Version 17 (modified by maronga, 4 years ago) (diff)

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PALM Create Static Driver (palm_csd)

In order to create comprehensive drivers for PALM runs in urban environments, PALM comes shipped with the tool palm_csd. This python3-based script was developed in the course of the MOSAIK project and thus is, in principal, only working for the democities Berlin, Hamburg, and Stuttgart. However, with some effort it is possible to adapt the script for other cities as well. Note that in the mid-term, palm_csd will be replaced by a more generic and universal tool based with a graphical user interface as front end.

Usage

Execution

In order to create a static driver, go to the working directory (usually ~/palm/current_version), prepare a palm_csd configuration file (see below, an exemplary file can be found here). After set-up of the configuration file, execute palm_csd as follows:

palm_csd .csd.config.default

The static driver will be written to the directory specified in the configuration file. During compilation of the driver, palm_csd will print some more or less useful information to screen.

Configuration file

This section describes how to set-up a configuration file for creating a static driver for PALM based on pre-processed NetCDF data. In the following we will use data for Berlin, which is available via Open Access. The configuration file uses the well-known format of INI files, which are processed by the ConfigParser? package in python. It consists of the following sections:

[global]

A set of global attributes can be defined that will be passed to the static driver file. In details, the following attributes can be set (see also static driver description:

Attribute Data type Description
author string Author of the static driver. Use the format: name, email
contact string Contact person, format as for author
acronym string Institional acronym (formating rules applies to static drivers used in the MOSAIK project)
comment string Arbitrary text
data_content string Arbitrary text
dependencies string Arbitrary text
keywords string Arbitrary keywords
source string List of data sources used to generate the driver
campaign string Information on measurement capaign (if applicable)
location string Geo-location of the static driver content (if applicable)
site string Site description od the static driver content (if applicable)
institution string Institution of the driver creator
palm_version float PALM version for which the driver was generated (for comptatibility checks)
rotation_angle float Clockwise angle of rotation in degrees between North positive y axis and the y axis in the data, e.g. 0.0. This value overwrites the namelist parameter rotation_angle
references string Arbitrary text

Example:

author = Bjoern Maronga, maronga@muk.uni-hannover.de
contact_person = Bjoern Maronga, maronga@muk.uni-hannover.de
acronym = LUHimuk
comment = created with palm_csd
data_content
dependencies
keywords
source
campaign
location = Berlin
site = Berlin Mitte
institution = Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover
palm_version = 6.0
rotation_angle = 0.0
references

Note that most of the global attributes have no effect on the PALM simulations, except rotation_angle and palm_version.

[settings]

This section describes global parameters used to create the static driver. All following parameters are mandatory!

Variable Data type Description
bridge_width float In case that the simulation domain contains bridges, this parameter (in m) defines the vertical thickness of all bridge elements in the domain. Note that bridges require LOD2 building information (i.e. buildings_3d)
debug_mode logical Can be set to True or False. Used for debugging by model developers only, currently this parameter has no effect
lai_roof_extensive float Leaf are index for green roofs with extensive vegetation, defined by setting the appropriate building_pars field. The value is assigned to all extensive green roofs in the model domain
lai_roof_intensive float Leaf are index for green roofs with intensive vegetation, defined by setting the appropriate building_pars field. The value is assigned to all intensive green roofs in the model domain
lai_high_vegetation_default float Default leaf area index for (high) vegetation used to generate the 3D leaf area density field. This value is used for all pixels for which no other leaf area density is available (i.e. to fill missing data)
lai_low_vegetation_default float Default leaf area index for (low) vegetation used to fill data gaps in the leaf area index distribution. This parameter only will a LOD2 leaf area index for parameterized vegetation via vegetation_type, i.e., through the vegetation_pars field
lai_alpha float Parameter for reconstruction of vertical LAD profiles based on tree shape parameters (alpha, beta) and the integral leaf area index after Markkanen et al. (2003). This scheme is used for vegetation patches (parks, forests), where the canopy can be considered to be pseudo-1D and for which usually no information on individual trees is available.
lai_beta float Parameter for reconstruction of vertical LAD profiles based on tree shape parameters (alpha, beta) and the integral leaf area index after Markkanen et al. (2003). This scheme is used for vegetation patches (parks, forests), where the canopy can be considered to be pseudo-1D and for which usually no information on individual trees is available.
patch_height_default float Default patch height (in m), which is used in the canopy generator to process canopy patches (parks, forests) for which data for individual trees is usually lacking. This parameter comes into affect for data gaps where no other vegetation height is available
season string As palm_csd can work with different sets of input data regarding leaf area index, this switch parameter can be set to either "summer" or "winter" to select the most suitable leaf area index input file to account for differences in leaf amount. Data for summer is usually from August (fully leaved), while data for winter is usually from April.

Example:

bridge_width = 3.0
debug_mode = False
lai_roof_extensive = 3.0
lai_roof_intensive = 1.5
lai_high_vegetation_default = 5.0
lai_low_vegetation_default = 1.0
lai_alpha = 5.0
lai_beta = 3.0
patch_height_default = 10.0
season = "summer"

[output]

This section describes the location for the static driver output.

Variable Data type Description
path string Directory where the output file shall be stored. Note that the static driver can - depending on model domain size - be quite large (in the order of several GB).
file_out string Output file name. The final output will be stored under path/file_out_domain, where domain will be "root" for the parent (root) domain, and "N01", "N02", etc., for child domains N01, N02, etc., respectively
version integer User-specific setting to track updates of a static driver. This value will be added as global attribute to the static driver

Example:

path = /ldata2/MOSAIK/
file_out = winter_iop1_test
version = 1

[input_01] - [input_XX]

The configuration file can include several sets of input data for different grid spacing. For each set of input data, an individual section must be provided and numbered accordingly (i.e., [input_01], [input_02], etc.). Note that for a given pixel size (i.e. horizontal grid spacing), only one set of input files can be provided. All input data must be two-dimensions (y,x). Currently, palm_csd expects all variables in the respective input files to be named 'Band1'.

Variable Data type Description
path string Directory where the NetCDF input files reside
pixel_size float Horizontal grid spacing (m) of a surface pixel of size dx*dy where dx = dy in the input data
file_x string UTM x-coordinates for the simulation domain (m)
file_y string UTM y-coordinates for the simulation domain (m)
file_lat string Latitude (degrees N) for the simulation domain
file_lon string Longitude (degrees E) for the simulation domain
file_zt string Terrain height (m)
file_buildings_2d string 2D Building height (m)
file_building_id string Building ids
file_building_type string Building type distribution
file_bridges_2d string 2D Map of bridge height (m)
file_bridges_id string Bridge ids
file_lai string Leaf area index
file_vegetation_type string Vegetation type distribution
file_vegetation_height string Vegetation height (m)
file_pavement_type string Pavement type distribution
file_water_type string Water type distribution
file_soil_type string Soil type distribution
file_street_type string Street type distribution (used for parameterized chemistry emissions and multi-agent model)
file_street_crossings string Street crossings (used for multi-agent model)
file_tree_height string Tree height (m) for street trees. For each tree only one value can be given at the center of the tree location
file_tree_crown_diameter string Tree crown diameter (m). For each tree only one value can be given at the center of the tree location
file_tree_trunk_diameter string Trunk diameter at breast height (m). For each tree only one value can be given at the center of the tree location
file_tree_type string Tree type according to the canopy generator tree inventory. For each tree only one value can be given at the center of the tree location
file_patch_height string 2D distribution of the vegetation canopy height
file_vegetation_on_roofs string 2D distribution of green roofs. Values can be 0.0-1.0. Intensive vegetation is considered for values >= 0.5, while extensive vegetation is assumed for values > 0.5

Example:

path = /ldata2/MOSAIK/Berlin_static_driver_data
pixel_size = 15.0
file_x = Berlin_CoordinatesUTM_y_15m_DLR.nc
file_y = Berlin_CoordinatesUTM_x_15m_DLR.nc
file_lat = Berlin_CoordinatesLatLon_y_15m_DLR.nc
file_lon = Berlin_CoordinatesLatLon_x_15m_DLR.nc
file_zt = Berlin_terrain_height_15m_DLR.nc
file_buildings_2d = Berlin_building_height_15m_DLR.nc
file_building_id = Berlin_building_id_15m_DLR.nc
file_building_type = Berlin_building_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_bridges_2d = Berlin_bridges_height_15m_DLR.nc
file_bridges_id = Berlin_bridges_id_15m_DLR.nc
file_lai =  Berlin_leaf_area_index_15m_DLR_WANG_summer.nc
file_vegetation_type = Berlin_vegetation_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_vegetation_height = Berlin_vegetation_patch_height_15m_DLR.nc
file_pavement_type = Berlin_pavement_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_water_type = Berlin_water_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_soil_type = Berlin_soil_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_street_type =  Berlin_street_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_street_crossings =  Berlin_street_crossings_15m_DLR.nc
file_tree_height =  Berlin_trees_height_clean_15m.nc
file_tree_crown_diameter =  Berlin_tree_crown_15m_DLR.nc
file_tree_trunk_diameter =  Berlin_trees_trunk_clean_15m.nc
file_tree_type =  Berlin_trees_type_15m_DLR.nc
file_patch_height =  Berlin_vegetation_patch_height_15m_DLR.nc
file_vegetation_on_roofs =  Berlin_vegetation_on_roofs_15m_DLR.nc

[domain_root]

pixel_size = 15.0 origin_x = 19605 origin_y = 20895 nx = 200 ny = 200 buildings_3d = False dz = 15.0 allow_high_vegetation = True generate_vegetation_patches = True use_palm_z_axis= False interpolate_terrain = False domain_parent vegetation_on_roofs = True street_trees = True canopy_patches = True

[domain_01] - [domain_NXX]

pixel_size = 1.0 origin_x = 19605 origin_y = 20895 nx = 1023 ny = 1023 buildings_3d = True dz = 1.0 allow_high_vegetation = False generate_vegetation_patches = True use_palm_z_axis= True interpolate_terrain = True domain_parent = root vegetation_on_roofs = True street_trees = True canopy_patches = True

Required input data


Technical documentation

Overview

Processing of nested domains

Canopy generator

Single trees

Vegetation canopies


Best practices


Example static driver file

An example static driver file can be downloaded here (built for PALM r4311).


Snapshot of building heights in example static driver file (using ncview)

ncdump of the static driver file header

Literature

  • Heldens et al.
  • Mikhailovic & Lalic
  • Markkanen, T., Rannik, Ü., Marcolla, B. et al. Footprints and Fetches for Fluxes over Forest Canopies with Varying Structure and Density. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 106, 437–459 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021261606719

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