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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 3669

Last change on this file since 3669 was 3655, checked in by knoop, 6 years ago
Bugfix: made "unit" and "found" intend INOUT in module interface subroutines + automatic copyright update
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 88.4 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2018 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z maronga $
29	! unused variables removed
30	!
31	! 3589 2018-11-30 15:09:51Z suehring
32	! Formatting adjustments
33	!
34	! 3582 2018-11-29 19:16:36Z suehring
35	! working precision added to make code Fortran 2008 conform
36	!
37	! 3498 2018-11-07 10:53:03Z gronemeier
38	! corrected revisions section
39	!
40	! 3497 2018-11-06 17:15:18Z suehring
41	! Remove write statement.
42	!
43	! 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z suehring
44	! Add calculation of transpiration for resolved plant canopy (trees, shrubs)
45	! (V. Fuka, MFF UK Prague, J.Resler, ICS AS, Prague)
46	!
47	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
48	!
49	! 3337 2018-10-12 15:17:09Z kanani
50	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
51	!
52	! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
53	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
54	!
55	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
56	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
57	!
58	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
59	! Minor formating changes
60	!
61	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
62	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
63	!
64	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
65	! unused variables removed
66	!
67	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
68	! dz was replaced by the help of zw to allow for vertical stretching
69	!
70	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
71	! Error messages revised
72	!
73	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
74	! Error message revised
75	!
76	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
77	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
78	!
79	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
80	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
81	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
82	!
83	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
84	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
85	! plus some formatting.
86	! (moh.hefny):
87	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
88	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
89	!
90	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
91	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
92	!
93	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
94	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
95	!
96	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
97	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
98	!
99	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
100	! Correction of parameter check
101	!
102	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
103	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
104	!
105	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
106	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
107	!
108	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
109	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
110	!
111	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
112	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
113	!
114	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
115	! Changes from last commit documented
116	!
117	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
118	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
119	!
120	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
121	! Change in file header (GPL part)
122	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
123	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
124	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
125	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
126	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
127	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
128	!
129	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
130	! coupling_char removed
131	!
132	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
133	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
134	! no output of ghost layer data
135	!
136	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
137	! Get topography top index via Function call
138	!
139	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
140	! Changed error messages
141	!
142	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
143	!
144	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
145	! Adjustments to new topography concept
146	!
147	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
148	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
149	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
150	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
151	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
152	!
153	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
154	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
155	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
156	!
157	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
158	! Added missing lad_s initialization
159	!
160	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
161	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
162	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
163	! and similar future applications.
164	!
165	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
166	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
167	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
168	! introduction of urban surface model,
169	! introduced variable ext_coef,
170	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
171	!
172	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
173	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
174	!
175	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
176	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
177	!
178	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
179	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
180	!
181	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
182	! Further modularization
183	!
184	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
185	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
186	! canopy is set on top of topography
187	!
188	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
189	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
190	!
191	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
192	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
193	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
194	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
195	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
196	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
197	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
198	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
199	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
200	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
201	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
202	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
203	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
204	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
205	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
206	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
207	! respectively,
208	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
209	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
210	!
211	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
212	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
213	!
214	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
215	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
216	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
217	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
218	! old module precision_kind is removed,
219	! revision history before 2012 removed,
220	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
221	! all variable declaration statements
222	!
223	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
224	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
225	!
226	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
227	! Initial revision
228	!
229	! Description:
230	! ------------
231	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
232	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
233	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
234	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
235	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
236	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
237
238	USE arrays_3d, &
239	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
240
241	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
242	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
243
244	USE control_parameters, &
245	ONLY: humidity
246
247	USE indices, &
248	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
249	nz, nzb, nzt
250
251	USE kinds
252
253	USE pegrid
254
255	USE surface_mod, &
256	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
257
258
259	IMPLICIT NONE
260
261
262	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
263	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
264	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
265	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
266
267	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
268	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
269
270	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
271
272	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
273
274	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
275	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
276	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
277	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
278	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
279	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
280	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
281	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
282	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
283	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
284	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
285	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
286	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
287
288	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
289	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
290
291	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
292	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
293
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
296
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
302
303	SAVE
304
305
306	PRIVATE
307
308	!
309	!-- Public functions
310	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
311	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
312	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
313
314	!
315	!-- Public variables and constants
316	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
317	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
318	plant_canopy_transpiration
319
320	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
321	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
322	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
323
324	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
325	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
326	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
327
328	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
329	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
330	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
331
332	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
333	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
334	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
335
336	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
337	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
338	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
339
340	INTERFACE pcm_header
341	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
342	END INTERFACE pcm_header
343
344	INTERFACE pcm_init
345	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
346	END INTERFACE pcm_init
347
348	INTERFACE pcm_parin
349	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
350	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
351
352	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
353	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
354	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
355
356	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
357	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
358	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
359	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
360
361
362	CONTAINS
363
364
365
366	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
367	! Description:
368	! ------------
369	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
370	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
371	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
372	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
373	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
374	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
375	!> Tree Physiology 20).
376	!>
377	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
378	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
379	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
380	!>
381	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
382	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
383
384	USE control_parameters, &
385	ONLY: dz
386
387	USE grid_variables, &
388	ONLY: dx, dy
389
390	IMPLICIT NONE
391	!-- input parameters
392	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
393	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
394	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
395	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
396	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
397
398	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
399	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
400	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
401	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
402	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
403	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
404	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
405	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
406	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
407	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
408	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
409
410
411	!-- Temperature (deg C)
412	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
413	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
414	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
415	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
416	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
417	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
418	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
419	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
420	!-- Wind speed
421	wind_speed = SQRT( ((u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
422	((v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
423	((w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 )
424	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
425	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
426	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
427	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
428	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
429	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
430	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
431	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
432	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
433	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * (t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
434	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
435	!-- Water pressure deficit
436	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
437	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
438	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
439	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
440	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
441	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
442	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
443	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
444	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
445	!-- Residual soil water content
446	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
447	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
448	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
449	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
450	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
451	!-- Stomatal conductivity
452	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
453	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
454	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
455	!-- Decoupling factor
456	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
457	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
458	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
459	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
460	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
461	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
462	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
463	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
464	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
465	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
466	!-- Evaporation rate
467	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
468	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
469	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
470	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
471	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
472	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
473	!-- latent heat from evaporation
474	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
475
476	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
477
478
479	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
480	! Description:
481	! ------------
482	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
483	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
484	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
485
486
487	USE control_parameters, &
488	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
489
490	IMPLICIT NONE
491
492	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
493	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
494
495
496	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
497
498	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
499	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
500	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
501	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
502	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
503	ENDIF
504	unit = 'K s-1'
505
506	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
507	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
508
509	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
510	unit = 'K s-1'
511
512	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
513	unit = 'K s-1'
514
515	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
516	unit = 'm2 m-3'
517
518
519	CASE DEFAULT
520	unit = 'illegal'
521
522	END SELECT
523
524
525	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
526
527
528	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
529	! Description:
530	! ------------
531	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
532	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
533	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
534
535	USE control_parameters, &
536	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
537
538	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
539	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
540
541	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
542	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
543
544
545	IMPLICIT NONE
546
547
548	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
549	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
550	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
551	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
552	ENDIF
553
554	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
555	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
556	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
557	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
558	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
559	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
560	ENDIF
561
562	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
563	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
564	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
565	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
566	'lai_beta = 0.0'
567	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
568	ENDIF
569
570	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
571	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
572	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
573	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
574	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
575	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
576	'density profile'
577	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
578	ENDIF
579
580	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
581	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
582	' seifert_beheng'
583	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
584	ENDIF
585	!
586	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
587	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
588	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
589	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
590	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
591	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
592	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
593	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
594	ENDIF
595
596
597	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
598
599
600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
601	!
602	! Description:
603	! ------------
604	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
605	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
606	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
607	nzb_do, nzt_do )
608
609	USE indices
610
611	USE kinds
612
613
614	IMPLICIT NONE
615
616	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
617
618	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
619	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
620	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
622	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
624	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
625
626	LOGICAL :: found !<
627
628	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
629	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
630
631
632	found = .TRUE.
633
634	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
635
636	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
637
638	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
639	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
640	DO i = nxl, nxr
641	DO j = nys, nyn
642	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
643	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
644	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
645	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
646	ENDDO
647	ENDIF
648	ENDDO
649	ENDDO
650	ENDIF
651
652	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
653	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
654	DO i = nxl, nxr
655	DO j = nys, nyn
656	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
657	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
658	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
659	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
660	ENDDO
661	ENDIF
662	ENDDO
663	ENDDO
664	ENDIF
665
666	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
667	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
668	DO i = nxl, nxr
669	DO j = nys, nyn
670	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
671	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
672	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
673	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
674	ENDDO
675	ENDIF
676	ENDDO
677	ENDDO
678	ENDIF
679
680	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
681	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
682	DO i = nxl, nxr
683	DO j = nys, nyn
684	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
685	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
686	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
687	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
688	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) / &
689	pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
690	ENDIF
691	ENDDO
692	ENDIF
693	ENDDO
694	ENDDO
695	ENDIF
696
697	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
698	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
699	DO i = nxl, nxr
700	DO j = nys, nyn
701	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
702	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
703	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
704	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
705	ENDDO
706	ENDIF
707	ENDDO
708	ENDDO
709	ENDIF
710
711
712	CASE DEFAULT
713	found = .FALSE.
714
715	END SELECT
716
717
718	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
719
720	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
721	!
722	! Description:
723	! ------------
724	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
725	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
726	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
727	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
728
729	IMPLICIT NONE
730
731	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
732	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
733	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
734	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
735	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
736
737	found = .TRUE.
738
739	!
740	!-- Check for the grid
741	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
742
743	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
744	grid_x = 'x'
745	grid_y = 'y'
746	grid_z = 'zu'
747
748	CASE DEFAULT
749	found = .FALSE.
750	grid_x = 'none'
751	grid_y = 'none'
752	grid_z = 'none'
753	END SELECT
754
755	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
756
757
758	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
759	! Description:
760	! ------------
761	!> Header output for plant canopy model
762	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
763	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
764
765	USE control_parameters, &
766	ONLY: passive_scalar
767
768
769	IMPLICIT NONE
770
771	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
772
773	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
774	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
775	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
776	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
777
778	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
779	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
780	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
781
782	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
783
784	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
785
786	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
787	canopy_drag_coeff
788	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
789	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
790	leaf_surface_conc
791	ENDIF
792
793	!
794	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
795	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
796
797	!
798	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
799	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
800	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
801
802	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
803	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
804	gradients = '------'
805	slices = ' 0'
806	coordinates = ' 0.0'
807	i = 1
808	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
809	/= -9999 )
810
811	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
812	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
813	TRIM( coor_chr )
814
815	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
816	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
817
818	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
819	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
820
821	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
822	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
823
824	i = i + 1
825	ENDDO
826
827	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
828	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
829
830	ELSE
831
832	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
833	coordinates = ' 0.0'
834
835	DO k = 1, pch_index
836
837	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
838	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
839	TRIM( coor_chr )
840
841	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
842	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
843
844	ENDDO
845
846	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
847	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
848
849	ENDIF
850
851	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
852	' ------------------------------'// &
853	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
854	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
855	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
856	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
857	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
858	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
859	' K m/s')
860	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
861	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
862	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
863	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
864	' Gridpoint: ',A)
865	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
866	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
867	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
868	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
869	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
870	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
871
872	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
873
874
875	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
876	! Description:
877	! ------------
878	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
879	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
880	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
881
882
883	USE control_parameters, &
884	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
885
886	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
887	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
888
889	USE surface_mod, &
890	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
891
892	IMPLICIT NONE
893
894	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
895	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
896	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
897	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
898	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index_l
899
900	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
901	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
902	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
903
904	!
905	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
906	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
907	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
908	lad = 0.0_wp
909	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
910
911	!
912	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
913	!-- a beta probability density function
914	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
915	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
916	ENDIF
917
918
919	!
920	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
921	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
922	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
923	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
924	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
925	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
926
927	!
928	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
929	i = 1
930	gradient = 0.0_wp
931
932	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
933
934	lad(0) = lad_surface
935	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
936
937	DO k = 1, pch_index
938	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
939	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
940	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
941	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
942	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
943	i = i + 1
944	ENDIF
945	ENDIF
946	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
947	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
948	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
949	ELSE
950	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
951	ENDIF
952	ELSE
953	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
954	ENDIF
955	ENDDO
956
957	ENDIF
958
959	!
960	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
961	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
962	!-- file.
963	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
964	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
965	ENDIF
966
967	ELSE
968
969	!
970	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
971	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
972	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
973
974	DO k = 0, pch_index
975	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
976	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
977	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
978	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
979	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
980	ENDDO
981
982	!
983	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
984	DO k = 0, pch_index
985	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
986	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
987	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
988	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
989	) / canopy_height
990	ENDDO
991
992	!
993	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
994	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
995	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
996	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
997	DO k = 1, pch_index
998	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
999	ENDDO
1000
1001	ENDIF
1002
1003	!
1004	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1005	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1006
1007	!
1008	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1009	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1010	!-- with the prescribed values
1011	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1012	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1013	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1014
1015	!
1016	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1017	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1018	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1019	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1020
1021	CASE( 'block' )
1022
1023	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1024	DO j = nysg, nyng
1025	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1026	ENDDO
1027	ENDDO
1028
1029	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1030	!
1031	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1032	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1033	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1034	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1035	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1036	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1037	!
1038	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1039	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1040	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1041
1042	DO i = nxl, nxr
1043	DO j = nys, nyn
1044	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1045	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1046	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1047	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1048	ENDDO
1049	ENDDO
1050	ENDDO
1051	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1052	!
1053	! ASCII file
1054	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1055	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1056	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1057	!-- each location).
1058	ELSE
1059	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1060	ENDIF
1061
1062	CASE DEFAULT
1063	!
1064	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1065	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1066	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1067	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1068	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1069	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1070
1071	END SELECT
1072	!
1073	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1074	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1075	pch_index_ji = 0
1076
1077	DO i = nxl, nxr
1078	DO j = nys, nyn
1079	DO k = 0, pch_index
1080	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1081	ENDDO
1082	!
1083	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1084	!-- height of the model domain.
1085	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1086	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1087	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1088	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1089	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1090	ENDIF
1091
1092	ENDDO
1093	ENDDO
1094
1095	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1096	!
1097	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1098	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1099	!
1100	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1101	#if defined( __parallel )
1102	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1103	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1104	#endif
1105
1106	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1107	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1108	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1109	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1110	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1111	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1112	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1113	ENDIF
1114
1115	!
1116	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1117	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1118	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1119	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1120	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1121	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1122	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1123	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1124	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1125	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1126	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1127	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1128	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1129	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1130	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1131	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1132	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1133
1134	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1135	!
1136	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1137	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1138	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1139	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1140	DO j = nysg, nyng
1141	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1142	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1143	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1144	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1145	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1146	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1147	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1148	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1149	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1150	ELSE
1151	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1152	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1153	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1154	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1155	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1156	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1157	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1158	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1159	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1160	ENDIF
1161	ENDDO
1162	ENDDO
1163	ENDDO
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1167	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1168	!-- Start with default surface type
1169	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1170	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1171	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1172	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1173	ENDDO
1174	!
1175	!-- Natural surfaces
1176	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1177	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1178	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1179	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1180	ENDDO
1181	!
1182	!-- Urban surfaces
1183	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1184	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1185	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1186	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1187	ENDDO
1188	!
1189	!
1190	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1191	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1192	!-- canopy.
1193	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1194	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1195	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1196	!-- of the respective layer
1197	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1198	DO j = nysg, nyng
1199	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1200	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1201	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1202	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1203	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1204	ENDIF
1205	ENDDO
1206	ENDDO
1207	ENDDO
1208
1209	ENDIF
1210
1211
1212	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1213
1214
1215	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1216	! Description:
1217	! ------------
1218	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1219	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1220	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1221
1222	USE control_parameters, &
1223	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1224
1225	IMPLICIT NONE
1226
1227	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1228
1229	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1230	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1231	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1232	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1233	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1234	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1235	lai_beta, &
1236	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1237	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1238	plant_canopy_transpiration
1239
1240	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1241	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1242	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1243	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1244	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1245	lai_beta, &
1246	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1247	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1248	plant_canopy_transpiration
1249
1250	line = ' '
1251
1252	!
1253	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1254	REWIND ( 11 )
1255	line = ' '
1256	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1257	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1258	ENDDO
1259	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1260
1261	!
1262	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1263	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1264
1265	!
1266	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1267	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1268
1269	GOTO 14
1270
1271	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1272	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1273	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1274	!
1275	!-- Try to find old namelist
1276	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1277	line = ' '
1278	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1279	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1280	ENDDO
1281	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1282
1283	!
1284	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1285	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1286
1287	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1288	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1289	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1290	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1291
1292	!
1293	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1294	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1295
1296	GOTO 14
1297
1298	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1299	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1300	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1301
1302	14 CONTINUE
1303
1304
1305	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1306
1307
1308
1309	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1310	! Description:
1311	! ------------
1312	!
1313	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1314	!>
1315	!> num_levels
1316	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1317	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1318	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1319	!> ...
1320	!>
1321	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1322	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1323	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1324	!>
1325	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1326	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1327	!>
1328	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1329	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1330	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1331	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1332
1333	USE control_parameters, &
1334	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1335
1336	USE indices, &
1337	ONLY: nbgp
1338
1339	IMPLICIT NONE
1340
1341	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1342	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1343	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1344	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1345	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1346	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1347	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1348
1349	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1350
1351	!
1352	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1353	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1354
1355	!
1356	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1357	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1358	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1359	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1360	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1361	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1362	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1363	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1364
1365	DO
1366	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1367	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1368
1369	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1370	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1371	!
1372	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1373	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1374	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1375	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1376	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1377	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1378	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1379	'but pctype is ', pctype
1380	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1381	ENDIF
1382	kk = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1383	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1384	CASE DEFAULT
1385	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1386	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1387	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1388	END SELECT
1389	ENDDO
1390
1391	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1392	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1393
1394	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1395	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1396
1397	517 CLOSE(152)
1398	DEALLOCATE( col )
1399
1400	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1401
1402	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1403
1404
1405
1406	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1407	! Description:
1408	! ------------
1409	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1410	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1411	!>
1412	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1413	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1414	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1415	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1416	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1417	!>
1418	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1419	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1420	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1421	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1422	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1423	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1424	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1425	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1426	!>
1427	!>
1428	!> Call for all grid points
1429	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1430	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1431
1432
1433	USE control_parameters, &
1434	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1435
1436	USE kinds
1437
1438	IMPLICIT NONE
1439
1440	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1441	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1442	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1443	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1444	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1445	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1446
1447	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1448	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1449	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1450	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1451	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1452	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1453
1454
1455	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1456
1457	!
1458	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1459	SELECT CASE ( component )
1460
1461	!
1462	!-- u-component
1463	CASE ( 1 )
1464	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1465	DO j = nys, nyn
1466	!
1467	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1468	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1469	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1470
1471	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1472	!
1473	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1474	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1475	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1476	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1477	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1478	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1479	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1480	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1481	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1482	THEN
1483	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1484	ENDIF
1485
1486	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1487	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1488	!
1489	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1490	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1491	lad_local * &
1492	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1493	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1494	v(k,j,i) + &
1495	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1496	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1497	)**2 + &
1498	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1499	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1500	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1501	w(k,j,i) ) &
1502	)**2 &
1503	) * &
1504	u(k,j,i)
1505
1506	!
1507	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1508	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1509	!
1510	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1511	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1512	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1513	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1514	ELSE
1515	pre_tend = pre_tend
1516	ENDIF
1517	!
1518	!-- Calculate final tendency
1519	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1520
1521	ENDDO
1522	ENDDO
1523	ENDDO
1524
1525	!
1526	!-- v-component
1527	CASE ( 2 )
1528	DO i = nxl, nxr
1529	DO j = nysv, nyn
1530	!
1531	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1532	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1533
1534	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1535
1536	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1537	!
1538	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1539	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1540	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1541	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1542	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1543	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1544	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1545	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1546	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1547	THEN
1548	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1549	ENDIF
1550
1551	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1552	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1553	!
1554	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1555	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1556	lad_local * &
1557	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1558	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1559	u(k,j,i) + &
1560	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1561	)**2 + &
1562	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1563	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1564	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1565	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1566	w(k,j,i) ) &
1567	)**2 &
1568	) * &
1569	v(k,j,i)
1570
1571	!
1572	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1573	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1574	!
1575	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1576	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1577	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1578	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1579	ELSE
1580	pre_tend = pre_tend
1581	ENDIF
1582	!
1583	!-- Calculate final tendency
1584	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1585
1586	ENDDO
1587	ENDDO
1588	ENDDO
1589
1590	!
1591	!-- w-component
1592	CASE ( 3 )
1593	DO i = nxl, nxr
1594	DO j = nys, nyn
1595	!
1596	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1597	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1598
1599	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1600
1601	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1602
1603	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1604	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1605	!
1606	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1607	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1608	(0.5_wp * &
1609	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1610	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1611	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1612	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1613	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1614	)**2 + &
1615	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1616	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1617	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1618	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1619	)**2 + &
1620	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1621	) * &
1622	w(k,j,i)
1623	!
1624	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1625	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1626	!
1627	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1628	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1629	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1630	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1631	ELSE
1632	pre_tend = pre_tend
1633	ENDIF
1634	!
1635	!-- Calculate final tendency
1636	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1637
1638	ENDDO
1639	ENDDO
1640	ENDDO
1641
1642	!
1643	!-- potential temperature
1644	CASE ( 4 )
1645	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1646	DO i = nxl, nxr
1647	DO j = nys, nyn
1648	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1649	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1650	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1651	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1652	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1653	ENDDO
1654	ENDDO
1655	ENDDO
1656	ELSE
1657	DO i = nxl, nxr
1658	DO j = nys, nyn
1659	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1660	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1661	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1662	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1663	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1664	ENDDO
1665	ENDDO
1666	ENDDO
1667	ENDIF
1668
1669	!
1670	!-- humidity
1671	CASE ( 5 )
1672	DO i = nxl, nxr
1673	DO j = nys, nyn
1674	!
1675	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1676	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1677
1678	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1679
1680	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1681
1682	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1683	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1684	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1685	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1686	! in the plant canopy box
1687	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1688	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1689	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1690	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1691	)**2 + &
1692	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1693	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1694	)**2 + &
1695	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1696	w(k,j,i) ) &
1697	)**2 &
1698	) * &
1699	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1700	ENDIF
1701
1702	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1703	ENDDO
1704	ENDDO
1705	ENDDO
1706
1707	!
1708	!-- sgs-tke
1709	CASE ( 6 )
1710	DO i = nxl, nxr
1711	DO j = nys, nyn
1712	!
1713	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1714	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1715
1716	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1717
1718	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1719	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1720	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1721	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1722	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1723	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1724	)**2 + &
1725	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1726	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1727	)**2 + &
1728	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1729	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1730	)**2 &
1731	) * &
1732	e(k,j,i)
1733	ENDDO
1734	ENDDO
1735	ENDDO
1736	!
1737	!-- scalar concentration
1738	CASE ( 7 )
1739	DO i = nxl, nxr
1740	DO j = nys, nyn
1741	!
1742	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1743	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1744
1745	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1746
1747	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1748	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1749	lsec * &
1750	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1751	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1752	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1753	)**2 + &
1754	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1755	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1756	)**2 + &
1757	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1758	w(k,j,i) ) &
1759	)**2 &
1760	) * &
1761	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1762	ENDDO
1763	ENDDO
1764	ENDDO
1765
1766
1767
1768	CASE DEFAULT
1769
1770	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1771	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1772
1773	END SELECT
1774
1775	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1776
1777
1778	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1779	! Description:
1780	! ------------
1781	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1782	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1783	!>
1784	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1785	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1786	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1787	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1788	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1789	!>
1790	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1791	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1792	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1793	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1794	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1795	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1796	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1797	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1798	!>
1799	!>
1800	!> Call for grid point i,j
1801	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1802	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1803
1804
1805	USE control_parameters, &
1806	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1807
1808	USE kinds
1809
1810	IMPLICIT NONE
1811
1812	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1813	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1814	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1815	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1816	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1817	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1818
1819	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1820	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1821	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1822	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1823	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1824	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1825
1826
1827	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1828	!
1829	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1830	SELECT CASE ( component )
1831
1832	!
1833	!-- u-component
1834	CASE ( 1 )
1835	!
1836	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1837	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1838	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1839
1840	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1841
1842	!
1843	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1844	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1845	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1846	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1847	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1848	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1849	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1850	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1851	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1852	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1853	ENDIF
1854
1855	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1856	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1857	!
1858	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1859	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1860	lad_local * &
1861	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1862	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1863	v(k,j,i) + &
1864	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1865	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1866	)**2 + &
1867	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1868	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1869	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1870	w(k,j,i) ) &
1871	)**2 &
1872	) * &
1873	u(k,j,i)
1874
1875	!
1876	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1877	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1878	!
1879	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1880	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1881	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1882	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1883	ELSE
1884	pre_tend = pre_tend
1885	ENDIF
1886	!
1887	!-- Calculate final tendency
1888	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1889	ENDDO
1890
1891
1892	!
1893	!-- v-component
1894	CASE ( 2 )
1895	!
1896	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1897	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1898
1899	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1900
1901	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1902	!
1903	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1904	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1905	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1906	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1907	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1908	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1909	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1910	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1911	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1912	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1913	ENDIF
1914
1915	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1916	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1917	!
1918	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1919	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1920	lad_local * &
1921	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1922	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1923	u(k,j,i) + &
1924	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1925	)**2 + &
1926	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1927	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1928	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1929	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1930	w(k,j,i) ) &
1931	)**2 &
1932	) * &
1933	v(k,j,i)
1934
1935	!
1936	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1937	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1938	!
1939	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1940	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1941	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1942	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1943	ELSE
1944	pre_tend = pre_tend
1945	ENDIF
1946	!
1947	!-- Calculate final tendency
1948	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1949	ENDDO
1950
1951
1952	!
1953	!-- w-component
1954	CASE ( 3 )
1955	!
1956	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1957	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1958
1959	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1960
1961	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1962
1963	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1964	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1965	!
1966	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1967	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1968	(0.5_wp * &
1969	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1970	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1971	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1972	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1973	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1974	)**2 + &
1975	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1976	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1977	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1978	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1979	)**2 + &
1980	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1981	) * &
1982	w(k,j,i)
1983	!
1984	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1985	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1986	!
1987	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1988	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1989	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1990	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1991	ELSE
1992	pre_tend = pre_tend
1993	ENDIF
1994	!
1995	!-- Calculate final tendency
1996	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1997	ENDDO
1998
1999	!
2000	!-- potential temperature
2001	CASE ( 4 )
2002	!
2003	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2004	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2005
2006	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2007	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2008	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2009	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2010	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2011	ENDDO
2012	ELSE
2013	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2014	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2015	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2016	ENDDO
2017	ENDIF
2018
2019	!
2020	!-- humidity
2021	CASE ( 5 )
2022	!
2023	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2024	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2025
2026	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2027	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2028	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2029	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2030	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2031	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2032	! in the plant canopy box
2033	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2034	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2035	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2036	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2037	)**2 + &
2038	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2039	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2040	)**2 + &
2041	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2042	w(k,j,i) ) &
2043	)**2 &
2044	) * &
2045	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2046	ENDIF
2047
2048	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2049
2050	ENDDO
2051
2052	!
2053	!-- sgs-tke
2054	CASE ( 6 )
2055	!
2056	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2057	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2058
2059	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2060
2061	kk = k - k_wall
2062	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2063	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2064	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2065	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2066	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2067	)**2 + &
2068	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2069	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2070	)**2 + &
2071	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2072	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2073	)**2 &
2074	) * &
2075	e(k,j,i)
2076	ENDDO
2077
2078	!
2079	!-- scalar concentration
2080	CASE ( 7 )
2081	!
2082	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2083	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2084
2085	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2086
2087	kk = k - k_wall
2088	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2089	lsec * &
2090	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2091	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2092	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2093	)**2 + &
2094	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2095	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2096	)**2 + &
2097	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2098	w(k,j,i) ) &
2099	)**2 &
2100	) * &
2101	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2102	ENDDO
2103
2104	CASE DEFAULT
2105
2106	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2107	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2108
2109	END SELECT
2110
2111	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2112
2113
2114
2115	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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