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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2007

Last change on this file since 2007 was 2001, checked in by knoop, 8 years ago
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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2001 2016-08-20 18:41:22Z kanani $
27	!
28	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
29	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
30	!
31	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
32	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
33	!
34	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
35	! Initial revision
36	!
37	!
38	! Description:
39	! ------------
40	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
41	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
42	!> (ADM-R).
43	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
44	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
45	!> yaw.
46	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
47	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
48	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
49	!> automatically).
50	!>
51	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
52	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
53	!> @todo Generate header information
54	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
55	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
56	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
57	!> @todo Include additional output variables
58	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
59	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
60	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
61	!
62	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
63	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
64
65	USE arrays_3d, &
66	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
67
68	USE constants
69
70	USE control_parameters, &
71	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
72
73	USE cpulog, &
74	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
75
76	USE grid_variables, &
77	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
78
79	USE indices, &
80	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
81	nzb, nzb_u_inner, nzb_v_inner, nzb_w_inner, nzt
82
83	USE kinds
84
85	USE pegrid
86
87
88	IMPLICIT NONE
89
90	PRIVATE
91
92	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
93
94	!
95	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
96
97	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
98	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
99
100	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
101	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
102	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
103
104	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
105	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
106	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
107	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
108	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
109	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
110
111	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
112	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
113	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
114	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
115	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
116	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
117	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
118	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
119	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
120	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
121	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
122
123	!
124	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
125	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
126
127	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
128	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
129	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg/m2]
130	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg/m2]
131	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
132	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
133	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
134	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
135	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
136	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
137	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
138	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
139	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
140	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
141
142
143	!
144	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
145
146	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
147	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
148	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
149
150	!
151	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
152	TYPE file_status
153	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
154	END TYPE file_status
155
156	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
157	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
158
159	!
160	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
161
162	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
163	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
164	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
165	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
166	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
167	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
168
169	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
170
171	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
172	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
173	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
174	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
175	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
176	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
177	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
178	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
179
180	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
181
182	!
183	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
184	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
185	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
186	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
187	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
188	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
189	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
190	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
191
192	!
193	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
194	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
195	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
196	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
198
199	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
200	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
201
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
204
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
207
208	!
209	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
210
211	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
212	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
213	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
214	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
215	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
216	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
217	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
218	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
219	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
220	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
221	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
222	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
223	!
224	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
225	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
226	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
227	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
228	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
229
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
232	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
234	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
237	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
241
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
244
245	!
246	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
251	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
252	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
253
254	!
255	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
259
260	!
261	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
265
266	!
267	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
271
272	!
273	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
277	!
278	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
280
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
290
291	!
292	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
293
294	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
295
296	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
297	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
298	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
299	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
300	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
301	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
302	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
303	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
304
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
310
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
312	!
313	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
314
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
322	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
325	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
326	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
327	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
328
329
330	SAVE
331
332
333	INTERFACE wtm_parin
334	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
335	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
336
337	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
338	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
339	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
340
341	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
342	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
343	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
344
345	INTERFACE wtm_init
346	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
347	END INTERFACE wtm_init
348
349	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
350	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
351	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
352
353	INTERFACE wtm_forces
354	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
355	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
356	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
357
358	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
359	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
360	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
361
362	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
363	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
364	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
365	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
366
367	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
368	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
369	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
370	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
371
372
373	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
374	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
375
376	CONTAINS
377
378
379	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
380	! Description:
381	! ------------
382	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
383	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
384	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
385
386
387	IMPLICIT NONE
388
389	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
390
391	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
392
393	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
394	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
395	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
396	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
397	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
398	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
399	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
400	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
401	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
402	yaw_control, yaw_speed
403
404	!
405	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
406	REWIND ( 11 )
407	line = ' '
408	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
409	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
410	ENDDO
411	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
412
413	!
414	!-- Read user-defined namelist
415	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
416
417	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
418	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
419	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
420	ENDIF
421
422	!
423	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
424	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
425
426	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
427
428
429	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
430
431	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
432
433
434	IMPLICIT NONE
435
436	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
437	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
438	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
439	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
440	ENDIF
441
442	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) <= 0.0 ) ) THEN
443	message_string = 'omega_rot <= 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
444	'a value larger than zero'
445	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
446	ENDIF
447
448
449	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
450	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
451	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
452
453	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
454	'have to be given for each turbine.'
455	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
456
457	ENDIF
458
459
460	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
461
462
463	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
464	! Description:
465	! ------------
466	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
467	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
468	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
469
470
471	IMPLICIT NONE
472
473	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
474	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
475
476	!
477	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
478	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
479
480	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
481	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
482
483	nrings(:) = 0
484	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
485
486	!
487	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
488	delta_r_factor = segment_width
489	delta_t_factor = segment_length
490	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
491	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
492
493	DO inot = 1, nturbines
494	!
495	!-- Determine number of rings:
496	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
497
498	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
499
500	ENDDO
501
502	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
503
504	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
505	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
506
507	nsegs(:,:) = 0
508	nsegs_total(:) = 0
509
510
511	DO inot = 1, nturbines
512	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
513	!
514	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
515	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
516	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
517	delta_t_factor ) )
518	ENDDO
519	!
520	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
521	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
522
523	ENDDO
524
525	!
526	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
527	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
528
529	!!
530	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
531	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
532	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
533	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
534	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
535	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
536	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
537	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
538	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
539	! ENDIF
540
541
542	!
543	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
544	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
545	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
546	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
547	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
548	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
549	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
550	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
551	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
552
553	!
554	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
555	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
556	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
557	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
558	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
559	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
560	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
561	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
562
563	!
564	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
565	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
566	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
567	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
568	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
569	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
570	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
571
572	!
573	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
574	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
575	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
576	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
577	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
578	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
579	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
580	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
581	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
582	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
583	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
584
585	!
586	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
587	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
588	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
589	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
590	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
591	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
592	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
593
594	!
595	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
596	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
597	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
598	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
599
600	!
601	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
602	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610
611	!
612	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
613	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
614	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
615	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
616	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
617	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
618	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
619
620	!
621	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
622	i_hub(:) = 0
623	i_smear(:) = 0
624	j_hub(:) = 0
625	j_smear(:) = 0
626	k_hub(:) = 0
627	k_smear(:) = 0
628
629	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
630	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
631
632	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
633	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
634	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
635	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
636	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
637	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
638	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
639
640	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
641	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
642	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
643
644	!
645	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
646	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
647	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
648	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
649	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
650	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
651	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
652	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
653	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
654	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
655	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
656
657	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
658	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
659	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
660	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
661	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
662	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
663
664	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
665	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
666	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
667	turb_cl_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
668	turb_cd_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
669
670	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
671	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
672	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
673	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
674	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
675	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
676	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
677	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
678
679	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
680	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
681	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
682	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
683	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
684	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
685
686
687	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
688
689
690	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
691	! Description:
692	! ------------
693	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
694	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
695	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
696
697
698	IMPLICIT NONE
699
700	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
701	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
702	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
703
704	!
705	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
706	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
707
708	!
709	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
710	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
711	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
712	!
713	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
714	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
715	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
716
717	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
718	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
719	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
720
721	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
722
723	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
724	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
725	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
726	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
727
728	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
729	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
730	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
731	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
732
733
734	IF ( speed_control) THEN
735
736	CALL wtm_speed_control
737
738	ENDIF
739
740	!
741	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
742	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
743	!-- (smearing of the forces)
744	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
745	!
746	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
747	!-- be calculated:
748
749	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
750	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
751	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
752	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
753	!
754	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
755	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
756	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
757	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
758	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
759	!
760	!-- Square of eps_min:
761	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
762	!
763	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
764	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
765	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
766	!
767	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
768	!-- function:
769	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
770
771	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
772	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
773
774	!
775	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
776	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
777
778
779	DO inot = 1, nturbines
780	!
781	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
782	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
783
784	!
785	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
786	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
787	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
788	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
789
790	!
791	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
792	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
793	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
794	!-- function of eps_min:
795	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
796	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
797	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
798
799	ENDDO
800
801	!
802	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
803	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
804	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
805	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
806	!
807	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
808	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
809
810	!
811	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
812	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
813	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
814
815	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
816
817	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
818
819
820	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
821	!
822	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
823	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
824	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
825	i = i_hub(inot)
826
827	!
828	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
829	!-- grid point indices):
830	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
831	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
832	!
833	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
834	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
835	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
836	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
837	!-- in grid box 1.
838	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
839	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
840
841	!
842	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
843	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
844	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
845	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
846
847	!
848	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
849	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
850	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
851
852	DO j = nys, nyn
853	!
854	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
855	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
856
857	DO k = nzb, nzt
858
859	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
860	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
861	!
862	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
863	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
864	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
865	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
866	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
867	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
868	turb_cd_tower(inot)
869	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
870	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
871	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
872	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
873	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
874	turb_cd_tower(inot)
875	!
876	!-- grid boxes inbetween
877	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
878	ELSE
879	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
880	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
881	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
882	ENDIF
883	!
884	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
885	ELSE
886	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
887	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
888	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
889	ENDIF
890	!
891	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
892	!-- are carried out:
893	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
894
895	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
896	!
897	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
898	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
899	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
900	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
901	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
902	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
903	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
904	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
905	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
906	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
907	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
908	!
909	!-- grid boxes inbetween
910	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
911	ELSE
912	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
913	ENDIF
914	!
915	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
916	ELSE
917	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
918	turb_cd_tower(inot)
919	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
920
921	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
922
923	ENDDO ! end loop over k
924
925	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
926
927	ENDDO ! end loop over j
928
929	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
930
931
932	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
933
934	!
935	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
936	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
937	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
938	!!
939	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
940	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
941	!!-- circle_points in the following):
942	!
943	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
944	!
945	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
946	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
947	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
948	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
949	!!
950	!!-- bottom intersection point
951	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
952	!!
953	!!-- top intersection point
954	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
955	! ELSE
956	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
957	! ENDIF
958	! ENDDO
959	!
960	!
961	! DO j = nys, nyn
962	!!
963	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
964	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
965	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
966	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
967	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
968	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
969	!!
970	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
971	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
972	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
973	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
974	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
975	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
976	!!
977	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
978	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
979	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
980	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
981	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
982	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
983	! dz_int = dz
984	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
985	!!
986	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
987	!!-- within the current grid box:
988	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
989	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
990	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
991	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
992	! ENDIF
993	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
994	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
995	! dz_int = dz_int - &
996	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
997	! ENDIF
998	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
999	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1000	! ENDIF
1001	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1002	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1003	! ENDIF
1004	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1005	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1006	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1007	! ENDIF
1008	! ENDDO
1009	! ENDIF
1010	! ENDDO
1011	! ENDIF
1012	!
1013	! ENDDO
1014	!
1015	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1016
1017	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1018
1019	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1020	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1021
1022	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1023
1024	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1025
1026
1027	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1028	! Description:
1029	! ------------
1030	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1031	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1032	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1033	!
1034	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1035
1036
1037	IMPLICIT NONE
1038
1039	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1040	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1041
1042	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1043
1044	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1045
1046	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1047	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1048	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1049	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1050	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1051	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1052	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1053	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1054	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1055	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1056
1057	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1058	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1059	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1060
1061	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1062	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1063
1064	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1065	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1066	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1067	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1068	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1069
1070	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1071	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1072	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1073	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1074	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1075
1076	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1077
1078	!
1079	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1080	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1081
1082	OPEN ( 201, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1083
1084	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1085	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1086	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1087	ENDIF
1088	!
1089	!-- Read distribution table:
1090
1091	dlen = 0
1092
1093	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1094
1095	rloop3: DO
1096	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1097	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1098	dlen = dlen + 1
1099	ENDDO rloop3
1100
1101	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1102
1103	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1104	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1105	ENDDO
1106
1107	DO jj = 1,dlen
1108	READ ( 201, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1109	ENDDO
1110
1111	!
1112	!-- Read layout table:
1113
1114	dlen = 0
1115
1116	READ ( 201, '(3/)')
1117
1118	rloop1: DO
1119	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1120	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1121	dlen = dlen + 1
1122	ENDDO rloop1
1123
1124	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1125	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1126	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1127	ENDDO
1128	DO jj = 1, dlen
1129	READ ( 201, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1130	ENDDO
1131
1132	!
1133	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1134
1135	dlen = 0
1136
1137	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1138
1139	rloop2: DO
1140	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1141	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1142	dlen = dlen + 1
1143	ENDDO rloop2
1144
1145	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1146	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1147
1148	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1149	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1150	ENDDO
1151
1152	DO jj = 1,dlen
1153	READ ( 201, * ) read_cl_cd
1154	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1155	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1156	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1157	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1158	ENDDO
1159
1160	ENDDO
1161
1162	dlenbl = dlen
1163
1164	CLOSE ( 201 )
1165
1166	!
1167	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1168	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1169	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1170	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1171	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1172
1173	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1174	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1175	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1176	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1177
1178	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1179	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1180
1181
1182	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1183	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1184
1185
1186	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1187
1188	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1189
1190	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1191	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1192	ialpha = 1
1193
1194	DO WHILE ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) )
1195	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1196	ENDDO
1197	!
1198	!-- Find position in table
1199	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1200	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1201
1202	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1203	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1204	ENDIF
1205
1206	trow = lct(1)
1207	!
1208	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1209	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1210	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1211	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1212	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1213
1214	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1215	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1216	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1217	ENDIF
1218
1219	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1220	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1221	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1222	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1223	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1224	ELSE
1225	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1226	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1227	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1228	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1229	ENDIF
1230
1231	!
1232	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1233	!-- segments and angles of attack
1234
1235	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1236	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1237	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1238	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1239	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1240	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1241	( alpha_attack_i - &
1242	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1243	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1244	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1245	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1246	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1247	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1248	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1249	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1250	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1251	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1252	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1253	( alpha_attack_i - &
1254	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1255	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1256	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1257	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1258	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1259
1260	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1261
1262	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1263
1264	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1265
1266
1267	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1268	! Description:
1269	! ------------
1270	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1271	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1272	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1273	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1274
1275
1276	IMPLICIT NONE
1277
1278	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1279	!
1280	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1281	!-- the rotors
1282	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1283	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1284	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1285
1286	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1287	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1288	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1289
1290	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1291	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1292	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1293
1294	!
1295	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1296	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1297
1298	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1299	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1300	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1301	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1302	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1303	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1304	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1305	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1306	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1307	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1308	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1309	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1310	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1311	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1312	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1313	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1314	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1315	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1316	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1317	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1318	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1319	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1320	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1321	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1322
1323	!
1324	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1325	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1326	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1327	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1328	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1329
1330	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1331
1332
1333	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1334	! Description:
1335	! ------------
1336	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1337	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1338	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1339
1340
1341	IMPLICIT NONE
1342
1343	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1344
1345	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1346	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1347	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1348	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1349	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1350	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1351
1352	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1353	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1354
1355	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1356	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1357
1358	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1359
1360
1361	!
1362	! Variables for pitch control
1363	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1364	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1365
1366	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1367	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1368
1369
1370	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1371
1372
1373	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1374
1375	!
1376	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1377	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1378	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1379	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1380	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1381	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1382	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1383	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1384	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1385	!
1386	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1387	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1388
1389	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1390	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1391	!
1392	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1393	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1394
1395	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1396	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1397	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1398	!
1399	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1400	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1401
1402	!
1403	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1404	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1405	!
1406	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1407	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1408	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1409	!
1410	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1411	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1412	!-- with y-axis):
1413	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1414	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1415	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1416
1417	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1418	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1419	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1420	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1421	re(3) = sin_rot
1422
1423	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1424	!
1425	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1426	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1427	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1428	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1429
1430	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1431	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1432	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1433	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1434	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1435
1436	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1437	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1438
1439	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1440	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1441
1442	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1443	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1444
1445	!
1446	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1447
1448	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1449	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1450	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1451	!
1452	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1453	!-- the current PE:
1454	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1455	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1456
1457	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1458	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1459	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1460	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1461	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1462	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1463	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1464	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1465	gg = dx * dy
1466
1467	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1468	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1469	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1470	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1471	) / gg
1472
1473	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1474	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1475	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1476	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1477	) / gg
1478
1479	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1480	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1481	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1482
1483	ELSE
1484	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1485	ENDIF
1486	ELSE
1487	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1488	ENDIF
1489
1490
1491	!
1492	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1493	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1494	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1495	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1496	!
1497	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1498	!-- the current PE:
1499	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1500	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1501
1502	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1503	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1504	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1505	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1506	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1507	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1508	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1509	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1510	gg = dx * dy
1511
1512	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1513	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1514	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1515	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1516	) / gg
1517
1518	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1519	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1520	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1521	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1522	) / gg
1523
1524	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1525	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1526	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1527
1528	ELSE
1529	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1530	ENDIF
1531	ELSE
1532	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1533	ENDIF
1534
1535
1536	!
1537	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1538	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1539	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1540	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1541	!
1542	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1543	!-- the current PE:
1544	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1545	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1546
1547	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1548	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1549	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1550	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1551	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1552	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1553	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1554	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1555	gg = dx * dy
1556
1557	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1558	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1559	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1560	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1561	) / gg
1562
1563	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1564	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1565	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1566	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1567	) / gg
1568
1569	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1570	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1571	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1572	ELSE
1573	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1574	ENDIF
1575	ELSE
1576	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1577	ENDIF
1578
1579	ENDDO
1580	ENDDO
1581
1582	ENDDO
1583
1584	!
1585	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1586	#if defined( __parallel )
1587	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1588	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1589	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1590	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1591	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1592	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1593	#else
1594	u_int = u_int_1_l
1595	v_int = v_int_1_l
1596	w_int = w_int_1_l
1597	#endif
1598
1599
1600	!
1601	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1602
1603	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1604	pit_loop: DO
1605
1606	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1607	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1608	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1609	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1610	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1611	ELSE
1612	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1613	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1614	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1615	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1616	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1617	ENDIF
1618	ENDIF
1619
1620	!
1621	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1622	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1623	!
1624	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1625	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1626	!
1627	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1628	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1629	!
1630	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1631	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1632	!-- with y-axis):
1633	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1634	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1635	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1636	!
1637	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1638	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1639	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1640	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1641	re(3) = sin_rot
1642
1643	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1644	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1645	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1646	rea(3) = cos_rot
1647
1648	!
1649	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1650	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1651	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1652	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1653	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1654	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1655	!
1656	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1657	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1658	!-- tilt:
1659	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1660	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1661	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1662	!
1663	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1664	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1665
1666	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1667
1668	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1669
1670	!
1671	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1672	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1673	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1674	!
1675	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1676	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1677	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1678	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1679	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1680	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1681	!
1682	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1683	!
1684	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1685	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1686	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1687	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1688	!
1689	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1690	!-- direction:
1691	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1692	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1693	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1694	!
1695	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1696	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1697
1698	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1699	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1700	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1701
1702	!
1703	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1704	!-- to the current radial position:
1705
1706	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1707	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1708
1709	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1710	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1711	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1712	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1713	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1714	ELSE
1715	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1716	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1717	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1718	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1719	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1720	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1721	ENDIF
1722
1723	!
1724	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1725	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1726	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1727	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1728	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1729	!
1730	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1731	!-- angle of attack:
1732	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1733	!
1734	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1735	!-- to angles given in degree:
1736	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1737	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1738	!
1739	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1740	alpha_attack = alpha_attack + pitch_add(inot)
1741
1742	!
1743	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1744	!-- to the rotor:
1745	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1746	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1747	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1748
1749	!
1750	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1751	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1752	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1753	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1754
1755	!
1756	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1757	!-- the current radial position:
1758
1759	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1760	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1761	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1762	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1763	ELSE
1764	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1765	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1766	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1767	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1768	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1769	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1770	ENDIF
1771
1772	!
1773	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1774	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1775	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1776	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1777	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1778	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1779	!
1780	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1781	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1782	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1783	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1784	!
1785	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1786	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1787	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1788	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1789
1790	!
1791	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1792	!-- angles given in radian:
1793	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1794	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1795
1796	!
1797	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1798	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1799	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1800
1801	!
1802	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1803
1804	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1805	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1806
1807	!
1808	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1809	!-- for each ring segment:
1810	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1811	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1812	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1813
1814	!
1815	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1816	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1817	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1818	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1819	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1820	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1821	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1822	!
1823	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1824	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1825	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1826
1827	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1828	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1829
1830	!
1831	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1832	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1833	thrust_seg(rseg)
1834
1835
1836	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1837
1838	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1839
1840	!
1841	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1842	!-- each ring:
1843	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1844	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1845	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1846
1847
1848	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1849
1850
1851	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1852
1853
1854	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1855	!
1856	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1857
1858	!
1859	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1860	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1861	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1862	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1863	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1864	( inertia_rot + &
1865	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1866
1867	!
1868	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1869	!-- and rotor speed
1870	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1871
1872	ENDIF
1873
1874	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1875
1876	!
1877	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1878	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1879	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1880	!-- gain
1881	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1882	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1883	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1884	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1885	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1886	!
1887	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1888	CYCLE pit_loop
1889	ENDIF
1890
1891	!
1892	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1893	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1894	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1895	ENDIF
1896	EXIT pit_loop
1897	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1898
1899
1900	!
1901	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1902
1903	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1904	!
1905	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1906	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1907	THEN
1908	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1909	THEN
1910	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1911	ENDIF
1912	ENDIF
1913
1914	ENDIF
1915
1916
1917	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1918
1919	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1920
1921
1922	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1923	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1924	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1925	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1926	!
1927	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1928	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1929	!
1930	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1931	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1932	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1933	!-- consideration
1934	!
1935	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1936	!-- of the model domain:
1937	!
1938	!--
1939	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1940	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1941	eps_min ) / dx )
1942	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1943	eps_min ) / dy )
1944
1945	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1946	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1947	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1948	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1949	DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1950	k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1951	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1952	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1953	!
1954	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1955	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
1956	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1957	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1958	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1959	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1960	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1961	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1962	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1963	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1964	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1965
1966	!
1967	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
1968	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
1969	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
1970	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
1971	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
1972	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1973	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
1974	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
1975	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
1976	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1977	ENDIF
1978	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1979	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
1980	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
1981	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) *&
1982	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1983	ENDIF
1984	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1985	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
1986	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
1987	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) *&
1988	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1989	ENDIF
1990
1991	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
1992	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
1993
1994	!
1995	!-- Rotation of force components:
1996	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + &
1997	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
1998	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
1999	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1)
2000
2001	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + &
2002	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2003	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2004	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2)
2005
2006	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + &
2007	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2008	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2009	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3)
2010
2011	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2012	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2013	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2014
2015	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2016
2017	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2018
2019
2020	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2021	!
2022	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2023	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2024	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2025	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2026	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2027	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2028	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2029
2030	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2031	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2032	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2033	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2034	start_up = .FALSE.
2035	ENDIF
2036
2037	!
2038	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2039	!--
2040	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2041	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2042	!
2043	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2044	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2045	THEN
2046	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2047	THEN
2048
2049	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2050
2051	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2052	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2053	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2054	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2055	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2056
2057	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2058
2059	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2060
2061	ENDIF
2062	ENDIF
2063
2064	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2065
2066	!
2067	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2068	#if defined( __parallel )
2069	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2070	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2071	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2072	comm2d, ierr )
2073	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2074	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2075	#else
2076	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2077	wdir = wdir_l
2078	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2079	#endif
2080	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2081	!
2082	!-- Update rotor orientation
2083	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2084
2085	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2086
2087	END IF
2088
2089	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2090	!
2091	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2092	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2093	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2094	#if defined( __parallel )
2095	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2096	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2097	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2098	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2099	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2100	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2101	#else
2102	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2103	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2104	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2105	#endif
2106
2107	ENDIF
2108
2109	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2110
2111	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2112	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2113	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2114	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2115	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2116	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2117	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2118	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2119	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2120	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2121
2122	ELSE
2123
2124	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2125	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2126	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2127	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2128	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2129	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2130	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2131	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2132	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2133	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2134	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2135	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2136	ENDIF
2137	ENDIF
2138
2139	!-- Set open flag
2140	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2141	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2142
2143	ENDIF
2144
2145	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2146
2147	!
2148	!-- Formats
2149	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2150	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2151	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2152	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2153	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2154
2155	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2156	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2157
2158
2159	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2160
2161
2162	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2163	! Description:
2164	! ------------
2165	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2166	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2167	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2168
2169	USE constants
2170	USE kinds
2171
2172	IMPLICIT NONE
2173
2174	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2175	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2176	REAL(wp) :: missal
2177
2178	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2179
2180	!
2181	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2182	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2183	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2184	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2185	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2186	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2187	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2188	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2189	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2190	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2191	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2192	!
2193	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2194	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2195	!
2196	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2197	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2198	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2199	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2200	!
2201	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2202	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2203
2204	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2205	!
2206	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2207	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2208	!
2209	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2210	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2211	!
2212	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2213	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2214	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2215	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2216	ENDIF
2217	ENDIF
2218
2219	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2220
2221	!
2222	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2223	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2224	!-- than min_miss
2225
2226	ELSE
2227	!
2228	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2229	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2230	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2231	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2232	!
2233	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2234	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2235	!
2236	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2237	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2238	!
2239	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2240	!-- yaw direction is still right
2241	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2242	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2243	!
2244	!-- Continue yawing
2245	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2246	ELSE
2247	!
2248	!-- Stop yawing
2249	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2250	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2251	ENDIF
2252	ELSE
2253	!
2254	!-- Continue yawing
2255	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2256	ENDIF
2257
2258	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2259
2260	ENDIF
2261
2262	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2263
2264
2265	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2266	! Description:
2267	! ------------
2268	!> Initialization of the speed control
2269	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2270	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2271
2272
2273	IMPLICIT NONE
2274
2275	!
2276	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2277	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2278	!
2279	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2280	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2281	!
2282	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2283	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2284	!
2285	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2286	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2287	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2288	!
2289	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2290	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2291	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2292	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2293	!
2294	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2295	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2296	!
2297	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2298	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2299	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2300
2301	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2302
2303
2304	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2305	! Description:
2306	! ------------
2307	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2308	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2309	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2310
2311
2312	IMPLICIT NONE
2313
2314	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2315
2316
2317
2318	!
2319	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2320	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2321	!-- offshore system developement"
2322
2323	!
2324	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2325	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2326	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2327	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2328	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2329
2330	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2331	!
2332	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2333	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2334
2335	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2336	!
2337	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2338	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2339
2340	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2341	!
2342	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2343	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2344	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2345
2346	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2347	!
2348	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2349	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2350
2351	ELSE
2352	!
2353	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2354	!-- keep the power constant:
2355	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2356
2357	ENDIF
2358	!
2359	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2360	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2361	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2362	!
2363	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2364	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2365	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2366	!
2367	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2368	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2369
2370
2371	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2372
2373
2374	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2375	! Description:
2376	! ------------
2377	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2378	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2379	!> Call for all grid points
2380	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2381	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2382
2383
2384	IMPLICIT NONE
2385
2386	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2387	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2388	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2389	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2390
2391
2392	SELECT CASE ( component )
2393
2394	CASE ( 1 )
2395	!
2396	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2397	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2398	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2399	DO j = nysg, nyng
2400	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2401	!
2402	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2403	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2404	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2405	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2406	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2407
2408	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2409	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2410	ENDDO
2411	ENDDO
2412	ENDDO
2413	ENDIF
2414
2415	CASE ( 2 )
2416	!
2417	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2418	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2419	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2420	DO j = nysg, nyng
2421	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2422	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2423	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2424	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2425	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2426	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2427	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2428	ENDDO
2429	ENDDO
2430	ENDDO
2431	ENDIF
2432
2433	CASE ( 3 )
2434	!
2435	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2436	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2437	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2438	DO j = nysg, nyng
2439	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2440	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2441	ENDDO
2442	ENDDO
2443	ENDDO
2444	ENDIF
2445
2446
2447	CASE DEFAULT
2448
2449	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2450	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2451
2452	END SELECT
2453
2454
2455	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2456
2457
2458	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2459	! Description:
2460	! ------------
2461	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2462	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2463	!> Call for grid point i,j
2464	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2465	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2466
2467
2468	IMPLICIT NONE
2469
2470	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2471	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2472	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2473	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2474
2475	SELECT CASE ( component )
2476
2477	CASE ( 1 )
2478	!
2479	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2480	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2481
2482	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2483	!
2484	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2485	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2486	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2487	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2488	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2489	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2490	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2491	ENDDO
2492	ENDIF
2493
2494	CASE ( 2 )
2495	!
2496	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2497	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2498	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2499	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2500	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2501	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2502	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2503	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2504	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2505	ENDDO
2506	ENDIF
2507
2508	CASE ( 3 )
2509	!
2510	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2511	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2512	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2513	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2514	ENDDO
2515	ENDIF
2516
2517
2518	CASE DEFAULT
2519
2520	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2521	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2522
2523	END SELECT
2524
2525
2526	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2527
2528	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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