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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2000

Last change on this file since 2000 was 2000, checked in by knoop, 8 years ago
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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop $
27	!
28	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
29	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
30	!
31	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
32	! Initial revision
33	!
34	!
35	! Description:
36	! ------------
37	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
38	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
39	!> (ADM-R).
40	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
41	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
42	!> yaw.
43	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
44	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
45	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
46	!> automatically).
47	!>
48	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
49	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
50	!> @todo Generate header information
51	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
52	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
53	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
54	!> @todo Include additional output variables
55	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
56	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
57	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
58	!
59	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
60	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
61
62	USE arrays_3d, &
63	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
64
65	USE constants
66
67	USE control_parameters, &
68	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
69
70	USE cpulog, &
71	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
72
73	USE grid_variables, &
74	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
75
76	USE indices, &
77	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
78	nzb, nzb_u_inner, nzb_v_inner, nzb_w_inner, nzt
79
80	USE kinds
81
82	USE pegrid
83
84
85	IMPLICIT NONE
86
87	PRIVATE
88
89	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
90
91	!
92	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
93
94	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
95	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
96
97	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
98	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
99	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
100
101	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
102	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
103	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
104	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
105	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
106	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
107
108	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
109	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
110	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
111	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
112	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
113	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
114	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
115	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
116	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
117	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
118	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
119
120	!
121	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
122	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
123
124	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
125	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
126	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg/m2]
127	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg/m2]
128	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
129	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
130	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
131	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
132	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
133	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
134	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
135	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
136	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
137	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
138
139
140	!
141	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
142
143	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
144	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
145	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
146
147	!
148	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
149	TYPE file_status
150	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
151	END TYPE file_status
152
153	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
154	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
155
156	!
157	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
158
159	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
160	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
161	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
162	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
163	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
164	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
165
166	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
167
168	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
169	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
170	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
171	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
172	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
173	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
174	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
175	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
176
177	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
178
179	!
180	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
181	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
182	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
183	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
184	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
185	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
186	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
187	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
188
189	!
190	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
191	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
192	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
193	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
194	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
195
196	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
197	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
198
199	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
200	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
201
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
204
205	!
206	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
207
208	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
209	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
210	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
211	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
212	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
213	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
214	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
215	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
216	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
217	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
218	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
219	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
220	!
221	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
222	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
223	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
224	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
225	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
226
227	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
228	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
229	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
232	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
234	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
237	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
238
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
241
242	!
243	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
246	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
250
251	!
252	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
256
257	!
258	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
262
263	!
264	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
268
269	!
270	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
274	!
275	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
277
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
287
288	!
289	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
290
291	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
292
293	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
294	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
295	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
296	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
297	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
298	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
299	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
300	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
301
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
307
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
309	!
310	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
311
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
322	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
323	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
324	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
325
326
327	SAVE
328
329
330	INTERFACE wtm_parin
331	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
332	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
333
334	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
335	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
336	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
337
338	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
339	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
340	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
341
342	INTERFACE wtm_init
343	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
344	END INTERFACE wtm_init
345
346	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
347	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
348	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
349
350	INTERFACE wtm_forces
351	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
352	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
353	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
354
355	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
356	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
357	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
358
359	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
360	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
361	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
362	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
363
364	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
365	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
366	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
367	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
368
369
370	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
371	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
372
373	CONTAINS
374
375
376	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
377	! Description:
378	! ------------
379	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
380	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
381	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
382
383
384	IMPLICIT NONE
385
386	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
387
388	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
389
390	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
391	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
392	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
393	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
394	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
395	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
396	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
397	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
398	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
399	yaw_control, yaw_speed
400
401	!
402	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
403	REWIND ( 11 )
404	line = ' '
405	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
406	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
407	ENDDO
408	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
409
410	!
411	!-- Read user-defined namelist
412	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
413
414	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
415	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
416	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
417	ENDIF
418
419	!
420	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
421	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
422
423	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
424
425
426	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
427
428	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
429
430
431	IMPLICIT NONE
432
433	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
434	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
435	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
436	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
437	ENDIF
438
439	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) <= 0.0 ) ) THEN
440	message_string = 'omega_rot <= 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
441	'a value larger than zero'
442	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
443	ENDIF
444
445
446	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
447	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
448	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
449
450	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
451	'have to be given for each turbine.'
452	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
453
454	ENDIF
455
456
457	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
458
459
460	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
461	! Description:
462	! ------------
463	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
464	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
465	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
466
467
468	IMPLICIT NONE
469
470	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
471	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
472
473	!
474	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
475	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
476
477	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
478	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
479
480	nrings(:) = 0
481	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
482
483	!
484	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
485	delta_r_factor = segment_width
486	delta_t_factor = segment_length
487	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
488	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
489
490	DO inot = 1, nturbines
491	!
492	!-- Determine number of rings:
493	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
494
495	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
496
497	ENDDO
498
499	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
500
501	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
502	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
503
504	nsegs(:,:) = 0
505	nsegs_total(:) = 0
506
507
508	DO inot = 1, nturbines
509	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
510	!
511	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
512	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
513	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
514	delta_t_factor ) )
515	ENDDO
516	!
517	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
518	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
519
520	ENDDO
521
522	!
523	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
524	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
525
526	!!
527	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
528	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
529	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
530	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
531	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
532	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
533	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
534	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
535	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
536	! ENDIF
537
538
539	!
540	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
541	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
542	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
543	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
544	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
545	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
546	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
547	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
548	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
549
550	!
551	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
552	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
553	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
554	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
555	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
556	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
557	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
558	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
559
560	!
561	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
562	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
563	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
564	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
565	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
566	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
567	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
568
569	!
570	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
571	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
572	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
573	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
574	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
575	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
576	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
577	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
578	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
579	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
580	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
581
582	!
583	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
584	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
585	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
586	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
587	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
588	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
589	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
590
591	!
592	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
593	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
594	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
595	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
596
597	!
598	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
599	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
601	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
602	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607
608	!
609	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
610	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
611	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
612	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
613	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
614	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
615	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
616
617	!
618	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
619	i_hub(:) = 0
620	i_smear(:) = 0
621	j_hub(:) = 0
622	j_smear(:) = 0
623	k_hub(:) = 0
624	k_smear(:) = 0
625
626	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
627	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
628
629	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
630	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
631	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
632	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
633	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
634	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
635	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
636
637	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
638	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
639	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
640
641	!
642	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
643	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
644	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
645	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
646	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
647	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
648	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
649	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
650	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
651	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
652	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
653
654	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
655	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
656	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
657	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
658	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
659	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
660
661	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
662	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
663	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
664	turb_cl_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
665	turb_cd_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
666
667	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
668	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
669	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
670	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
671	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
672	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
673	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
674	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
675
676	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
677	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
678	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
679	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
680	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
681	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
682
683
684	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
685
686
687	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
688	! Description:
689	! ------------
690	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
691	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
692	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
693
694
695	IMPLICIT NONE
696
697	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
698	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
699	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
700
701	!
702	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
703	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
704
705	!
706	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
707	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
708	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
709	!
710	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
711	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
712	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
713
714	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
715	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
716	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
717
718	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
719
720	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
721	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
722	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
723	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
724
725	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
726	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
727	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
728	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
729
730
731	IF ( speed_control) THEN
732
733	CALL wtm_speed_control
734
735	ENDIF
736
737	!
738	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
739	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
740	!-- (smearing of the forces)
741	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
742	!
743	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
744	!-- be calculated:
745
746	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
747	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
748	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
749	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
750	!
751	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
752	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
753	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
754	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
755	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
756	!
757	!-- Square of eps_min:
758	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
759	!
760	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
761	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
762	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
763	!
764	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
765	!-- function:
766	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
767
768	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
769	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
770
771	!
772	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
773	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
774
775
776	DO inot = 1, nturbines
777	!
778	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
779	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
780
781	!
782	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
783	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
784	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
785	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
786
787	!
788	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
789	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
790	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
791	!-- function of eps_min:
792	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
793	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
794	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
795
796	ENDDO
797
798	!
799	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
800	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
801	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
802	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
803	!
804	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
805	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
806
807	!
808	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
809	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
810	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
811
812	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
813
814	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
815
816
817	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
818	!
819	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
820	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
821	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
822	i = i_hub(inot)
823
824	!
825	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
826	!-- grid point indices):
827	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
828	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
829	!
830	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
831	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
832	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
833	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
834	!-- in grid box 1.
835	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
836	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
837
838	!
839	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
840	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
841	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
842	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
843
844	!
845	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
846	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
847	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
848
849	DO j = nys, nyn
850	!
851	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
852	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
853
854	DO k = nzb, nzt
855
856	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
857	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
858	!
859	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
860	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
861	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
862	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
863	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
864	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
865	turb_cd_tower(inot)
866	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
867	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
868	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
869	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
870	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
871	turb_cd_tower(inot)
872	!
873	!-- grid boxes inbetween
874	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
875	ELSE
876	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
877	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
878	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
879	ENDIF
880	!
881	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
882	ELSE
883	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
884	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
885	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
886	ENDIF
887	!
888	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
889	!-- are carried out:
890	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
891
892	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
893	!
894	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
895	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
896	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
897	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
898	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
899	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
900	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
901	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
902	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
903	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
904	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
905	!
906	!-- grid boxes inbetween
907	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
908	ELSE
909	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
910	ENDIF
911	!
912	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
913	ELSE
914	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
915	turb_cd_tower(inot)
916	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
917
918	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
919
920	ENDDO ! end loop over k
921
922	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
923
924	ENDDO ! end loop over j
925
926	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
927
928
929	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
930
931	!
932	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
933	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
934	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
935	!!
936	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
937	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
938	!!-- circle_points in the following):
939	!
940	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
941	!
942	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
943	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
944	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
945	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
946	!!
947	!!-- bottom intersection point
948	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
949	!!
950	!!-- top intersection point
951	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
952	! ELSE
953	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
954	! ENDIF
955	! ENDDO
956	!
957	!
958	! DO j = nys, nyn
959	!!
960	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
961	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
962	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
963	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
964	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
965	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
966	!!
967	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
968	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
969	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
970	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
971	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
972	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
973	!!
974	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
975	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
976	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
977	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
978	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
979	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
980	! dz_int = dz
981	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
982	!!
983	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
984	!!-- within the current grid box:
985	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
986	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
987	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
988	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
989	! ENDIF
990	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
991	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
992	! dz_int = dz_int - &
993	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
994	! ENDIF
995	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
996	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
997	! ENDIF
998	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
999	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1000	! ENDIF
1001	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1002	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1003	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1004	! ENDIF
1005	! ENDDO
1006	! ENDIF
1007	! ENDDO
1008	! ENDIF
1009	!
1010	! ENDDO
1011	!
1012	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1013
1014	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1015
1016	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1017	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1018
1019	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1020
1021	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1022
1023
1024	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1025	! Description:
1026	! ------------
1027	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1028	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1029	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1030	!
1031	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1032
1033
1034	IMPLICIT NONE
1035
1036	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1037	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1038
1039	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1040
1041	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1042
1043	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1044	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1045	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1046	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1047	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1048	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1049	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1050	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1051	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1052	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1053
1054	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1055	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1056	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1057
1058	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1059	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1060
1061	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1062	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1063	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1064	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1065	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1066
1067	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1068	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1069	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1070	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1071	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1072
1073	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1074
1075	!
1076	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1077	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1078
1079	OPEN ( 201, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1080
1081	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1082	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1083	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1084	ENDIF
1085	!
1086	!-- Read distribution table:
1087
1088	dlen = 0
1089
1090	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1091
1092	rloop3: DO
1093	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1094	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1095	dlen = dlen + 1
1096	ENDDO rloop3
1097
1098	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1099
1100	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1101	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1102	ENDDO
1103
1104	DO jj = 1,dlen
1105	READ ( 201, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1106	ENDDO
1107
1108	!
1109	!-- Read layout table:
1110
1111	dlen = 0
1112
1113	READ ( 201, '(3/)')
1114
1115	rloop1: DO
1116	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1117	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1118	dlen = dlen + 1
1119	ENDDO rloop1
1120
1121	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1122	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1123	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1124	ENDDO
1125	DO jj = 1, dlen
1126	READ ( 201, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1127	ENDDO
1128
1129	!
1130	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1131
1132	dlen = 0
1133
1134	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1135
1136	rloop2: DO
1137	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1138	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1139	dlen = dlen + 1
1140	ENDDO rloop2
1141
1142	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1143	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1144
1145	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1146	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1147	ENDDO
1148
1149	DO jj = 1,dlen
1150	READ ( 201, * ) read_cl_cd
1151	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1152	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1153	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1154	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1155	ENDDO
1156
1157	ENDDO
1158
1159	dlenbl = dlen
1160
1161	CLOSE ( 201 )
1162
1163	!
1164	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1165	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1166	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1167	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1168	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1169
1170	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1171	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1172	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1173	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1174
1175	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1176	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1177
1178
1179	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1180	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1181
1182
1183	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1184
1185	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1186
1187	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1188	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1189	ialpha = 1
1190
1191	DO WHILE ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) )
1192	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1193	ENDDO
1194	!
1195	!-- Find position in table
1196	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1197	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1198
1199	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1200	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1201	ENDIF
1202
1203	trow = lct(1)
1204	!
1205	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1206	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1207	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1208	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1209	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1210
1211	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1212	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1213	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1214	ENDIF
1215
1216	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1217	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1218	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1219	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1220	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1221	ELSE
1222	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1223	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1224	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1225	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1226	ENDIF
1227
1228	!
1229	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1230	!-- segments and angles of attack
1231
1232	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1233	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1234	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1235	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1236	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1237	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1238	( alpha_attack_i - &
1239	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1240	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1241	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1242	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1243	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1244	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1245	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1246	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1247	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1248	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1249	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1250	( alpha_attack_i - &
1251	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1252	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1253	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1254	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1255	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1256
1257	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1258
1259	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1260
1261	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1262
1263
1264	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1265	! Description:
1266	! ------------
1267	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1268	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1269	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1270	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1271
1272
1273	IMPLICIT NONE
1274
1275	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1276	!
1277	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1278	!-- the rotors
1279	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1280	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1281	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1282
1283	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1284	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1285	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1286
1287	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1288	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1289	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1290
1291	!
1292	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1293	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1294
1295	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1296	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1297	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1298	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1299	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1300	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1301	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1302	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1303	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1304	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1305	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1306	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1307	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1308	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1309	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1310	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1311	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1312	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1313	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1314	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1315	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1316	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1317	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1318	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1319
1320	!
1321	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1322	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1323	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1324	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1325	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1326
1327	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1328
1329
1330	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1331	! Description:
1332	! ------------
1333	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1335	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1336
1337
1338	IMPLICIT NONE
1339
1340	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1341
1342	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1343	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1344	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1345	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1346	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1347	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1348
1349	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1350	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1351
1352	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1353	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1354
1355	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1356
1357
1358	!
1359	! Variables for pitch control
1360	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1361	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1362
1363	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1364	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1365
1366
1367	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1368
1369
1370	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1371
1372	!
1373	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1374	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1375	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1376	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1377	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1378	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1379	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1380	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1381	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1382	!
1383	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1384	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1385
1386	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1387	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1388	!
1389	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1390	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1391
1392	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1393	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1394	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1395	!
1396	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1397	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1398
1399	!
1400	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1401	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1402	!
1403	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1404	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1405	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1406	!
1407	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1408	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1409	!-- with y-axis):
1410	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1411	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1412	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1413
1414	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1415	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1416	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1417	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1418	re(3) = sin_rot
1419
1420	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1421	!
1422	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1423	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1424	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1425	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1426
1427	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1428	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1429	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1430	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1431	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1432
1433	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1434	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1435
1436	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1437	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1438
1439	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1440	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1441
1442	!
1443	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1444
1445	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1446	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1447	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1448	!
1449	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1450	!-- the current PE:
1451	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1452	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1453
1454	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1455	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1456	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1457	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1458	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1459	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1460	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1461	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1462	gg = dx * dy
1463
1464	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1465	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1466	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1467	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1468	) / gg
1469
1470	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1471	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1472	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1473	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1474	) / gg
1475
1476	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1477	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1478	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1479
1480	ELSE
1481	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1482	ENDIF
1483	ELSE
1484	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1485	ENDIF
1486
1487
1488	!
1489	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1490	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1491	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1492	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1493	!
1494	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1495	!-- the current PE:
1496	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1497	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1498
1499	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1500	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1501	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1502	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1503	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1504	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1505	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1506	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1507	gg = dx * dy
1508
1509	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1510	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1511	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1512	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1513	) / gg
1514
1515	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1516	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1517	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1518	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1519	) / gg
1520
1521	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1522	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1523	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1524
1525	ELSE
1526	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1527	ENDIF
1528	ELSE
1529	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1530	ENDIF
1531
1532
1533	!
1534	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1535	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1536	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1537	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1538	!
1539	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1540	!-- the current PE:
1541	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1542	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1543
1544	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1545	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1546	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1547	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1548	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1549	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1550	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1551	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1552	gg = dx * dy
1553
1554	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1555	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1556	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1557	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1558	) / gg
1559
1560	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1561	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1562	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1563	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1564	) / gg
1565
1566	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1567	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1568	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1569	ELSE
1570	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1571	ENDIF
1572	ELSE
1573	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1574	ENDIF
1575
1576	ENDDO
1577	ENDDO
1578
1579	ENDDO
1580
1581	!
1582	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1583	#if defined( __parallel )
1584	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1585	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1586	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1587	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1588	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1589	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1590	#else
1591	u_int = u_int_1_l
1592	v_int = v_int_1_l
1593	w_int = w_int_1_l
1594	#endif
1595
1596
1597	!
1598	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1599
1600	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1601	pit_loop: DO
1602
1603	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1604	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1605	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1606	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1607	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1608	ELSE
1609	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1610	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1611	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1612	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1613	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1614	ENDIF
1615	ENDIF
1616
1617	!
1618	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1619	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1620	!
1621	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1622	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1623	!
1624	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1625	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1626	!
1627	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1628	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1629	!-- with y-axis):
1630	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1631	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1632	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1633	!
1634	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1635	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1636	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1637	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1638	re(3) = sin_rot
1639
1640	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1641	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1642	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1643	rea(3) = cos_rot
1644
1645	!
1646	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1647	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1648	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1649	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1650	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1651	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1652	!
1653	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1654	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1655	!-- tilt:
1656	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1657	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1658	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1659	!
1660	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1661	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1662
1663	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1664
1665	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1666
1667	!
1668	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1669	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1670	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1671	!
1672	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1673	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1674	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1675	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1676	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1677	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1678	!
1679	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1680	!
1681	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1682	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1683	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1684	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1685	!
1686	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1687	!-- direction:
1688	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1689	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1690	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1691	!
1692	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1693	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1694
1695	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1696	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1697	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1698
1699	!
1700	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1701	!-- to the current radial position:
1702
1703	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1704	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1705
1706	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1707	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1708	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1709	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1710	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1711	ELSE
1712	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1713	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1714	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1715	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1716	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1717	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1718	ENDIF
1719
1720	!
1721	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1722	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1723	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1724	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1725	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1726	!
1727	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1728	!-- angle of attack:
1729	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1730	!
1731	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1732	!-- to angles given in degree:
1733	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1734	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1735	!
1736	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1737	alpha_attack = alpha_attack + pitch_add(inot)
1738
1739	!
1740	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1741	!-- to the rotor:
1742	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1743	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1744	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1745
1746	!
1747	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1748	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1749	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1750	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1751
1752	!
1753	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1754	!-- the current radial position:
1755
1756	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1757	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1758	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1759	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1760	ELSE
1761	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1762	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1763	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1764	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1765	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1766	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1767	ENDIF
1768
1769	!
1770	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1771	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1772	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1773	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1774	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1775	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1776	!
1777	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1778	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1779	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1780	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1781	!
1782	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1783	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1784	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1785	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1786
1787	!
1788	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1789	!-- angles given in radian:
1790	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1791	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1792
1793	!
1794	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1795	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1796	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1797
1798	!
1799	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1800
1801	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1802	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1803
1804	!
1805	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1806	!-- for each ring segment:
1807	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1808	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1809	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1810
1811	!
1812	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1813	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1814	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1815	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1816	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1817	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1818	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1819	!
1820	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1821	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1822	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1823
1824	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1825	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1826
1827	!
1828	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1829	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1830	thrust_seg(rseg)
1831
1832
1833	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1834
1835	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1836
1837	!
1838	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1839	!-- each ring:
1840	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1841	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1842	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1843
1844
1845	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1846
1847
1848	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1849
1850
1851	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1852	!
1853	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1854
1855	!
1856	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1857	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1858	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1859	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1860	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1861	( inertia_rot + &
1862	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1863
1864	!
1865	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1866	!-- and rotor speed
1867	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1868
1869	ENDIF
1870
1871	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1872
1873	!
1874	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1875	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1876	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1877	!-- gain
1878	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1879	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1880	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1881	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1882	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1883	!
1884	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1885	CYCLE pit_loop
1886	ENDIF
1887
1888	!
1889	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1890	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1891	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1892	ENDIF
1893	EXIT pit_loop
1894	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1895
1896
1897	!
1898	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1899
1900	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1901	!
1902	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1903	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1904	THEN
1905	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1906	THEN
1907	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1908	ENDIF
1909	ENDIF
1910
1911	ENDIF
1912
1913
1914	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1915
1916	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1917
1918
1919	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1920	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1921	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1922	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1923	!
1924	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1925	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1926	!
1927	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1928	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1929	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1930	!-- consideration
1931	!
1932	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1933	!-- of the model domain:
1934	!
1935	!--
1936	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1937	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1938	eps_min ) / dx )
1939	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1940	eps_min ) / dy )
1941
1942	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1943	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1944	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1945	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1946	DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1947	k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1948	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1949	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1950	!
1951	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1952	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
1953	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1954	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1955	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1956	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1957	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1958	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1959	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1960	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1961	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1962
1963	!
1964	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
1965	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
1966	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
1967	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
1968	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
1969	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1970	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
1971	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
1972	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
1973	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1974	ENDIF
1975	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1976	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
1977	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
1978	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) *&
1979	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1980	ENDIF
1981	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1982	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
1983	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
1984	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) *&
1985	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1986	ENDIF
1987
1988	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
1989	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
1990
1991	!
1992	!-- Rotation of force components:
1993	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + &
1994	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
1995	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
1996	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1)
1997
1998	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + &
1999	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2000	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2001	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2)
2002
2003	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + &
2004	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2005	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2006	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3)
2007
2008	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2009	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2010	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2011
2012	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2013
2014	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2015
2016
2017	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2018	!
2019	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2020	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2021	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2022	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2023	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2024	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2025	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2026
2027	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2028	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2029	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2030	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2031	start_up = .FALSE.
2032	ENDIF
2033
2034	!
2035	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2036	!--
2037	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2038	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2039	!
2040	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2041	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2042	THEN
2043	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2044	THEN
2045
2046	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2047
2048	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2049	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2050	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2051	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2052	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2053
2054	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2055
2056	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2057
2058	ENDIF
2059	ENDIF
2060
2061	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2062
2063	!
2064	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2065	#if defined( __parallel )
2066	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2067	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2068	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2069	comm2d, ierr )
2070	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2071	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2072	#else
2073	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2074	wdir = wdir_l
2075	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2076	#endif
2077	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2078	!
2079	!-- Update rotor orientation
2080	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2081
2082	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2083
2084	END IF
2085
2086	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2087	!
2088	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2089	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2090	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2091	#if defined( __parallel )
2092	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2093	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2094	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2095	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2096	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2097	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2098	#else
2099	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2100	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2101	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2102	#endif
2103
2104	ENDIF
2105
2106	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2107
2108	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2109	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2110	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2111	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2112	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2113	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2114	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2115	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2116	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2117	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2118
2119	ELSE
2120
2121	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2122	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2123	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2124	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2125	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2126	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2127	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2128	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2129	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2130	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2131	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2132	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2133	ENDIF
2134	ENDIF
2135
2136	!-- Set open flag
2137	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2138	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2139
2140	ENDIF
2141
2142	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2143
2144	!
2145	!-- Formats
2146	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2147	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2148	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2149	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2150	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2151
2152	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2153	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2154
2155
2156	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2157
2158
2159	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2160	! Description:
2161	! ------------
2162	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2163	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2164	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2165
2166	USE constants
2167	USE kinds
2168
2169	IMPLICIT NONE
2170
2171	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2172	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2173	REAL(wp) :: missal
2174
2175	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2176
2177	!
2178	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2179	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2180	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2181	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2182	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2183	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2184	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2185	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2186	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2187	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2188	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2189	!
2190	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2191	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2192	!
2193	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2194	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2195	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2196	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2197	!
2198	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2199	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2200
2201	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2202	!
2203	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2204	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2205	!
2206	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2207	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2208	!
2209	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2210	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2211	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2212	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2213	ENDIF
2214	ENDIF
2215
2216	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2217
2218	!
2219	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2220	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2221	!-- than min_miss
2222
2223	ELSE
2224	!
2225	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2226	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2227	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2228	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2229	!
2230	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2231	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2232	!
2233	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2234	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2235	!
2236	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2237	!-- yaw direction is still right
2238	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2239	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2240	!
2241	!-- Continue yawing
2242	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2243	ELSE
2244	!
2245	!-- Stop yawing
2246	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2247	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2248	ENDIF
2249	ELSE
2250	!
2251	!-- Continue yawing
2252	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2253	ENDIF
2254
2255	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2256
2257	ENDIF
2258
2259	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2260
2261
2262	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2263	! Description:
2264	! ------------
2265	!> Initialization of the speed control
2266	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2267	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2268
2269
2270	IMPLICIT NONE
2271
2272	!
2273	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2274	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2275	!
2276	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2277	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2278	!
2279	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2280	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2281	!
2282	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2283	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2284	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2285	!
2286	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2287	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2288	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2289	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2290	!
2291	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2292	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2293	!
2294	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2295	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2296	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2297
2298	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2299
2300
2301	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2302	! Description:
2303	! ------------
2304	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2305	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2306	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2307
2308
2309	IMPLICIT NONE
2310
2311	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2312
2313
2314
2315	!
2316	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2317	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2318	!-- offshore system developement"
2319
2320	!
2321	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2322	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2323	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2324	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2325	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2326
2327	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2328	!
2329	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2330	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2331
2332	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2333	!
2334	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2335	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2336
2337	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2338	!
2339	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2340	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2341	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2342
2343	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2344	!
2345	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2346	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2347
2348	ELSE
2349	!
2350	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2351	!-- keep the power constant:
2352	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2353
2354	ENDIF
2355	!
2356	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2357	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2358	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2359	!
2360	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2361	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2362	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2363	!
2364	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2365	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2366
2367
2368	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2369
2370
2371	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2372	! Description:
2373	! ------------
2374	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2375	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2376	!> Call for all grid points
2377	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2378	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2379
2380
2381	IMPLICIT NONE
2382
2383	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2384	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2385	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2386	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2387
2388
2389	SELECT CASE ( component )
2390
2391	CASE ( 1 )
2392	!
2393	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2394	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2395	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2396	DO j = nysg, nyng
2397	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2398	!
2399	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2400	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2401	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2402	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2403	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2404
2405	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2406	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2407	ENDDO
2408	ENDDO
2409	ENDDO
2410	ENDIF
2411
2412	CASE ( 2 )
2413	!
2414	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2415	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2416	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2417	DO j = nysg, nyng
2418	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2419	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2420	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2421	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2422	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2423	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2424	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2425	ENDDO
2426	ENDDO
2427	ENDDO
2428	ENDIF
2429
2430	CASE ( 3 )
2431	!
2432	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2433	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2434	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2435	DO j = nysg, nyng
2436	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2437	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2438	ENDDO
2439	ENDDO
2440	ENDDO
2441	ENDIF
2442
2443
2444	CASE DEFAULT
2445
2446	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2447	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2448
2449	END SELECT
2450
2451
2452	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2453
2454
2455	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2456	! Description:
2457	! ------------
2458	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2459	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2460	!> Call for grid point i,j
2461	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2462	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2463
2464
2465	IMPLICIT NONE
2466
2467	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2468	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2469	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2470	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2471
2472	SELECT CASE ( component )
2473
2474	CASE ( 1 )
2475	!
2476	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2477	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2478
2479	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2480	!
2481	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2482	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2483	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2484	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2485	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2486	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2487	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2488	ENDDO
2489	ENDIF
2490
2491	CASE ( 2 )
2492	!
2493	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2494	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2495	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2496	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2497	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2498	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2499	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2500	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2501	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2502	ENDDO
2503	ENDIF
2504
2505	CASE ( 3 )
2506	!
2507	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2508	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2509	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2510	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2511	ENDDO
2512	ENDIF
2513
2514
2515	CASE DEFAULT
2516
2517	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2518	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2519
2520	END SELECT
2521
2522
2523	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2524
2525	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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