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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4220

Last change on this file since 4220 was 4220, checked in by suehring, 5 years ago
Map 3d plant-canopy output to surface (this feature was lost by the latest bugfix in 3d canopy output)
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 89.6 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4220 2019-09-05 16:42:39Z suehring $
29	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
30	!
31	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
32	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
33	!
34	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
35	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
36	!
37	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
38	! Minor adjustment in error number
39	!
40	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
41	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
42	!
43	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
44	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
45	!
46	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
47	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
48	!
49	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
50	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
51	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
52	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
53	! (merge from branch resler)
54	!
55	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
56	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
57	! of additional debug messages
58	!
59	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
60	! unsed variables removed
61	!
62	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
63	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
64	! becomes > 40 degrees
65	!
66	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
67	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
68	!
69	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
70	! unused variables removed
71	!
72	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
73	! Initial revision
74	!
75	! Description:
76	! ------------
77	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
78	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
79	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
80	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
81	!
82	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
83	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
84	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
85	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
86
87	USE arrays_3d, &
88	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
89
90	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
91	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
92
93	USE control_parameters, &
94	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
95
96	USE indices, &
97	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
98	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind
99
100	USE kinds
101
102	USE pegrid
103
104
105	IMPLICIT NONE
106
107
108	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
109	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
110	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
111	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
112
113	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
114	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
115
116	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
117
118	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
119
120	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
121	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
122	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
123	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
124	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
125	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
126	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
127	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
128	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
129	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
130	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
131	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
132	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
133
134	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
135	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
136
137	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
138	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
139
140	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
141	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
142
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
145	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
146	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
148
149	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
150	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
151	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
152
153	SAVE
154
155
156	PRIVATE
157
158	!
159	!-- Public functions
160	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
161	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
162	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
163	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
164
165	!
166	!-- Public variables and constants
167	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
168	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
169	plant_canopy_transpiration
170
171	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
172	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
173	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
174
175	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
176	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
177	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
178
179	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
180	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
181	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
182
183	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
184	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
185	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
186
187	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
188	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
189	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
190
191	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
192	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
193	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
194
195	INTERFACE pcm_header
196	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
197	END INTERFACE pcm_header
198
199	INTERFACE pcm_init
200	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
201	END INTERFACE pcm_init
202
203	INTERFACE pcm_parin
204	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
205	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
206
207	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
208	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
209	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
210
211	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
212	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
213	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
214	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
215
216
217	CONTAINS
218
219
220
221	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
222	! Description:
223	! ------------
224	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
225	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
226	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
227	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
228	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
229	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
230	!> Tree Physiology 20).
231	!>
232	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
233	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
234	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
235	!>
236	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
237	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
238
239	USE control_parameters, &
240	ONLY: dz
241
242	USE grid_variables, &
243	ONLY: dx, dy
244
245	IMPLICIT NONE
246	!-- input parameters
247	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
248	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
249	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
250	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
251	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
252
253	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
254	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
255	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
256	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
257	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
258	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
259	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
260	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
261	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
262	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
263	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
264
265
266	!-- Temperature (deg C)
267	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
268	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
269	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
270	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
271	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
272	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
273	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
274	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
275	!-- Wind speed
276	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
277	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
278	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
279	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
280	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
281	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
282	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
283	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
284	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
285	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
286	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
287	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
288	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
289	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
290	!-- Water pressure deficit
291	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
292	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
293	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
294	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
295	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
296	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
297	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
298	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
299	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
300	!-- Residual soil water content
301	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
302	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
303	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
304	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
305	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
306	!-- Stomatal conductivity
307	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
308	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
309	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
310	!-- Decoupling factor
311	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
312	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
313	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
314	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
315	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
316	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
317	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
318	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
319	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
320	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
321	!-- Evaporation rate
322	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
323	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
324	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
325	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
326	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
327	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
328	!-- latent heat from evaporation
329	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
330
331	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
332
333
334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
335	! Description:
336	! ------------
337	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
338	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
339	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
340
341
342	USE control_parameters, &
343	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
344
345	IMPLICIT NONE
346
347	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
348	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
349
350
351	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
352
353	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
354	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
355	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
356	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
357	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
358	ENDIF
359	unit = 'K s-1'
360
361	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
362	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
363
364	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
365	unit = 'K s-1'
366
367	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
368	unit = 'K s-1'
369
370	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
371	unit = 'm2 m-3'
372
373
374	CASE DEFAULT
375	unit = 'illegal'
376
377	END SELECT
378
379
380	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
381
382
383	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
384	! Description:
385	! ------------
386	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
387	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
388	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
389
390	USE control_parameters, &
391	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
392
393	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
394	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
395
396	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
397	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
398
399
400	IMPLICIT NONE
401
402
403	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
404	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
405	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
406	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
407	ENDIF
408
409	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
410	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
411	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
412	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
413	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
414	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
415	ENDIF
416
417	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
418	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
419	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
420	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
421	'lai_beta = 0.0'
422	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
423	ENDIF
424
425	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
426	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
427	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
428	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
429	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
430	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
431	'density profile'
432	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
433	ENDIF
434
435	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
436	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
437	' seifert_beheng'
438	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
439	ENDIF
440	!
441	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
442	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
443	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
444	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
445	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
446	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
447	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
448	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
449	ENDIF
450
451
452	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
453
454
455	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
456	!
457	! Description:
458	! ------------
459	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
460	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
461	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
462
463
464	USE control_parameters
465
466	USE indices
467
468	USE kinds
469
470	IMPLICIT NONE
471
472	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
473	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
474
475	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
476	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
477	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
478
479
480	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
481
482	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
483
484	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
485	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
486	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
487	ENDIF
488	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
489
490
491	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
492	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
493	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
494	ENDIF
495	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
496
497
498	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
499	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
500	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
501	ENDIF
502	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
503
504	CASE DEFAULT
505	CONTINUE
506
507	END SELECT
508
509	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
510
511	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
512
513	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
514	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
515	DO i = nxl, nxr
516	DO j = nys, nyn
517	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
518	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
519	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
520	ENDDO
521	ENDIF
522	ENDDO
523	ENDDO
524	ENDIF
525
526
527	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
528	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
529	DO i = nxl, nxr
530	DO j = nys, nyn
531	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
532	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
533	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
534	ENDDO
535	ENDIF
536	ENDDO
537	ENDDO
538	ENDIF
539
540
541	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
542	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
543	DO i = nxl, nxr
544	DO j = nys, nyn
545	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
546	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
547	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
548	ENDDO
549	ENDIF
550	ENDDO
551	ENDDO
552	ENDIF
553
554	CASE DEFAULT
555	CONTINUE
556
557	END SELECT
558
559	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
560
561	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
562
563	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
564	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
565	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
566	DO j = nysg, nyng
567	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
568	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
569	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
570	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
571	ENDDO
572	ENDIF
573	ENDDO
574	ENDDO
575	ENDIF
576
577
578	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
579	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
580	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
581	DO j = nysg, nyng
582	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
583	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
584	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
585	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
586	ENDDO
587	ENDIF
588	ENDDO
589	ENDDO
590	ENDIF
591
592
593	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
594	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
595	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
596	DO j = nysg, nyng
597	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
598	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
599	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
600	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
601	ENDDO
602	ENDIF
603	ENDDO
604	ENDDO
605	ENDIF
606
607	END SELECT
608
609	ENDIF
610
611	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
612
613	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
614	!
615	! Description:
616	! ------------
617	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
618	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
619	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
620	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
621	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
622	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
623	nzb_do, nzt_do )
624
625	USE indices
626
627	USE kinds
628
629
630	IMPLICIT NONE
631
632	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
633
634	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
635	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
636	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
637	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
638	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
639	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
640
641	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
642
643	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
644	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
645
646
647	found = .TRUE.
648
649	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
650
651	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
652	!
653	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
654	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
655	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
656	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
657	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
658	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
659	!-- surface.
660	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
661	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
662	DO i = nxl, nxr
663	DO j = nys, nyn
664	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
665	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
666	ENDDO
667	ENDDO
668	ENDDO
669	ELSE
670	DO i = nxl, nxr
671	DO j = nys, nyn
672	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
673	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
674	ENDDO
675	ENDDO
676	ENDDO
677	ENDIF
678
679	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
680	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
681	DO i = nxl, nxr
682	DO j = nys, nyn
683	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
684	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
685	ENDDO
686	ENDDO
687	ENDDO
688	ELSE
689	DO i = nxl, nxr
690	DO j = nys, nyn
691	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
692	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
693	ENDDO
694	ENDDO
695	ENDDO
696	ENDIF
697
698	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
699	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
700	DO i = nxl, nxr
701	DO j = nys, nyn
702	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
703	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
704	ENDDO
705	ENDDO
706	ENDDO
707	ELSE
708	DO i = nxl, nxr
709	DO j = nys, nyn
710	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
711	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
712	ENDDO
713	ENDDO
714	ENDDO
715	ENDIF
716
717	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
718	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
719	DO i = nxl, nxr
720	DO j = nys, nyn
721	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
722	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
723	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) / &
724	pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
725	ENDIF
726	ENDDO
727	ENDDO
728	ENDDO
729	ELSE
730	DO i = nxl, nxr
731	DO j = nys, nyn
732	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
733	IF ( pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
734	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) / &
735	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
736	ENDIF
737	ENDDO
738	ENDDO
739	ENDDO
740	ENDIF
741
742	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
743	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
744	DO i = nxl, nxr
745	DO j = nys, nyn
746	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
747	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
748	ENDDO
749	ENDDO
750	ENDDO
751	ENDIF
752
753	CASE DEFAULT
754	found = .FALSE.
755
756	END SELECT
757
758
759	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
760
761	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
762	!
763	! Description:
764	! ------------
765	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
766	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
767	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
768	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
769
770	IMPLICIT NONE
771
772	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
773	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
774	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
775	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
776	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
777
778	found = .TRUE.
779
780	!
781	!-- Check for the grid
782	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
783
784	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
785	grid_x = 'x'
786	grid_y = 'y'
787	grid_z = 'zpc'
788
789	CASE DEFAULT
790	found = .FALSE.
791	grid_x = 'none'
792	grid_y = 'none'
793	grid_z = 'none'
794	END SELECT
795
796	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
797
798
799	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
800	! Description:
801	! ------------
802	!> Header output for plant canopy model
803	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
804	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
805
806	USE control_parameters, &
807	ONLY: passive_scalar
808
809
810	IMPLICIT NONE
811
812	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
813
814	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
815	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
816	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
817	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
818
819	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
820	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
821	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
822
823	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
824
825	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
826
827	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
828	canopy_drag_coeff
829	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
830	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
831	leaf_surface_conc
832	ENDIF
833
834	!
835	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
836	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
837
838	!
839	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
840	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
841	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
842
843	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
844	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
845	gradients = '------'
846	slices = ' 0'
847	coordinates = ' 0.0'
848	i = 1
849	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
850	/= -9999 )
851
852	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
853	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
854	TRIM( coor_chr )
855
856	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
857	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
858
859	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
860	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
861
862	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
863	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
864
865	i = i + 1
866	ENDDO
867
868	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
869	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
870
871	ELSE
872
873	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
874	coordinates = ' 0.0'
875
876	DO k = 1, pch_index
877
878	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
879	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
880	TRIM( coor_chr )
881
882	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
883	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
884
885	ENDDO
886
887	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
888	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
889
890	ENDIF
891
892	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
893	' ------------------------------'// &
894	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
895	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
896	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
897	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
898	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
899	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
900	' K m/s')
901	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
902	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
903	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
904	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
905	' Gridpoint: ',A)
906	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
907	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
908	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
909	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
910	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
911	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
912
913	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
914
915
916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
917	! Description:
918	! ------------
919	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
920	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
921	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
922
923
924	USE control_parameters, &
925	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
926
927	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
928	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
929
930	USE surface_mod, &
931	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
932
933	IMPLICIT NONE
934
935	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
936	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
937	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
938	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
939
940	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
941	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
942	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
943
944	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
945	!
946	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
947	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
948	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
949	lad = 0.0_wp
950	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
951
952	!
953	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
954	!-- a beta probability density function
955	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
956	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
957	ENDIF
958
959
960	!
961	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
962	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
963	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
964	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
965	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
966	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
967
968	!
969	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
970	i = 1
971	gradient = 0.0_wp
972
973	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
974
975	lad(0) = lad_surface
976	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
977
978	DO k = 1, pch_index
979	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
980	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
981	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
982	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
983	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
984	i = i + 1
985	ENDIF
986	ENDIF
987	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
988	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
989	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
990	ELSE
991	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
992	ENDIF
993	ELSE
994	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
995	ENDIF
996	ENDDO
997
998	ENDIF
999
1000	!
1001	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1002	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1003	!-- file.
1004	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1005	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1006	ENDIF
1007
1008	ELSE
1009
1010	!
1011	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1012	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1013	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1014
1015	DO k = 0, pch_index
1016	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1017	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1018	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1019	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1020	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1021	ENDDO
1022
1023	!
1024	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1025	DO k = 0, pch_index
1026	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1027	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1028	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1029	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1030	) / canopy_height
1031	ENDDO
1032
1033	!
1034	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1035	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1036	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1037	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1038	DO k = 1, pch_index
1039	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1040	ENDDO
1041
1042	ENDIF
1043
1044	!
1045	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1046	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1047
1048	!
1049	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1050	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1051	!-- with the prescribed values
1052	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1053	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1054	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1055
1056	!
1057	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1058	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1059	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1060	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1061
1062	CASE( 'block' )
1063
1064	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1065	DO j = nysg, nyng
1066	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1067	ENDDO
1068	ENDDO
1069
1070	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1071	!
1072	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1073	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1074	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1075	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1076	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1077	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1078	!
1079	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1080	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1081	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1082
1083	DO i = nxl, nxr
1084	DO j = nys, nyn
1085	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1086	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1087	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1088	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1089	ENDDO
1090	ENDDO
1091	ENDDO
1092
1093	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1094	!
1095	! ASCII file
1096	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1097	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1098	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1099	!-- each location).
1100	ELSE
1101	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1102	ENDIF
1103
1104	CASE DEFAULT
1105	!
1106	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1107	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1108	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1109	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1110	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1111	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1112
1113	END SELECT
1114	!
1115	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1116	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1117	pch_index_ji = 0
1118
1119	DO i = nxl, nxr
1120	DO j = nys, nyn
1121	DO k = 0, pch_index
1122	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1123	ENDDO
1124	!
1125	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1126	!-- height of the model domain.
1127	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1128	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1129	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1130	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1131	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1132	ENDIF
1133
1134	ENDDO
1135	ENDDO
1136
1137	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1138	!
1139	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1140	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1141
1142
1143	!
1144	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1145	#if defined( __parallel )
1146	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1147	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1148	#endif
1149
1150	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1151	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1152	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1153	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1154	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1155	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1156	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1157	ENDIF
1158	!
1159	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1160	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1161	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1162	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1163	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1164	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1165	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1166	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1167	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1168	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1169	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1170	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1171	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1172	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1173	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1174	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1175	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1176
1177	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1178	!
1179	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1180	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1181	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1182	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1183	DO j = nysg, nyng
1184	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1185	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1186	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1187	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1188	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1189	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1190	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1191	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1192	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1193	ELSE
1194	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1195	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1196	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1197	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1198	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1199	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1200	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1201	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1202	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1203	ENDIF
1204	ENDDO
1205	ENDDO
1206	ENDDO
1207
1208	!
1209	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1210	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1211	!-- Start with default surface type
1212	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1213	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1214	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1215	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1216	ENDDO
1217	!
1218	!-- Natural surfaces
1219	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1220	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1221	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1222	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1223	ENDDO
1224	!
1225	!-- Urban surfaces
1226	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1227	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1228	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1229	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1230	ENDDO
1231	!
1232	!
1233	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1234	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1235	!-- canopy.
1236	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1237	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1238	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1239	!-- of the respective layer
1240	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1241	DO j = nysg, nyng
1242	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1243	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1244	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1245	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1246	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1247	ENDIF
1248	ENDDO
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251
1252	ENDIF
1253
1254	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1255
1256
1257	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1258
1259
1260	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1261	! Description:
1262	! ------------
1263	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1264	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1265	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1266
1267	USE control_parameters, &
1268	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1269
1270	IMPLICIT NONE
1271
1272	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1273
1274	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1275	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1276	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1277	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1278	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1279	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1280	lai_beta, &
1281	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1282	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1283	plant_canopy_transpiration
1284
1285	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1286	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1287	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1288	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1289	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1290	lai_beta, &
1291	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1292	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1293	plant_canopy_transpiration
1294
1295	line = ' '
1296
1297	!
1298	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1299	REWIND ( 11 )
1300	line = ' '
1301	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1302	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1303	ENDDO
1304	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1305
1306	!
1307	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1308	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1309
1310	!
1311	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1312	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1313
1314	GOTO 14
1315
1316	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1317	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1318	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1319	!
1320	!-- Try to find old namelist
1321	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1322	line = ' '
1323	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1324	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1325	ENDDO
1326	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1327
1328	!
1329	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1330	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1331
1332	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1333	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1334	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1335	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1336
1337	!
1338	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1339	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1340
1341	GOTO 14
1342
1343	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1344	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1345	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1346
1347	14 CONTINUE
1348
1349
1350	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1351
1352
1353
1354	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1355	! Description:
1356	! ------------
1357	!
1358	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1359	!>
1360	!> num_levels
1361	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1362	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1363	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1364	!> ...
1365	!>
1366	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1367	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1368	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1369	!>
1370	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1371	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1372	!>
1373	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1374	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1375	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1376	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1377
1378	USE control_parameters, &
1379	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1380
1381	USE indices, &
1382	ONLY: nbgp
1383
1384	IMPLICIT NONE
1385
1386	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1387	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1388	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1389	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1390	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1391	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1392	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1393
1394	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1395
1396	!
1397	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1398	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1399
1400	!
1401	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1402	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1403	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1404	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1405	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1406	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1407	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1408	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1409
1410	DO
1411	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1412	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1413
1414	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1415	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1416	!
1417	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1418	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1419	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1420	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1421	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1422	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1423	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1424	'but pctype is ', pctype
1425	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1426	ENDIF
1427	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1428	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1429	CASE DEFAULT
1430	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1431	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1432	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1433	END SELECT
1434	ENDDO
1435
1436	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1437	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1438
1439	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1440	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1441
1442	517 CLOSE(152)
1443	DEALLOCATE( col )
1444
1445	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1446
1447	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1448
1449
1450
1451	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1452	! Description:
1453	! ------------
1454	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1455	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1456	!>
1457	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1458	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1459	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1460	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1461	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1462	!>
1463	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1464	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1465	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1466	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1467	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1468	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1469	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1470	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1471	!>
1472	!>
1473	!> Call for all grid points
1474	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1475	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1476
1477
1478	USE control_parameters, &
1479	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1480
1481	USE kinds
1482
1483	IMPLICIT NONE
1484
1485	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1486	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1487	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1488	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1489	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1490	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1491
1492	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1493	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1494	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1495	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1496	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1497	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1498
1499
1500	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1501
1502	!
1503	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1504	SELECT CASE ( component )
1505
1506	!
1507	!-- u-component
1508	CASE ( 1 )
1509	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1510	DO j = nys, nyn
1511	!
1512	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1513	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1514	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1515
1516	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1517	!
1518	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1519	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1520	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1521	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1522	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1523	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1524	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1525	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1526	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1527	THEN
1528	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1529	ENDIF
1530
1531	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1532	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1533	!
1534	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1535	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1536	lad_local * &
1537	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1538	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1539	v(k,j,i) + &
1540	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1541	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1542	)**2 + &
1543	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1544	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1545	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1546	w(k,j,i) ) &
1547	)**2 &
1548	) * &
1549	u(k,j,i)
1550
1551	!
1552	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1553	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1554	!
1555	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1556	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1557	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1558	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1559	ELSE
1560	pre_tend = pre_tend
1561	ENDIF
1562	!
1563	!-- Calculate final tendency
1564	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1565
1566	ENDDO
1567	ENDDO
1568	ENDDO
1569
1570	!
1571	!-- v-component
1572	CASE ( 2 )
1573	DO i = nxl, nxr
1574	DO j = nysv, nyn
1575	!
1576	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1577	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1578
1579	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1580
1581	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1582	!
1583	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1584	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1585	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1586	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1587	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1588	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1589	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1590	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1591	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1592	THEN
1593	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1594	ENDIF
1595
1596	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1597	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1598	!
1599	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1600	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1601	lad_local * &
1602	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1603	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1604	u(k,j,i) + &
1605	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1606	)**2 + &
1607	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1608	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1609	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1610	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1611	w(k,j,i) ) &
1612	)**2 &
1613	) * &
1614	v(k,j,i)
1615
1616	!
1617	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1618	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1619	!
1620	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1621	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1622	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1623	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1624	ELSE
1625	pre_tend = pre_tend
1626	ENDIF
1627	!
1628	!-- Calculate final tendency
1629	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1630
1631	ENDDO
1632	ENDDO
1633	ENDDO
1634
1635	!
1636	!-- w-component
1637	CASE ( 3 )
1638	DO i = nxl, nxr
1639	DO j = nys, nyn
1640	!
1641	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1642	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1643
1644	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1645
1646	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1647
1648	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1649	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1650	!
1651	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1652	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1653	(0.5_wp * &
1654	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1655	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1656	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1657	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1658	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1659	)**2 + &
1660	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1661	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1662	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1663	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1664	)**2 + &
1665	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1666	) * &
1667	w(k,j,i)
1668	!
1669	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1670	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1671	!
1672	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1673	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1674	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1675	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1676	ELSE
1677	pre_tend = pre_tend
1678	ENDIF
1679	!
1680	!-- Calculate final tendency
1681	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1682
1683	ENDDO
1684	ENDDO
1685	ENDDO
1686
1687	!
1688	!-- potential temperature
1689	CASE ( 4 )
1690	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1691	DO i = nxl, nxr
1692	DO j = nys, nyn
1693	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1694	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1695	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1696	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1697	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1698	ENDDO
1699	ENDDO
1700	ENDDO
1701	ELSE
1702	DO i = nxl, nxr
1703	DO j = nys, nyn
1704	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1705	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1706	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1707	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1708	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1709	ENDDO
1710	ENDDO
1711	ENDDO
1712	ENDIF
1713
1714	!
1715	!-- humidity
1716	CASE ( 5 )
1717	DO i = nxl, nxr
1718	DO j = nys, nyn
1719	!
1720	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1721	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1722
1723	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1724
1725	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1726
1727	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1728	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1729	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1730	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1731	! in the plant canopy box
1732	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1733	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1734	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1735	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1736	)**2 + &
1737	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1738	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1739	)**2 + &
1740	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1741	w(k,j,i) ) &
1742	)**2 &
1743	) * &
1744	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1745	ENDIF
1746
1747	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1748	ENDDO
1749	ENDDO
1750	ENDDO
1751
1752	!
1753	!-- sgs-tke
1754	CASE ( 6 )
1755	DO i = nxl, nxr
1756	DO j = nys, nyn
1757	!
1758	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1759	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1760
1761	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1762
1763	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1764	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1765	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1766	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1767	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1768	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1769	)**2 + &
1770	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1771	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1772	)**2 + &
1773	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1774	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1775	)**2 &
1776	) * &
1777	e(k,j,i)
1778	ENDDO
1779	ENDDO
1780	ENDDO
1781	!
1782	!-- scalar concentration
1783	CASE ( 7 )
1784	DO i = nxl, nxr
1785	DO j = nys, nyn
1786	!
1787	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1788	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1789
1790	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1791
1792	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1793	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1794	lsec * &
1795	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1796	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1797	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1798	)**2 + &
1799	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1800	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1801	)**2 + &
1802	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1803	w(k,j,i) ) &
1804	)**2 &
1805	) * &
1806	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1807	ENDDO
1808	ENDDO
1809	ENDDO
1810
1811
1812
1813	CASE DEFAULT
1814
1815	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1816	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1817
1818	END SELECT
1819
1820	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1821
1822
1823	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1824	! Description:
1825	! ------------
1826	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1827	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1828	!>
1829	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1830	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1831	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1832	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1833	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1834	!>
1835	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1836	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1837	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1838	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1839	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1840	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1841	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1842	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1843	!>
1844	!>
1845	!> Call for grid point i,j
1846	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1847	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1848
1849
1850	USE control_parameters, &
1851	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1852
1853	USE kinds
1854
1855	IMPLICIT NONE
1856
1857	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1858	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1859	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1860	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1861	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1862	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1863
1864	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1865	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1866	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1867	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1868	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1869	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1870
1871
1872	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1873	!
1874	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1875	SELECT CASE ( component )
1876
1877	!
1878	!-- u-component
1879	CASE ( 1 )
1880	!
1881	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1882	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1883	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1884
1885	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1886
1887	!
1888	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1889	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1890	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1891	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1892	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1893	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1894	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1895	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1896	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1897	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1898	ENDIF
1899
1900	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1901	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1902	!
1903	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1904	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1905	lad_local * &
1906	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1907	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1908	v(k,j,i) + &
1909	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1910	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1911	)**2 + &
1912	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1913	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1914	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1915	w(k,j,i) ) &
1916	)**2 &
1917	) * &
1918	u(k,j,i)
1919
1920	!
1921	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1922	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1923	!
1924	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1925	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1926	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1927	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1928	ELSE
1929	pre_tend = pre_tend
1930	ENDIF
1931	!
1932	!-- Calculate final tendency
1933	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1934	ENDDO
1935
1936
1937	!
1938	!-- v-component
1939	CASE ( 2 )
1940	!
1941	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1942	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1943
1944	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1945
1946	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1947	!
1948	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1949	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1950	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1951	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1952	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1953	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1954	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1955	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1956	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1957	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1958	ENDIF
1959
1960	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1961	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1962	!
1963	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1964	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1965	lad_local * &
1966	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1967	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1968	u(k,j,i) + &
1969	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1970	)**2 + &
1971	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1972	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1973	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1974	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1975	w(k,j,i) ) &
1976	)**2 &
1977	) * &
1978	v(k,j,i)
1979
1980	!
1981	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1982	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1983	!
1984	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1985	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1986	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1987	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1988	ELSE
1989	pre_tend = pre_tend
1990	ENDIF
1991	!
1992	!-- Calculate final tendency
1993	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1994	ENDDO
1995
1996
1997	!
1998	!-- w-component
1999	CASE ( 3 )
2000	!
2001	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2002	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
2003
2004	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2005
2006	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2007
2008	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2009	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2010	!
2011	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2012	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2013	(0.5_wp * &
2014	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2015	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2016	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2017	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2018	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2019	)**2 + &
2020	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2021	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2022	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2023	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2024	)**2 + &
2025	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2026	) * &
2027	w(k,j,i)
2028	!
2029	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2030	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2031	!
2032	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2033	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2034	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2035	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2036	ELSE
2037	pre_tend = pre_tend
2038	ENDIF
2039	!
2040	!-- Calculate final tendency
2041	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2042	ENDDO
2043
2044	!
2045	!-- potential temperature
2046	CASE ( 4 )
2047	!
2048	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2049	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2050
2051	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2052	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2053	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2054	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2055	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2056	ENDDO
2057	ELSE
2058	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2059	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2060	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2061	ENDDO
2062	ENDIF
2063
2064	!
2065	!-- humidity
2066	CASE ( 5 )
2067	!
2068	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2069	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2070
2071	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2072	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2073	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2074	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2075	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2076	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2077	! in the plant canopy box
2078	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2079	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2080	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2081	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2082	)**2 + &
2083	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2084	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2085	)**2 + &
2086	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2087	w(k,j,i) ) &
2088	)**2 &
2089	) * &
2090	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2091	ENDIF
2092
2093	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2094
2095	ENDDO
2096
2097	!
2098	!-- sgs-tke
2099	CASE ( 6 )
2100	!
2101	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2102	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2103
2104	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2105
2106	kk = k - k_wall
2107	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2108	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2109	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2110	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2111	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2112	)**2 + &
2113	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2114	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2115	)**2 + &
2116	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2117	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2118	)**2 &
2119	) * &
2120	e(k,j,i)
2121	ENDDO
2122
2123	!
2124	!-- scalar concentration
2125	CASE ( 7 )
2126	!
2127	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2128	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2129
2130	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2131
2132	kk = k - k_wall
2133	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2134	lsec * &
2135	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2136	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2137	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2138	)**2 + &
2139	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2140	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2141	)**2 + &
2142	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2143	w(k,j,i) ) &
2144	)**2 &
2145	) * &
2146	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2147	ENDDO
2148
2149	CASE DEFAULT
2150
2151	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2152	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2153
2154	END SELECT
2155
2156	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2157
2158
2159
2160	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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