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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2018 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring $
29	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
30	! becomes > 40 degrees
31	!
32	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
33	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
34	!
35	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
36	! unused variables removed
37	!
38	! 3589 2018-11-30 15:09:51Z suehring
39	! Formatting adjustments
40	!
41	! 3582 2018-11-29 19:16:36Z suehring
42	! working precision added to make code Fortran 2008 conform
43	!
44	! 3498 2018-11-07 10:53:03Z gronemeier
45	! corrected revisions section
46	!
47	! 3497 2018-11-06 17:15:18Z suehring
48	! Remove write statement.
49	!
50	! 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z suehring
51	! Add calculation of transpiration for resolved plant canopy (trees, shrubs)
52	! (V. Fuka, MFF UK Prague, J.Resler, ICS AS, Prague)
53	!
54	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
55	!
56	! 3337 2018-10-12 15:17:09Z kanani
57	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
58	!
59	! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
60	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
61	!
62	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
63	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
64	!
65	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
66	! Minor formating changes
67	!
68	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
69	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
70	!
71	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
72	! unused variables removed
73	!
74	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
75	! dz was replaced by the help of zw to allow for vertical stretching
76	!
77	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
78	! Error messages revised
79	!
80	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
81	! Error message revised
82	!
83	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
84	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
85	!
86	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
87	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
88	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
89	!
90	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
91	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
92	! plus some formatting.
93	! (moh.hefny):
94	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
95	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
96	!
97	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
98	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
99	!
100	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
101	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
102	!
103	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
104	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
105	!
106	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
107	! Correction of parameter check
108	!
109	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
110	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
111	!
112	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
113	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
114	!
115	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
116	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
117	!
118	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
119	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
120	!
121	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
122	! Changes from last commit documented
123	!
124	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
125	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
126	!
127	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
128	! Change in file header (GPL part)
129	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
130	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
131	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
132	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
133	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
134	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
135	!
136	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
137	! coupling_char removed
138	!
139	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
140	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
141	! no output of ghost layer data
142	!
143	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
144	! Get topography top index via Function call
145	!
146	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
147	! Changed error messages
148	!
149	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
150	!
151	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
152	! Adjustments to new topography concept
153	!
154	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
155	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
156	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
157	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
158	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
159	!
160	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
161	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
162	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
163	!
164	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
165	! Added missing lad_s initialization
166	!
167	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
168	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
169	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
170	! and similar future applications.
171	!
172	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
173	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
174	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
175	! introduction of urban surface model,
176	! introduced variable ext_coef,
177	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
178	!
179	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
180	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
181	!
182	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
183	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
184	!
185	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
186	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
187	!
188	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
189	! Further modularization
190	!
191	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
192	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
193	! canopy is set on top of topography
194	!
195	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
196	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
197	!
198	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
199	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
200	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
201	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
202	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
203	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
204	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
205	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
206	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
207	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
208	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
209	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
210	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
211	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
212	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
213	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
214	! respectively,
215	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
216	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
217	!
218	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
219	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
220	!
221	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
222	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
223	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
224	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
225	! old module precision_kind is removed,
226	! revision history before 2012 removed,
227	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
228	! all variable declaration statements
229	!
230	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
231	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
232	!
233	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
234	! Initial revision
235	!
236	! Description:
237	! ------------
238	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
239	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
240	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
241	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
242	!
243	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
244	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
245	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
246
247	USE arrays_3d, &
248	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
249
250	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
251	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
252
253	USE control_parameters, &
254	ONLY: humidity
255
256	USE indices, &
257	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
258	nz, nzb, nzt
259
260	USE kinds
261
262	USE pegrid
263
264	USE surface_mod, &
265	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
266
267
268	IMPLICIT NONE
269
270
271	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
272	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
273	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
274	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
275
276	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
277	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
278
279	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
280
281	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
282
283	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
284	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
285	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
286	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
287	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
288	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
289	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
290	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
291	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
292	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
293	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
294	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
295	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
296
297	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
298	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
299
300	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
301	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
302
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
305
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
311
312	SAVE
313
314
315	PRIVATE
316
317	!
318	!-- Public functions
319	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
320	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
321	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
322
323	!
324	!-- Public variables and constants
325	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
326	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
327	plant_canopy_transpiration
328
329	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
330	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
331	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
332
333	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
334	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
335	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
336
337	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
338	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
339	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
340
341	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
342	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
343	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
344
345	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
346	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
347	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
348
349	INTERFACE pcm_header
350	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
351	END INTERFACE pcm_header
352
353	INTERFACE pcm_init
354	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
355	END INTERFACE pcm_init
356
357	INTERFACE pcm_parin
358	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
359	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
360
361	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
362	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
363	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
364
365	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
366	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
367	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
368	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
369
370
371	CONTAINS
372
373
374
375	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
376	! Description:
377	! ------------
378	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
379	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
380	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
381	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
382	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
383	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
384	!> Tree Physiology 20).
385	!>
386	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
387	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
388	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
389	!>
390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
391	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
392
393	USE control_parameters, &
394	ONLY: dz
395
396	USE grid_variables, &
397	ONLY: dx, dy
398
399	IMPLICIT NONE
400	!-- input parameters
401	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
402	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
403	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
404	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
405	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
406
407	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
408	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
409	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
410	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
411	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
412	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
413	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
414	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
415	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
416	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
417	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
418
419
420	!-- Temperature (deg C)
421	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
422	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
423	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
424	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
425	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
426	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
427	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
428	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
429	!-- Wind speed
430	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
431	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
432	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 )
433	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
434	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
435	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
436	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
437	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
438	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
439	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
440	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
441	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
442	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
443	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
444	!-- Water pressure deficit
445	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
446	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
447	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
448	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
449	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
450	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
451	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
452	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
453	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
454	!-- Residual soil water content
455	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
456	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
457	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
458	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
459	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
460	!-- Stomatal conductivity
461	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
462	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
463	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
464	!-- Decoupling factor
465	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
466	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
467	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
468	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
469	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
470	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
471	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
472	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
473	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
474	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
475	!-- Evaporation rate
476	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
477	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
478	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
479	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
480	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
481	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
482	!-- latent heat from evaporation
483	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
484
485	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
486
487
488	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
489	! Description:
490	! ------------
491	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
492	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
493	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
494
495
496	USE control_parameters, &
497	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
498
499	IMPLICIT NONE
500
501	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
502	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
503
504
505	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
506
507	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
508	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
509	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
510	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
511	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
512	ENDIF
513	unit = 'K s-1'
514
515	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
516	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
517
518	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
519	unit = 'K s-1'
520
521	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
522	unit = 'K s-1'
523
524	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
525	unit = 'm2 m-3'
526
527
528	CASE DEFAULT
529	unit = 'illegal'
530
531	END SELECT
532
533
534	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
535
536
537	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
538	! Description:
539	! ------------
540	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
541	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
542	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
543
544	USE control_parameters, &
545	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
546
547	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
548	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
549
550	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
551	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
552
553
554	IMPLICIT NONE
555
556
557	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
558	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
559	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
560	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
561	ENDIF
562
563	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
564	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
565	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
566	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
567	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
568	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
569	ENDIF
570
571	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
572	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
573	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
574	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
575	'lai_beta = 0.0'
576	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
577	ENDIF
578
579	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
580	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
581	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
582	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
583	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
584	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
585	'density profile'
586	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
587	ENDIF
588
589	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
590	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
591	' seifert_beheng'
592	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
593	ENDIF
594	!
595	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
596	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
597	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
598	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
599	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
600	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
601	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
602	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
603	ENDIF
604
605
606	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
607
608
609	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
610	!
611	! Description:
612	! ------------
613	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
614	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
615	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
616	nzb_do, nzt_do )
617
618	USE indices
619
620	USE kinds
621
622
623	IMPLICIT NONE
624
625	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
626
627	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
628	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
629	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
630	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
631	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
632	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
633	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
634
635	LOGICAL :: found !<
636
637	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
638	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
639
640
641	found = .TRUE.
642
643	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
644
645	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
646
647	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
648	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
649	DO i = nxl, nxr
650	DO j = nys, nyn
651	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
652	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
653	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
654	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
655	ENDDO
656	ENDIF
657	ENDDO
658	ENDDO
659	ENDIF
660
661	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
662	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
663	DO i = nxl, nxr
664	DO j = nys, nyn
665	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
666	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
667	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
668	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
669	ENDDO
670	ENDIF
671	ENDDO
672	ENDDO
673	ENDIF
674
675	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
676	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
677	DO i = nxl, nxr
678	DO j = nys, nyn
679	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
680	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
681	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
682	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
683	ENDDO
684	ENDIF
685	ENDDO
686	ENDDO
687	ENDIF
688
689	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
690	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
691	DO i = nxl, nxr
692	DO j = nys, nyn
693	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
694	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
695	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
696	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
697	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) / &
698	pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
699	ENDIF
700	ENDDO
701	ENDIF
702	ENDDO
703	ENDDO
704	ENDIF
705
706	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
707	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
708	DO i = nxl, nxr
709	DO j = nys, nyn
710	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
711	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
712	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
713	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
714	ENDDO
715	ENDIF
716	ENDDO
717	ENDDO
718	ENDIF
719
720
721	CASE DEFAULT
722	found = .FALSE.
723
724	END SELECT
725
726
727	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
728
729	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
730	!
731	! Description:
732	! ------------
733	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
734	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
735	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
736	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
737
738	IMPLICIT NONE
739
740	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
741	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
742	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
743	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
744	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
745
746	found = .TRUE.
747
748	!
749	!-- Check for the grid
750	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
751
752	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
753	grid_x = 'x'
754	grid_y = 'y'
755	grid_z = 'zu'
756
757	CASE DEFAULT
758	found = .FALSE.
759	grid_x = 'none'
760	grid_y = 'none'
761	grid_z = 'none'
762	END SELECT
763
764	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
765
766
767	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
768	! Description:
769	! ------------
770	!> Header output for plant canopy model
771	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
772	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
773
774	USE control_parameters, &
775	ONLY: passive_scalar
776
777
778	IMPLICIT NONE
779
780	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
781
782	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
783	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
784	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
785	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
786
787	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
788	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
789	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
790
791	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
792
793	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
794
795	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
796	canopy_drag_coeff
797	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
798	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
799	leaf_surface_conc
800	ENDIF
801
802	!
803	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
804	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
805
806	!
807	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
808	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
809	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
810
811	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
812	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
813	gradients = '------'
814	slices = ' 0'
815	coordinates = ' 0.0'
816	i = 1
817	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
818	/= -9999 )
819
820	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
821	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
822	TRIM( coor_chr )
823
824	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
825	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
826
827	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
828	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
829
830	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
831	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
832
833	i = i + 1
834	ENDDO
835
836	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
837	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
838
839	ELSE
840
841	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
842	coordinates = ' 0.0'
843
844	DO k = 1, pch_index
845
846	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
847	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
848	TRIM( coor_chr )
849
850	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
851	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
852
853	ENDDO
854
855	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
856	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
857
858	ENDIF
859
860	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
861	' ------------------------------'// &
862	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
863	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
864	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
865	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
866	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
867	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
868	' K m/s')
869	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
870	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
871	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
872	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
873	' Gridpoint: ',A)
874	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
875	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
876	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
877	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
878	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
879	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
880
881	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
882
883
884	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
885	! Description:
886	! ------------
887	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
888	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
889	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
890
891
892	USE control_parameters, &
893	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
894
895	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
896	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
897
898	USE surface_mod, &
899	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
900
901	IMPLICIT NONE
902
903	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
904	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
905	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
906	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
907	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index_l
908
909	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
910	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
911	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
912
913	CALL location_message( 'initializing plant canopy model', .FALSE. )
914	!
915	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
916	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
917	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
918	lad = 0.0_wp
919	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
920
921	!
922	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
923	!-- a beta probability density function
924	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
925	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
926	ENDIF
927
928
929	!
930	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
931	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
932	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
933	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
934	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
935	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
936
937	!
938	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
939	i = 1
940	gradient = 0.0_wp
941
942	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
943
944	lad(0) = lad_surface
945	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
946
947	DO k = 1, pch_index
948	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
949	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
950	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
951	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
952	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
953	i = i + 1
954	ENDIF
955	ENDIF
956	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
957	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
958	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
959	ELSE
960	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
961	ENDIF
962	ELSE
963	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
964	ENDIF
965	ENDDO
966
967	ENDIF
968
969	!
970	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
971	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
972	!-- file.
973	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
974	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
975	ENDIF
976
977	ELSE
978
979	!
980	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
981	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
982	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
983
984	DO k = 0, pch_index
985	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
986	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
987	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
988	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
989	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
990	ENDDO
991
992	!
993	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
994	DO k = 0, pch_index
995	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
996	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
997	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
998	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
999	) / canopy_height
1000	ENDDO
1001
1002	!
1003	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1004	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1005	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1006	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1007	DO k = 1, pch_index
1008	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1009	ENDDO
1010
1011	ENDIF
1012
1013	!
1014	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1015	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1016
1017	!
1018	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1019	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1020	!-- with the prescribed values
1021	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1022	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1023	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1024
1025	!
1026	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1027	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1028	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1029	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1030
1031	CASE( 'block' )
1032
1033	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1034	DO j = nysg, nyng
1035	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1036	ENDDO
1037	ENDDO
1038
1039	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1040	!
1041	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1042	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1043	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1044	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1045	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1046	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1047	!
1048	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1049	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1050	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1051
1052	DO i = nxl, nxr
1053	DO j = nys, nyn
1054	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1055	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1056	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1057	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1058	ENDDO
1059	ENDDO
1060	ENDDO
1061	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1062	!
1063	! ASCII file
1064	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1065	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1066	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1067	!-- each location).
1068	ELSE
1069	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1070	ENDIF
1071
1072	CASE DEFAULT
1073	!
1074	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1075	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1076	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1077	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1078	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1079	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1080
1081	END SELECT
1082	!
1083	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1084	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1085	pch_index_ji = 0
1086
1087	DO i = nxl, nxr
1088	DO j = nys, nyn
1089	DO k = 0, pch_index
1090	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1091	ENDDO
1092	!
1093	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1094	!-- height of the model domain.
1095	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1096	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1097	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1098	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1099	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1100	ENDIF
1101
1102	ENDDO
1103	ENDDO
1104
1105	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1106	!
1107	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1108	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1109	!
1110	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1111	#if defined( __parallel )
1112	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1113	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1114	#endif
1115
1116	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1117	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1118	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1119	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1120	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1121	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1122	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1123	ENDIF
1124
1125	!
1126	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1127	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1128	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1129	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1130	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1131	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1132	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1133	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1134	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1135	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1136	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1137	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1138	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1139	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1140	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1141	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1142	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1143
1144	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1145	!
1146	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1147	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1148	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1149	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1150	DO j = nysg, nyng
1151	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1152	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1153	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1154	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1155	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1156	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1157	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1158	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1159	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1160	ELSE
1161	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1162	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1163	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1164	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1165	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1166	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1167	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1168	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1169	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1170	ENDIF
1171	ENDDO
1172	ENDDO
1173	ENDDO
1174
1175	!
1176	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1177	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1178	!-- Start with default surface type
1179	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1180	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1181	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1182	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1183	ENDDO
1184	!
1185	!-- Natural surfaces
1186	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1187	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1188	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1189	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1190	ENDDO
1191	!
1192	!-- Urban surfaces
1193	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1194	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1195	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1196	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1197	ENDDO
1198	!
1199	!
1200	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1201	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1202	!-- canopy.
1203	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1204	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1205	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1206	!-- of the respective layer
1207	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1208	DO j = nysg, nyng
1209	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1210	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1211	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1212	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1213	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1214	ENDIF
1215	ENDDO
1216	ENDDO
1217	ENDDO
1218
1219	ENDIF
1220
1221	CALL location_message( 'finished', .TRUE. )
1222
1223
1224	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1225
1226
1227	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1228	! Description:
1229	! ------------
1230	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1231	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1232	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1233
1234	USE control_parameters, &
1235	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1236
1237	IMPLICIT NONE
1238
1239	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1240
1241	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1242	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1243	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1244	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1245	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1246	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1247	lai_beta, &
1248	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1249	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1250	plant_canopy_transpiration
1251
1252	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1253	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1254	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1255	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1256	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1257	lai_beta, &
1258	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1259	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1260	plant_canopy_transpiration
1261
1262	line = ' '
1263
1264	!
1265	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1266	REWIND ( 11 )
1267	line = ' '
1268	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1269	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1270	ENDDO
1271	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1272
1273	!
1274	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1275	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1276
1277	!
1278	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1279	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1280
1281	GOTO 14
1282
1283	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1284	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1285	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1286	!
1287	!-- Try to find old namelist
1288	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1289	line = ' '
1290	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1291	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1292	ENDDO
1293	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1294
1295	!
1296	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1297	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1298
1299	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1300	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1301	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1302	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1303
1304	!
1305	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1306	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1307
1308	GOTO 14
1309
1310	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1311	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1312	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1313
1314	14 CONTINUE
1315
1316
1317	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1318
1319
1320
1321	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1322	! Description:
1323	! ------------
1324	!
1325	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1326	!>
1327	!> num_levels
1328	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1329	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1330	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1331	!> ...
1332	!>
1333	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1334	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1335	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1336	!>
1337	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1338	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1339	!>
1340	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1341	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1342	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1343	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1344
1345	USE control_parameters, &
1346	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1347
1348	USE indices, &
1349	ONLY: nbgp
1350
1351	IMPLICIT NONE
1352
1353	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1354	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1355	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1356	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1357	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1358	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1359	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1360
1361	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1362
1363	!
1364	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1365	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1366
1367	!
1368	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1369	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1370	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1371	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1372	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1373	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1374	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1375	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1376
1377	DO
1378	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1379	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1380
1381	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1382	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1383	!
1384	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1385	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1386	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1387	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1388	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1389	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1390	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1391	'but pctype is ', pctype
1392	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1393	ENDIF
1394	kk = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1395	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1396	CASE DEFAULT
1397	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1398	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1399	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1400	END SELECT
1401	ENDDO
1402
1403	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1404	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1405
1406	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1407	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1408
1409	517 CLOSE(152)
1410	DEALLOCATE( col )
1411
1412	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1413
1414	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1415
1416
1417
1418	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1419	! Description:
1420	! ------------
1421	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1422	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1423	!>
1424	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1425	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1426	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1427	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1428	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1429	!>
1430	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1431	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1432	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1433	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1434	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1435	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1436	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1437	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1438	!>
1439	!>
1440	!> Call for all grid points
1441	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1442	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1443
1444
1445	USE control_parameters, &
1446	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1447
1448	USE kinds
1449
1450	IMPLICIT NONE
1451
1452	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1453	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1454	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1455	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1456	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1457	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1458
1459	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1460	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1461	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1462	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1463	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1464	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1465
1466
1467	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1468
1469	!
1470	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1471	SELECT CASE ( component )
1472
1473	!
1474	!-- u-component
1475	CASE ( 1 )
1476	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1477	DO j = nys, nyn
1478	!
1479	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1480	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1481	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1482
1483	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1484	!
1485	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1486	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1487	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1488	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1489	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1490	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1491	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1492	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1493	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1494	THEN
1495	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1496	ENDIF
1497
1498	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1499	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1500	!
1501	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1502	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1503	lad_local * &
1504	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1505	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1506	v(k,j,i) + &
1507	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1508	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1509	)**2 + &
1510	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1511	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1512	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1513	w(k,j,i) ) &
1514	)**2 &
1515	) * &
1516	u(k,j,i)
1517
1518	!
1519	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1520	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1521	!
1522	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1523	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1524	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1525	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1526	ELSE
1527	pre_tend = pre_tend
1528	ENDIF
1529	!
1530	!-- Calculate final tendency
1531	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1532
1533	ENDDO
1534	ENDDO
1535	ENDDO
1536
1537	!
1538	!-- v-component
1539	CASE ( 2 )
1540	DO i = nxl, nxr
1541	DO j = nysv, nyn
1542	!
1543	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1544	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1545
1546	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1547
1548	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1549	!
1550	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1551	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1552	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1553	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1554	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1555	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1556	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1557	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1558	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1559	THEN
1560	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1561	ENDIF
1562
1563	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1564	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1565	!
1566	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1567	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1568	lad_local * &
1569	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1570	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1571	u(k,j,i) + &
1572	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1573	)**2 + &
1574	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1575	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1576	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1577	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1578	w(k,j,i) ) &
1579	)**2 &
1580	) * &
1581	v(k,j,i)
1582
1583	!
1584	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1585	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1586	!
1587	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1588	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1589	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1590	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1591	ELSE
1592	pre_tend = pre_tend
1593	ENDIF
1594	!
1595	!-- Calculate final tendency
1596	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1597
1598	ENDDO
1599	ENDDO
1600	ENDDO
1601
1602	!
1603	!-- w-component
1604	CASE ( 3 )
1605	DO i = nxl, nxr
1606	DO j = nys, nyn
1607	!
1608	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1609	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1610
1611	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1612
1613	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1614
1615	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1616	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1617	!
1618	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1619	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1620	(0.5_wp * &
1621	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1622	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1623	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1624	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1625	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1626	)**2 + &
1627	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1628	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1629	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1630	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1631	)**2 + &
1632	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1633	) * &
1634	w(k,j,i)
1635	!
1636	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1637	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1638	!
1639	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1640	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1641	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1642	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1643	ELSE
1644	pre_tend = pre_tend
1645	ENDIF
1646	!
1647	!-- Calculate final tendency
1648	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1649
1650	ENDDO
1651	ENDDO
1652	ENDDO
1653
1654	!
1655	!-- potential temperature
1656	CASE ( 4 )
1657	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1658	DO i = nxl, nxr
1659	DO j = nys, nyn
1660	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1661	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1662	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1663	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1664	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1665	ENDDO
1666	ENDDO
1667	ENDDO
1668	ELSE
1669	DO i = nxl, nxr
1670	DO j = nys, nyn
1671	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1672	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1673	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1674	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1675	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1676	ENDDO
1677	ENDDO
1678	ENDDO
1679	ENDIF
1680
1681	!
1682	!-- humidity
1683	CASE ( 5 )
1684	DO i = nxl, nxr
1685	DO j = nys, nyn
1686	!
1687	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1688	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1689
1690	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1691
1692	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1693
1694	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1695	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1696	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1697	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1698	! in the plant canopy box
1699	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1700	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1701	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1702	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1703	)**2 + &
1704	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1705	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1706	)**2 + &
1707	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1708	w(k,j,i) ) &
1709	)**2 &
1710	) * &
1711	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1712	ENDIF
1713
1714	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1715	ENDDO
1716	ENDDO
1717	ENDDO
1718
1719	!
1720	!-- sgs-tke
1721	CASE ( 6 )
1722	DO i = nxl, nxr
1723	DO j = nys, nyn
1724	!
1725	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1726	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1727
1728	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1729
1730	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1731	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1732	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1733	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1734	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1735	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1736	)**2 + &
1737	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1738	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1739	)**2 + &
1740	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1741	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1742	)**2 &
1743	) * &
1744	e(k,j,i)
1745	ENDDO
1746	ENDDO
1747	ENDDO
1748	!
1749	!-- scalar concentration
1750	CASE ( 7 )
1751	DO i = nxl, nxr
1752	DO j = nys, nyn
1753	!
1754	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1755	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1756
1757	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1758
1759	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1760	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1761	lsec * &
1762	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1763	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1764	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1765	)**2 + &
1766	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1767	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1768	)**2 + &
1769	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1770	w(k,j,i) ) &
1771	)**2 &
1772	) * &
1773	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1774	ENDDO
1775	ENDDO
1776	ENDDO
1777
1778
1779
1780	CASE DEFAULT
1781
1782	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1783	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1784
1785	END SELECT
1786
1787	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1788
1789
1790	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1791	! Description:
1792	! ------------
1793	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1794	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1795	!>
1796	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1797	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1798	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1799	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1800	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1801	!>
1802	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1803	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1804	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1805	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1806	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1807	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1808	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1809	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1810	!>
1811	!>
1812	!> Call for grid point i,j
1813	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1814	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1815
1816
1817	USE control_parameters, &
1818	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1819
1820	USE kinds
1821
1822	IMPLICIT NONE
1823
1824	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1825	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1826	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1827	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1828	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1829	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1830
1831	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1832	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1833	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1834	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1835	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1836	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1837
1838
1839	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1840	!
1841	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1842	SELECT CASE ( component )
1843
1844	!
1845	!-- u-component
1846	CASE ( 1 )
1847	!
1848	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1849	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1850	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1851
1852	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1853
1854	!
1855	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1856	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1857	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1858	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1859	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1860	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1861	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1862	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1863	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1864	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1865	ENDIF
1866
1867	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1868	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1869	!
1870	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1871	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1872	lad_local * &
1873	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1874	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1875	v(k,j,i) + &
1876	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1877	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1878	)**2 + &
1879	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1880	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1881	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1882	w(k,j,i) ) &
1883	)**2 &
1884	) * &
1885	u(k,j,i)
1886
1887	!
1888	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1889	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1890	!
1891	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1892	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1893	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1894	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1895	ELSE
1896	pre_tend = pre_tend
1897	ENDIF
1898	!
1899	!-- Calculate final tendency
1900	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1901	ENDDO
1902
1903
1904	!
1905	!-- v-component
1906	CASE ( 2 )
1907	!
1908	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1909	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1910
1911	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1912
1913	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1914	!
1915	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1916	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1917	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1918	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1919	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1920	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1921	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1922	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1923	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1924	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1925	ENDIF
1926
1927	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1928	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1929	!
1930	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1931	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1932	lad_local * &
1933	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1934	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1935	u(k,j,i) + &
1936	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1937	)**2 + &
1938	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1939	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1940	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1941	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1942	w(k,j,i) ) &
1943	)**2 &
1944	) * &
1945	v(k,j,i)
1946
1947	!
1948	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1949	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1950	!
1951	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1952	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1953	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1954	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1955	ELSE
1956	pre_tend = pre_tend
1957	ENDIF
1958	!
1959	!-- Calculate final tendency
1960	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1961	ENDDO
1962
1963
1964	!
1965	!-- w-component
1966	CASE ( 3 )
1967	!
1968	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1969	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1970
1971	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1972
1973	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1974
1975	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1976	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1977	!
1978	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1979	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1980	(0.5_wp * &
1981	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1982	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1983	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1984	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1985	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1986	)**2 + &
1987	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1988	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1989	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1990	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1991	)**2 + &
1992	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1993	) * &
1994	w(k,j,i)
1995	!
1996	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1997	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1998	!
1999	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2000	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2001	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2002	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2003	ELSE
2004	pre_tend = pre_tend
2005	ENDIF
2006	!
2007	!-- Calculate final tendency
2008	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2009	ENDDO
2010
2011	!
2012	!-- potential temperature
2013	CASE ( 4 )
2014	!
2015	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2016	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2017
2018	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2019	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2020	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2021	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2022	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2023	ENDDO
2024	ELSE
2025	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2026	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2027	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2028	ENDDO
2029	ENDIF
2030
2031	!
2032	!-- humidity
2033	CASE ( 5 )
2034	!
2035	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2036	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2037
2038	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2039	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2040	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2041	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2042	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2043	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2044	! in the plant canopy box
2045	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2046	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2047	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2048	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2049	)**2 + &
2050	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2051	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2052	)**2 + &
2053	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2054	w(k,j,i) ) &
2055	)**2 &
2056	) * &
2057	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2058	ENDIF
2059
2060	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2061
2062	ENDDO
2063
2064	!
2065	!-- sgs-tke
2066	CASE ( 6 )
2067	!
2068	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2069	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2070
2071	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2072
2073	kk = k - k_wall
2074	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2075	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2076	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2077	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2078	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2079	)**2 + &
2080	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2081	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2082	)**2 + &
2083	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2084	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2085	)**2 &
2086	) * &
2087	e(k,j,i)
2088	ENDDO
2089
2090	!
2091	!-- scalar concentration
2092	CASE ( 7 )
2093	!
2094	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2095	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2096
2097	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2098
2099	kk = k - k_wall
2100	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2101	lsec * &
2102	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2103	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2104	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2105	)**2 + &
2106	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2107	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2108	)**2 + &
2109	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2110	w(k,j,i) ) &
2111	)**2 &
2112	) * &
2113	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2114	ENDDO
2115
2116	CASE DEFAULT
2117
2118	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2119	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2120
2121	END SELECT
2122
2123	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2124
2125
2126
2127	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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