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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4768

Last change on this file since 4768 was 4768, checked in by suehring, 4 years ago
Enable 3D data output also with 64-bit precision
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2020 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4768 2020-11-02 19:11:23Z suehring $
29	! Enable 3D data output also with 64-bit precision
30	!
31	! 4671 2020-09-09 20:27:58Z pavelkrc
32	! Implementation of downward facing USM and LSM surfaces
33	!
34	! 4535 2020-05-15 12:07:23Z raasch
35	! bugfix for restart data format query
36	!
37	! 4525 2020-05-10 17:05:07Z raasch
38	! bugfix for reading/writing pcm_...rate_av with MPI-IO
39	!
40	! 4517 2020-05-03 14:29:30Z raasch
41	! added restart with MPI-IO for reading local arrays
42	!
43	! 4515 2020-04-30 16:37:18Z suehring
44	! Rename error number again since this was recently given in -r 4511
45	!
46	! 4514 2020-04-30 16:29:59Z suehring
47	! - Bugfix in output of pcm_heatrate_av in a restart run. In order to fix this,
48	! pch_index is now output for a restart run. Therefore, define global restart
49	! routines.
50	! - Error message number renamed and check for PA0505 revised in order to also
51	! consider natural surfaces with plant-canopy.
52	!
53	! 4495 2020-04-13 20:11:20Z raasch
54	! restart data handling with MPI-IO added
55	!
56	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
57	!
58	! use statement for exchange horiz added
59	! (salim) removed the error message PA0672 to consider PC 3d data via ascii file
60	!
61	! 4392 2020-01-31 16:14:57Z pavelkrc (resler)
62	! Make pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av public to allow calculation
63	! of averaged Bowen ratio in the user procedure
64	!
65	! 4381 2020-01-20 13:51:46Z suehring
66	! Give error message 313 only once
67	!
68	! 4363 2020-01-07 18:11:28Z suehring
69	! Fix for last commit
70	!
71	! 4362 2020-01-07 17:15:02Z suehring
72	! Input of plant canopy variables from static driver moved to plant-canopy
73	! model
74	!
75	! 4361 2020-01-07 12:22:38Z suehring
76	! - Remove unused arrays in pmc_rrd_local
77	! - Remove one exchange of ghost points
78	!
79	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
80	! - Bugfix, read restart data for time-averaged pcm output quantities
81	! - Output of plant-canopy quantities will fill values
82	!
83	! 4356 2019-12-20 17:09:33Z suehring
84	! Correct single message call, local check must be given by the respective
85	! mpi rank.
86	!
87	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
88	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
89	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
90	!
91	! 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z Giersch
92	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
93	! variables removed
94	!
95	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
96	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
97	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
98	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
99	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
100	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
101	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
102	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
103	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
104	!
105	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
106	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
107	!
108	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
109	! Typo corrected
110	!
111	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
112	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
113	!
114	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
115	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
116	! and v-component.
117	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
118	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
119	! topography filtering.
120	!
121	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
122	! Typo
123	!
124	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
125	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
126	!
127	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
128	! unused variables removed
129	!
130	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
131	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
132	!
133	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
134	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
135	!
136	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
137	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
138	!
139	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
140	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
141	!
142	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
143	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
144	!
145	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
146	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
147	!
148	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
149	! Minor adjustment in error number
150	!
151	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
152	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
153	!
154	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
155	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
156	!
157	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
158	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
159	!
160	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
161	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
162	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
163	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
164	! (merge from branch resler)
165	!
166	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
167	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
168	! of additional debug messages
169	!
170	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
171	! unsed variables removed
172	!
173	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
174	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
175	! becomes > 40 degrees
176	!
177	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
178	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
179	!
180	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
181	! unused variables removed
182	!
183	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
184	! Initial revision
185	!
186	! Description:
187	! ------------
188	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
189	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
190	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
191	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
192	!
193	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
194	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
195	! @todo - get rid-off dependency on radiation model
196	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
197	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
198
199	USE arrays_3d, &
200	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
201
202	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
203	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
204
205	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
206	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
207
208	USE control_parameters, &
209	ONLY: average_count_3d, &
210	coupling_char, &
211	debug_output, &
212	dt_3d, &
213	dz, &
214	humidity, &
215	land_surface, &
216	length, &
217	message_string, &
218	ocean_mode, &
219	passive_scalar, &
220	plant_canopy, &
221	restart_data_format_output, &
222	restart_string, &
223	urban_surface
224
225	USE grid_variables, &
226	ONLY: dx, dy
227
228	USE indices, &
229	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
230	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_total_0
231
232	USE kinds
233
234	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
235	ONLY: input_pids_static, &
236	char_fill, &
237	check_existence, &
238	close_input_file, &
239	get_attribute, &
240	get_dimension_length, &
241	get_variable, &
242	inquire_num_variables, &
243	inquire_variable_names, &
244	input_file_static, &
245	num_var_pids, &
246	open_read_file, &
247	pids_id, &
248	real_3d, &
249	vars_pids
250
251	USE pegrid
252
253	USE restart_data_mpi_io_mod, &
254	ONLY: rd_mpi_io_check_array, &
255	rrd_mpi_io, &
256	wrd_mpi_io
257
258	USE surface_mod, &
259	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
260
261
262	IMPLICIT NONE
263
264	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
265	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
266	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
267	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
268
269	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
270	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
271
272	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
273
274	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
275
276	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
277	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
278	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
279	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
280	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
281	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
282	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
283	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
284	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
285	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
286
287	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
288	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
289
290	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
291	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
292
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
295
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
301
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
305
306	TYPE(real_3d) :: basal_area_density_f !< input variable for basal area density - resolved vegetation
307	TYPE(real_3d) :: leaf_area_density_f !< input variable for leaf area density - resolved vegetation
308	TYPE(real_3d) :: root_area_density_lad_f !< input variable for root area density - resolved vegetation
309
310	SAVE
311
312	PRIVATE
313
314	!
315	!-- Public functions
316	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, &
317	pcm_check_data_output, &
318	pcm_check_parameters, &
319	pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
320	pcm_data_output_3d, &
321	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
322	pcm_header, &
323	pcm_init, &
324	pcm_parin, &
325	pcm_rrd_global, &
326	pcm_rrd_local, &
327	pcm_tendency, &
328	pcm_wrd_global, &
329	pcm_wrd_local
330
331	!
332	!-- Public variables and constants
333	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
334	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
335	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration, &
336	pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av
337
338	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
339	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
340	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
341
342	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
343	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
344	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
345
346	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
347	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
348	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
349
350	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
351	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
352	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
353
354	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
355	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
356	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
357
358	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
359	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
360	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
361
362	INTERFACE pcm_header
363	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
364	END INTERFACE pcm_header
365
366	INTERFACE pcm_init
367	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
368	END INTERFACE pcm_init
369
370	INTERFACE pcm_parin
371	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
372	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
373
374	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
375	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
376	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
377
378	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
379	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
380	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
381	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
382
383	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
384	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
385	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
386	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
387
388	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
389	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
390	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
391	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
392
393	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
394	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_local
395	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
396
397	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
398	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_global
399	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
400
401
402	CONTAINS
403
404
405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
406	! Description:
407	! ------------
408	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
409	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
410	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
411	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
412	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
413	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
414	!> Tree Physiology 20).
415	!>
416	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
417	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
418	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
419	!>
420	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
421	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
422
423	!
424	!-- input parameters
425	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
426	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
427	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
428	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
429	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
430
431	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
432	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
433	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
434	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
435	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
436	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
437	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
438	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
439	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
440	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
441	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
442
443
444	!-- Temperature (deg C)
445	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
446	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
447	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
448	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
449	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
450	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
451	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
452	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
453	!-- Wind speed
454	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
455	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
456	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
457	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
458	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
459	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
460	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
461	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
462	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
463	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
464	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
465	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
466	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
467	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
468	!-- Water pressure deficit
469	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
470	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
471	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
472	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
473	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
474	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
475	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
476	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
477	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
478	!-- Residual soil water content
479	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
480	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
481	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
482	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
483	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
484	!-- Stomatal conductivity
485	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
486	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
487	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
488	!-- Decoupling factor
489	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
490	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
491	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
492	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
493	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
494	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
495	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
496	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
497	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
498	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
499	!-- Evaporation rate
500	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
501	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
502	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
503	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
504	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
505	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
506	!-- latent heat from evaporation
507	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
508
509	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
510
511
512	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
513	! Description:
514	! ------------
515	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
516	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
517	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
518
519	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
520	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
521
522
523	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
524
525	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
526	!
527	!-- Output of heatrate can be only done if it is explicitely set by cthf,
528	!-- or parametrized by absorption of radiation. The latter, however, is
529	!-- only available if radiation_interactions are on. Note, these are
530	!-- enabled if land-surface or urban-surface is switched-on. Using
531	!-- radiation_interactions_on directly is not possible since it belongs
532	!-- to the radition_model, which in turn depends on the plant-canopy model,
533	!-- creating circular dependencies.
534	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. ( .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
535	.NOT. land_surface ) ) THEN
536	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
537	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
538	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA0718', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
539	ENDIF
540	unit = 'K s-1'
541
542	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
543	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
544
545	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
546	unit = 'K s-1'
547
548	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
549	unit = 'm2 m-3'
550
551
552	CASE DEFAULT
553	unit = 'illegal'
554
555	END SELECT
556
557
558	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
559
560
561	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
562	! Description:
563	! ------------
564	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
565	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
566	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
567
568	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
569	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
570	'ocean'
571	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
572	ENDIF
573
574	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
575	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
576	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
577	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
578	ENDIF
579
580	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
581	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
582	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
583	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
584	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
585	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
586	ENDIF
587
588	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
589	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
590	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
591	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
592	'lai_beta = 0.0'
593	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
594	ENDIF
595
596	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
597	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
598	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
599	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
600	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
601	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
602	'density profile'
603	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
604	ENDIF
605
606	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
607	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
608	' seifert_beheng'
609	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
610	ENDIF
611
612	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
613
614
615	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
616	!
617	! Description:
618	! ------------
619	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
620	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
621	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
622
623	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
624	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
625
626	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
627	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
628	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
629
630
631	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
632
633	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
634
635	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
636	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
637	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
638	ENDIF
639	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
640
641
642	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
643	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
644	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
645	ENDIF
646	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
647
648
649	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
650	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
651	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
652	ENDIF
653	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
654
655	CASE DEFAULT
656	CONTINUE
657
658	END SELECT
659
660	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
661
662	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
663
664	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
665	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
666	DO i = nxl, nxr
667	DO j = nys, nyn
668	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
669	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
670	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
671	ENDDO
672	ENDIF
673	ENDDO
674	ENDDO
675	ENDIF
676
677
678	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
679	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
680	DO i = nxl, nxr
681	DO j = nys, nyn
682	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
683	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
684	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
685	ENDDO
686	ENDIF
687	ENDDO
688	ENDDO
689	ENDIF
690
691
692	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
693	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
694	DO i = nxl, nxr
695	DO j = nys, nyn
696	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
697	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
698	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
699	ENDDO
700	ENDIF
701	ENDDO
702	ENDDO
703	ENDIF
704
705	CASE DEFAULT
706	CONTINUE
707
708	END SELECT
709
710	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
711
712	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
713
714	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
715	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
716	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
717	DO j = nysg, nyng
718	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
719	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
720	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
721	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
722	ENDDO
723	ENDIF
724	ENDDO
725	ENDDO
726	ENDIF
727
728
729	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
730	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
731	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
732	DO j = nysg, nyng
733	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
734	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
735	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
736	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
737	ENDDO
738	ENDIF
739	ENDDO
740	ENDDO
741	ENDIF
742
743
744	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
745	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
746	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
747	DO j = nysg, nyng
748	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
749	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
750	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
751	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
752	ENDDO
753	ENDIF
754	ENDDO
755	ENDDO
756	ENDIF
757
758	END SELECT
759
760	ENDIF
761
762	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
763
764	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
765	!
766	! Description:
767	! ------------
768	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
769	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
770	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
771	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
772	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
773	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
774	nzb_do, nzt_do )
775
776	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
777
778	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
779	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
780	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
781	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
782	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
783	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
784
785	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
786
787	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
788	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
789
790
791	found = .TRUE.
792
793	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
794
795	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
796	!
797	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
798	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
799	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
800	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
801	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
802	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
803	!-- surface.
804	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
805	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
806	DO i = nxl, nxr
807	DO j = nys, nyn
808	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
809	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
810	ENDDO
811	ENDDO
812	ENDDO
813	ELSE
814	DO i = nxl, nxr
815	DO j = nys, nyn
816	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
817	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
818	ENDDO
819	ENDDO
820	ENDDO
821	ENDIF
822
823	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
824	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
825	DO i = nxl, nxr
826	DO j = nys, nyn
827	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
828	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
829	ENDDO
830	ENDDO
831	ENDDO
832	ELSE
833	DO i = nxl, nxr
834	DO j = nys, nyn
835	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
836	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
837	ENDDO
838	ENDDO
839	ENDDO
840	ENDIF
841
842	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
843	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
844	DO i = nxl, nxr
845	DO j = nys, nyn
846	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
847	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
848	ENDDO
849	ENDDO
850	ENDDO
851	ELSE
852	DO i = nxl, nxr
853	DO j = nys, nyn
854	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
855	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
856	ENDDO
857	ENDDO
858	ENDDO
859	ENDIF
860
861	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
862	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
863	DO i = nxl, nxr
864	DO j = nys, nyn
865	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
866	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
867	ENDDO
868	ENDDO
869	ENDDO
870	ENDIF
871
872	CASE DEFAULT
873	found = .FALSE.
874
875	END SELECT
876
877	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
878
879	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
880	!
881	! Description:
882	! ------------
883	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
884	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
885	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
886	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
887
888	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
889	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
890	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
891	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
892	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
893
894	found = .TRUE.
895
896	!
897	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
898	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
899
900	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
901	grid_x = 'x'
902	grid_y = 'y'
903	grid_z = 'zpc'
904
905	CASE DEFAULT
906	found = .FALSE.
907	grid_x = 'none'
908	grid_y = 'none'
909	grid_z = 'none'
910	END SELECT
911
912	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
913
914
915	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
916	! Description:
917	! ------------
918	!> Header output for plant canopy model
919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
920	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
921
922	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
923
924	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
925	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
926	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
927	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
928
929	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
930	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
931	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
932
933	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
934
935	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
936
937	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
938	canopy_drag_coeff
939	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
940	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
941	leaf_surface_conc
942	ENDIF
943
944	!
945	! Heat flux at the top of vegetation
946	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
947
948	!
949	! Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
950	! gradients or from beta probability density function.
951	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
952
953	! Building output strings, starting with surface value
954	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
955	gradients = '------'
956	slices = ' 0'
957	coordinates = ' 0.0'
958	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
959	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
960
961	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
962	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
963
964	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
965	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
966
967	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
968	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
969
970	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
971	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
972	ELSE
973	EXIT
974	ENDIF
975	ENDDO
976
977	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
978	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
979
980	ELSE
981
982	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
983	coordinates = ' 0.0'
984
985	DO k = 1, pch_index
986
987	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
988	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
989	TRIM( coor_chr )
990
991	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
992	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
993
994	ENDDO
995
996	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
997	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
998
999	ENDIF
1000
1001	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
1002	' ------------------------------'// &
1003	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
1004	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
1005	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
1006	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
1007	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
1008	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ', &
1009	F6.2, ' K m/s')
1010	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
1011	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1012	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
1013	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
1014	' Gridpoint: ',A)
1015	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
1016	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1017	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
1018	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
1019	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
1020	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
1021
1022	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
1023
1024
1025	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1026	! Description:
1027	! ------------
1028	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
1029	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1030	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1031
1032	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1033	ONLY: exchange_horiz
1034
1035	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1036	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1037	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1038	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
1039
1040	LOGICAL :: lad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that LAD is defined on a building roof
1041
1042	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
1043	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
1044	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
1045	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
1046
1047	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
1048	!
1049	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
1050	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
1051	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
1052	lad = 0.0_wp
1053	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
1054
1055	!
1056	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
1057	!-- a beta probability density function
1058	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1059	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
1060	ENDIF
1061
1062
1063	!
1064	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
1065	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
1066	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
1067	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
1068	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
1069	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
1073	i = 1
1074	gradient = 0.0_wp
1075
1076	lad(0) = lad_surface
1077	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
1078
1079	DO k = 1, pch_index
1080	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
1081	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
1082	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1083	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
1084	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
1085	i = i + 1
1086	ENDIF
1087	ENDIF
1088	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1089	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
1090	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
1091	ELSE
1092	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1093	ENDIF
1094	ELSE
1095	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1096	ENDIF
1097	ENDDO
1098
1099	!
1100	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1101	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1102	!-- file.
1103	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1104	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1105	ENDIF
1106
1107	ELSE
1108
1109	!
1110	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1111	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1112	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1113
1114	DO k = 0, pch_index
1115	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1116	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1117	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1118	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1119	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1120	ENDDO
1121
1122	!
1123	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1124	DO k = 0, pch_index
1125	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1126	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1127	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1128	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1129	) / canopy_height
1130	ENDDO
1131
1132	!
1133	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1134	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1135	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1136	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1137	DO k = 1, pch_index
1138	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1139	ENDDO
1140
1141	ENDIF
1142
1143	!
1144	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1145	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1146
1147	!
1148	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1149	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
1150	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1151	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1152
1153	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
1154
1155	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1156	DO j = nysg, nyng
1157	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1158	ENDDO
1159	ENDDO
1160
1161	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
1162	!
1163	!-- Read plant canopy
1164	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
1165	!
1166	!-- Open the static input file
1167	#if defined( __netcdf )
1168	CALL open_read_file( TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
1169	TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1170	pids_id )
1171
1172	CALL inquire_num_variables( pids_id, num_var_pids )
1173	!
1174	!-- Allocate memory to store variable names and read them
1175	ALLOCATE( vars_pids(1:num_var_pids) )
1176	CALL inquire_variable_names( pids_id, vars_pids )
1177	!
1178	!-- Read leaf area density - resolved vegetation
1179	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'lad' ) ) THEN
1180	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1181	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1182	leaf_area_density_f%fill, &
1183	.FALSE., 'lad' )
1184	!
1185	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1186	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1187	leaf_area_density_f%nz, &
1188	'zlad' )
1189	!
1190	!-- Allocate variable for leaf-area density
1191	ALLOCATE( leaf_area_density_f%var &
1192	(0:leaf_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1193	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1194
1195	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'lad', leaf_area_density_f%var, &
1196	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1197	0, leaf_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1198
1199	ELSE
1200	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1201	ENDIF
1202	!
1203	!-- Read basal area density - resolved vegetation
1204	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'bad' ) ) THEN
1205	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1206	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1207	basal_area_density_f%fill, &
1208	.FALSE., 'bad' )
1209	!
1210	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1211	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1212	basal_area_density_f%nz, &
1213	'zlad' )
1214	!
1215	!-- Allocate variable
1216	ALLOCATE( basal_area_density_f%var &
1217	(0:basal_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1218	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1219
1220	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'bad', basal_area_density_f%var,&
1221	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1222	0, basal_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1223	ELSE
1224	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1225	ENDIF
1226	!
1227	!-- Read root area density - resolved vegetation
1228	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'root_area_dens_r' ) ) THEN
1229	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1230	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1231	root_area_density_lad_f%fill, &
1232	.FALSE., 'root_area_dens_r' )
1233	!
1234	!-- Inquire number of vertical soil layers
1235	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1236	root_area_density_lad_f%nz, &
1237	'zsoil' )
1238	!
1239	!-- Allocate variable
1240	ALLOCATE( root_area_density_lad_f%var &
1241	(0:root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1,&
1242	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1243
1244	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'root_area_dens_r', &
1245	root_area_density_lad_f%var, &
1246	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1247	0, root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1 )
1248	ELSE
1249	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1250	ENDIF
1251
1252	DEALLOCATE( vars_pids )
1253	!
1254	!-- Finally, close the input file and deallocate temporary array
1255	CALL close_input_file( pids_id )
1256	#endif
1257	ENDIF
1258
1259	!
1260	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1261	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1262	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1263	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1264	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1265	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1266	!
1267	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1268	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1269	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1270
1271	DO i = nxl, nxr
1272	DO j = nys, nyn
1273	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1274	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1275	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1276	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1277	ENDDO
1278	!
1279	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1280	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
1281	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
1282	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
1283	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
1284	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
1285	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
1286	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
1287	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
1288	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
1289	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
1290	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
1291	!-- an informative message is given.
1292	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1293	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1294	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1295	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1296	lad_on_top = .TRUE.
1297	ENDIF
1298	ENDDO
1299	ENDDO
1300	#if defined( __parallel )
1301	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
1302	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
1303	#endif
1304	IF ( lad_on_top ) THEN
1305	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1306	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
1307	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
1308	'created building grid point(s) ' // &
1309	'(emerged from the filtering) - ' // &
1310	'LAD profile is omitted at this / ' // &
1311	'these grid point(s).'
1312	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1313	ENDIF
1314	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1315	!
1316	! ASCII file
1317	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
1318	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
1319	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1320	!-- each location).
1321	ELSE
1322	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1323	ENDIF
1324
1325	CASE DEFAULT
1326	!
1327	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1328	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1329	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1330	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1331	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1332	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1333
1334	END SELECT
1335	!
1336	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1337	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1338	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1339	#if defined( __parallel )
1340	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1341	comm2d, ierr)
1342	#endif
1343	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1344	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1345	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1346	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1347	ENDIF
1348
1349	!
1350	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1351	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1352	pch_index_ji = 0
1353
1354	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1355	DO j = nysg, nyng
1356	DO k = 0, pch_index
1357	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1358	ENDDO
1359	!
1360	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1361	!-- height of the model domain.
1362	IF ( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1363	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1364	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1365	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, myid, 6, 0 )
1366	ENDIF
1367
1368	ENDDO
1369	ENDDO
1370	!
1371	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1372	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1373	!
1374	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1375	#if defined( __parallel )
1376	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1377	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1378	#endif
1379	!
1380	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
1381	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1382	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1383
1384	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1385	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1386	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1387	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1388	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1389	ENDIF
1390	!
1391	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1392	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1393	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1394	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1395	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1396	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1397	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1398	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1399	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1400	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1401	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1402	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
1403	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
1404	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1405	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1406
1407	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1408	!
1409	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1410	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1411	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1412	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1413	DO j = nysg, nyng
1414	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1415	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1416	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1417	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1418	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1419	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1420	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1421	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1422	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1423	ELSE
1424	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1425	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1426	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1427	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1428	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1429	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1430	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1431	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1432	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1433	ENDIF
1434	ENDDO
1435	ENDDO
1436	ENDDO
1437
1438	!
1439	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1440	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1441	!-- Start with default surface type
1442	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1443	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1444	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1445	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1446	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1447	ENDDO
1448	!
1449	!-- Natural surfaces
1450	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h(0)%ns
1451	i = surf_lsm_h(0)%i(m)
1452	j = surf_lsm_h(0)%j(m)
1453	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1454	surf_lsm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1455	ENDDO
1456	!
1457	!-- Urban surfaces
1458	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h(0)%ns
1459	i = surf_usm_h(0)%i(m)
1460	j = surf_usm_h(0)%j(m)
1461	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1462	surf_usm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1463	ENDDO
1464	!
1465	!
1466	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1467	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1468	!-- canopy.
1469	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1470	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1471	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1472	!-- of the respective layer
1473	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1474	DO j = nysg, nyng
1475	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1476	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1477	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1478	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1479	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1480	ENDIF
1481	ENDDO
1482	ENDDO
1483	ENDDO
1484
1485	ENDIF
1486
1487	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1488
1489	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1490
1491
1492	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1493	! Description:
1494	! ------------
1495	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1496	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1497	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1498
1499	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1500
1501	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1502	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1503	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1504	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1505	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1506	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1507	lai_beta, &
1508	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1509	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1510	plant_canopy_transpiration
1511
1512	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1513	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1514	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1515	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1516	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1517	lai_beta, &
1518	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1519	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1520	plant_canopy_transpiration
1521
1522	line = ' '
1523
1524	!
1525	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1526	REWIND ( 11 )
1527	line = ' '
1528	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1529	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1530	ENDDO
1531	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1532
1533	!
1534	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1535	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1536
1537	!
1538	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1539	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1540
1541	GOTO 14
1542
1543	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1544	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1545	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1546	!
1547	!-- Try to find old namelist
1548	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1549	line = ' '
1550	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1551	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1552	ENDDO
1553	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1554
1555	!
1556	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1557	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1558
1559	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1560	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1561	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1562	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1563
1564	!
1565	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1566	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1567
1568	GOTO 14
1569
1570	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1571	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1572	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1573
1574	14 CONTINUE
1575
1576	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1577
1578
1579	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1580	! Description:
1581	! ------------
1582	!
1583	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1584	!>
1585	!> num_levels
1586	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1587	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1588	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1589	!> ...
1590	!>
1591	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1592	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1593	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1594	!>
1595	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1596	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1597	!>
1598	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1599	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1601	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1602
1603	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1604	ONLY: exchange_horiz
1605
1606	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1607	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1608	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1609	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1610	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1611	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1612	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1613
1614	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1615
1616	!
1617	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1618	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1619
1620	!
1621	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1622	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1623	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1624	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1625	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1626	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1627	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1628	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1629
1630	DO
1631	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1632	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1633
1634	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1635	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1636	!
1637	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1638	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1639	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1640	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1641	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1642	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1643	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1644	'but pctype is ', pctype
1645	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1646	ENDIF
1647	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1648	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1649	CASE DEFAULT
1650	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1651	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1652	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1653	END SELECT
1654	ENDDO
1655
1656	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1657	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1658
1659	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1660	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1661
1662	517 CLOSE(152)
1663	DEALLOCATE( col )
1664
1665	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1666
1667	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1668
1669	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1670	! Description:
1671	! ------------
1672	!> Read module-specific global restart data (Fortran binary format).
1673	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1674	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn( found )
1675
1676	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
1677
1678	found = .TRUE.
1679
1680	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1681
1682	CASE ( 'pch_index' )
1683	READ ( 13 ) pch_index
1684
1685	CASE DEFAULT
1686
1687	found = .FALSE.
1688
1689	END SELECT
1690
1691	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
1692
1693	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1694	! Description:
1695	! ------------
1696	!> Read module-specific global restart data (MPI-IO).
1697	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1698	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
1699
1700	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
1701
1702	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
1703
1704
1705	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1706	! Description:
1707	! ------------
1708	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (Fortran binary format).
1709	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1710	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn( k, nxlf, nxlc, nxl_on_file, nxrf, nxrc, &
1711	nxr_on_file, nynf, nync, nyn_on_file, nysf, &
1712	nysc, nys_on_file, found )
1713
1714	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
1715	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlc !<
1716	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlf !<
1717	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_on_file !<
1718	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrc !<
1719	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrf !<
1720	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_on_file !<
1721	INTEGER(iwp) :: nync !<
1722	INTEGER(iwp) :: nynf !<
1723	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_on_file !<
1724	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysc !<
1725	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysf !<
1726	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_on_file !<
1727
1728	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
1729
1730	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:pch_index, &
1731	nys_on_file-nbgp:nyn_on_file+nbgp, &
1732	nxl_on_file-nbgp:nxr_on_file+nbgp) :: tmp_3d2 !< temporary 3D array for entire vertical
1733	!< extension of canopy layer
1734	found = .TRUE.
1735
1736	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1737
1738	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
1739	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
1740	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1741	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
1742	ENDIF
1743	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1744	pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1745	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1746
1747	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
1748	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
1749	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1750	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
1751	ENDIF
1752	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1753	pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1754	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1755
1756	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
1757	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
1758	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1759	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
1760	ENDIF
1761	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1762	pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1763	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1764
1765	CASE DEFAULT
1766
1767	found = .FALSE.
1768
1769	END SELECT
1770
1771	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
1772
1773
1774	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1775	! Description:
1776	! ------------
1777	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (MPI-IO).
1778	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1779	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
1780
1781	IMPLICIT NONE
1782
1783	LOGICAL :: array_found !<
1784
1785	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
1786	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
1787
1788	!
1789	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
1790	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored after reading.
1791	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_heatrate_av' , found = array_found )
1792	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1793	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
1794	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1795	ENDIF
1796	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1797	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
1798	pcm_heatrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1799	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1800	ENDIF
1801
1802	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_latentrate_av' , found = array_found )
1803	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1804	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
1805	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1806	ENDIF
1807	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1808	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
1809	pcm_latentrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1810	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1811	ENDIF
1812
1813	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' , found = array_found )
1814	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1815	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
1816	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1817	ENDIF
1818	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1819	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
1820	pcm_transpirationrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1821	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1822	ENDIF
1823
1824	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
1825
1826
1827	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1828	! Description:
1829	! ------------
1830	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1831	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1832	!>
1833	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1834	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1835	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1836	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1837	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1838	!>
1839	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1840	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1841	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1842	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1843	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1844	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1845	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1846	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1847	!>
1848	!>
1849	!> Call for all grid points
1850	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1851	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1852
1853	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1854	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1855	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1856	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1857	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1858
1859	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1860	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1861	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1862	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1863
1864	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1865	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1866	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1867	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1868	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1869	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1870
1871
1872	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1873
1874	!
1875	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1876	SELECT CASE ( component )
1877
1878	!
1879	!-- u-component
1880	CASE ( 1 )
1881	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1882	DO j = nys, nyn
1883	!
1884	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1885	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1886	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1887	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1888	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1889	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1890	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
1891	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1892	!
1893	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1894	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1895
1896	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1897	!
1898	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1899	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1900	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1901	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1902	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1903	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1904	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1905	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1906	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1907	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1908	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1909	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1910	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
1911	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1912	!
1913	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1914	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1915	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1916	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1917	!-- point (j,i-1).
1918	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
1919	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1920
1921	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1922	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1923	!
1924	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1925	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1926	lad_local * &
1927	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1928	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1929	v(k,j,i) + &
1930	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1931	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1932	)**2 + &
1933	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1934	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1935	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1936	w(k,j,i) ) &
1937	)**2 &
1938	) * &
1939	u(k,j,i)
1940
1941	!
1942	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1943	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1944	!
1945	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1946	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1947	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1948	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1949	ENDIF
1950	!
1951	!-- Calculate final tendency
1952	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1953
1954	ENDDO
1955	ENDDO
1956	ENDDO
1957
1958	!
1959	!-- v-component
1960	CASE ( 2 )
1961	DO i = nxl, nxr
1962	DO j = nysv, nyn
1963	!
1964	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
1965	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
1966	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
1967	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1968	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1969	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
1970	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
1971	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1972	!
1973	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1974	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1975
1976	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1977	!
1978	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1979	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1980	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1981	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1982	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1983	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1984	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1985	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1986	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1987	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1988	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
1989	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1990	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
1991	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1992	!
1993	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1994	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1995	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1996	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1997	!-- point (j,i-1).
1998	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
1999	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2000
2001	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2002	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2003	!
2004	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2005	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2006	lad_local * &
2007	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2008	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2009	u(k,j,i) + &
2010	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2011	)**2 + &
2012	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2013	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2014	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2015	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2016	w(k,j,i) ) &
2017	)**2 &
2018	) * &
2019	v(k,j,i)
2020
2021	!
2022	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2023	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2024	!
2025	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2026	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2027	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2028	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2029	ELSE
2030	pre_tend = pre_tend
2031	ENDIF
2032	!
2033	!-- Calculate final tendency
2034	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2035
2036	ENDDO
2037	ENDDO
2038	ENDDO
2039
2040	!
2041	!-- w-component
2042	CASE ( 3 )
2043	DO i = nxl, nxr
2044	DO j = nys, nyn
2045	!
2046	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2047	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2048
2049	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2050
2051	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2052	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2053	!
2054	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2055	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2056	(0.5_wp * &
2057	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2058	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2059	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2060	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2061	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2062	)**2 + &
2063	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2064	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2065	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2066	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2067	)**2 + &
2068	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2069	) * &
2070	w(k,j,i)
2071	!
2072	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2073	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2074	!
2075	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2076	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2077	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2078	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2079	ELSE
2080	pre_tend = pre_tend
2081	ENDIF
2082	!
2083	!-- Calculate final tendency
2084	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2085
2086	ENDDO
2087	ENDDO
2088	ENDDO
2089
2090	!
2091	!-- potential temperature
2092	CASE ( 4 )
2093	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2094	DO i = nxl, nxr
2095	DO j = nys, nyn
2096	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2097	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2098	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2099	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2100	ENDDO
2101	ENDDO
2102	ENDDO
2103	ELSE
2104	DO i = nxl, nxr
2105	DO j = nys, nyn
2106	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2107	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2108	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2109	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2110	ENDDO
2111	ENDDO
2112	ENDDO
2113	ENDIF
2114
2115	!
2116	!-- humidity
2117	CASE ( 5 )
2118	DO i = nxl, nxr
2119	DO j = nys, nyn
2120	!
2121	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2122	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2123
2124	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2125
2126	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2127	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2128	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2129	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2130	! in the plant canopy box
2131	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2132	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2133	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2134	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2135	)**2 + &
2136	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2137	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2138	)**2 + &
2139	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2140	w(k,j,i) ) &
2141	)**2 &
2142	) * &
2143	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2144	ENDIF
2145
2146	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2147	ENDDO
2148	ENDDO
2149	ENDDO
2150
2151	!
2152	!-- sgs-tke
2153	CASE ( 6 )
2154	DO i = nxl, nxr
2155	DO j = nys, nyn
2156	!
2157	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2158	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2159
2160	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2161	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2162	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2163	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2164	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2165	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2166	)**2 + &
2167	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2168	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2169	)**2 + &
2170	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2171	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2172	)**2 &
2173	) * &
2174	e(k,j,i)
2175	ENDDO
2176	ENDDO
2177	ENDDO
2178	!
2179	!-- scalar concentration
2180	CASE ( 7 )
2181	DO i = nxl, nxr
2182	DO j = nys, nyn
2183	!
2184	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2185	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2186
2187	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2188	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2189	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2190	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2191	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2192	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2193	)**2 + &
2194	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2195	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2196	)**2 + &
2197	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2198	w(k,j,i) ) &
2199	)**2 &
2200	) * &
2201	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2202	ENDDO
2203	ENDDO
2204	ENDDO
2205
2206
2207
2208	CASE DEFAULT
2209
2210	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2211	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2212
2213	END SELECT
2214
2215	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
2216
2217
2218	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2219	! Description:
2220	! ------------
2221	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
2222	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
2223	!>
2224	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
2225	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
2226	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
2227	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
2228	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
2229	!>
2230	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
2231	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
2232	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
2233	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
2234	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
2235	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
2236	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
2237	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
2238	!>
2239	!>
2240	!> Call for grid point i,j
2241	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2242	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
2243
2244	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
2245	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2246	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2247	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2248	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
2249
2250	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
2251	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
2252	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
2253	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
2254
2255	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
2256	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
2257	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
2258	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
2259	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
2260	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
2261
2262
2263	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
2264	!
2265	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
2266	SELECT CASE ( component )
2267
2268	!
2269	!-- u-component
2270	CASE ( 1 )
2271	!
2272	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
2273	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
2274	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
2275	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2276	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2277	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
2278	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2279	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2280	!
2281	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
2282	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2283
2284	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2285
2286	!
2287	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2288	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2289	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2290	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2291	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2292	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
2293	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2294	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2295	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2296	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2297	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2298	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2299	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2300	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2301	!
2302	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2303	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2304	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2305	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2306	!-- point (j,i-1).
2307	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2308	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2309
2310	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2311	pre_u = 0.0_wp
2312	!
2313	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2314	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2315	lad_local * &
2316	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
2317	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
2318	v(k,j,i) + &
2319	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2320	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
2321	)**2 + &
2322	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
2323	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2324	w(k,j,i-1) + &
2325	w(k,j,i) ) &
2326	)**2 &
2327	) * &
2328	u(k,j,i)
2329
2330	!
2331	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2332	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2333	!
2334	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2335	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2336	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
2337	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2338	ELSE
2339	pre_tend = pre_tend
2340	ENDIF
2341	!
2342	!-- Calculate final tendency
2343	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2344	ENDDO
2345
2346
2347	!
2348	!-- v-component
2349	CASE ( 2 )
2350	!
2351	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
2352	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
2353	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
2354	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2355	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2356	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
2357	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2358	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2359	!
2360	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
2361	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2362
2363	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2364	!
2365	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2366	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2367	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2368	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2369	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2370	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
2371	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2372	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2373	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2374	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2375	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2376	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2377	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2378	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2379	!
2380	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2381	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2382	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2383	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2384	!-- point (j,i-1).
2385	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2386	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2387
2388	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2389	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2390	!
2391	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2392	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2393	lad_local * &
2394	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2395	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2396	u(k,j,i) + &
2397	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2398	)**2 + &
2399	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2400	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2401	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2402	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2403	w(k,j,i) ) &
2404	)**2 &
2405	) * &
2406	v(k,j,i)
2407
2408	!
2409	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2410	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2411	!
2412	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2413	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2414	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2415	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2416	ELSE
2417	pre_tend = pre_tend
2418	ENDIF
2419	!
2420	!-- Calculate final tendency
2421	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2422	ENDDO
2423
2424
2425	!
2426	!-- w-component
2427	CASE ( 3 )
2428	!
2429	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2430	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2431
2432	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2433
2434	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2435	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2436	!
2437	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2438	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2439	(0.5_wp * &
2440	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2441	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2442	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2443	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2444	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2445	)**2 + &
2446	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2447	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2448	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2449	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2450	)**2 + &
2451	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2452	) * &
2453	w(k,j,i)
2454	!
2455	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2456	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2457	!
2458	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2459	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2460	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2461	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2462	ELSE
2463	pre_tend = pre_tend
2464	ENDIF
2465	!
2466	!-- Calculate final tendency
2467	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2468	ENDDO
2469
2470	!
2471	!-- potential temperature
2472	CASE ( 4 )
2473	!
2474	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2475	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2476	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2477	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2478	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2479	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2480	ENDDO
2481	ELSE
2482	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2483	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2484	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2485	ENDDO
2486	ENDIF
2487
2488	!
2489	!-- humidity
2490	CASE ( 5 )
2491	!
2492	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2493	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2494	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2495	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2496	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2497	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2498	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2499	! in the plant canopy box
2500	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2501	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2502	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2503	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2504	)**2 + &
2505	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2506	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2507	)**2 + &
2508	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2509	w(k,j,i) ) &
2510	)**2 &
2511	) * &
2512	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2513	ENDIF
2514
2515	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2516
2517	ENDDO
2518
2519	!
2520	!-- sgs-tke
2521	CASE ( 6 )
2522	!
2523	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2524	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2525
2526	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2527	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2528	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2529	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2530	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2531	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2532	)**2 + &
2533	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2534	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2535	)**2 + &
2536	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2537	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2538	)**2 &
2539	) * &
2540	e(k,j,i)
2541	ENDDO
2542
2543	!
2544	!-- scalar concentration
2545	CASE ( 7 )
2546	!
2547	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2548	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2549
2550	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2551	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2552	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2553	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2554	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2555	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2556	)**2 + &
2557	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2558	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2559	)**2 + &
2560	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2561	w(k,j,i) ) &
2562	)**2 &
2563	) * &
2564	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2565	ENDDO
2566
2567	CASE DEFAULT
2568
2569	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2570	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2571
2572	END SELECT
2573
2574	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2575
2576	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2577	! Description:
2578	! ------------
2579	!> Subroutine writes global restart data
2580	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2581	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
2582
2583	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
2584
2585	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pch_index' )
2586	WRITE ( 14 ) pch_index
2587
2588	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
2589
2590	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
2591
2592	ENDIF
2593
2594	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
2595
2596	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2597	! Description:
2598	! ------------
2599	!> Subroutine writes local (subdomain) restart data
2600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2601	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2602
2603	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
2604	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
2605
2606	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
2607
2608	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
2609	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
2610	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_heatrate_av
2611	ENDIF
2612
2613	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
2614	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
2615	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_latentrate_av
2616	ENDIF
2617
2618	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
2619	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
2620	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_transpirationrate_av
2621	ENDIF
2622
2623	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
2624
2625	!
2626	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
2627	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored before writing.
2628	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
2629	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2630	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_heatrate_av
2631	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2632	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
2633	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2634	ENDIF
2635	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
2636	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2637	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_latentrate_av
2638	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2639	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
2640	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2641	ENDIF
2642	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
2643	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2644	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_transpirationrate_av
2645	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2646	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
2647	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2648	ENDIF
2649
2650	ENDIF
2651
2652	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2653
2654
2655	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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