched off.
surface_heatflux	ini	R	no prescribed heatflux	Kinematic sensible heat flux at the bottom surface (in K m/s).
surface_pressure	ini	R	1013.25	Atmospheric pressure at the surface (in hPa).
surface_scalarflux	ini	R	0.0	Scalar flux at the surface (in kg m-2 s-1 or ppm m s-1).
surface_waterflux	ini	R	0.0	Kinematic water flux near the surface (in m/s).
sw_radiation	rrtmg	L	.T.	Parameter to switch on/off shortwave radiation.
synchronous_exchange	run	L	.F.	Defines how MPI handles the exchange of ghost points.
termination_time_needed	run	R	35.0	CPU time needed for terminal actions at the end of a run in batch mode (in s).
threshold	dvr	R(10)	0.0	Threshold value for which an isosurface is to be created by the dvrp software.
tilt	wtm	R	0.0	Rotor tilt of the rotor plane (in degrees).
time_turbine_on	wtm	R	0.0	Simulation time at which the turbines are switched on.
time_utc_init	rrtmg	R	43200.0	UTC time at model start in seconds starting from midnight.
timestep_scheme	ini	C*20	'runge-kutta-3'	Time step scheme to be used for integration of the prognostic variables.
topography	ini	C*40	'flat'	Topography mode.
topography_color	dvr	R(3)	0.8, 0.7, 0.6	Color of the topography.
topography_grid _convention	ini	C*11	default depends on value of topography	Convention for defining the topography grid.
top_heatflux	ini	R	no prescribed heatflux	Kinematic sensible heat flux at the top surface (in K m/s).
top_momentumflux_u	ini	R	no prescribed momentumflux	Momentum flux along x at the top boundary (in m2/s2).
top_momentumflux_v	ini	R	no prescribed momentumflux	Momentum flux along y at the top boundary (in m2/s2).
top_salinityflux	ocean	R	no prescribed salinityflux	Kinematic salinity flux at the top boundary, i.e. the sea surface (in psu m/s).
top_scalarflux	ini	R	no prescribed scalarflux	Scalar flux at the top surface (in kg m-2 s-1 or ppm m s-1).
transpose_compute _overlap	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on parallel execution of fft and transpositions (with MPI_ALLTOALL).
tunnel_height	ini	R	0.2*nz	Height of outer-wall tunnel top.
tunnel_length	ini	R	9999999.9	Length of the tunnel.
tunnel_width_x	ini	R	9999999.9	Tunnel width along x-direction.
tunnel_width_y	ini	R	9999999.9	Tunnel width along y-direction.
tunnel_wall_depth	ini	R	max( dx, dy, dz )	Depth of tunnel walls.
turbulent_inflow	ini	L	.F.	Generates a turbulent inflow at side boundaries using a turbulence recycling method.
turbulent_outflow	ini	L	.F.	Generates a turbulent outflow at side boundaries using a turbulence recycling method.
u_bulk	ini	R	0.0	u-component of the predefined bulk velocity (in m/s).
u_profile	ini	R(100)	100 * 9999999.9	Values of u-velocity component to be used as initial profile (in m/s).
ug_surface	ini	R	0.0	u-component of the geostrophic wind at the surface (in m/s).
ug_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Gradient(s) of the initial profile of the u-component of the geostrophic wind (in 1/100s).
ug_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the gradient defined by ug_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
uv_heights	ini	R(100)	100 * 9999999.9	Height levels for prescribed u,v-profiles (in m).
use_cmax	ini	L	.T.	Parameter to choose calculation method of the phase velocity in case of radiation boundary conditions.
use_free_convection _scaling	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the use of the local free convection velocity scale.
use_sgs_for_particles	lpm	L	.F.	Use subgrid-scale velocities for particle advection.
use_subsidence _tendencies	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to choose the calculation method of subsidence in case of runs with large scale forcing.
use_surface_fluxes	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to steer the treatment of the subgrid-scale vertical fluxes within the diffusion terms at k=1 (bottom boundary).
use_top_fluxes	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to steer the treatment of the subgrid-scale vertical fluxes within the diffusion terms at k=nz (top boundary).
use_ug_for_galilei_tr	ini	L	.T.	Switch to determine the translation velocity in case that a Galilean transformation is used.
use_upstream _for_tke	ini	L	.F.	Parameter to choose the advection/timestep scheme to be used for the subgrid-scale TKE.
vertical_particle _advection	lpm	L	.T.	Switch on/off vertical particle transport.
v_bulk	ini	R	0.0	v-component of the predefined bulk velocity (in m/s).
v_profile	ini	R(100)	100 * 9999999.9	Values of v-velocity component to be used as initial profile (in m/s).
veg_type	lsm	I	2	Vegetation type to be used in the land surface model.
vegetation_coverage	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Vegetation coverage of the surface.
ventilation_effect	ini	L	.T.	Parameterize ventilation effect on evaporation of raindrops.
vg_surface	ini	R	0.0	v-component of the geostrophic wind at the surface (in m/s).
vg_vertical_gradient	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Gradient(s) of the initial profile of thev-component of the geostrophic wind (in 1/100s).
vg_vertical_gradient _level	ini	R(10)	10*0.0	Height level above which the gradient defined by vg_vertical_gradient is effective (in m).
wall_adjustment	ini	L	.T.	Parameter to restrict the mixing length in the vicinity of the bottom boundary (and near vertical walls of a non-flat topography).
wall_heatflux	ini	R(5)	5*0.0	Prescribed kinematic sensible heat flux in K m/s at the five topography faces.
wall_humidityflux	ini	R(5)	5*0.0	Prescribed kinematic humidity flux in m/s at the five topography faces.
wall_salinityflux	ocean	R(0:5)	6*0.0	Prescribed kinematic salinity flux in Psu m/s at the six topography faces
wall_scalarflux	ini	R(5)	5*0.0	Prescribed scalar flux at the five topography faces (in kg m-2 s-1 or ppm m s-1).
wave_breaking	ocean	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on turbulence generation by wave breaking.
wilting_point	lsm	R	depends on soil_type	Soil moisture at permanent wilting point (in m³/m³).
write_particle _statistics	lpm	L	.F.	Switch on/off output of particle information.
yaw_control	wtm	L	.F.	Parameter to switch on the yaw controller.
yaw_speed	wtm	R	0.005236	Speed of the yaw actuator (in rad/s).
y_shift	ini	I	0	Distance of y-shift at periodic x-boundary (in number of subdomains).
z0_eb	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Roughness length for momentum (in m).
z0h_eb	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Roughness length for heat (in m).
z0q_eb	lsm	R	depends on veg_type	Roughness length for moisture (in m).
z0h_factor	ini	R	1.0	Factor for calculating the roughness length for scalars.
zeta_max	ini	R	20.0	Upper limit of the stability parameter zeta = z_mo/L.
zeta_min	ini	R	-9990.0	Lower limit of the stability parameter zeta = z_mo/L.
zs	lsm	R(4)	see description	Depths of the four soil layers (in m).