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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4343

Last change on this file since 4343 was 4342, checked in by Giersch, 4 years ago
last commit corrected by replacing read_from_file_3d with read_from_file in all relevant p3d files, minor changes in plant_canopy_model_mod (use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant variables removed)
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 97.1 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z oliver.maas $
29	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
30	! variables removed
31	!
32	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
33	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
34	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
35	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
36	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
37	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
38	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
39	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
40	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
41	!
42	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
43	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
44	!
45	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
46	! Typo corrected
47	!
48	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
49	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
50	!
51	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
52	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
53	! and v-component.
54	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
55	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
56	! topography filtering.
57	!
58	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
59	! Typo
60	!
61	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
62	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
63	!
64	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
65	! unused variables removed
66	!
67	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
68	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
69	!
70	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
71	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
72	!
73	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
74	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
75	!
76	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
77	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
78	!
79	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
80	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
81	!
82	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
83	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
84	!
85	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
86	! Minor adjustment in error number
87	!
88	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
89	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
90	!
91	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
92	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
93	!
94	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
95	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
96	!
97	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
98	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
99	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
100	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
101	! (merge from branch resler)
102	!
103	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
104	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
105	! of additional debug messages
106	!
107	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
108	! unsed variables removed
109	!
110	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
111	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
112	! becomes > 40 degrees
113	!
114	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
115	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
116	!
117	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
118	! unused variables removed
119	!
120	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
121	! Initial revision
122	!
123	! Description:
124	! ------------
125	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
126	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
127	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
128	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
129	!
130	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
131	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
132	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
133	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
134
135	USE arrays_3d, &
136	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
137
138	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
139	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
140
141	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
142	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
143
144	USE control_parameters, &
145	ONLY: average_count_3d, coupling_char, debug_output, dt_3d, dz, &
146	humidity, message_string, ocean_mode, passive_scalar, &
147	plant_canopy, urban_surface
148
149	USE grid_variables, &
150	ONLY: dx, dy
151
152	USE indices, &
153	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
154	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_static_0
155
156	USE kinds
157
158	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
159	ONLY: input_pids_static, leaf_area_density_f
160
161	USE pegrid
162
163	USE surface_mod, &
164	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
165
166
167	IMPLICIT NONE
168
169	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
170	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
171	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
172	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
173
174	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
175	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
176
177	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
178
179	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
180
181	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
182	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
183	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
184	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
185	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
186	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
187	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
188	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
189	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
190	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
191
192	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
193	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
194
195	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
196	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
197
198	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
199	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
200
201	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
204	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
206
207	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
208	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
209	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
210
211	SAVE
212
213	PRIVATE
214
215	!
216	!-- Public functions
217	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
218	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
219	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
220	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
221
222	!
223	!-- Public variables and constants
224	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
225	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
226	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration
227
228	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
229	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
230	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
231
232	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
233	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
234	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
235
236	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
237	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
238	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
239
240	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
241	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
242	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
243
244	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
245	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
246	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
247
248	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
249	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
250	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
251
252	INTERFACE pcm_header
253	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
254	END INTERFACE pcm_header
255
256	INTERFACE pcm_init
257	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
258	END INTERFACE pcm_init
259
260	INTERFACE pcm_parin
261	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
262	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
263
264	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
265	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
266	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
267
268	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
269	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
270	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
271	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
272
273
274	CONTAINS
275
276
277	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
278	! Description:
279	! ------------
280	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
281	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
282	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
283	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
284	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
285	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
286	!> Tree Physiology 20).
287	!>
288	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
289	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
290	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
291	!>
292	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
293	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
294
295	!
296	!-- input parameters
297	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
298	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
299	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
300	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
301	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
302
303	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
304	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
305	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
306	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
307	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
308	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
309	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
310	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
311	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
312	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
313	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
314
315
316	!-- Temperature (deg C)
317	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
318	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
319	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
320	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
321	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
322	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
323	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
324	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
325	!-- Wind speed
326	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
327	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
328	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
329	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
330	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
331	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
332	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
333	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
334	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
335	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
336	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
337	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
338	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
339	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
340	!-- Water pressure deficit
341	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
342	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
343	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
344	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
345	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
346	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
347	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
348	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
349	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
350	!-- Residual soil water content
351	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
352	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
353	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
354	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
355	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
356	!-- Stomatal conductivity
357	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
358	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
359	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
360	!-- Decoupling factor
361	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
362	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
363	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
364	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
365	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
366	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
367	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
368	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
369	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
370	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
371	!-- Evaporation rate
372	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
373	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
374	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
375	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
376	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
377	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
378	!-- latent heat from evaporation
379	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
380
381	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
382
383
384	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
385	! Description:
386	! ------------
387	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
388	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
389	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
390
391	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
392	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
393
394
395	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
396
397	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
398	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
399	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
400	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
401	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
402	ENDIF
403	unit = 'K s-1'
404
405	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
406	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
407
408	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
409	unit = 'K s-1'
410
411	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
412	unit = 'm2 m-3'
413
414
415	CASE DEFAULT
416	unit = 'illegal'
417
418	END SELECT
419
420
421	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
422
423
424	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
425	! Description:
426	! ------------
427	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
428	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
429	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
430
431	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
432	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
433	'ocean'
434	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
435	ENDIF
436
437	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
438	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
439	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
440	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
441	ENDIF
442
443	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
444	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
445	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
446	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
447	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
448	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
449	ENDIF
450
451	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
452	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
453	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
454	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
455	'lai_beta = 0.0'
456	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
457	ENDIF
458
459	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
460	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
461	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
462	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
463	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
464	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
465	'density profile'
466	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
467	ENDIF
468
469	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
470	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
471	' seifert_beheng'
472	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
473	ENDIF
474	!
475	!-- If canopy shall be read from file, static input file must be present
476	IF ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) == 'read_from_file' .AND. &
477	.NOT. input_pids_static ) THEN
478	message_string = 'canopy_mode = read_from_file requires ' // &
479	'static input file'
480	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
481	ENDIF
482
483	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
484
485
486	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
487	!
488	! Description:
489	! ------------
490	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
491	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
492	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
493
494	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
495	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
496
497	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
498	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
499	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
500
501
502	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
503
504	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
505
506	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
507	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
508	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
509	ENDIF
510	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
511
512
513	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
514	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
515	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
516	ENDIF
517	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
518
519
520	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
521	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
522	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
523	ENDIF
524	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
525
526	CASE DEFAULT
527	CONTINUE
528
529	END SELECT
530
531	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
532
533	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
534
535	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
536	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
537	DO i = nxl, nxr
538	DO j = nys, nyn
539	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
540	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
541	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
542	ENDDO
543	ENDIF
544	ENDDO
545	ENDDO
546	ENDIF
547
548
549	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
550	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
551	DO i = nxl, nxr
552	DO j = nys, nyn
553	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
554	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
555	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
556	ENDDO
557	ENDIF
558	ENDDO
559	ENDDO
560	ENDIF
561
562
563	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
564	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
565	DO i = nxl, nxr
566	DO j = nys, nyn
567	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
568	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
569	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
570	ENDDO
571	ENDIF
572	ENDDO
573	ENDDO
574	ENDIF
575
576	CASE DEFAULT
577	CONTINUE
578
579	END SELECT
580
581	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
582
583	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
584
585	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
586	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
587	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
588	DO j = nysg, nyng
589	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
590	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
591	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
592	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
593	ENDDO
594	ENDIF
595	ENDDO
596	ENDDO
597	ENDIF
598
599
600	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
601	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
602	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
603	DO j = nysg, nyng
604	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
605	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
606	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
607	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
608	ENDDO
609	ENDIF
610	ENDDO
611	ENDDO
612	ENDIF
613
614
615	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
616	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
617	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
618	DO j = nysg, nyng
619	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
620	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
621	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
622	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
623	ENDDO
624	ENDIF
625	ENDDO
626	ENDDO
627	ENDIF
628
629	END SELECT
630
631	ENDIF
632
633	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
634
635	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
636	!
637	! Description:
638	! ------------
639	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
640	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
641	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
642	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
643	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
644	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
645	nzb_do, nzt_do )
646
647	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
648
649	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
650	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
651	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
652	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
653	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
654	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
655
656	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
657
658	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
659	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
660
661
662	found = .TRUE.
663
664	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
665
666	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
667	!
668	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
669	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
670	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
671	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
672	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
673	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
674	!-- surface.
675	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
676	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
677	DO i = nxl, nxr
678	DO j = nys, nyn
679	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
680	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
681	ENDDO
682	ENDDO
683	ENDDO
684	ELSE
685	DO i = nxl, nxr
686	DO j = nys, nyn
687	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
688	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
689	ENDDO
690	ENDDO
691	ENDDO
692	ENDIF
693
694	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
695	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
696	DO i = nxl, nxr
697	DO j = nys, nyn
698	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
699	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
700	ENDDO
701	ENDDO
702	ENDDO
703	ELSE
704	DO i = nxl, nxr
705	DO j = nys, nyn
706	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
707	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
708	ENDDO
709	ENDDO
710	ENDDO
711	ENDIF
712
713	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
714	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
715	DO i = nxl, nxr
716	DO j = nys, nyn
717	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
718	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
719	ENDDO
720	ENDDO
721	ENDDO
722	ELSE
723	DO i = nxl, nxr
724	DO j = nys, nyn
725	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
726	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
727	ENDDO
728	ENDDO
729	ENDDO
730	ENDIF
731
732	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
733	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
734	DO i = nxl, nxr
735	DO j = nys, nyn
736	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
737	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
738	ENDDO
739	ENDDO
740	ENDDO
741	ENDIF
742
743	CASE DEFAULT
744	found = .FALSE.
745
746	END SELECT
747
748	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
749
750	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
751	!
752	! Description:
753	! ------------
754	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
755	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
756	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
757	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
758
759	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
760	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
761	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
762	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
763	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
764
765	found = .TRUE.
766
767	!
768	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
769	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
770
771	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
772	grid_x = 'x'
773	grid_y = 'y'
774	grid_z = 'zpc'
775
776	CASE DEFAULT
777	found = .FALSE.
778	grid_x = 'none'
779	grid_y = 'none'
780	grid_z = 'none'
781	END SELECT
782
783	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
784
785
786	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
787	! Description:
788	! ------------
789	!> Header output for plant canopy model
790	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
791	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
792
793	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
794
795	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
796	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
797	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
798	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
799
800	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
801	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
802	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
803
804	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
805
806	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
807
808	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
809	canopy_drag_coeff
810	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
811	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
812	leaf_surface_conc
813	ENDIF
814
815	!
816	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
817	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
818
819	!
820	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
821	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
822	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
823
824	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
825	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
826	gradients = '------'
827	slices = ' 0'
828	coordinates = ' 0.0'
829	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
830	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
831
832	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
833	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
834
835	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
836	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
837
838	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
839	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
840
841	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
842	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
843	ELSE
844	EXIT
845	ENDIF
846	ENDDO
847
848	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
849	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
850
851	ELSE
852
853	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
854	coordinates = ' 0.0'
855
856	DO k = 1, pch_index
857
858	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
859	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
860	TRIM( coor_chr )
861
862	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
863	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
864
865	ENDDO
866
867	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
868	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
869
870	ENDIF
871
872	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
873	' ------------------------------'// &
874	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
875	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
876	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
877	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
878	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
879	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
880	' K m/s')
881	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
882	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
883	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
884	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
885	' Gridpoint: ',A)
886	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
887	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
888	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
889	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
890	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
891	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
892
893	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
894
895
896	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
897	! Description:
898	! ------------
899	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
900	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
901	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
902
903	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
904	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
905	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
906	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
907
908	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
909	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
910	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
911	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
912
913	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
914	!
915	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
916	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
917	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
918	lad = 0.0_wp
919	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
920
921	!
922	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
923	!-- a beta probability density function
924	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
925	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
926	ENDIF
927
928
929	!
930	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
931	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
932	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
933	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
934	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
935	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
936
937	!
938	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
939	i = 1
940	gradient = 0.0_wp
941
942	lad(0) = lad_surface
943	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
944
945	DO k = 1, pch_index
946	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
947	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
948	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
949	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
950	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
951	i = i + 1
952	ENDIF
953	ENDIF
954	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
955	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
956	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
957	ELSE
958	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
959	ENDIF
960	ELSE
961	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
962	ENDIF
963	ENDDO
964
965	!
966	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
967	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
968	!-- file.
969	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
970	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
971	ENDIF
972
973	ELSE
974
975	!
976	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
977	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
978	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
979
980	DO k = 0, pch_index
981	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
982	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
983	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
984	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
985	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
986	ENDDO
987
988	!
989	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
990	DO k = 0, pch_index
991	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
992	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
993	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
994	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
995	) / canopy_height
996	ENDDO
997
998	!
999	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1000	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1001	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1002	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1003	DO k = 1, pch_index
1004	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1005	ENDDO
1006
1007	ENDIF
1008
1009	!
1010	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1011	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1012
1013	!
1014	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1015	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
1016	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1017	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1018
1019	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
1020
1021	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1022	DO j = nysg, nyng
1023	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1024	ENDDO
1025	ENDDO
1026
1027	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
1028	!
1029	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1030	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1031	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1032	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1033	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1034	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1035	!
1036	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1037	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1038	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1039
1040	DO i = nxl, nxr
1041	DO j = nys, nyn
1042	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1043	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1044	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1045	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1046	ENDDO
1047	!
1048	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1049	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
1050	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
1051	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
1052	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
1053	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
1054	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
1055	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
1056	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
1057	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
1058	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
1059	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
1060	!-- an informative message is given.
1061	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1062	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1063	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1064	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1065	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1066	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
1067	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
1068	'created building grid point ' // &
1069	'(emerged from the filtering) - ' // &
1070	'LAD profile is omitted at this ' // &
1071	'grid point: (i,j) = ', i, j
1072	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, myid, 6, 0 )
1073	ENDIF
1074	ENDDO
1075	ENDDO
1076	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1077	!
1078	! ASCII file
1079	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
1080	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
1081	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1082	!-- each location).
1083	ELSE
1084	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1085	ENDIF
1086
1087	CASE DEFAULT
1088	!
1089	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1090	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1091	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1092	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1093	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1094	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1095
1096	END SELECT
1097	!
1098	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1099	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1100	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1101	#if defined( __parallel )
1102	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1103	comm2d, ierr)
1104	#endif
1105	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1106	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1107	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1108	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1109	ENDIF
1110
1111	!
1112	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1113	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1114	pch_index_ji = 0
1115
1116	DO i = nxl, nxr
1117	DO j = nys, nyn
1118	DO k = 0, pch_index
1119	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1120	ENDDO
1121	!
1122	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1123	!-- height of the model domain.
1124	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1125	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1126	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1127	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1128	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1129	ENDIF
1130
1131	ENDDO
1132	ENDDO
1133
1134	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1135	!
1136	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1137	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1138
1139
1140	!
1141	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1142	#if defined( __parallel )
1143	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1144	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1145	#endif
1146
1147	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
1148	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1149	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1150
1151	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1152	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1153	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1154	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1155	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1156	ENDIF
1157	!
1158	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1159	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1160	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1161	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1162	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1163	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1164	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1165	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1166	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1167	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1168	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1169	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
1170	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
1171	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1172	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1173
1174	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1175	!
1176	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1177	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1178	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1179	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1180	DO j = nysg, nyng
1181	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1182	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1183	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1184	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1185	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1186	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1187	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1188	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1189	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1190	ELSE
1191	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1192	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1193	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1194	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1195	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1196	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1197	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1198	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1199	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1200	ENDIF
1201	ENDDO
1202	ENDDO
1203	ENDDO
1204
1205	!
1206	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1207	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1208	!-- Start with default surface type
1209	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1210	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1211	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1212	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1213	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1214	ENDDO
1215	!
1216	!-- Natural surfaces
1217	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1218	i = surf_lsm_h%i(m)
1219	j = surf_lsm_h%j(m)
1220	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1221	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1222	ENDDO
1223	!
1224	!-- Urban surfaces
1225	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1226	i = surf_usm_h%i(m)
1227	j = surf_usm_h%j(m)
1228	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1229	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1230	ENDDO
1231	!
1232	!
1233	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1234	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1235	!-- canopy.
1236	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1237	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1238	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1239	!-- of the respective layer
1240	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1241	DO j = nysg, nyng
1242	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1243	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1244	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1245	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1246	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1247	ENDIF
1248	ENDDO
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251
1252	ENDIF
1253
1254	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1255
1256	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1257
1258
1259	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1260	! Description:
1261	! ------------
1262	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1263	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1264	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1265
1266	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1267
1268	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1269	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1270	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1271	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1272	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1273	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1274	lai_beta, &
1275	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1276	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1277	plant_canopy_transpiration
1278
1279	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1280	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1281	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1282	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1283	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1284	lai_beta, &
1285	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1286	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1287	plant_canopy_transpiration
1288
1289	line = ' '
1290
1291	!
1292	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1293	REWIND ( 11 )
1294	line = ' '
1295	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1296	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1297	ENDDO
1298	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1299
1300	!
1301	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1302	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1303
1304	!
1305	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1306	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1307
1308	GOTO 14
1309
1310	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1311	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1312	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1313	!
1314	!-- Try to find old namelist
1315	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1316	line = ' '
1317	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1318	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1319	ENDDO
1320	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1321
1322	!
1323	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1324	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1325
1326	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1327	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1328	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1329	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1330
1331	!
1332	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1333	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1334
1335	GOTO 14
1336
1337	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1338	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1339	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1340
1341	14 CONTINUE
1342
1343	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1344
1345
1346	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1347	! Description:
1348	! ------------
1349	!
1350	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1351	!>
1352	!> num_levels
1353	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1354	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1355	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1356	!> ...
1357	!>
1358	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1359	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1360	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1361	!>
1362	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1363	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1364	!>
1365	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1366	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1367	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1368	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1369
1370	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1371	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1372	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1373	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1374	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1375	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1376	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1377
1378	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1379
1380	!
1381	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1382	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1383
1384	!
1385	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1386	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1387	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1388	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1389	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1390	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1391	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1392	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1393
1394	DO
1395	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1396	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1397
1398	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1399	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1400	!
1401	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1402	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1403	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1404	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1405	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1406	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1407	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1408	'but pctype is ', pctype
1409	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1410	ENDIF
1411	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1412	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1413	CASE DEFAULT
1414	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1415	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1416	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1417	END SELECT
1418	ENDDO
1419
1420	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1421	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1422
1423	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1424	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1425
1426	517 CLOSE(152)
1427	DEALLOCATE( col )
1428
1429	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1430
1431	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1432
1433
1434	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1435	! Description:
1436	! ------------
1437	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1438	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1439	!>
1440	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1441	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1442	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1443	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1444	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1445	!>
1446	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1447	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1448	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1449	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1450	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1451	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1452	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1453	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1454	!>
1455	!>
1456	!> Call for all grid points
1457	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1458	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1459
1460	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1461	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1462	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1463	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1464	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1465
1466	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1467	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1468	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1469	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1470
1471	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1472	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1473	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1474	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1475	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1476	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1477
1478
1479	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1480
1481	!
1482	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1483	SELECT CASE ( component )
1484
1485	!
1486	!-- u-component
1487	CASE ( 1 )
1488	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1489	DO j = nys, nyn
1490	!
1491	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1492	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1493	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1494	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1495	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1496	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1497	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
1498	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1499	!
1500	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1501	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1502
1503	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1504	!
1505	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1506	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1507	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1508	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1509	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1510	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1511	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1512	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1513	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1514	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1515	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1516	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1517	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
1518	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1519	!
1520	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1521	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1522	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1523	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1524	!-- point (j,i-1).
1525	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
1526	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1527
1528	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1529	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1530	!
1531	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1532	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1533	lad_local * &
1534	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1535	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1536	v(k,j,i) + &
1537	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1538	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1539	)**2 + &
1540	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1541	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1542	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1543	w(k,j,i) ) &
1544	)**2 &
1545	) * &
1546	u(k,j,i)
1547
1548	!
1549	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1550	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1551	!
1552	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1553	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1554	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1555	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1556	ENDIF
1557	!
1558	!-- Calculate final tendency
1559	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1560
1561	ENDDO
1562	ENDDO
1563	ENDDO
1564
1565	!
1566	!-- v-component
1567	CASE ( 2 )
1568	DO i = nxl, nxr
1569	DO j = nysv, nyn
1570	!
1571	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
1572	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
1573	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
1574	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1575	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1576	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
1577	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
1578	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1579	!
1580	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1581	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1582
1583	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1584	!
1585	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1586	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1587	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1588	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1589	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1590	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1591	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1592	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1593	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1594	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1595	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1596	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1597	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
1598	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1599	!
1600	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1601	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1602	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1603	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1604	!-- point (j,i-1).
1605	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
1606	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1607
1608	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1609	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1610	!
1611	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1612	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1613	lad_local * &
1614	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1615	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1616	u(k,j,i) + &
1617	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1618	)**2 + &
1619	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1620	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1621	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1622	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1623	w(k,j,i) ) &
1624	)**2 &
1625	) * &
1626	v(k,j,i)
1627
1628	!
1629	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1630	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1631	!
1632	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1633	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1634	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1635	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1636	ELSE
1637	pre_tend = pre_tend
1638	ENDIF
1639	!
1640	!-- Calculate final tendency
1641	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1642
1643	ENDDO
1644	ENDDO
1645	ENDDO
1646
1647	!
1648	!-- w-component
1649	CASE ( 3 )
1650	DO i = nxl, nxr
1651	DO j = nys, nyn
1652	!
1653	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1654	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1655
1656	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1657
1658	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1659	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1660	!
1661	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1662	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1663	(0.5_wp * &
1664	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1665	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1666	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1667	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1668	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1669	)**2 + &
1670	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1671	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1672	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1673	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1674	)**2 + &
1675	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1676	) * &
1677	w(k,j,i)
1678	!
1679	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1680	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1681	!
1682	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1683	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1684	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1685	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1686	ELSE
1687	pre_tend = pre_tend
1688	ENDIF
1689	!
1690	!-- Calculate final tendency
1691	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1692
1693	ENDDO
1694	ENDDO
1695	ENDDO
1696
1697	!
1698	!-- potential temperature
1699	CASE ( 4 )
1700	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1701	DO i = nxl, nxr
1702	DO j = nys, nyn
1703	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1704	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1705	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1706	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1707	ENDDO
1708	ENDDO
1709	ENDDO
1710	ELSE
1711	DO i = nxl, nxr
1712	DO j = nys, nyn
1713	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1714	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1715	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1716	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1717	ENDDO
1718	ENDDO
1719	ENDDO
1720	ENDIF
1721
1722	!
1723	!-- humidity
1724	CASE ( 5 )
1725	DO i = nxl, nxr
1726	DO j = nys, nyn
1727	!
1728	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1729	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1730
1731	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1732
1733	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1734	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1735	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1736	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1737	! in the plant canopy box
1738	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
1739	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1740	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1741	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1742	)**2 + &
1743	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1744	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1745	)**2 + &
1746	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1747	w(k,j,i) ) &
1748	)**2 &
1749	) * &
1750	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
1751	ENDIF
1752
1753	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1754	ENDDO
1755	ENDDO
1756	ENDDO
1757
1758	!
1759	!-- sgs-tke
1760	CASE ( 6 )
1761	DO i = nxl, nxr
1762	DO j = nys, nyn
1763	!
1764	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1765	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1766
1767	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1768	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1769	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
1770	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1771	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1772	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1773	)**2 + &
1774	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1775	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1776	)**2 + &
1777	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1778	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1779	)**2 &
1780	) * &
1781	e(k,j,i)
1782	ENDDO
1783	ENDDO
1784	ENDDO
1785	!
1786	!-- scalar concentration
1787	CASE ( 7 )
1788	DO i = nxl, nxr
1789	DO j = nys, nyn
1790	!
1791	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1792	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1793
1794	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1795	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1796	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
1797	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1798	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1799	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1800	)**2 + &
1801	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1802	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1803	)**2 + &
1804	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1805	w(k,j,i) ) &
1806	)**2 &
1807	) * &
1808	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
1809	ENDDO
1810	ENDDO
1811	ENDDO
1812
1813
1814
1815	CASE DEFAULT
1816
1817	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1818	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1819
1820	END SELECT
1821
1822	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1823
1824
1825	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1826	! Description:
1827	! ------------
1828	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1829	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1830	!>
1831	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1832	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1833	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1834	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1835	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1836	!>
1837	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1838	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1839	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1840	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1841	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1842	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1843	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1844	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1845	!>
1846	!>
1847	!> Call for grid point i,j
1848	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1849	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1850
1851	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1852	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1853	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1854	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1855	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1856
1857	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1858	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1859	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1860	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1861
1862	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1863	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1864	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1865	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1866	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1867	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1868
1869
1870	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1871	!
1872	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1873	SELECT CASE ( component )
1874
1875	!
1876	!-- u-component
1877	CASE ( 1 )
1878	!
1879	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1880	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1881	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1882	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1883	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1884	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1885	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1886	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1887	!
1888	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1889	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1890
1891	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1892
1893	!
1894	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1895	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1896	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1897	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1898	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1899	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1900	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1901	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1902	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1903	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1904	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1905	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1906	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
1907	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1908	!
1909	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1910	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1911	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1912	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1913	!-- point (j,i-1).
1914	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
1915	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1916
1917	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1918	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1919	!
1920	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1921	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1922	lad_local * &
1923	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1924	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1925	v(k,j,i) + &
1926	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1927	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1928	)**2 + &
1929	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1930	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1931	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1932	w(k,j,i) ) &
1933	)**2 &
1934	) * &
1935	u(k,j,i)
1936
1937	!
1938	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1939	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1940	!
1941	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1942	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1943	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1944	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1945	ELSE
1946	pre_tend = pre_tend
1947	ENDIF
1948	!
1949	!-- Calculate final tendency
1950	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1951	ENDDO
1952
1953
1954	!
1955	!-- v-component
1956	CASE ( 2 )
1957	!
1958	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
1959	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
1960	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
1961	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1962	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1963	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
1964	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1965	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_static_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1966	!
1967	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1968	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1969
1970	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1971	!
1972	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1973	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1974	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1975	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1976	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1977	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1978	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1979	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1980	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1981	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1982	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1983	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1984	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
1985	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1986	!
1987	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1988	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1989	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1990	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1991	!-- point (j,i-1).
1992	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
1993	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1994
1995	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1996	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1997	!
1998	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1999	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2000	lad_local * &
2001	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2002	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2003	u(k,j,i) + &
2004	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2005	)**2 + &
2006	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2007	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2008	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2009	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2010	w(k,j,i) ) &
2011	)**2 &
2012	) * &
2013	v(k,j,i)
2014
2015	!
2016	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2017	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2018	!
2019	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2020	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2021	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2022	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2023	ELSE
2024	pre_tend = pre_tend
2025	ENDIF
2026	!
2027	!-- Calculate final tendency
2028	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2029	ENDDO
2030
2031
2032	!
2033	!-- w-component
2034	CASE ( 3 )
2035	!
2036	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2037	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2038
2039	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2040
2041	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2042	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2043	!
2044	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2045	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2046	(0.5_wp * &
2047	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2048	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2049	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2050	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2051	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2052	)**2 + &
2053	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2054	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2055	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2056	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2057	)**2 + &
2058	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2059	) * &
2060	w(k,j,i)
2061	!
2062	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2063	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2064	!
2065	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2066	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2067	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2068	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2069	ELSE
2070	pre_tend = pre_tend
2071	ENDIF
2072	!
2073	!-- Calculate final tendency
2074	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2075	ENDDO
2076
2077	!
2078	!-- potential temperature
2079	CASE ( 4 )
2080	!
2081	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2082	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2083	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2084	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2085	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2086	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2087	ENDDO
2088	ELSE
2089	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2090	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2091	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2092	ENDDO
2093	ENDIF
2094
2095	!
2096	!-- humidity
2097	CASE ( 5 )
2098	!
2099	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2100	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2101	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2102	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2103	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2104	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2105	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2106	! in the plant canopy box
2107	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2108	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2109	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2110	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2111	)**2 + &
2112	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2113	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2114	)**2 + &
2115	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2116	w(k,j,i) ) &
2117	)**2 &
2118	) * &
2119	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2120	ENDIF
2121
2122	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2123
2124	ENDDO
2125
2126	!
2127	!-- sgs-tke
2128	CASE ( 6 )
2129	!
2130	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2131	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2132
2133	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2134	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2135	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2136	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2137	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2138	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2139	)**2 + &
2140	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2141	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2142	)**2 + &
2143	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2144	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2145	)**2 &
2146	) * &
2147	e(k,j,i)
2148	ENDDO
2149
2150	!
2151	!-- scalar concentration
2152	CASE ( 7 )
2153	!
2154	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2155	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2156
2157	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2158	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2159	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2160	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2161	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2162	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2163	)**2 + &
2164	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2165	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2166	)**2 + &
2167	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2168	w(k,j,i) ) &
2169	)**2 &
2170	) * &
2171	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2172	ENDDO
2173
2174	CASE DEFAULT
2175
2176	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2177	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2178
2179	END SELECT
2180
2181	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2182
2183
2184	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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