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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 3506

Last change on this file since 3506 was 3498, checked in by gronemeier, 6 years ago
Bugfix: print error message by processor which encounters the error
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2018 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3498 2018-11-07 10:53:03Z knoop $
29	! corrected revisions section
30	!
31	! 3497 2018-11-06 17:15:18Z suehring
32	! Remove write statement.
33	!
34	! 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z suehring
35	! Add calculation of transpiration for resolved plant canopy (trees, shrubs)
36	! (V. Fuka, MFF UK Prague, J.Resler, ICS AS, Prague)
37	!
38	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
39	!
40	! 3337 2018-10-12 15:17:09Z kanani
41	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
42	!
43	! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
44	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
45	!
46	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
47	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
48	!
49	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
50	! Minor formating changes
51	!
52	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
53	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
54	!
55	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
56	! unused variables removed
57	!
58	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
59	! dz was replaced by the help of zw to allow for vertical stretching
60	!
61	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
62	! Error messages revised
63	!
64	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
65	! Error message revised
66	!
67	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
68	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
69	!
70	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
71	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
72	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
73	!
74	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
75	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
76	! plus some formatting.
77	! (moh.hefny):
78	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
79	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
80	!
81	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
82	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
83	!
84	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
85	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
86	!
87	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
88	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
89	!
90	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
91	! Correction of parameter check
92	!
93	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
94	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
95	!
96	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
97	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
98	!
99	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
100	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
101	!
102	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
103	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
104	!
105	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
106	! Changes from last commit documented
107	!
108	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
109	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
110	!
111	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
112	! Change in file header (GPL part)
113	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
114	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
115	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
116	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
117	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
118	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
119	!
120	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
121	! coupling_char removed
122	!
123	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
124	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
125	! no output of ghost layer data
126	!
127	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
128	! Get topography top index via Function call
129	!
130	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
131	! Changed error messages
132	!
133	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
134	!
135	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
136	! Adjustments to new topography concept
137	!
138	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
139	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
140	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
141	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
142	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
143	!
144	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
145	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
146	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
147	!
148	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
149	! Added missing lad_s initialization
150	!
151	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
152	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
153	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
154	! and similar future applications.
155	!
156	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
157	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
158	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
159	! introduction of urban surface model,
160	! introduced variable ext_coef,
161	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
162	!
163	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
164	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
165	!
166	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
167	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
168	!
169	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
170	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
171	!
172	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
173	! Further modularization
174	!
175	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
176	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
177	! canopy is set on top of topography
178	!
179	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
180	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
181	!
182	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
183	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
184	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
185	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
186	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
187	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
188	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
189	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
190	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
191	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
192	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
193	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
194	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
195	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
196	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
197	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
198	! respectively,
199	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
200	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
201	!
202	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
203	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
204	!
205	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
206	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
207	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
208	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
209	! old module precision_kind is removed,
210	! revision history before 2012 removed,
211	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
212	! all variable declaration statements
213	!
214	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
215	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
216	!
217	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
218	! Initial revision
219	!
220	! Description:
221	! ------------
222	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
223	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
224	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
225	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
226	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
227	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
228
229	USE arrays_3d, &
230	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
231
232	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
233	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
234
235	USE control_parameters, &
236	ONLY: humidity
237
238	USE indices, &
239	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
240	nz, nzb, nzt
241
242	USE kinds
243
244	USE pegrid
245
246	USE surface_mod, &
247	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
248
249
250	IMPLICIT NONE
251
252
253	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
254	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
255	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
256	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
257
258	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
259	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
260
261	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
262
263	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
264
265	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
266	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
267	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
268	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
269	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
270	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
271	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
272	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
273	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
274	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
275	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
276	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
277	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
278
279	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
280	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
281
282	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
283	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
284
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
287
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
293
294	SAVE
295
296
297	PRIVATE
298
299	!
300	!-- Public functions
301	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
302	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
303	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
304
305	!
306	!-- Public variables and constants
307	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
308	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
309	plant_canopy_transpiration
310
311	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
312	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
313	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
314
315	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
316	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
317	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
318
319	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
320	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
321	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
322
323	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
324	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
325	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
326
327	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
328	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
329	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
330
331	INTERFACE pcm_header
332	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
333	END INTERFACE pcm_header
334
335	INTERFACE pcm_init
336	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
337	END INTERFACE pcm_init
338
339	INTERFACE pcm_parin
340	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
341	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
342
343	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
344	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
345	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
346
347	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
348	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
349	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
350	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
351
352
353	CONTAINS
354
355
356
357	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
358	! Description:
359	! ------------
360	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
361	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
362	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
363	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
364	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
365	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
366	!> Tree Physiology 20).
367	!>
368	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
369	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
370	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
371	!>
372	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
373	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
374
375	USE control_parameters, &
376	ONLY: dz
377
378	USE grid_variables, &
379	ONLY: dx, dy
380
381	IMPLICIT NONE
382	!-- input parameters
383	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
384	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
385	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
386	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
387	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
388
389	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
390	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
391	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
392	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
393	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
394	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
395	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
396	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
397	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
398	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
399	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
400
401
402	!-- Temperature (deg C)
403	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
404	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
405	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX(lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
406	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
407	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
408	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
409	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
410	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
411	!-- Wind speed
412	wind_speed = SQRT( ((u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
413	((v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
414	((w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 )
415	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
416	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
417	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
418	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
419	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
420	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
421	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
422	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
423	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
424	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * (t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
425	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
426	!-- Water pressure deficit
427	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
428	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
429	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
430	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
431	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
432	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
433	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
434	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
435	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
436	!-- Residual soil water content
437	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
438	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
439	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
440	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
441	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
442	!-- Stomatal conductivity
443	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
444	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
445	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
446	!-- Decoupling factor
447	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
448	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
449	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
450	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
451	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
452	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
453	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
454	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
455	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
456	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
457	!-- Evaporation rate
458	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
459	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
460	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
461	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
462	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
463	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
464	!-- latent heat from evaporation
465	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
466
467	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
468
469
470	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
471	! Description:
472	! ------------
473	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
474	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
475	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
476
477
478	USE control_parameters, &
479	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
480
481	IMPLICIT NONE
482
483	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
484	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
485
486
487	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
488
489	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
490	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
491	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
492	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
493	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
494	ENDIF
495	unit = 'K s-1'
496
497	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
498	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
499
500	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
501	unit = 'K s-1'
502
503	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
504	unit = 'K s-1'
505
506	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
507	unit = 'm2 m-3'
508
509
510	CASE DEFAULT
511	unit = 'illegal'
512
513	END SELECT
514
515
516	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
517
518
519	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
520	! Description:
521	! ------------
522	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
523	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
524	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
525
526	USE control_parameters, &
527	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
528
529	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
530	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
531
532	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
533	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
534
535
536	IMPLICIT NONE
537
538
539	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
540	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
541	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
542	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
543	ENDIF
544
545	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
546	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
547	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
548	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
549	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
550	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
551	ENDIF
552
553	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
554	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
555	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
556	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
557	'lai_beta = 0.0'
558	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
559	ENDIF
560
561	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
562	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
563	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
564	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
565	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
566	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
567	'density profile'
568	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
569	ENDIF
570
571	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
572	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
573	' seifert_beheng'
574	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
575	ENDIF
576	!
577	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
578	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
579	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
580	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
581	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
582	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
583	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
584	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
585	ENDIF
586
587
588	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
589
590
591	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
592	!
593	! Description:
594	! ------------
595	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
596	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
597	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
598	nzb_do, nzt_do )
599
600	USE indices
601
602	USE kinds
603
604
605	IMPLICIT NONE
606
607	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
608
609	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
610	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
611	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
612	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
613	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
614	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
615	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
616
617	LOGICAL :: found !<
618
619	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
620	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
621
622
623	found = .TRUE.
624
625	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
626
627	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
628
629	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
630	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
631	DO i = nxl, nxr
632	DO j = nys, nyn
633	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
634	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
635	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
636	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
637	ENDDO
638	ENDIF
639	ENDDO
640	ENDDO
641	ENDIF
642
643	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
644	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
645	DO i = nxl, nxr
646	DO j = nys, nyn
647	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
648	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
649	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
650	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
651	ENDDO
652	ENDIF
653	ENDDO
654	ENDDO
655	ENDIF
656
657	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
658	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
659	DO i = nxl, nxr
660	DO j = nys, nyn
661	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
662	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
663	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
664	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
665	ENDDO
666	ENDIF
667	ENDDO
668	ENDDO
669	ENDIF
670
671	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
672	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
673	DO i = nxl, nxr
674	DO j = nys, nyn
675	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
676	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
677	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
678	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
679	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) / &
680	pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
681	ENDIF
682	ENDDO
683	ENDIF
684	ENDDO
685	ENDDO
686	ENDIF
687
688	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
689	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
690	DO i = nxl, nxr
691	DO j = nys, nyn
692	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
693	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
694	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
695	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
696	ENDDO
697	ENDIF
698	ENDDO
699	ENDDO
700	ENDIF
701
702
703	CASE DEFAULT
704	found = .FALSE.
705
706	END SELECT
707
708
709	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
710
711	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
712	!
713	! Description:
714	! ------------
715	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
716	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
717	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
718	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
719
720	IMPLICIT NONE
721
722	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
723	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
724	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
725	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
726	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
727
728	found = .TRUE.
729
730	!
731	!-- Check for the grid
732	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
733
734	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
735	grid_x = 'x'
736	grid_y = 'y'
737	grid_z = 'zu'
738
739	CASE DEFAULT
740	found = .FALSE.
741	grid_x = 'none'
742	grid_y = 'none'
743	grid_z = 'none'
744	END SELECT
745
746	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
747
748
749	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
750	! Description:
751	! ------------
752	!> Header output for plant canopy model
753	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
754	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
755
756	USE control_parameters, &
757	ONLY: passive_scalar
758
759
760	IMPLICIT NONE
761
762	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
763
764	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
765	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
766	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
767	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
768
769	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
770	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
771	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
772
773	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
774
775	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
776
777	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
778	canopy_drag_coeff
779	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
780	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
781	leaf_surface_conc
782	ENDIF
783
784	!
785	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
786	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
787
788	!
789	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
790	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
791	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
792
793	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
794	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
795	gradients = '------'
796	slices = ' 0'
797	coordinates = ' 0.0'
798	i = 1
799	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
800	/= -9999 )
801
802	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
803	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
804	TRIM( coor_chr )
805
806	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
807	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
808
809	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
810	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
811
812	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
813	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
814
815	i = i + 1
816	ENDDO
817
818	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
819	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
820
821	ELSE
822
823	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
824	coordinates = ' 0.0'
825
826	DO k = 1, pch_index
827
828	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
829	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
830	TRIM( coor_chr )
831
832	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
833	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
834
835	ENDDO
836
837	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
838	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
839
840	ENDIF
841
842	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
843	' ------------------------------'// &
844	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
845	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
846	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
847	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
848	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
849	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
850	' K m/s')
851	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
852	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
853	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
854	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
855	' Gridpoint: ',A)
856	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
857	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
858	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
859	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
860	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
861	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
862
863	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
864
865
866	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
867	! Description:
868	! ------------
869	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
870	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
871	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
872
873
874	USE control_parameters, &
875	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode, urban_surface
876
877	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
878	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
879
880	USE surface_mod, &
881	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
882
883	IMPLICIT NONE
884
885	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
886	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
887	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
888	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
889	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index_l
890
891	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
892	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
893	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
894
895	!
896	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
897	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
898	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
899	lad = 0.0_wp
900	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
901
902	!
903	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
904	!-- a beta probability density function
905	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
906	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
907	ENDIF
908
909
910	!
911	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
912	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
913	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
914	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
915	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
916	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
917
918	!
919	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
920	i = 1
921	gradient = 0.0_wp
922
923	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
924
925	lad(0) = lad_surface
926	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
927
928	DO k = 1, pch_index
929	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
930	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
931	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
932	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
933	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
934	i = i + 1
935	ENDIF
936	ENDIF
937	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
938	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
939	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
940	ELSE
941	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
942	ENDIF
943	ELSE
944	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
945	ENDIF
946	ENDDO
947
948	ENDIF
949
950	!
951	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
952	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
953	!-- file.
954	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
955	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
956	ENDIF
957
958	ELSE
959
960	!
961	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
962	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
963	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
964
965	DO k = 0, pch_index
966	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
967	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
968	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
969	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
970	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
971	ENDDO
972
973	!
974	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
975	DO k = 0, pch_index
976	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
977	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
978	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
979	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
980	) / canopy_height
981	ENDDO
982
983	!
984	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
985	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
986	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
987	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
988	DO k = 1, pch_index
989	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
990	ENDDO
991
992	ENDIF
993
994	!
995	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
996	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
997
998	!
999	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1000	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1001	!-- with the prescribed values
1002	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1003	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1004	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1005
1006	!
1007	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1008	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1009	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1010	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1011
1012	CASE( 'block' )
1013
1014	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1015	DO j = nysg, nyng
1016	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1017	ENDDO
1018	ENDDO
1019
1020	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1021	!
1022	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1023	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1024	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1025	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1026	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1027	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1028	!
1029	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1030	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1031	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1032
1033	DO i = nxl, nxr
1034	DO j = nys, nyn
1035	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1036	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1037	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1038	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1039	ENDDO
1040	ENDDO
1041	ENDDO
1042	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1043	!
1044	! ASCII file
1045	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1046	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1047	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1048	!-- each location).
1049	ELSE
1050	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1051	ENDIF
1052
1053	CASE DEFAULT
1054	!
1055	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1056	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1057	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1058	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1059	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1060	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1061
1062	END SELECT
1063	!
1064	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1065	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1066	pch_index_ji = 0
1067
1068	DO i = nxl, nxr
1069	DO j = nys, nyn
1070	DO k = 0, pch_index
1071	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1072	ENDDO
1073	!
1074	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1075	!-- height of the model domain.
1076	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1077	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1078	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1079	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1080	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1081	ENDIF
1082
1083	ENDDO
1084	ENDDO
1085
1086	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1087	!
1088	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1089	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1090	!
1091	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1092	#if defined( __parallel )
1093	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1094	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1095	#endif
1096
1097	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1098	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1099	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1100	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1101	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1102	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1103	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1104	ENDIF
1105
1106	!
1107	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1108	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1109	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1110	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1111	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1112	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1113	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1114	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1115	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1116	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1117	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1118	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1119	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1120	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1121	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1122	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1123	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1124
1125	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1126	!
1127	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1128	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1129	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1130	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1131	DO j = nysg, nyng
1132	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1133	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1134	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1135	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1136	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1137	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1138	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1139	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1140	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1141	ELSE
1142	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1143	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1144	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1145	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1146	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1147	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1148	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1149	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1150	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1151	ENDIF
1152	ENDDO
1153	ENDDO
1154	ENDDO
1155
1156	!
1157	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1158	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1159	!-- Start with default surface type
1160	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1161	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1162	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1163	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1164	ENDDO
1165	!
1166	!-- Natural surfaces
1167	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1168	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1169	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1170	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1171	ENDDO
1172	!
1173	!-- Urban surfaces
1174	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1175	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1176	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1177	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1178	ENDDO
1179	!
1180	!
1181	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1182	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1183	!-- canopy.
1184	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1185	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1186	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1187	!-- of the respective layer
1188	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1189	DO j = nysg, nyng
1190	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1191	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1192	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1193	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1194	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1195	ENDIF
1196	ENDDO
1197	ENDDO
1198	ENDDO
1199
1200	ENDIF
1201
1202
1203	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1204
1205
1206	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1207	! Description:
1208	! ------------
1209	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1210	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1211	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1212
1213	USE control_parameters, &
1214	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1215
1216	IMPLICIT NONE
1217
1218	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1219
1220	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1221	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1222	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1223	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1224	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1225	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1226	lai_beta, &
1227	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1228	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1229	plant_canopy_transpiration
1230
1231	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1232	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1233	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1234	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1235	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1236	lai_beta, &
1237	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1238	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1239	plant_canopy_transpiration
1240
1241	line = ' '
1242
1243	!
1244	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1245	REWIND ( 11 )
1246	line = ' '
1247	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1248	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1249	ENDDO
1250	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1251
1252	!
1253	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1254	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1255
1256	!
1257	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1258	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1259
1260	GOTO 14
1261
1262	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1263	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1264	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1265	!
1266	!-- Try to find old namelist
1267	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1268	line = ' '
1269	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1270	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1271	ENDDO
1272	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1273
1274	!
1275	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1276	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1277
1278	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1279	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1280	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1281	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1282
1283	!
1284	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1285	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1286
1287	GOTO 14
1288
1289	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1290	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1291	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1292
1293	14 CONTINUE
1294
1295
1296	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1297
1298
1299
1300	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1301	! Description:
1302	! ------------
1303	!
1304	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1305	!>
1306	!> num_levels
1307	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1308	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1309	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1310	!> ...
1311	!>
1312	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1313	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1314	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1315	!>
1316	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1317	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1318	!>
1319	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1320	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1321	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1322	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1323
1324	USE control_parameters, &
1325	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1326
1327	USE indices, &
1328	ONLY: nbgp
1329
1330	IMPLICIT NONE
1331
1332	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1333	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1334	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1335	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1336	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1337	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1338	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1339
1340	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1344	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1345
1346	!
1347	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1348	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1349	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1350	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1351	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1352	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1353	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1354	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1355
1356	DO
1357	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1358	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1359
1360	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1361	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1362	!
1363	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1364	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1365	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1366	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1367	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1368	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1369	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1370	'but pctype is ', pctype
1371	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1372	ENDIF
1373	kk = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1374	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1375	CASE DEFAULT
1376	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1377	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1378	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1379	END SELECT
1380	ENDDO
1381
1382	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1383	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1384
1385	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1386	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1387
1388	517 CLOSE(152)
1389	DEALLOCATE( col )
1390
1391	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1392
1393	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1394
1395
1396
1397	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1398	! Description:
1399	! ------------
1400	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1401	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1402	!>
1403	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1404	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1405	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1406	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1407	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1408	!>
1409	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1410	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1411	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1412	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1413	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1414	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1415	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1416	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1417	!>
1418	!>
1419	!> Call for all grid points
1420	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1421	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1422
1423
1424	USE control_parameters, &
1425	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1426
1427	USE kinds
1428
1429	IMPLICIT NONE
1430
1431	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1432	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1433	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1434	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1435	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1436	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1437
1438	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1439	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1440	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1441	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1442	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1443	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1444
1445
1446	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1447
1448	!
1449	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1450	SELECT CASE ( component )
1451
1452	!
1453	!-- u-component
1454	CASE ( 1 )
1455	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1456	DO j = nys, nyn
1457	!
1458	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1459	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1460	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1461
1462	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1463	!
1464	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1465	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1466	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1467	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1468	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1469	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1470	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1471	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1472	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1473	THEN
1474	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1475	ENDIF
1476
1477	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1478	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1479	!
1480	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1481	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1482	lad_local * &
1483	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1484	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1485	v(k,j,i) + &
1486	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1487	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1488	)**2 + &
1489	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1490	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1491	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1492	w(k,j,i) ) &
1493	)**2 &
1494	) * &
1495	u(k,j,i)
1496
1497	!
1498	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1499	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1500	!
1501	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1502	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1503	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1504	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1505	ELSE
1506	pre_tend = pre_tend
1507	ENDIF
1508	!
1509	!-- Calculate final tendency
1510	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1511
1512	ENDDO
1513	ENDDO
1514	ENDDO
1515
1516	!
1517	!-- v-component
1518	CASE ( 2 )
1519	DO i = nxl, nxr
1520	DO j = nysv, nyn
1521	!
1522	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1523	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1524
1525	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1526
1527	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1528	!
1529	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1530	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1531	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1532	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1533	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1534	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1535	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1536	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1537	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1538	THEN
1539	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1540	ENDIF
1541
1542	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1543	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1544	!
1545	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1546	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1547	lad_local * &
1548	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1549	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1550	u(k,j,i) + &
1551	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1552	)**2 + &
1553	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1554	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1555	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1556	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1557	w(k,j,i) ) &
1558	)**2 &
1559	) * &
1560	v(k,j,i)
1561
1562	!
1563	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1564	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1565	!
1566	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1567	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1568	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1569	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1570	ELSE
1571	pre_tend = pre_tend
1572	ENDIF
1573	!
1574	!-- Calculate final tendency
1575	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1576
1577	ENDDO
1578	ENDDO
1579	ENDDO
1580
1581	!
1582	!-- w-component
1583	CASE ( 3 )
1584	DO i = nxl, nxr
1585	DO j = nys, nyn
1586	!
1587	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1588	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1589
1590	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1591
1592	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1593
1594	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1595	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1596	!
1597	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1598	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1599	(0.5_wp * &
1600	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1601	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1602	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1603	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1604	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1605	)**2 + &
1606	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1607	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1608	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1609	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1610	)**2 + &
1611	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1612	) * &
1613	w(k,j,i)
1614	!
1615	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1616	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1617	!
1618	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1619	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1620	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1621	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1622	ELSE
1623	pre_tend = pre_tend
1624	ENDIF
1625	!
1626	!-- Calculate final tendency
1627	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1628
1629	ENDDO
1630	ENDDO
1631	ENDDO
1632
1633	!
1634	!-- potential temperature
1635	CASE ( 4 )
1636	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1637	DO i = nxl, nxr
1638	DO j = nys, nyn
1639	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1640	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1641	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1642	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1643	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1644	ENDDO
1645	ENDDO
1646	ENDDO
1647	ELSE
1648	DO i = nxl, nxr
1649	DO j = nys, nyn
1650	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1651	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1652	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1653	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1654	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1655	ENDDO
1656	ENDDO
1657	ENDDO
1658	ENDIF
1659
1660	!
1661	!-- humidity
1662	CASE ( 5 )
1663	DO i = nxl, nxr
1664	DO j = nys, nyn
1665	!
1666	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1667	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1668
1669	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1670
1671	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1672
1673	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1674	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1675	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1676	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1677	! in the plant canopy box
1678	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1679	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1680	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1681	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1682	)**2 + &
1683	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1684	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1685	)**2 + &
1686	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1687	w(k,j,i) ) &
1688	)**2 &
1689	) * &
1690	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1691	ENDIF
1692
1693	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1694	ENDDO
1695	ENDDO
1696	ENDDO
1697
1698	!
1699	!-- sgs-tke
1700	CASE ( 6 )
1701	DO i = nxl, nxr
1702	DO j = nys, nyn
1703	!
1704	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1705	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1706
1707	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1708
1709	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1710	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1711	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1712	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1713	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1714	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1715	)**2 + &
1716	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1717	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1718	)**2 + &
1719	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1720	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1721	)**2 &
1722	) * &
1723	e(k,j,i)
1724	ENDDO
1725	ENDDO
1726	ENDDO
1727	!
1728	!-- scalar concentration
1729	CASE ( 7 )
1730	DO i = nxl, nxr
1731	DO j = nys, nyn
1732	!
1733	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1734	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1735
1736	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1737
1738	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1739	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1740	lsec * &
1741	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1742	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1743	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1744	)**2 + &
1745	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1746	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1747	)**2 + &
1748	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1749	w(k,j,i) ) &
1750	)**2 &
1751	) * &
1752	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1753	ENDDO
1754	ENDDO
1755	ENDDO
1756
1757
1758
1759	CASE DEFAULT
1760
1761	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1762	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1763
1764	END SELECT
1765
1766	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1767
1768
1769	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1770	! Description:
1771	! ------------
1772	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1773	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1774	!>
1775	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1776	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1777	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1778	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1779	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1780	!>
1781	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1782	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1783	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1784	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1785	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1786	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1787	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1788	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1789	!>
1790	!>
1791	!> Call for grid point i,j
1792	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1793	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1794
1795
1796	USE control_parameters, &
1797	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1798
1799	USE kinds
1800
1801	IMPLICIT NONE
1802
1803	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1804	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1805	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1806	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1807	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1808	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1809
1810	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1811	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1812	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1813	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1814	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1815	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1816
1817
1818	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1819	!
1820	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1821	SELECT CASE ( component )
1822
1823	!
1824	!-- u-component
1825	CASE ( 1 )
1826	!
1827	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1828	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1829	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1830
1831	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1832
1833	!
1834	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1835	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1836	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1837	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1838	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1839	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1840	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1841	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1842	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1843	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1844	ENDIF
1845
1846	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1847	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1848	!
1849	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1850	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1851	lad_local * &
1852	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1853	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1854	v(k,j,i) + &
1855	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1856	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1857	)**2 + &
1858	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1859	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1860	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1861	w(k,j,i) ) &
1862	)**2 &
1863	) * &
1864	u(k,j,i)
1865
1866	!
1867	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1868	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1869	!
1870	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1871	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1872	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1873	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1874	ELSE
1875	pre_tend = pre_tend
1876	ENDIF
1877	!
1878	!-- Calculate final tendency
1879	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1880	ENDDO
1881
1882
1883	!
1884	!-- v-component
1885	CASE ( 2 )
1886	!
1887	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1888	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1889
1890	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1891
1892	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1893	!
1894	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1895	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1896	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1897	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1898	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1899	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1900	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1901	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1902	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1903	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1904	ENDIF
1905
1906	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1907	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1908	!
1909	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1910	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1911	lad_local * &
1912	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1913	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1914	u(k,j,i) + &
1915	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1916	)**2 + &
1917	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1918	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1919	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1920	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1921	w(k,j,i) ) &
1922	)**2 &
1923	) * &
1924	v(k,j,i)
1925
1926	!
1927	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1928	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1929	!
1930	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1931	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1932	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1933	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1934	ELSE
1935	pre_tend = pre_tend
1936	ENDIF
1937	!
1938	!-- Calculate final tendency
1939	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1940	ENDDO
1941
1942
1943	!
1944	!-- w-component
1945	CASE ( 3 )
1946	!
1947	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1948	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1949
1950	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1951
1952	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1953
1954	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1955	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1956	!
1957	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1958	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1959	(0.5_wp * &
1960	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1961	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1962	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1963	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1964	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1965	)**2 + &
1966	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1967	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1968	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1969	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1970	)**2 + &
1971	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1972	) * &
1973	w(k,j,i)
1974	!
1975	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1976	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1977	!
1978	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1979	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1980	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1981	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1982	ELSE
1983	pre_tend = pre_tend
1984	ENDIF
1985	!
1986	!-- Calculate final tendency
1987	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1988	ENDDO
1989
1990	!
1991	!-- potential temperature
1992	CASE ( 4 )
1993	!
1994	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1995	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1996
1997	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1998	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1999	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2000	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2001	ENDDO
2002	ELSE
2003	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2004	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2005	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2006	ENDDO
2007	ENDIF
2008
2009	!
2010	!-- humidity
2011	CASE ( 5 )
2012	!
2013	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2014	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2015
2016	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2017	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2018	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2019	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2020	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2021	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2022	! in the plant canopy box
2023	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2024	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2025	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2026	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2027	)**2 + &
2028	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2029	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2030	)**2 + &
2031	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2032	w(k,j,i) ) &
2033	)**2 &
2034	) * &
2035	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2036	ENDIF
2037
2038	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2039
2040	ENDDO
2041
2042	!
2043	!-- sgs-tke
2044	CASE ( 6 )
2045	!
2046	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2047	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2048
2049	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2050
2051	kk = k - k_wall
2052	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2053	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2054	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2055	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2056	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2057	)**2 + &
2058	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2059	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2060	)**2 + &
2061	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2062	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2063	)**2 &
2064	) * &
2065	e(k,j,i)
2066	ENDDO
2067
2068	!
2069	!-- scalar concentration
2070	CASE ( 7 )
2071	!
2072	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2073	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2074
2075	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2076
2077	kk = k - k_wall
2078	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2079	lsec * &
2080	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2081	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2082	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2083	)**2 + &
2084	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2085	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2086	)**2 + &
2087	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2088	w(k,j,i) ) &
2089	)**2 &
2090	) * &
2091	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2092	ENDDO
2093
2094	CASE DEFAULT
2095
2096	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2097	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2098
2099	END SELECT
2100
2101	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2102
2103
2104
2105	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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