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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4051

Last change on this file since 4051 was 3885, checked in by kanani, 6 years ago
restructure/add location/debug messages
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z suehring $
29	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
30	! of additional debug messages
31	!
32	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
33	! unsed variables removed
34	!
35	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
36	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
37	! becomes > 40 degrees
38	!
39	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
40	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
41	!
42	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
43	! unused variables removed
44	!
45	! 3589 2018-11-30 15:09:51Z suehring
46	! Formatting adjustments
47	!
48	! 3582 2018-11-29 19:16:36Z suehring
49	! working precision added to make code Fortran 2008 conform
50	!
51	! 3498 2018-11-07 10:53:03Z gronemeier
52	! corrected revisions section
53	!
54	! 3497 2018-11-06 17:15:18Z suehring
55	! Remove write statement.
56	!
57	! 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z suehring
58	! Add calculation of transpiration for resolved plant canopy (trees, shrubs)
59	! (V. Fuka, MFF UK Prague, J.Resler, ICS AS, Prague)
60	!
61	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
62	!
63	! 3337 2018-10-12 15:17:09Z kanani
64	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
65	!
66	! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
67	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
68	!
69	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
70	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
71	!
72	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
73	! Minor formating changes
74	!
75	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
76	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
77	!
78	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
79	! unused variables removed
80	!
81	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
82	! dz was replaced by the help of zw to allow for vertical stretching
83	!
84	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
85	! Error messages revised
86	!
87	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
88	! Error message revised
89	!
90	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
91	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
92	!
93	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
94	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
95	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
96	!
97	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
98	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
99	! plus some formatting.
100	! (moh.hefny):
101	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
102	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
103	!
104	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
105	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
106	!
107	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
108	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
109	!
110	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
111	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
112	!
113	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
114	! Correction of parameter check
115	!
116	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
117	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
118	!
119	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
120	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
121	!
122	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
123	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
124	!
125	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
126	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
127	!
128	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
129	! Changes from last commit documented
130	!
131	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
132	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
133	!
134	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
135	! Change in file header (GPL part)
136	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
137	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
138	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
139	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
140	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
141	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
142	!
143	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
144	! coupling_char removed
145	!
146	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
147	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
148	! no output of ghost layer data
149	!
150	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
151	! Get topography top index via Function call
152	!
153	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
154	! Changed error messages
155	!
156	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
157	!
158	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
159	! Adjustments to new topography concept
160	!
161	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
162	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
163	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
164	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
165	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
166	!
167	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
168	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
169	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
170	!
171	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
172	! Added missing lad_s initialization
173	!
174	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
175	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
176	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
177	! and similar future applications.
178	!
179	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
180	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
181	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
182	! introduction of urban surface model,
183	! introduced variable ext_coef,
184	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
185	!
186	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
187	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
188	!
189	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
190	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
191	!
192	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
193	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
194	!
195	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
196	! Further modularization
197	!
198	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
199	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
200	! canopy is set on top of topography
201	!
202	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
203	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
204	!
205	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
206	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
207	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
208	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
209	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
210	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
211	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
212	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
213	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
214	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
215	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
216	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
217	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
218	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
219	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
220	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
221	! respectively,
222	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
223	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
224	!
225	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
226	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
227	!
228	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
229	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
230	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
231	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
232	! old module precision_kind is removed,
233	! revision history before 2012 removed,
234	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
235	! all variable declaration statements
236	!
237	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
238	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
239	!
240	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
241	! Initial revision
242	!
243	! Description:
244	! ------------
245	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
246	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
247	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
248	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
249	!
250	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
251	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
252	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
253
254	USE arrays_3d, &
255	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
256
257	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
258	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
259
260	USE control_parameters, &
261	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
262
263	USE indices, &
264	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
265	nz, nzb, nzt
266
267	USE kinds
268
269	USE pegrid
270
271	USE surface_mod, &
272	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
273
274
275	IMPLICIT NONE
276
277
278	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
279	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
280	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
281	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
282
283	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
284	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
285
286	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
287
288	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
289
290	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
291	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
292	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
293	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
294	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
295	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
296	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
297	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
298	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
299	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
300	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
301	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
302	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
303
304	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
305	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
306
307	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
308	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
309
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
312
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
318
319	SAVE
320
321
322	PRIVATE
323
324	!
325	!-- Public functions
326	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
327	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
328	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
329
330	!
331	!-- Public variables and constants
332	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
333	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
334	plant_canopy_transpiration
335
336	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
337	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
338	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
339
340	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
341	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
342	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
343
344	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
345	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
346	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
347
348	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
349	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
350	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
351
352	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
353	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
354	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
355
356	INTERFACE pcm_header
357	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
358	END INTERFACE pcm_header
359
360	INTERFACE pcm_init
361	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
362	END INTERFACE pcm_init
363
364	INTERFACE pcm_parin
365	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
366	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
367
368	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
369	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
370	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
371
372	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
373	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
374	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
375	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
376
377
378	CONTAINS
379
380
381
382	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
383	! Description:
384	! ------------
385	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
386	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
387	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
388	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
389	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
390	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
391	!> Tree Physiology 20).
392	!>
393	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
394	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
395	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
396	!>
397	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
398	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
399
400	USE control_parameters, &
401	ONLY: dz
402
403	USE grid_variables, &
404	ONLY: dx, dy
405
406	IMPLICIT NONE
407	!-- input parameters
408	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
409	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
410	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
411	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
412	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
413
414	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
415	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
416	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
417	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
418	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
419	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
420	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
421	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
422	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
423	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
424	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
425
426
427	!-- Temperature (deg C)
428	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
429	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
430	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
431	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
432	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
433	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
434	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
435	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
436	!-- Wind speed
437	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
438	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
439	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 )
440	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
441	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
442	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
443	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
444	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
445	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
446	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
447	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
448	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
449	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
450	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
451	!-- Water pressure deficit
452	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
453	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
454	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
455	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
456	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
457	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
458	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
459	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
460	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
461	!-- Residual soil water content
462	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
463	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
464	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
465	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
466	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
467	!-- Stomatal conductivity
468	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
469	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
470	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
471	!-- Decoupling factor
472	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
473	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
474	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
475	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
476	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
477	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
478	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
479	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
480	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
481	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
482	!-- Evaporation rate
483	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
484	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
485	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
486	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
487	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
488	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
489	!-- latent heat from evaporation
490	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
491
492	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
493
494
495	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
496	! Description:
497	! ------------
498	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
500	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
501
502
503	USE control_parameters, &
504	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
505
506	IMPLICIT NONE
507
508	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
509	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
510
511
512	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
513
514	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
515	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
516	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
517	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
518	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
519	ENDIF
520	unit = 'K s-1'
521
522	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
523	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
524
525	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
526	unit = 'K s-1'
527
528	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
529	unit = 'K s-1'
530
531	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
532	unit = 'm2 m-3'
533
534
535	CASE DEFAULT
536	unit = 'illegal'
537
538	END SELECT
539
540
541	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
542
543
544	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
545	! Description:
546	! ------------
547	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
548	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
549	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
550
551	USE control_parameters, &
552	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
553
554	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
555	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
556
557	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
558	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
559
560
561	IMPLICIT NONE
562
563
564	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
565	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
566	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
567	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
568	ENDIF
569
570	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
571	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
572	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
573	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
574	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
575	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
576	ENDIF
577
578	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
579	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
580	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
581	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
582	'lai_beta = 0.0'
583	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
584	ENDIF
585
586	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
587	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
588	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
589	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
590	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
591	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
592	'density profile'
593	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
594	ENDIF
595
596	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
597	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
598	' seifert_beheng'
599	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
600	ENDIF
601	!
602	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
603	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
604	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
605	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
606	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
607	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
608	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
609	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
610	ENDIF
611
612
613	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
614
615
616	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
617	!
618	! Description:
619	! ------------
620	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
621	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
622	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
623	nzb_do, nzt_do )
624
625	USE indices
626
627	USE kinds
628
629
630	IMPLICIT NONE
631
632	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
633
634	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
635	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
636	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
637	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
638	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
639	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
640	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
641
642	LOGICAL :: found !<
643
644	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
645	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
646
647
648	found = .TRUE.
649
650	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
651
652	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
653
654	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
655	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
656	DO i = nxl, nxr
657	DO j = nys, nyn
658	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
659	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
660	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
661	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
662	ENDDO
663	ENDIF
664	ENDDO
665	ENDDO
666	ENDIF
667
668	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
669	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
670	DO i = nxl, nxr
671	DO j = nys, nyn
672	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
673	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
674	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
675	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
676	ENDDO
677	ENDIF
678	ENDDO
679	ENDDO
680	ENDIF
681
682	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
683	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
684	DO i = nxl, nxr
685	DO j = nys, nyn
686	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
687	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
688	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
689	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
690	ENDDO
691	ENDIF
692	ENDDO
693	ENDDO
694	ENDIF
695
696	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
697	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
698	DO i = nxl, nxr
699	DO j = nys, nyn
700	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
701	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
702	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
703	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
704	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) / &
705	pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
706	ENDIF
707	ENDDO
708	ENDIF
709	ENDDO
710	ENDDO
711	ENDIF
712
713	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
714	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
715	DO i = nxl, nxr
716	DO j = nys, nyn
717	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
718	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
719	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
720	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
721	ENDDO
722	ENDIF
723	ENDDO
724	ENDDO
725	ENDIF
726
727
728	CASE DEFAULT
729	found = .FALSE.
730
731	END SELECT
732
733
734	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
735
736	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
737	!
738	! Description:
739	! ------------
740	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
741	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
742	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
743	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
744
745	IMPLICIT NONE
746
747	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
748	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
749	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
750	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
751	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
752
753	found = .TRUE.
754
755	!
756	!-- Check for the grid
757	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
758
759	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
760	grid_x = 'x'
761	grid_y = 'y'
762	grid_z = 'zu'
763
764	CASE DEFAULT
765	found = .FALSE.
766	grid_x = 'none'
767	grid_y = 'none'
768	grid_z = 'none'
769	END SELECT
770
771	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
772
773
774	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
775	! Description:
776	! ------------
777	!> Header output for plant canopy model
778	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
779	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
780
781	USE control_parameters, &
782	ONLY: passive_scalar
783
784
785	IMPLICIT NONE
786
787	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
788
789	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
790	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
791	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
792	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
793
794	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
795	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
796	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
797
798	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
799
800	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
801
802	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
803	canopy_drag_coeff
804	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
805	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
806	leaf_surface_conc
807	ENDIF
808
809	!
810	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
811	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
812
813	!
814	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
815	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
816	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
817
818	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
819	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
820	gradients = '------'
821	slices = ' 0'
822	coordinates = ' 0.0'
823	i = 1
824	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
825	/= -9999 )
826
827	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
828	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
829	TRIM( coor_chr )
830
831	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
832	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
833
834	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
835	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
836
837	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
838	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
839
840	i = i + 1
841	ENDDO
842
843	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
844	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
845
846	ELSE
847
848	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
849	coordinates = ' 0.0'
850
851	DO k = 1, pch_index
852
853	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
854	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
855	TRIM( coor_chr )
856
857	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
858	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
859
860	ENDDO
861
862	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
863	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
864
865	ENDIF
866
867	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
868	' ------------------------------'// &
869	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
870	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
871	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
872	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
873	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
874	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
875	' K m/s')
876	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
877	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
878	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
879	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
880	' Gridpoint: ',A)
881	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
882	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
883	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
884	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
885	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
886	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
887
888	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
889
890
891	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
892	! Description:
893	! ------------
894	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
895	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
896	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
897
898
899	USE control_parameters, &
900	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
901
902	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
903	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
904
905	USE surface_mod, &
906	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
907
908	IMPLICIT NONE
909
910	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
911	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
912	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
913	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
914
915	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
916	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
917	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
918
919	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
920	!
921	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
922	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
923	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
924	lad = 0.0_wp
925	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
926
927	!
928	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
929	!-- a beta probability density function
930	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
931	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
932	ENDIF
933
934
935	!
936	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
937	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
938	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
939	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
940	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
941	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
942
943	!
944	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
945	i = 1
946	gradient = 0.0_wp
947
948	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
949
950	lad(0) = lad_surface
951	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
952
953	DO k = 1, pch_index
954	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
955	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
956	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
957	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
958	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
959	i = i + 1
960	ENDIF
961	ENDIF
962	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
963	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
964	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
965	ELSE
966	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
967	ENDIF
968	ELSE
969	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
970	ENDIF
971	ENDDO
972
973	ENDIF
974
975	!
976	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
977	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
978	!-- file.
979	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
980	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
981	ENDIF
982
983	ELSE
984
985	!
986	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
987	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
988	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
989
990	DO k = 0, pch_index
991	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
992	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
993	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
994	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
995	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
996	ENDDO
997
998	!
999	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1000	DO k = 0, pch_index
1001	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1002	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1003	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1004	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1005	) / canopy_height
1006	ENDDO
1007
1008	!
1009	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1010	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1011	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1012	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1013	DO k = 1, pch_index
1014	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1015	ENDDO
1016
1017	ENDIF
1018
1019	!
1020	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1021	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1022
1023	!
1024	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1025	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1026	!-- with the prescribed values
1027	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1028	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1029	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1030
1031	!
1032	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1033	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1034	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1035	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1036
1037	CASE( 'block' )
1038
1039	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1040	DO j = nysg, nyng
1041	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1042	ENDDO
1043	ENDDO
1044
1045	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1046	!
1047	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1048	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1049	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1050	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1051	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1052	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1053	!
1054	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1055	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1056	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1057
1058	DO i = nxl, nxr
1059	DO j = nys, nyn
1060	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1061	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1062	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1063	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1064	ENDDO
1065	ENDDO
1066	ENDDO
1067	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1068	!
1069	! ASCII file
1070	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1071	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1072	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1073	!-- each location).
1074	ELSE
1075	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1076	ENDIF
1077
1078	CASE DEFAULT
1079	!
1080	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1081	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1082	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1083	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1084	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1085	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1086
1087	END SELECT
1088	!
1089	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1090	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1091	pch_index_ji = 0
1092
1093	DO i = nxl, nxr
1094	DO j = nys, nyn
1095	DO k = 0, pch_index
1096	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1097	ENDDO
1098	!
1099	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1100	!-- height of the model domain.
1101	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1102	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1103	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1104	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1105	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1106	ENDIF
1107
1108	ENDDO
1109	ENDDO
1110
1111	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1112	!
1113	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1114	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1115	!
1116	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1117	#if defined( __parallel )
1118	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1119	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1120	#endif
1121
1122	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1123	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1124	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1125	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1126	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1127	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1128	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1129	ENDIF
1130
1131	!
1132	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1133	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1134	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1135	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1136	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1137	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1138	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1139	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1140	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1141	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1142	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1143	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1144	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1145	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1146	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1147	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1148	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1149
1150	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1151	!
1152	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1153	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1154	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1155	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1156	DO j = nysg, nyng
1157	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1158	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1159	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1160	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1161	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1162	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1163	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1164	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1165	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1166	ELSE
1167	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1168	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1169	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1170	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1171	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1172	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1173	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1174	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1175	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1176	ENDIF
1177	ENDDO
1178	ENDDO
1179	ENDDO
1180
1181	!
1182	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1183	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1184	!-- Start with default surface type
1185	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1186	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1187	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1188	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1189	ENDDO
1190	!
1191	!-- Natural surfaces
1192	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1193	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1194	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1195	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1196	ENDDO
1197	!
1198	!-- Urban surfaces
1199	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1200	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1201	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1202	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1203	ENDDO
1204	!
1205	!
1206	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1207	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1208	!-- canopy.
1209	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1210	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1211	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1212	!-- of the respective layer
1213	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1214	DO j = nysg, nyng
1215	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1216	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1217	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1218	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1219	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1220	ENDIF
1221	ENDDO
1222	ENDDO
1223	ENDDO
1224
1225	ENDIF
1226
1227	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1228
1229
1230	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1231
1232
1233	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1234	! Description:
1235	! ------------
1236	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1237	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1238	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1239
1240	USE control_parameters, &
1241	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1242
1243	IMPLICIT NONE
1244
1245	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1246
1247	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1248	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1249	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1250	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1251	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1252	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1253	lai_beta, &
1254	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1255	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1256	plant_canopy_transpiration
1257
1258	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1259	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1260	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1261	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1262	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1263	lai_beta, &
1264	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1265	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1266	plant_canopy_transpiration
1267
1268	line = ' '
1269
1270	!
1271	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1272	REWIND ( 11 )
1273	line = ' '
1274	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1275	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1276	ENDDO
1277	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1278
1279	!
1280	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1281	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1282
1283	!
1284	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1285	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1286
1287	GOTO 14
1288
1289	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1290	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1291	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1292	!
1293	!-- Try to find old namelist
1294	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1295	line = ' '
1296	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1297	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1298	ENDDO
1299	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1300
1301	!
1302	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1303	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1304
1305	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1306	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1307	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1308	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1309
1310	!
1311	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1312	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1313
1314	GOTO 14
1315
1316	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1317	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1318	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1319
1320	14 CONTINUE
1321
1322
1323	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1324
1325
1326
1327	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1328	! Description:
1329	! ------------
1330	!
1331	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1332	!>
1333	!> num_levels
1334	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1335	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1336	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1337	!> ...
1338	!>
1339	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1340	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1341	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1342	!>
1343	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1344	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1345	!>
1346	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1347	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1348	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1349	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1350
1351	USE control_parameters, &
1352	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1353
1354	USE indices, &
1355	ONLY: nbgp
1356
1357	IMPLICIT NONE
1358
1359	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1360	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1361	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1362	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1363	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1364	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1365	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1366
1367	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1368
1369	!
1370	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1371	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1372
1373	!
1374	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1375	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1376	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1377	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1378	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1379	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1380	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1381	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1382
1383	DO
1384	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1385	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1386
1387	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1388	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1389	!
1390	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1391	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1392	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1393	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1394	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1395	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1396	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1397	'but pctype is ', pctype
1398	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1399	ENDIF
1400	kk = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1401	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1402	CASE DEFAULT
1403	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1404	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1405	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1406	END SELECT
1407	ENDDO
1408
1409	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1410	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1411
1412	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1413	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1414
1415	517 CLOSE(152)
1416	DEALLOCATE( col )
1417
1418	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1419
1420	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1421
1422
1423
1424	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1425	! Description:
1426	! ------------
1427	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1428	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1429	!>
1430	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1431	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1432	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1433	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1434	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1435	!>
1436	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1437	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1438	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1439	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1440	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1441	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1442	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1443	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1444	!>
1445	!>
1446	!> Call for all grid points
1447	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1448	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1449
1450
1451	USE control_parameters, &
1452	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1453
1454	USE kinds
1455
1456	IMPLICIT NONE
1457
1458	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1459	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1460	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1461	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1462	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1463	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1464
1465	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1466	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1467	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1468	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1469	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1470	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1471
1472
1473	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1474
1475	!
1476	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1477	SELECT CASE ( component )
1478
1479	!
1480	!-- u-component
1481	CASE ( 1 )
1482	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1483	DO j = nys, nyn
1484	!
1485	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1486	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1487	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1488
1489	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1490	!
1491	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1492	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1493	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1494	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1495	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1496	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1497	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1498	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1499	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1500	THEN
1501	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1502	ENDIF
1503
1504	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1505	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1506	!
1507	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1508	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1509	lad_local * &
1510	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1511	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1512	v(k,j,i) + &
1513	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1514	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1515	)**2 + &
1516	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1517	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1518	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1519	w(k,j,i) ) &
1520	)**2 &
1521	) * &
1522	u(k,j,i)
1523
1524	!
1525	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1526	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1527	!
1528	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1529	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1530	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1531	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1532	ELSE
1533	pre_tend = pre_tend
1534	ENDIF
1535	!
1536	!-- Calculate final tendency
1537	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1538
1539	ENDDO
1540	ENDDO
1541	ENDDO
1542
1543	!
1544	!-- v-component
1545	CASE ( 2 )
1546	DO i = nxl, nxr
1547	DO j = nysv, nyn
1548	!
1549	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1550	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1551
1552	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1553
1554	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1555	!
1556	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1557	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1558	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1559	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1560	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1561	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1562	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1563	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1564	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1565	THEN
1566	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1567	ENDIF
1568
1569	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1570	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1571	!
1572	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1573	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1574	lad_local * &
1575	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1576	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1577	u(k,j,i) + &
1578	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1579	)**2 + &
1580	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1581	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1582	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1583	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1584	w(k,j,i) ) &
1585	)**2 &
1586	) * &
1587	v(k,j,i)
1588
1589	!
1590	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1591	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1592	!
1593	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1594	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1595	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1596	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1597	ELSE
1598	pre_tend = pre_tend
1599	ENDIF
1600	!
1601	!-- Calculate final tendency
1602	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1603
1604	ENDDO
1605	ENDDO
1606	ENDDO
1607
1608	!
1609	!-- w-component
1610	CASE ( 3 )
1611	DO i = nxl, nxr
1612	DO j = nys, nyn
1613	!
1614	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1615	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1616
1617	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1618
1619	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1620
1621	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1622	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1623	!
1624	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1625	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1626	(0.5_wp * &
1627	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1628	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1629	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1630	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1631	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1632	)**2 + &
1633	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1634	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1635	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1636	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1637	)**2 + &
1638	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1639	) * &
1640	w(k,j,i)
1641	!
1642	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1643	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1644	!
1645	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1646	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1647	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1648	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1649	ELSE
1650	pre_tend = pre_tend
1651	ENDIF
1652	!
1653	!-- Calculate final tendency
1654	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1655
1656	ENDDO
1657	ENDDO
1658	ENDDO
1659
1660	!
1661	!-- potential temperature
1662	CASE ( 4 )
1663	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1664	DO i = nxl, nxr
1665	DO j = nys, nyn
1666	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1667	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1668	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1669	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1670	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1671	ENDDO
1672	ENDDO
1673	ENDDO
1674	ELSE
1675	DO i = nxl, nxr
1676	DO j = nys, nyn
1677	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1678	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1679	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1680	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1681	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1682	ENDDO
1683	ENDDO
1684	ENDDO
1685	ENDIF
1686
1687	!
1688	!-- humidity
1689	CASE ( 5 )
1690	DO i = nxl, nxr
1691	DO j = nys, nyn
1692	!
1693	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1694	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1695
1696	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1697
1698	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1699
1700	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1701	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1702	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1703	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1704	! in the plant canopy box
1705	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1706	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1707	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1708	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1709	)**2 + &
1710	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1711	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1712	)**2 + &
1713	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1714	w(k,j,i) ) &
1715	)**2 &
1716	) * &
1717	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1718	ENDIF
1719
1720	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1721	ENDDO
1722	ENDDO
1723	ENDDO
1724
1725	!
1726	!-- sgs-tke
1727	CASE ( 6 )
1728	DO i = nxl, nxr
1729	DO j = nys, nyn
1730	!
1731	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1732	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1733
1734	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1735
1736	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1737	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1738	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1739	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1740	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1741	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1742	)**2 + &
1743	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1744	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1745	)**2 + &
1746	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1747	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1748	)**2 &
1749	) * &
1750	e(k,j,i)
1751	ENDDO
1752	ENDDO
1753	ENDDO
1754	!
1755	!-- scalar concentration
1756	CASE ( 7 )
1757	DO i = nxl, nxr
1758	DO j = nys, nyn
1759	!
1760	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1761	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1762
1763	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1764
1765	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1766	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1767	lsec * &
1768	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1769	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1770	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1771	)**2 + &
1772	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1773	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1774	)**2 + &
1775	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1776	w(k,j,i) ) &
1777	)**2 &
1778	) * &
1779	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1780	ENDDO
1781	ENDDO
1782	ENDDO
1783
1784
1785
1786	CASE DEFAULT
1787
1788	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1789	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1790
1791	END SELECT
1792
1793	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1794
1795
1796	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1797	! Description:
1798	! ------------
1799	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1800	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1801	!>
1802	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1803	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1804	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1805	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1806	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1807	!>
1808	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1809	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1810	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1811	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1812	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1813	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1814	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1815	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1816	!>
1817	!>
1818	!> Call for grid point i,j
1819	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1820	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1821
1822
1823	USE control_parameters, &
1824	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1825
1826	USE kinds
1827
1828	IMPLICIT NONE
1829
1830	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1831	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1832	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1833	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1834	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1835	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1836
1837	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1838	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1839	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1840	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1841	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1842	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1843
1844
1845	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1846	!
1847	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1848	SELECT CASE ( component )
1849
1850	!
1851	!-- u-component
1852	CASE ( 1 )
1853	!
1854	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1855	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1856	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1857
1858	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1859
1860	!
1861	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1862	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1863	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1864	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1865	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1866	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1867	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1868	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1869	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1870	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1871	ENDIF
1872
1873	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1874	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1875	!
1876	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1877	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1878	lad_local * &
1879	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1880	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1881	v(k,j,i) + &
1882	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1883	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1884	)**2 + &
1885	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1886	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1887	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1888	w(k,j,i) ) &
1889	)**2 &
1890	) * &
1891	u(k,j,i)
1892
1893	!
1894	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1895	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1896	!
1897	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1898	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1899	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1900	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1901	ELSE
1902	pre_tend = pre_tend
1903	ENDIF
1904	!
1905	!-- Calculate final tendency
1906	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1907	ENDDO
1908
1909
1910	!
1911	!-- v-component
1912	CASE ( 2 )
1913	!
1914	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1915	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1916
1917	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1918
1919	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1920	!
1921	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1922	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1923	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1924	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1925	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1926	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1927	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1928	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1929	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1930	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1931	ENDIF
1932
1933	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1934	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1935	!
1936	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1937	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1938	lad_local * &
1939	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1940	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1941	u(k,j,i) + &
1942	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1943	)**2 + &
1944	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1945	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1946	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1947	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1948	w(k,j,i) ) &
1949	)**2 &
1950	) * &
1951	v(k,j,i)
1952
1953	!
1954	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1955	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1956	!
1957	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1958	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1959	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1960	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1961	ELSE
1962	pre_tend = pre_tend
1963	ENDIF
1964	!
1965	!-- Calculate final tendency
1966	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1967	ENDDO
1968
1969
1970	!
1971	!-- w-component
1972	CASE ( 3 )
1973	!
1974	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1975	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1976
1977	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1978
1979	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1980
1981	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1982	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1983	!
1984	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1985	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1986	(0.5_wp * &
1987	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1988	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1989	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1990	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1991	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1992	)**2 + &
1993	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1994	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1995	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1996	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1997	)**2 + &
1998	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1999	) * &
2000	w(k,j,i)
2001	!
2002	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2003	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2004	!
2005	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2006	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2007	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2008	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2009	ELSE
2010	pre_tend = pre_tend
2011	ENDIF
2012	!
2013	!-- Calculate final tendency
2014	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2015	ENDDO
2016
2017	!
2018	!-- potential temperature
2019	CASE ( 4 )
2020	!
2021	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2022	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2023
2024	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2025	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2026	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2027	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2028	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2029	ENDDO
2030	ELSE
2031	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2032	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2033	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2034	ENDDO
2035	ENDIF
2036
2037	!
2038	!-- humidity
2039	CASE ( 5 )
2040	!
2041	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2042	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2043
2044	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2045	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2046	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2047	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2048	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2049	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2050	! in the plant canopy box
2051	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2052	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2053	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2054	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2055	)**2 + &
2056	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2057	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2058	)**2 + &
2059	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2060	w(k,j,i) ) &
2061	)**2 &
2062	) * &
2063	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2064	ENDIF
2065
2066	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2067
2068	ENDDO
2069
2070	!
2071	!-- sgs-tke
2072	CASE ( 6 )
2073	!
2074	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2075	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2076
2077	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2078
2079	kk = k - k_wall
2080	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2081	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2082	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2083	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2084	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2085	)**2 + &
2086	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2087	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2088	)**2 + &
2089	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2090	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2091	)**2 &
2092	) * &
2093	e(k,j,i)
2094	ENDDO
2095
2096	!
2097	!-- scalar concentration
2098	CASE ( 7 )
2099	!
2100	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2101	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2102
2103	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2104
2105	kk = k - k_wall
2106	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2107	lsec * &
2108	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2109	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2110	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2111	)**2 + &
2112	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2113	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2114	)**2 + &
2115	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2116	w(k,j,i) ) &
2117	)**2 &
2118	) * &
2119	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2120	ENDDO
2121
2122	CASE DEFAULT
2123
2124	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2125	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2126
2127	END SELECT
2128
2129	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2130
2131
2132
2133	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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