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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 3475

Last change on this file since 3475 was 3467, checked in by suehring, 6 years ago
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2018 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3467 2018-10-30 19:05:21Z kanani $
29	! Add calculation of transpiration for resolved plant canopy (trees, shrubs)
30	! (V. Fuka, MFF UK Prague, J.Resler, ICS AS, Prague)
31	!
32	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
33	!
34	! 3337 2018-10-12 15:17:09Z kanani
35	! Fix reading plant canopy over buildings
36	!
37	! 3294 2018-10-01 02:37:10Z raasch
38	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
39	!
40	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
41	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
42	!
43	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
44	! Minor formating changes
45	!
46	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
47	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
48	!
49	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
50	! unused variables removed
51	!
52	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
53	! dz was replaced by the help of zw to allow for vertical stretching
54	!
55	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
56	! Error messages revised
57	!
58	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
59	! Error message revised
60	!
61	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
62	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
63	!
64	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
65	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
66	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
67	!
68	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
69	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
70	! plus some formatting.
71	! (moh.hefny):
72	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
73	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
74	!
75	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
76	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
77	!
78	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
79	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
80	!
81	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
82	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
83	!
84	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
85	! Correction of parameter check
86	!
87	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
88	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
89	!
90	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
91	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
92	!
93	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
94	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
95	!
96	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
97	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
98	!
99	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
100	! Changes from last commit documented
101	!
102	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
103	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
104	!
105	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
106	! Change in file header (GPL part)
107	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
108	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
109	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
110	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
111	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
112	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
113	!
114	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
115	! coupling_char removed
116	!
117	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
118	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
119	! no output of ghost layer data
120	!
121	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
122	! Get topography top index via Function call
123	!
124	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
125	! Changed error messages
126	!
127	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
128	!
129	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
130	! Adjustments to new topography concept
131	!
132	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
133	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
134	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
135	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
136	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
137	!
138	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
139	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
140	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
141	!
142	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
143	! Added missing lad_s initialization
144	!
145	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
146	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
147	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
148	! and similar future applications.
149	!
150	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
151	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
152	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
153	! introduction of urban surface model,
154	! introduced variable ext_coef,
155	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
156	!
157	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
158	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
159	!
160	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
161	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
162	!
163	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
164	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
165	!
166	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
167	! Further modularization
168	!
169	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
170	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
171	! canopy is set on top of topography
172	!
173	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
174	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
175	!
176	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
177	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
178	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
179	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
180	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
181	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
182	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
183	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
184	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
185	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
186	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
187	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
188	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
189	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
190	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
191	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
192	! respectively,
193	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
194	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
195	!
196	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
197	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
198	!
199	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
200	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
201	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
202	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
203	! old module precision_kind is removed,
204	! revision history before 2012 removed,
205	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
206	! all variable declaration statements
207	!
208	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
209	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
210	!
211	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
212	! Initial revision
213	!
214	! Description:
215	! ------------
216	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
217	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
218	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
219	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
220	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
221	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
222
223	USE arrays_3d, &
224	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
225
226	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
227	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
228
229	USE control_parameters, &
230	ONLY: humidity
231
232	USE indices, &
233	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
234	nz, nzb, nzt
235
236	USE kinds
237
238	USE pegrid
239
240	USE surface_mod, &
241	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
242
243
244	IMPLICIT NONE
245
246
247	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
248	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
249	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
250	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
251
252	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
253	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
254
255	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
256
257	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
258
259	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
260	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
261	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
262	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
263	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
264	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
265	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
266	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
267	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
268	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
269	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
270	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
271	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
272
273	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
274	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
275
276	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
277	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
278
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
281
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
287
288	SAVE
289
290
291	PRIVATE
292
293	!
294	!-- Public functions
295	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
296	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
297	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
298
299	!
300	!-- Public variables and constants
301	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
302	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
303	plant_canopy_transpiration
304
305	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
306	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
307	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
308
309	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
310	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
311	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
312
313	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
314	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
315	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
316
317	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
318	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
319	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
320
321	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
322	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
323	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
324
325	INTERFACE pcm_header
326	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
327	END INTERFACE pcm_header
328
329	INTERFACE pcm_init
330	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
331	END INTERFACE pcm_init
332
333	INTERFACE pcm_parin
334	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
335	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
336
337	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
338	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
339	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
340
341	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
342	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
343	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
344	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
345
346
347	CONTAINS
348
349
350
351	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
352	! Description:
353	! ------------
354	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
355	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
356	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
357	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
358	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
359	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
360	!> Tree Physiology 20).
361	!>
362	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
363	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
364	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
365	!>
366	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
367	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
368
369	USE control_parameters, &
370	ONLY: dz
371
372	USE grid_variables, &
373	ONLY: dx, dy
374
375	IMPLICIT NONE
376	!-- input parameters
377	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
378	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
379	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
380	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
381	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
382
383	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
384	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
385	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
386	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
387	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66 !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
388	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
389	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
390	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
391	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
392	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
393	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
394
395
396	!-- Temperature (deg C)
397	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
398	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
399	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX(lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0e-10) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
400	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
401	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
402	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
403	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
404	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
405	!-- Wind speed
406	wind_speed = SQRT( ((u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
407	((v(k,j,i) + v(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 + &
408	((w(k,j,i) + w(k,j,i+1))/2.0_wp )**2 )
409	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
410	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
411	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
412	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
413	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
414	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
415	f1 = rad * (1000._wp+42.1_wp) / 1000._wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
416	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
417	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
418	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * (t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
419	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
420	!-- Water pressure deficit
421	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
422	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
423	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
424	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
425	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
426	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
427	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
428	f3 = -2e-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
429	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
430	!-- Residual soil water content
431	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
432	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
433	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
434	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
435	f4 = MAX(0._wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
436	!-- Stomatal conductivity
437	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
438	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
439	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0e-10_wp
440	!-- Decoupling factor
441	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
442	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp ) / &
443	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2._wp + 2 * g_b / g_s )
444	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
445	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
446	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
447	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
448	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
449	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
450	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
451	!-- Evaporation rate
452	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
453	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
454	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
455	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
456	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
457	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
458	!-- latent heat from evaporation
459	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
460
461	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
462
463
464	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
465	! Description:
466	! ------------
467	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
469	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
470
471
472	USE control_parameters, &
473	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
474
475	IMPLICIT NONE
476
477	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
478	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
479
480
481	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
482
483	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
484	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
485	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
486	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
487	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
488	ENDIF
489	unit = 'K s-1'
490
491	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
492	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
493
494	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
495	unit = 'K s-1'
496
497	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
498	unit = 'K s-1'
499
500	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
501	unit = 'm2 m-3'
502
503
504	CASE DEFAULT
505	unit = 'illegal'
506
507	END SELECT
508
509
510	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
511
512
513	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
514	! Description:
515	! ------------
516	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
518	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
519
520	USE control_parameters, &
521	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
522
523	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
524	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
525
526	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
527	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
528
529
530	IMPLICIT NONE
531
532
533	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
534	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
535	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
536	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
537	ENDIF
538
539	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
540	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
541	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
542	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
543	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
544	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
545	ENDIF
546
547	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
548	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
549	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
550	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
551	'lai_beta = 0.0'
552	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
553	ENDIF
554
555	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
556	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
557	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
558	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
559	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
560	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
561	'density profile'
562	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
563	ENDIF
564
565	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
566	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
567	' seifert_beheng'
568	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
569	ENDIF
570	!
571	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
572	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
573	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
574	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
575	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
576	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
577	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
578	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
579	ENDIF
580
581
582	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
583
584
585	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
586	!
587	! Description:
588	! ------------
589	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
590	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
591	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
592	nzb_do, nzt_do )
593
594	USE indices
595
596	USE kinds
597
598
599	IMPLICIT NONE
600
601	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
602
603	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
604	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
605	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
606	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
607	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
608	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
609	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
610
611	LOGICAL :: found !<
612
613	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
614	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
615
616
617	found = .TRUE.
618
619	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
620
621	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
622
623	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
624	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
625	DO i = nxl, nxr
626	DO j = nys, nyn
627	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
628	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
629	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
630	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
631	ENDDO
632	ENDIF
633	ENDDO
634	ENDDO
635	ENDIF
636
637	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
638	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
639	DO i = nxl, nxr
640	DO j = nys, nyn
641	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
642	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
643	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
644	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
645	ENDDO
646	ENDIF
647	ENDDO
648	ENDDO
649	ENDIF
650
651	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
652	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
653	DO i = nxl, nxr
654	DO j = nys, nyn
655	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
656	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
657	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
658	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
659	ENDDO
660	ENDIF
661	ENDDO
662	ENDDO
663	ENDIF
664
665	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
666	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
667	DO i = nxl, nxr
668	DO j = nys, nyn
669	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
670	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
671	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
672	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) /= 0._wp ) THEN
673	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i) / &
674	pc_latent_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
675	ENDIF
676	ENDDO
677	ENDIF
678	ENDDO
679	ENDDO
680	ENDIF
681
682	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
683	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
684	DO i = nxl, nxr
685	DO j = nys, nyn
686	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
687	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
688	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
689	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
690	ENDDO
691	ENDIF
692	ENDDO
693	ENDDO
694	ENDIF
695
696
697	CASE DEFAULT
698	found = .FALSE.
699
700	END SELECT
701
702
703	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
704
705	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
706	!
707	! Description:
708	! ------------
709	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
710	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
711	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
712	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
713
714	IMPLICIT NONE
715
716	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
717	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
718	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
719	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
720	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
721
722	found = .TRUE.
723
724	!
725	!-- Check for the grid
726	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
727
728	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
729	grid_x = 'x'
730	grid_y = 'y'
731	grid_z = 'zu'
732
733	CASE DEFAULT
734	found = .FALSE.
735	grid_x = 'none'
736	grid_y = 'none'
737	grid_z = 'none'
738	END SELECT
739
740	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
741
742
743	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
744	! Description:
745	! ------------
746	!> Header output for plant canopy model
747	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
748	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
749
750	USE control_parameters, &
751	ONLY: passive_scalar
752
753
754	IMPLICIT NONE
755
756	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
757
758	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
759	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
760	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
761	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
762
763	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
764	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
765	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
766
767	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
768
769	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
770
771	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
772	canopy_drag_coeff
773	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
774	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
775	leaf_surface_conc
776	ENDIF
777
778	!
779	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
780	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
781
782	!
783	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
784	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
785	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
786
787	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
788	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
789	gradients = '------'
790	slices = ' 0'
791	coordinates = ' 0.0'
792	i = 1
793	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
794	/= -9999 )
795
796	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
797	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
798	TRIM( coor_chr )
799
800	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
801	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
802
803	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
804	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
805
806	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
807	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
808
809	i = i + 1
810	ENDDO
811
812	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
813	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
814
815	ELSE
816
817	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
818	coordinates = ' 0.0'
819
820	DO k = 1, pch_index
821
822	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
823	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
824	TRIM( coor_chr )
825
826	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
827	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
828
829	ENDDO
830
831	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
832	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
833
834	ENDIF
835
836	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
837	' ------------------------------'// &
838	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
839	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
840	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
841	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
842	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
843	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
844	' K m/s')
845	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
846	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
847	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
848	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
849	' Gridpoint: ',A)
850	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
851	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
852	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
853	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
854	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
855	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
856
857	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
858
859
860	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
861	! Description:
862	! ------------
863	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
864	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
865	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
866
867
868	USE control_parameters, &
869	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode, urban_surface
870
871	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
872	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
873
874	USE surface_mod, &
875	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
876
877	IMPLICIT NONE
878
879	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
880	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
881	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
882	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
883	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index_l
884
885	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
886	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
887	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
888
889	!
890	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
891	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
892	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
893	lad = 0.0_wp
894	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
895
896	!
897	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
898	!-- a beta probability density function
899	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
900	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
901	ENDIF
902
903
904	!
905	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
906	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
907	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
908	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
909	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
910	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
911
912	!
913	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
914	i = 1
915	gradient = 0.0_wp
916
917	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
918
919	lad(0) = lad_surface
920	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
921
922	DO k = 1, pch_index
923	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
924	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
925	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
926	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
927	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
928	i = i + 1
929	ENDIF
930	ENDIF
931	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
932	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
933	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
934	ELSE
935	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
936	ENDIF
937	ELSE
938	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
939	ENDIF
940	ENDDO
941
942	ENDIF
943
944	!
945	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
946	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
947	!-- file.
948	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
949	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
950	ENDIF
951
952	ELSE
953
954	!
955	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
956	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
957	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
958
959	DO k = 0, pch_index
960	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
961	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
962	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
963	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
964	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
965	ENDDO
966
967	!
968	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
969	DO k = 0, pch_index
970	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
971	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
972	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
973	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
974	) / canopy_height
975	ENDDO
976
977	!
978	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
979	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
980	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
981	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
982	DO k = 1, pch_index
983	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
984	ENDDO
985
986	ENDIF
987
988	!
989	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
990	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
991
992	!
993	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
994	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
995	!-- with the prescribed values
996	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
997	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
998	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
999
1000	!
1001	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1002	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1003	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1004	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1005
1006	CASE( 'block' )
1007
1008	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1009	DO j = nysg, nyng
1010	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1011	ENDDO
1012	ENDDO
1013
1014	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1015	!
1016	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1017	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1018	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1019	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1020	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1021	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1022	!
1023	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1024	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1025	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1026
1027	DO i = nxl, nxr
1028	DO j = nys, nyn
1029	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1030	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1031	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1032	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1033	ENDDO
1034	ENDDO
1035	ENDDO
1036	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1037	!
1038	! ASCII file
1039	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1040	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1041	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1042	!-- each location).
1043	ELSE
1044	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1045	ENDIF
1046
1047	CASE DEFAULT
1048	!
1049	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1050	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1051	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1052	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1053	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1054	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1055
1056	END SELECT
1057	!
1058	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1059	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1060	pch_index_ji = 0
1061
1062	DO i = nxl, nxr
1063	DO j = nys, nyn
1064	DO k = 0, pch_index
1065	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1066	ENDDO
1067	!
1068	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1069	!-- height of the model domain.
1070	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1071	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1072	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1073	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1074	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1075	ENDIF
1076
1077	ENDDO
1078	ENDDO
1079
1080	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1081
1082	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1083	pch_index = MAXVAL(pch_index_ji)
1084	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1085	#if defined( __parallel )
1086	CALL MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1087	IF ( ierr /= 0 ) THEN
1088	WRITE (9,*) 'Error MPI_Allreduce pch_index:', ierr
1089	FLUSH(9)
1090	ENDIF
1091	#endif
1092
1093	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1094	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1095	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1096	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1097	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1098	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1099	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1100	ENDIF
1101
1102	!
1103	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1104	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1105	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1106	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1107	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1108	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1109	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1110	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1111	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1112	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1113	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1114	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1115	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1116	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1117	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1118	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1119	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1120
1121	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1122	!
1123	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1124	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1125	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1126	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1127	DO j = nysg, nyng
1128	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1129	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1130	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1131	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1132	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1133	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1134	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1135	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1136	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1137	ELSE
1138	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1139	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1140	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1141	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1142	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1143	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1144	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1145	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1146	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1147	ENDIF
1148	ENDDO
1149	ENDDO
1150	ENDDO
1151
1152	!
1153	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1154	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1155	!-- Start with default surface type
1156	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1157	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1158	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1159	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1160	ENDDO
1161	!
1162	!-- Natural surfaces
1163	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1164	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1165	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1166	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1167	ENDDO
1168	!
1169	!-- Urban surfaces
1170	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1171	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1172	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1173	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1174	ENDDO
1175	!
1176	!
1177	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1178	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1179	!-- canopy.
1180	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1181	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1182	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1183	!-- of the respective layer
1184	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1185	DO j = nysg, nyng
1186	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1187	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1188	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1189	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1190	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1191	ENDIF
1192	ENDDO
1193	ENDDO
1194	ENDDO
1195
1196	ENDIF
1197
1198
1199	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1200
1201
1202	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1203	! Description:
1204	! ------------
1205	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1206	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1207	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1208
1209	USE control_parameters, &
1210	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1211
1212	IMPLICIT NONE
1213
1214	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1215
1216	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1217	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1218	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1219	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1220	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1221	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1222	lai_beta, &
1223	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1224	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1225	plant_canopy_transpiration
1226
1227	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1228	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1229	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1230	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1231	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1232	lai_beta, &
1233	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1234	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1235	plant_canopy_transpiration
1236
1237	line = ' '
1238
1239	!
1240	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1241	REWIND ( 11 )
1242	line = ' '
1243	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1244	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1245	ENDDO
1246	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1247
1248	!
1249	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1250	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1251
1252	!
1253	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1254	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1255
1256	GOTO 14
1257
1258	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1259	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1260	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1261	!
1262	!-- Try to find old namelist
1263	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1264	line = ' '
1265	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1266	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1267	ENDDO
1268	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1269
1270	!
1271	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1272	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1273
1274	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1275	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1276	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1277	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1278
1279	!
1280	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1281	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1282
1283	GOTO 14
1284
1285	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1286	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1287	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1288
1289	14 CONTINUE
1290
1291
1292	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1293
1294
1295
1296	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1297	! Description:
1298	! ------------
1299	!
1300	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1301	!>
1302	!> num_levels
1303	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1304	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1305	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1306	!> ...
1307	!>
1308	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1309	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1310	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1311	!>
1312	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1313	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1314	!>
1315	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1316	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1317	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1318	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1319
1320	USE control_parameters, &
1321	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1322
1323	USE indices, &
1324	ONLY: nbgp
1325
1326	IMPLICIT NONE
1327
1328	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1329	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1330	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1331	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1332	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1333	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1334	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1335
1336	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1337
1338	!
1339	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1340	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1344	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1345	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1346	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1347	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1348	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1349	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1350	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1351
1352	DO
1353	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1354	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1355
1356	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1357	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1358	!
1359	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1360	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1361	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1362	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1363	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1364	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1365	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1366	'but pctype is ', pctype
1367	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1368	ENDIF
1369	kk = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1370	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1371	CASE DEFAULT
1372	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1373	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1374	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1375	END SELECT
1376	ENDDO
1377
1378	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1379	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1380
1381	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1382	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1383
1384	517 CLOSE(152)
1385	DEALLOCATE( col )
1386
1387	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1388
1389	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1390
1391
1392
1393	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1394	! Description:
1395	! ------------
1396	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1397	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1398	!>
1399	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1400	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1401	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1402	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1403	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1404	!>
1405	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1406	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1407	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1408	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1409	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1410	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1411	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1412	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1413	!>
1414	!>
1415	!> Call for all grid points
1416	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1417	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1418
1419
1420	USE control_parameters, &
1421	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1422
1423	USE kinds
1424
1425	IMPLICIT NONE
1426
1427	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1428	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1429	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1430	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1431	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1432	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1433
1434	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1435	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1436	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1437	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1438	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1439	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1440
1441
1442	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1443
1444	!
1445	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1446	SELECT CASE ( component )
1447
1448	!
1449	!-- u-component
1450	CASE ( 1 )
1451	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1452	DO j = nys, nyn
1453	!
1454	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1455	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1456	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1457
1458	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1459	!
1460	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1461	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1462	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1463	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1464	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1465	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1466	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1467	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1468	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1469	THEN
1470	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1471	ENDIF
1472
1473	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1474	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1475	!
1476	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1477	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1478	lad_local * &
1479	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1480	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1481	v(k,j,i) + &
1482	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1483	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1484	)**2 + &
1485	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1486	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1487	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1488	w(k,j,i) ) &
1489	)**2 &
1490	) * &
1491	u(k,j,i)
1492
1493	!
1494	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1495	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1496	!
1497	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1498	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1499	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1500	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1501	ELSE
1502	pre_tend = pre_tend
1503	ENDIF
1504	!
1505	!-- Calculate final tendency
1506	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1507
1508	ENDDO
1509	ENDDO
1510	ENDDO
1511
1512	!
1513	!-- v-component
1514	CASE ( 2 )
1515	DO i = nxl, nxr
1516	DO j = nysv, nyn
1517	!
1518	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1519	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1520
1521	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1522
1523	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1524	!
1525	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1526	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1527	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1528	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1529	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1530	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1531	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1532	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1533	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1534	THEN
1535	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1536	ENDIF
1537
1538	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1539	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1540	!
1541	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1542	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1543	lad_local * &
1544	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1545	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1546	u(k,j,i) + &
1547	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1548	)**2 + &
1549	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1550	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1551	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1552	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1553	w(k,j,i) ) &
1554	)**2 &
1555	) * &
1556	v(k,j,i)
1557
1558	!
1559	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1560	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1561	!
1562	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1563	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1564	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1565	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1566	ELSE
1567	pre_tend = pre_tend
1568	ENDIF
1569	!
1570	!-- Calculate final tendency
1571	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1572
1573	ENDDO
1574	ENDDO
1575	ENDDO
1576
1577	!
1578	!-- w-component
1579	CASE ( 3 )
1580	DO i = nxl, nxr
1581	DO j = nys, nyn
1582	!
1583	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1584	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1585
1586	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1587
1588	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1589
1590	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1591	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1592	!
1593	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1594	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1595	(0.5_wp * &
1596	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1597	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1598	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1599	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1600	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1601	)**2 + &
1602	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1603	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1604	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1605	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1606	)**2 + &
1607	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1608	) * &
1609	w(k,j,i)
1610	!
1611	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1612	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1613	!
1614	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1615	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1616	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1617	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1618	ELSE
1619	pre_tend = pre_tend
1620	ENDIF
1621	!
1622	!-- Calculate final tendency
1623	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1624
1625	ENDDO
1626	ENDDO
1627	ENDDO
1628
1629	!
1630	!-- potential temperature
1631	CASE ( 4 )
1632	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1633	DO i = nxl, nxr
1634	DO j = nys, nyn
1635	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1636	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1637	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1638	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1639	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1640	ENDDO
1641	ENDDO
1642	ENDDO
1643	ELSE
1644	DO i = nxl, nxr
1645	DO j = nys, nyn
1646	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1647	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1648	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1649	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1650	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1651	ENDDO
1652	ENDDO
1653	ENDDO
1654	ENDIF
1655
1656	!
1657	!-- humidity
1658	CASE ( 5 )
1659	DO i = nxl, nxr
1660	DO j = nys, nyn
1661	!
1662	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1663	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1664
1665	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1666
1667	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1668
1669	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1670	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1671	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1672	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1673	! in the plant canopy box
1674	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1675	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1676	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1677	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1678	)**2 + &
1679	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1680	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1681	)**2 + &
1682	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1683	w(k,j,i) ) &
1684	)**2 &
1685	) * &
1686	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1687	ENDIF
1688
1689	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1690	ENDDO
1691	ENDDO
1692	ENDDO
1693
1694	!
1695	!-- sgs-tke
1696	CASE ( 6 )
1697	DO i = nxl, nxr
1698	DO j = nys, nyn
1699	!
1700	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1701	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1702
1703	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1704
1705	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1706	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1707	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1708	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1709	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1710	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1711	)**2 + &
1712	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1713	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1714	)**2 + &
1715	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1716	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1717	)**2 &
1718	) * &
1719	e(k,j,i)
1720	ENDDO
1721	ENDDO
1722	ENDDO
1723	!
1724	!-- scalar concentration
1725	CASE ( 7 )
1726	DO i = nxl, nxr
1727	DO j = nys, nyn
1728	!
1729	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1730	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1731
1732	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1733
1734	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1735	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1736	lsec * &
1737	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1738	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1739	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1740	)**2 + &
1741	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1742	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1743	)**2 + &
1744	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1745	w(k,j,i) ) &
1746	)**2 &
1747	) * &
1748	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1749	ENDDO
1750	ENDDO
1751	ENDDO
1752
1753
1754
1755	CASE DEFAULT
1756
1757	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1758	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1759
1760	END SELECT
1761
1762	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1763
1764
1765	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1766	! Description:
1767	! ------------
1768	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1769	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1770	!>
1771	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1772	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1773	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1774	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1775	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1776	!>
1777	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1778	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1779	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1780	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1781	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1782	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1783	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1784	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1785	!>
1786	!>
1787	!> Call for grid point i,j
1788	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1789	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1790
1791
1792	USE control_parameters, &
1793	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1794
1795	USE kinds
1796
1797	IMPLICIT NONE
1798
1799	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1800	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1801	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1802	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1803	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1804	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1805
1806	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1807	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1808	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1809	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1810	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1811	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1812
1813
1814	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1815	!
1816	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1817	SELECT CASE ( component )
1818
1819	!
1820	!-- u-component
1821	CASE ( 1 )
1822	!
1823	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1824	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1825	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1826
1827	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1828
1829	!
1830	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1831	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1832	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1833	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1834	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1835	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1836	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1837	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1838	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1839	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1840	ENDIF
1841
1842	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1843	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1844	!
1845	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1846	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1847	lad_local * &
1848	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1849	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1850	v(k,j,i) + &
1851	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1852	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1853	)**2 + &
1854	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1855	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1856	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1857	w(k,j,i) ) &
1858	)**2 &
1859	) * &
1860	u(k,j,i)
1861
1862	!
1863	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1864	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1865	!
1866	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1867	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1868	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1869	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1870	ELSE
1871	pre_tend = pre_tend
1872	ENDIF
1873	!
1874	!-- Calculate final tendency
1875	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1876	ENDDO
1877
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- v-component
1881	CASE ( 2 )
1882	!
1883	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1884	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1885
1886	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1887
1888	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1889	!
1890	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1891	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1892	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1893	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1894	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1895	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1896	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1897	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1898	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1899	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1900	ENDIF
1901
1902	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1903	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1904	!
1905	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1906	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1907	lad_local * &
1908	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1909	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1910	u(k,j,i) + &
1911	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1912	)**2 + &
1913	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1914	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1915	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1916	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1917	w(k,j,i) ) &
1918	)**2 &
1919	) * &
1920	v(k,j,i)
1921
1922	!
1923	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1924	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1925	!
1926	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1927	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1928	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1929	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1930	ELSE
1931	pre_tend = pre_tend
1932	ENDIF
1933	!
1934	!-- Calculate final tendency
1935	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1936	ENDDO
1937
1938
1939	!
1940	!-- w-component
1941	CASE ( 3 )
1942	!
1943	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1944	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1945
1946	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1947
1948	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1949
1950	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1951	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1952	!
1953	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1954	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1955	(0.5_wp * &
1956	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1957	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1958	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1959	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1960	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1961	)**2 + &
1962	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1963	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1964	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1965	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1966	)**2 + &
1967	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1968	) * &
1969	w(k,j,i)
1970	!
1971	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1972	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1973	!
1974	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1975	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1976	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1977	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1978	ELSE
1979	pre_tend = pre_tend
1980	ENDIF
1981	!
1982	!-- Calculate final tendency
1983	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1984	ENDDO
1985
1986	!
1987	!-- potential temperature
1988	CASE ( 4 )
1989	!
1990	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1991	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1992
1993	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1994	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1995	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1996	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1997	ENDDO
1998	ELSE
1999	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2000	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2001	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2002	ENDDO
2003	ENDIF
2004
2005	!
2006	!-- humidity
2007	CASE ( 5 )
2008	!
2009	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2010	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2011
2012	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2013	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2014	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2015	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2016	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2017	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2018	! in the plant canopy box
2019	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2020	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2021	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2022	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2023	)**2 + &
2024	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2025	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2026	)**2 + &
2027	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2028	w(k,j,i) ) &
2029	)**2 &
2030	) * &
2031	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2032	ENDIF
2033
2034	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2035
2036	ENDDO
2037
2038	!
2039	!-- sgs-tke
2040	CASE ( 6 )
2041	!
2042	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2043	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2044
2045	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2046
2047	kk = k - k_wall
2048	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2049	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2050	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2051	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2052	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2053	)**2 + &
2054	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2055	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2056	)**2 + &
2057	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2058	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2059	)**2 &
2060	) * &
2061	e(k,j,i)
2062	ENDDO
2063
2064	!
2065	!-- scalar concentration
2066	CASE ( 7 )
2067	!
2068	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2069	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
2070
2071	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2072
2073	kk = k - k_wall
2074	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2075	lsec * &
2076	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2077	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2078	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2079	)**2 + &
2080	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2081	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2082	)**2 + &
2083	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2084	w(k,j,i) ) &
2085	)**2 &
2086	) * &
2087	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2088	ENDDO
2089
2090	CASE DEFAULT
2091
2092	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2093	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2094
2095	END SELECT
2096
2097	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2098
2099
2100
2101	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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