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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4326

Last change on this file since 4326 was 4314, checked in by suehring, 5 years ago
plant-canopy: Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u- and v-component; Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the topography filtering
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z oliver.maas $
29	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
30	! and v-component.
31	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
32	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
33	! topography filtering.
34	!
35	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
36	! Typo
37	!
38	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
39	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
40	!
41	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
42	! unused variables removed
43	!
44	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
45	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
46	!
47	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
48	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
49	!
50	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
51	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
52	!
53	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
54	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
55	!
56	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
57	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
58	!
59	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
60	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
61	!
62	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
63	! Minor adjustment in error number
64	!
65	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
66	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
67	!
68	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
69	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
70	!
71	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
72	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
73	!
74	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
75	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
76	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
77	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
78	! (merge from branch resler)
79	!
80	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
81	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
82	! of additional debug messages
83	!
84	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
85	! unsed variables removed
86	!
87	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
88	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
89	! becomes > 40 degrees
90	!
91	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
92	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
93	!
94	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
95	! unused variables removed
96	!
97	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
98	! Initial revision
99	!
100	! Description:
101	! ------------
102	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
103	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
104	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
105	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
106	!
107	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
108	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
109	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
110	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
111
112	USE arrays_3d, &
113	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
114
115	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
116	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
117
118	USE control_parameters, &
119	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
120
121	USE indices, &
122	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
123	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_0
124
125	USE kinds
126
127	USE pegrid
128
129
130	IMPLICIT NONE
131
132
133	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
134	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
135	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
136	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
137
138	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
139	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
140
141	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
142
143	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
144
145	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
146	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
147	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
148	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
149	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
150	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
151	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
152	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
153	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
154	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
155	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
156	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
157	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
158
159	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
160	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
161
162	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
163	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
164
165	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
166	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
167
168	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
169	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
170	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
171	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
172	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
173
174	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
176	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
177
178	SAVE
179
180
181	PRIVATE
182
183	!
184	!-- Public functions
185	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
186	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
187	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
188	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
189
190	!
191	!-- Public variables and constants
192	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
193	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
194	plant_canopy_transpiration
195
196	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
197	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
198	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
199
200	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
201	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
202	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
203
204	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
205	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
206	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
207
208	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
209	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
210	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
211
212	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
213	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
214	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
215
216	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
217	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
218	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
219
220	INTERFACE pcm_header
221	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
222	END INTERFACE pcm_header
223
224	INTERFACE pcm_init
225	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
226	END INTERFACE pcm_init
227
228	INTERFACE pcm_parin
229	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
230	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
231
232	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
233	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
234	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
235
236	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
237	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
238	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
239	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
240
241
242	CONTAINS
243
244
245
246	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
247	! Description:
248	! ------------
249	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
250	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
251	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
252	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
253	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
254	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
255	!> Tree Physiology 20).
256	!>
257	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
258	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
259	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
260	!>
261	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
262	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
263
264	USE control_parameters, &
265	ONLY: dz
266
267	USE grid_variables, &
268	ONLY: dx, dy
269
270	IMPLICIT NONE
271	!-- input parameters
272	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
273	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
274	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
275	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
276	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
277
278	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
279	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
280	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
281	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
282	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
283	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
284	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
285	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
286	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
287	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
288	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
289
290
291	!-- Temperature (deg C)
292	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
293	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
294	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
295	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
296	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
297	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
298	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
299	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
300	!-- Wind speed
301	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
302	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
303	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
304	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
305	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
306	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
307	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
308	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
309	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
310	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
311	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
312	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
313	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
314	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
315	!-- Water pressure deficit
316	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
317	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
318	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
319	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
320	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
321	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
322	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
323	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
324	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
325	!-- Residual soil water content
326	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
327	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
328	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
329	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
330	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
331	!-- Stomatal conductivity
332	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
333	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
334	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
335	!-- Decoupling factor
336	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
337	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
338	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
339	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
340	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
341	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
342	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
343	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
344	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
345	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
346	!-- Evaporation rate
347	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
348	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
349	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
350	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
351	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
352	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
353	!-- latent heat from evaporation
354	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
355
356	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
357
358
359	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
360	! Description:
361	! ------------
362	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
363	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
364	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
365
366	USE control_parameters, &
367	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
368
369	IMPLICIT NONE
370
371	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
372	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
373
374
375	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
376
377	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
378	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
379	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
380	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
381	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
382	ENDIF
383	unit = 'K s-1'
384
385	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
386	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
387
388	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
389	unit = 'K s-1'
390
391	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
392	unit = 'K s-1'
393
394	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
395	unit = 'm2 m-3'
396
397
398	CASE DEFAULT
399	unit = 'illegal'
400
401	END SELECT
402
403
404	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
405
406
407	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
408	! Description:
409	! ------------
410	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
411	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
412	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
413
414	USE control_parameters, &
415	ONLY: message_string
416
417	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
418	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
419
420	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
421	ONLY: input_pids_static
422
423
424	IMPLICIT NONE
425
426	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
427	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
428	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
429	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
430	ENDIF
431
432	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
433	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
434	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
435	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
436	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
437	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
438	ENDIF
439
440	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
441	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
442	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
443	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
444	'lai_beta = 0.0'
445	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
446	ENDIF
447
448	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
449	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
450	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
451	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
452	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
453	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
454	'density profile'
455	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
456	ENDIF
457
458	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
459	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
460	' seifert_beheng'
461	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
462	ENDIF
463	!
464	!-- If canopy shall be read from file, static input file must be present
465	IF ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) == 'read_from_file_3d' .AND. &
466	.NOT. input_pids_static ) THEN
467	message_string = 'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d requires ' // &
468	'static input file'
469	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
470	ENDIF
471
472
473	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
474
475
476	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
477	!
478	! Description:
479	! ------------
480	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
481	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
482	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
483
484
485	USE control_parameters
486
487	USE indices
488
489	USE kinds
490
491	IMPLICIT NONE
492
493	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
494	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
495
496	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
497	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
498	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
499
500
501	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
502
503	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
504
505	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
506	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
507	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
508	ENDIF
509	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
510
511
512	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
513	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
514	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
515	ENDIF
516	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
517
518
519	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
520	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
521	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
522	ENDIF
523	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
524
525	CASE DEFAULT
526	CONTINUE
527
528	END SELECT
529
530	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
531
532	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
533
534	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
535	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
536	DO i = nxl, nxr
537	DO j = nys, nyn
538	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
539	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
540	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
541	ENDDO
542	ENDIF
543	ENDDO
544	ENDDO
545	ENDIF
546
547
548	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
549	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
550	DO i = nxl, nxr
551	DO j = nys, nyn
552	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
553	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
554	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
555	ENDDO
556	ENDIF
557	ENDDO
558	ENDDO
559	ENDIF
560
561
562	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
563	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
564	DO i = nxl, nxr
565	DO j = nys, nyn
566	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
567	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
568	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
569	ENDDO
570	ENDIF
571	ENDDO
572	ENDDO
573	ENDIF
574
575	CASE DEFAULT
576	CONTINUE
577
578	END SELECT
579
580	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
581
582	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
583
584	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
585	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
586	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
587	DO j = nysg, nyng
588	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
589	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
590	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
591	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
592	ENDDO
593	ENDIF
594	ENDDO
595	ENDDO
596	ENDIF
597
598
599	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
600	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
601	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
602	DO j = nysg, nyng
603	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
604	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
605	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
606	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
607	ENDDO
608	ENDIF
609	ENDDO
610	ENDDO
611	ENDIF
612
613
614	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
615	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
616	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
617	DO j = nysg, nyng
618	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
619	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
620	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
621	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
622	ENDDO
623	ENDIF
624	ENDDO
625	ENDDO
626	ENDIF
627
628	END SELECT
629
630	ENDIF
631
632	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
633
634	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
635	!
636	! Description:
637	! ------------
638	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
639	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
640	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
641	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
642	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
643	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
644	nzb_do, nzt_do )
645
646	USE indices
647
648	USE kinds
649
650
651	IMPLICIT NONE
652
653	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
654
655	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
656	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
657	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
658	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
659	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
660	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
661
662	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
663
664	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
665	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
666
667
668	found = .TRUE.
669
670	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
671
672	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
673	!
674	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
675	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
676	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
677	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
678	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
679	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
680	!-- surface.
681	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
682	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
683	DO i = nxl, nxr
684	DO j = nys, nyn
685	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
686	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
687	ENDDO
688	ENDDO
689	ENDDO
690	ELSE
691	DO i = nxl, nxr
692	DO j = nys, nyn
693	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
694	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
695	ENDDO
696	ENDDO
697	ENDDO
698	ENDIF
699
700	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
701	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
702	DO i = nxl, nxr
703	DO j = nys, nyn
704	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
705	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
706	ENDDO
707	ENDDO
708	ENDDO
709	ELSE
710	DO i = nxl, nxr
711	DO j = nys, nyn
712	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
713	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
714	ENDDO
715	ENDDO
716	ENDDO
717	ENDIF
718
719	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
720	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
721	DO i = nxl, nxr
722	DO j = nys, nyn
723	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
724	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
725	ENDDO
726	ENDDO
727	ENDDO
728	ELSE
729	DO i = nxl, nxr
730	DO j = nys, nyn
731	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
732	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
733	ENDDO
734	ENDDO
735	ENDDO
736	ENDIF
737
738	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
739	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
740	DO i = nxl, nxr
741	DO j = nys, nyn
742	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
743	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
744	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) / &
745	pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
746	ENDIF
747	ENDDO
748	ENDDO
749	ENDDO
750	ELSE
751	DO i = nxl, nxr
752	DO j = nys, nyn
753	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
754	IF ( pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
755	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) / &
756	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
757	ENDIF
758	ENDDO
759	ENDDO
760	ENDDO
761	ENDIF
762
763	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
764	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
765	DO i = nxl, nxr
766	DO j = nys, nyn
767	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
768	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
769	ENDDO
770	ENDDO
771	ENDDO
772	ENDIF
773
774	CASE DEFAULT
775	found = .FALSE.
776
777	END SELECT
778
779
780	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
781
782	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
783	!
784	! Description:
785	! ------------
786	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
787	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
788	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
789	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
790
791	IMPLICIT NONE
792
793	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
794	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
795	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
796	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
797	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
798
799	found = .TRUE.
800
801	!
802	!-- Check for the grid
803	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
804
805	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
806	grid_x = 'x'
807	grid_y = 'y'
808	grid_z = 'zpc'
809
810	CASE DEFAULT
811	found = .FALSE.
812	grid_x = 'none'
813	grid_y = 'none'
814	grid_z = 'none'
815	END SELECT
816
817	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
818
819
820	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
821	! Description:
822	! ------------
823	!> Header output for plant canopy model
824	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
825	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
826
827	USE control_parameters, &
828	ONLY: passive_scalar
829
830
831	IMPLICIT NONE
832
833	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
834
835	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
836	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
837	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
838	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
839
840	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
841	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
842	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
843
844	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
845
846	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
847
848	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
849	canopy_drag_coeff
850	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
851	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
852	leaf_surface_conc
853	ENDIF
854
855	!
856	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
857	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
858
859	!
860	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
861	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
862	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
863
864	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
865	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
866	gradients = '------'
867	slices = ' 0'
868	coordinates = ' 0.0'
869	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
870	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
871
872	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
873	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
874
875	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
876	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
877
878	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
879	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
880
881	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
882	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
883	ELSE
884	EXIT
885	ENDIF
886	ENDDO
887
888	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
889	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
890
891	ELSE
892
893	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
894	coordinates = ' 0.0'
895
896	DO k = 1, pch_index
897
898	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
899	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
900	TRIM( coor_chr )
901
902	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
903	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
904
905	ENDDO
906
907	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
908	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
909
910	ENDIF
911
912	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
913	' ------------------------------'// &
914	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
915	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
916	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
917	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
918	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
919	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
920	' K m/s')
921	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
922	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
923	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
924	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
925	' Gridpoint: ',A)
926	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
927	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
928	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
929	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
930	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
931	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
932
933	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
934
935
936	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
937	! Description:
938	! ------------
939	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
940	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
941	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
942
943
944	USE control_parameters, &
945	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
946
947	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
948	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
949
950	USE pegrid
951
952	USE surface_mod, &
953	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
954
955	IMPLICIT NONE
956
957	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
958	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
959	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
960	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
961
962	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
963	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
964	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
965	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
966
967	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
968	!
969	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
970	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
971	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
972	lad = 0.0_wp
973	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
974
975	!
976	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
977	!-- a beta probability density function
978	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
979	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
980	ENDIF
981
982
983	!
984	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
985	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
986	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
987	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
988	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
989	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
990
991	!
992	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
993	i = 1
994	gradient = 0.0_wp
995
996	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
997
998	lad(0) = lad_surface
999	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
1000
1001	DO k = 1, pch_index
1002	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
1003	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
1004	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1005	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
1006	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
1007	i = i + 1
1008	ENDIF
1009	ENDIF
1010	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1011	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
1012	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
1013	ELSE
1014	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1015	ENDIF
1016	ELSE
1017	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1018	ENDIF
1019	ENDDO
1020
1021	ENDIF
1022
1023	!
1024	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1025	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1026	!-- file.
1027	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1028	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1029	ENDIF
1030
1031	ELSE
1032
1033	!
1034	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1035	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1036	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1037
1038	DO k = 0, pch_index
1039	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1040	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1041	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1042	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1043	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1044	ENDDO
1045
1046	!
1047	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1048	DO k = 0, pch_index
1049	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1050	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1051	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1052	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1053	) / canopy_height
1054	ENDDO
1055
1056	!
1057	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1058	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1059	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1060	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1061	DO k = 1, pch_index
1062	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1063	ENDDO
1064
1065	ENDIF
1066
1067	!
1068	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1069	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1070	!
1071	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1072	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1073	!-- with the prescribed values
1074	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1075	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1076	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1077
1078	!
1079	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1080	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1081	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1082	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1083
1084	CASE( 'block' )
1085
1086	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1087	DO j = nysg, nyng
1088	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1089	ENDDO
1090	ENDDO
1091
1092	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1093	!
1094	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1095	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1096	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1097	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1098	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1099	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1100	!
1101	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1102	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1103	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1104
1105	DO i = nxl, nxr
1106	DO j = nys, nyn
1107	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1108	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1109	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1110	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1111	ENDDO
1112	!
1113	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1114	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
1115	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
1116	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
1117	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
1118	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
1119	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
1120	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
1121	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
1122	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
1123	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
1124	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
1125	!-- an informative message is given.
1126	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1127	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1128	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1129	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1130	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1131	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
1132	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
1133	'created building grid point ' // &
1134	'(emerged from the filering) - ' // &
1135	'LAD profile is omitted at this ' // &
1136	'grid point: (i,j) = ', i, j
1137	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, myid, 6, 0 )
1138	ENDIF
1139	ENDDO
1140	ENDDO
1141	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1142	!
1143	! ASCII file
1144	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1145	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1146	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1147	!-- each location).
1148	ELSE
1149	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1150	ENDIF
1151
1152	CASE DEFAULT
1153	!
1154	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1155	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1156	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1157	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1158	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1159	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1160
1161	END SELECT
1162	!
1163	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1164	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1165	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1166	#if defined( __parallel )
1167	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1168	comm2d, ierr)
1169	#endif
1170	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1171	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1172	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1173	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1174	ENDIF
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1178	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1179	pch_index_ji = 0
1180
1181	DO i = nxl, nxr
1182	DO j = nys, nyn
1183	DO k = 0, pch_index
1184	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1185	ENDDO
1186	!
1187	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1188	!-- height of the model domain.
1189	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1190	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1191	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1192	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1193	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1194	ENDIF
1195
1196	ENDDO
1197	ENDDO
1198
1199	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1200	!
1201	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1202	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1203
1204
1205	!
1206	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1207	#if defined( __parallel )
1208	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1209	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1210	#endif
1211
1212	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1213	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1214	pc_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1215
1216	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1217	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1218	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1219	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1220	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1221	ENDIF
1222	!
1223	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1224	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1225	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1226	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1227	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1228	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1229	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1230	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1231	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1232	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1233	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1234	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1235	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1236	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1237	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1238	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1239	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1240
1241	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1242	!
1243	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1244	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1245	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1246	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1247	DO j = nysg, nyng
1248	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1249	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1250	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1251	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1252	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1253	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1254	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1255	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1256	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1257	ELSE
1258	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1259	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1260	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1261	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1262	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1263	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1264	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1265	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1266	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1267	ENDIF
1268	ENDDO
1269	ENDDO
1270	ENDDO
1271
1272	!
1273	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1274	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1275	!-- Start with default surface type
1276	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1277	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1278	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1279	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1280	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1281	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1282	ENDDO
1283	!
1284	!-- Natural surfaces
1285	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1286	i = surf_lsm_h%i(m)
1287	j = surf_lsm_h%j(m)
1288	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1289	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1290	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1291	ENDDO
1292	!
1293	!-- Urban surfaces
1294	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1295	i = surf_usm_h%i(m)
1296	j = surf_usm_h%j(m)
1297	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1298	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1299	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1300	ENDDO
1301	!
1302	!
1303	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1304	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1305	!-- canopy.
1306	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1307	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1308	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1309	!-- of the respective layer
1310	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1311	DO j = nysg, nyng
1312	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1313	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1314	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1315	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1316	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1317	ENDIF
1318	ENDDO
1319	ENDDO
1320	ENDDO
1321
1322	ENDIF
1323
1324	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1325
1326
1327	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1328
1329
1330	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1331	! Description:
1332	! ------------
1333	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1335	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1336
1337	USE control_parameters, &
1338	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1339
1340	IMPLICIT NONE
1341
1342	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1343
1344	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1345	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1346	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1347	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1348	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1349	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1350	lai_beta, &
1351	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1352	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1353	plant_canopy_transpiration
1354
1355	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1356	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1357	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1358	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1359	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1360	lai_beta, &
1361	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1362	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1363	plant_canopy_transpiration
1364
1365	line = ' '
1366
1367	!
1368	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1369	REWIND ( 11 )
1370	line = ' '
1371	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1372	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1373	ENDDO
1374	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1375
1376	!
1377	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1378	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1379
1380	!
1381	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1382	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1383
1384	GOTO 14
1385
1386	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1387	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1388	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1389	!
1390	!-- Try to find old namelist
1391	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1392	line = ' '
1393	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1394	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1395	ENDDO
1396	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1397
1398	!
1399	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1400	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1401
1402	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1403	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1404	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1405	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1406
1407	!
1408	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1409	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1410
1411	GOTO 14
1412
1413	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1414	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1415	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1416
1417	14 CONTINUE
1418
1419
1420	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1421
1422
1423
1424	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1425	! Description:
1426	! ------------
1427	!
1428	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1429	!>
1430	!> num_levels
1431	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1432	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1433	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1434	!> ...
1435	!>
1436	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1437	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1438	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1439	!>
1440	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1441	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1442	!>
1443	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1444	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1445	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1446	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1447
1448	USE control_parameters, &
1449	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1450
1451	USE indices, &
1452	ONLY: nbgp
1453
1454	IMPLICIT NONE
1455
1456	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1457	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1458	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1459	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1460	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1461	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1462	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1463
1464	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1465
1466	!
1467	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1468	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1469
1470	!
1471	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1472	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1473	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1474	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1475	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1476	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1477	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1478	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1479
1480	DO
1481	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1482	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1483
1484	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1485	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1486	!
1487	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1488	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1489	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1490	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1491	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1492	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1493	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1494	'but pctype is ', pctype
1495	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1496	ENDIF
1497	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1498	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1499	CASE DEFAULT
1500	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1501	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1502	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1503	END SELECT
1504	ENDDO
1505
1506	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1507	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1508
1509	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1510	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1511
1512	517 CLOSE(152)
1513	DEALLOCATE( col )
1514
1515	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1516
1517	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1518
1519
1520
1521	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1522	! Description:
1523	! ------------
1524	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1525	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1526	!>
1527	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1528	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1529	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1530	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1531	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1532	!>
1533	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1534	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1535	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1536	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1537	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1538	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1539	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1540	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1541	!>
1542	!>
1543	!> Call for all grid points
1544	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1545	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1546
1547
1548	USE control_parameters, &
1549	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1550
1551	USE kinds
1552
1553	IMPLICIT NONE
1554
1555	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1556	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1557	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1558	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1559	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1560	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1561
1562	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1563	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1564	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1565	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1566	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1567	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1568
1569
1570	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1571
1572	!
1573	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1574	SELECT CASE ( component )
1575
1576	!
1577	!-- u-component
1578	CASE ( 1 )
1579	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1580	DO j = nys, nyn
1581	!
1582	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1583	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1584	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1585
1586	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1587	!
1588	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1589	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1590	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1591	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1592	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1593	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1594	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1595	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1596	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1597	THEN
1598	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1599	ENDIF
1600
1601	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1602	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1603	!
1604	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1605	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1606	lad_local * &
1607	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1608	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1609	v(k,j,i) + &
1610	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1611	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1612	)**2 + &
1613	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1614	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1615	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1616	w(k,j,i) ) &
1617	)**2 &
1618	) * &
1619	u(k,j,i)
1620
1621	!
1622	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1623	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1624	!
1625	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1626	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1627	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1628	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1629	ELSE
1630	pre_tend = pre_tend
1631	ENDIF
1632	!
1633	!-- Calculate final tendency
1634	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1635
1636	ENDDO
1637	ENDDO
1638	ENDDO
1639
1640	!
1641	!-- v-component
1642	CASE ( 2 )
1643	DO i = nxl, nxr
1644	DO j = nysv, nyn
1645	!
1646	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1647	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1648
1649	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1650
1651	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1652	!
1653	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1654	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1655	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1656	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1657	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1658	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1659	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1660	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1661	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1662	THEN
1663	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1664	ENDIF
1665
1666	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1667	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1668	!
1669	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1670	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1671	lad_local * &
1672	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1673	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1674	u(k,j,i) + &
1675	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1676	)**2 + &
1677	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1678	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1679	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1680	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1681	w(k,j,i) ) &
1682	)**2 &
1683	) * &
1684	v(k,j,i)
1685
1686	!
1687	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1688	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1689	!
1690	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1691	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1692	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1693	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1694	ELSE
1695	pre_tend = pre_tend
1696	ENDIF
1697	!
1698	!-- Calculate final tendency
1699	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1700
1701	ENDDO
1702	ENDDO
1703	ENDDO
1704
1705	!
1706	!-- w-component
1707	CASE ( 3 )
1708	DO i = nxl, nxr
1709	DO j = nys, nyn
1710	!
1711	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1712	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1713
1714	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1715
1716	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1717
1718	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1719	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1720	!
1721	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1722	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1723	(0.5_wp * &
1724	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1725	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1726	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1727	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1728	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1729	)**2 + &
1730	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1731	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1732	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1733	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1734	)**2 + &
1735	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1736	) * &
1737	w(k,j,i)
1738	!
1739	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1740	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1741	!
1742	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1743	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1744	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1745	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1746	ELSE
1747	pre_tend = pre_tend
1748	ENDIF
1749	!
1750	!-- Calculate final tendency
1751	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1752
1753	ENDDO
1754	ENDDO
1755	ENDDO
1756
1757	!
1758	!-- potential temperature
1759	CASE ( 4 )
1760	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1761	DO i = nxl, nxr
1762	DO j = nys, nyn
1763	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1764	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1765	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1766	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1767	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1768	ENDDO
1769	ENDDO
1770	ENDDO
1771	ELSE
1772	DO i = nxl, nxr
1773	DO j = nys, nyn
1774	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1775	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1776	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1777	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1778	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1779	ENDDO
1780	ENDDO
1781	ENDDO
1782	ENDIF
1783
1784	!
1785	!-- humidity
1786	CASE ( 5 )
1787	DO i = nxl, nxr
1788	DO j = nys, nyn
1789	!
1790	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1791	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1792
1793	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1794
1795	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1796
1797	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1798	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1799	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1800	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1801	! in the plant canopy box
1802	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1803	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1804	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1805	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1806	)**2 + &
1807	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1808	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1809	)**2 + &
1810	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1811	w(k,j,i) ) &
1812	)**2 &
1813	) * &
1814	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1815	ENDIF
1816
1817	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1818	ENDDO
1819	ENDDO
1820	ENDDO
1821
1822	!
1823	!-- sgs-tke
1824	CASE ( 6 )
1825	DO i = nxl, nxr
1826	DO j = nys, nyn
1827	!
1828	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1829	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1830
1831	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1832
1833	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1834	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1835	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1836	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1837	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1838	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1839	)**2 + &
1840	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1841	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1842	)**2 + &
1843	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1844	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1845	)**2 &
1846	) * &
1847	e(k,j,i)
1848	ENDDO
1849	ENDDO
1850	ENDDO
1851	!
1852	!-- scalar concentration
1853	CASE ( 7 )
1854	DO i = nxl, nxr
1855	DO j = nys, nyn
1856	!
1857	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1858	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1859
1860	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1861
1862	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1863	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1864	lsec * &
1865	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1866	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1867	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1868	)**2 + &
1869	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1870	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1871	)**2 + &
1872	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1873	w(k,j,i) ) &
1874	)**2 &
1875	) * &
1876	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1877	ENDDO
1878	ENDDO
1879	ENDDO
1880
1881
1882
1883	CASE DEFAULT
1884
1885	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1886	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1887
1888	END SELECT
1889
1890	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1891
1892
1893	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1894	! Description:
1895	! ------------
1896	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1897	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1898	!>
1899	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1900	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1901	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1902	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1903	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1904	!>
1905	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1906	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1907	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1908	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1909	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1910	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1911	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1912	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1913	!>
1914	!>
1915	!> Call for grid point i,j
1916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1917	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1918
1919
1920	USE control_parameters, &
1921	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1922
1923	USE kinds
1924
1925	IMPLICIT NONE
1926
1927	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1928	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1929	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1930	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1931	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1932	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1933
1934	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1935	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1936	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1937	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1938
1939	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1940	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1941	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1942	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1943	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1944	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1945
1946
1947	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1948	!
1949	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1950	SELECT CASE ( component )
1951
1952	!
1953	!-- u-component
1954	CASE ( 1 )
1955	!
1956	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1957	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1958	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1959	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1960	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1961	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1962	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1963	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1964	!
1965	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1966	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1967	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1968
1969	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1970
1971	!
1972	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1973	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1974	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1975	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1976	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1977	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1978	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1979	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1980	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1981	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1982	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1983	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1984	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
1985	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1986	!
1987	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1988	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1989	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1990	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1991	!-- point (j,i-1).
1992	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
1993	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1994
1995	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1996	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1997	!
1998	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1999	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2000	lad_local * &
2001	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
2002	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
2003	v(k,j,i) + &
2004	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2005	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
2006	)**2 + &
2007	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
2008	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2009	w(k,j,i-1) + &
2010	w(k,j,i) ) &
2011	)**2 &
2012	) * &
2013	u(k,j,i)
2014
2015	!
2016	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2017	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2018	!
2019	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2020	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2021	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
2022	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2023	ELSE
2024	pre_tend = pre_tend
2025	ENDIF
2026	!
2027	!-- Calculate final tendency
2028	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2029	ENDDO
2030
2031
2032	!
2033	!-- v-component
2034	CASE ( 2 )
2035	!
2036	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
2037	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
2038	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
2039	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2040	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2041	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
2042	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2043	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2044	!
2045	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
2046	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
2047	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2048
2049	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2050	!
2051	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2052	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2053	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2054	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2055	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2056	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
2057	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2058	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2059	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2060	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2061	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2062	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2063	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2064	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2065	!
2066	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2067	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2068	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2069	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2070	!-- point (j,i-1).
2071	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2072	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2073
2074	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2075	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2076	!
2077	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2078	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2079	lad_local * &
2080	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2081	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2082	u(k,j,i) + &
2083	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2084	)**2 + &
2085	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2086	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2087	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2088	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2089	w(k,j,i) ) &
2090	)**2 &
2091	) * &
2092	v(k,j,i)
2093
2094	!
2095	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2096	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2097	!
2098	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2099	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2100	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2101	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2102	ELSE
2103	pre_tend = pre_tend
2104	ENDIF
2105	!
2106	!-- Calculate final tendency
2107	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2108	ENDDO
2109
2110
2111	!
2112	!-- w-component
2113	CASE ( 3 )
2114	!
2115	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2116	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
2117
2118	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2119
2120	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2121
2122	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2123	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2124	!
2125	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2126	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2127	(0.5_wp * &
2128	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2129	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2130	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2131	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2132	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2133	)**2 + &
2134	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2135	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2136	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2137	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2138	)**2 + &
2139	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2140	) * &
2141	w(k,j,i)
2142	!
2143	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2144	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2145	!
2146	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2147	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2148	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2149	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2150	ELSE
2151	pre_tend = pre_tend
2152	ENDIF
2153	!
2154	!-- Calculate final tendency
2155	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2156	ENDDO
2157
2158	!
2159	!-- potential temperature
2160	CASE ( 4 )
2161	!
2162	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2163	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2164
2165	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2166	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2167	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2168	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2169	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2170	ENDDO
2171	ELSE
2172	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2173	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2174	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2175	ENDDO
2176	ENDIF
2177
2178	!
2179	!-- humidity
2180	CASE ( 5 )
2181	!
2182	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2183	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2184
2185	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2186	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2187	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2188	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2189	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2190	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2191	! in the plant canopy box
2192	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2193	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2194	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2195	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2196	)**2 + &
2197	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2198	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2199	)**2 + &
2200	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2201	w(k,j,i) ) &
2202	)**2 &
2203	) * &
2204	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2205	ENDIF
2206
2207	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2208
2209	ENDDO
2210
2211	!
2212	!-- sgs-tke
2213	CASE ( 6 )
2214	!
2215	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2216	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2217
2218	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2219
2220	kk = k - k_wall
2221	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2222	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2223	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2224	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2225	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2226	)**2 + &
2227	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2228	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2229	)**2 + &
2230	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2231	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2232	)**2 &
2233	) * &
2234	e(k,j,i)
2235	ENDDO
2236
2237	!
2238	!-- scalar concentration
2239	CASE ( 7 )
2240	!
2241	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2242	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2243
2244	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2245
2246	kk = k - k_wall
2247	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2248	lsec * &
2249	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2250	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2251	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2252	)**2 + &
2253	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2254	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2255	)**2 + &
2256	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2257	w(k,j,i) ) &
2258	)**2 &
2259	) * &
2260	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2261	ENDDO
2262
2263	CASE DEFAULT
2264
2265	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2266	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2267
2268	END SELECT
2269
2270	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2271
2272
2273
2274	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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