Changeset 1534 for palm/trunk/TUTORIAL/SOURCE/exercise_cbl.tex
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- Jan 27, 2015 9:12:08 AM (9 years ago)
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palm/trunk/TUTORIAL/SOURCE/exercise_cbl.tex
r1515 r1534 6 6 \usepackage{ngerman} 7 7 \usepackage{pgf} 8 \usetheme{Dresden}9 8 \usepackage{subfigure} 10 9 \usepackage{units} … … 15 14 \usepackage{tikz} 16 15 \usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows,positioning} 17 \usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings} %neues paket18 \usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing} %neues paket19 16 \def\Tiny{\fontsize{4pt}{4pt}\selectfont} 17 18 %---------- neue Pakete 20 19 \usepackage{amsmath} 21 20 \usepackage{amssymb} 22 21 \usepackage{multicol} 23 22 \usepackage{pdfcomment} 24 \usepackage{graphicx} 25 \usepackage{listings} 26 \lstset{showspaces=false,language=fortran,basicstyle= 27 \ttfamily,showstringspaces=false,captionpos=b} 23 28 24 29 25 \institute{Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz UniversitÀt Hannover} … … 91 87 \item<1-> How does the flow field look like after 60 minutes of simulated time? (What kind of output do you need to answer this?) 92 88 \item<2-> How do the horizontally and temporally averaged vertical temperature and heat flux profiles look like? 93 \item<3-> Is it really a large-eddy simulation, i.e. are the subgrid-scale fluxes much smaller than the resolved-scale fluxes? (How long should the averaging time interval be?)89 \item<3-> Is it really a large-eddy simulation, i.e., are the subgrid-scale fluxes much smaller than the resolved-scale fluxes? (How long should the averaging time interval be?) 94 90 \item<4-> How do the total kinetic energy and the maximum velocity components change in time? Has the flow become stationary? 95 91 \item<5-> Has the domain size and grid size been chosen appropriately? … … 126 122 \end{itemize} 127 123 128 \item<7-> Simulation time 129 \begin{itemize} 130 \scriptsize 131 \item[-]<7-> See parameter \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{end\_time}}. 132 \end{itemize} 124 \item<7-> Simulation time: See parameter \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{end\_time}} 133 125 134 126 \end{itemize} … … 217 209 \frametitle{$xy$-cross sections (instantaneous at $t = \unit[3600]{s}$)} 218 210 \begin{center} 219 \includegraphics[width=0.4 2\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_100.eps}220 \includegraphics[width=0.4 2\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_500.eps}\\221 \includegraphics[width=0.4 2\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_750.eps}211 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_100.eps} 212 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_500.eps}\\ 213 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xy_w_750.eps} 222 214 \end{center} 223 215 \end{frame} … … 226 218 \begin{frame} 227 219 \frametitle{$xz$-cross sections ($\unit[900]{s}$ average)} 228 \begin{center} 229 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y250m.eps} 230 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y500m.eps}\\ 231 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y750m.eps} 232 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y1000m.eps} 233 \end{center} 220 \includegraphics[width=0.52\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y250m.eps} 221 \includegraphics[width=0.52\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y500m.eps}\\ 222 \includegraphics[width=0.52\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y750m.eps} 223 \includegraphics[width=0.52\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/xz_w_y1000m.eps} 234 224 \end{frame} 235 225 236 226 % Folie 10 237 227 \begin{frame} 238 \frametitle{Vertical profiles (I)}228 \frametitle{Vertical profiles} 239 229 \begin{center} 240 230 \includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/pr_pt.eps} … … 246 236 \frametitle{LES?} 247 237 \begin{center} 248 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/pr_wpt2.eps} 249 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/pr_wpt_resolved.eps} 238 \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{exercise_cbl_figures/pr_wpt_res_sgs.eps} 250 239 \end{center} 251 240 \end{frame} … … 266 255 \end{center} 267 256 \end{frame} 257 258 259 \subsection{Answers} 260 261 % Folie 14 262 \begin{frame} 263 \frametitle{Answers to question I} 264 \footnotesize 265 How does the flow field look like after 60 minutes of simulated time? 266 \begin{itemize} 267 \item Useful output: for example instantaneous or time-averaged cross-sections of vertical velocity (frames 8--9). 268 \item Flow field shows narrower updrafts and broader downdrafts, cellular pattern close to the heated/cooled plates in xy-sections of 269 vertical velocity. 270 \item The temporal mean of vertical velocity exhibits a circulation spanning the whole depth of the model domain. 271 \end{itemize} 272 \end{frame} 273 274 % Folie 15 275 \begin{frame} 276 \frametitle{Answers to question II} 277 \footnotesize 278 How do the horizontally and temporally averaged vertical temperature and heat flux profiles look like? 279 \begin{itemize} 280 \item PALM standard profile output contains potential temperature and its vertical flux (shown in frame 10). 281 \item Heating the lower plate and cooling the upper plate induces convection resulting in a well-mixed boundary layer where the 282 potential temperature profile is constant with height. 283 Temperature gradients remain at the domain boundaries since convective turbulence cannot remove them in the vicinity of the walls. 284 \item In case of horizontal homogeneity, the temperature equation reduces to 285 $\frac{\partial\theta}{\partial t}=-\frac{\partial\overline{w^{\prime}\theta^{\prime}}}{\partial z}$ in the present case. In a 286 stationary state, it follows that $\frac{\partial\theta}{\partial t}= 0 $. Thus, the flux profile 287 $\overline{w^{\prime}\theta^{\prime}}$ has to be constant with height -- as can be seen in frame 10. 288 \item The total vertical heat flux is positive in the whole modeling domain indicating upward transport of warmer air 289 parcels and downward transport of colder air parcels. 290 \end{itemize} 291 \end{frame} 292 293 % Folie 16 294 \begin{frame} 295 \frametitle{Answers to question III} 296 \footnotesize 297 Is it really a large-eddy simulation? Duration of averaging time? 298 \begin{itemize} 299 \item It is a large-eddy simulation because the sub-grid fluxes are negligibly small throughout the bulk of the mixed layer. There, the 300 resolved flux is dominating the total flux indicating a well-resolved turbulent flow (frame 11). Sub-grid fluxes dominate close to 301 the surface where the turbulent-eddies cannot be resolved. 302 \item Typically, the averaging time should contain several large-eddy turnover times. The large-eddy turnover time can be defined as 303 $\tau_{\mathrm{l}}=L/u$ where $L$ is the length-scale of the largest eddies in the flow and $u$ is their typical velocity scale. 304 $\tau_{\mathrm{l}}$ can be interpreted as a typical time a turbulent eddy needs to traverse the modeling domain. In our case, 305 $L$ is proportional to the domain height ($L\approx1000\,\mathrm{m}$) and $u$ is about $5\,\mathrm{ms^{-1}}$ (see time series of 306 wmax on frame 12). Thus, $\tau_{\mathrm{l}}\approx200\,\mathrm{s}$. An averaging time of 600\,s chosen here 307 is, thus, appropriate. 308 \end{itemize} 309 \end{frame} 310 311 % Folie 17 312 \begin{frame} 313 \frametitle{Answers to question IV} 314 \footnotesize 315 Has the flow become stationary? 316 \begin{itemize} 317 \item The time series of total kinetic energy E and the maximum velocities wmax, umax and vmax shown in frames 12-13 exhibit 318 a spin-up phase of the model up to $t\approx2000\,\mathrm{s}$. During this initialization time, turbulence is triggered by 319 random perturbations until turbulence starts to develop. 320 \item A stationary state can be seen by means of an (almost) non-changing E with time. Constant maxima of the velocity 321 components also indicate a stationary flow. 322 \end{itemize} 323 \end{frame} 324 325 % Folie 18 326 \begin{frame} 327 \frametitle{Answers to question V} 328 \footnotesize 329 Has the domain size and grid size been chosen appropriately? 330 \begin{itemize} 331 \item A domain size is generally appropriately chosen in case that several of the dominating flow structures fit into the modeling 332 domain. From the xy-cross sections in frame 8 it becomes apparent that the typical hexagonal flow structures close to the 333 surface can hardly be seen. The xz-cross sections in frame 9 also contain only 334 one circulation. Thus, the domain size in our example seems to be too small to capture several energy-containing flow structures. 335 \item The grid size should be chosen in the way that the dominating flow structures can be represented by at least several 336 grid points (4-5). A grid spacing of 50~m as chosen in this exercise 337 is appropriate since the flow structures exhibit horizontal length scales of about 1~km (see frame 8). 338 \end{itemize} 339 \end{frame} 268 340 \end{document}
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