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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4281

Last change on this file since 4281 was 4279, checked in by scharf, 5 years ago
unused variables removed
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 90.7 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z schwenkel $
29	! unused variables removed
30	!
31	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
32	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
33	!
34	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
35	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
36	!
37	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
38	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
39	!
40	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
41	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
42	!
43	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
44	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
45	!
46	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
47	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
48	!
49	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
50	! Minor adjustment in error number
51	!
52	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
53	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
54	!
55	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
56	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
57	!
58	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
59	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
60	!
61	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
62	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
63	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
64	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
65	! (merge from branch resler)
66	!
67	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
68	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
69	! of additional debug messages
70	!
71	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
72	! unsed variables removed
73	!
74	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
75	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
76	! becomes > 40 degrees
77	!
78	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
79	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
80	!
81	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
82	! unused variables removed
83	!
84	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
85	! Initial revision
86	!
87	! Description:
88	! ------------
89	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
90	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
91	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
92	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
93	!
94	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
95	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
96	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
97	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
98
99	USE arrays_3d, &
100	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
101
102	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
103	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
104
105	USE control_parameters, &
106	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
107
108	USE indices, &
109	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
110	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind
111
112	USE kinds
113
114	USE pegrid
115
116
117	IMPLICIT NONE
118
119
120	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
121	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
122	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
123	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
124
125	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
126	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
127
128	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
129
130	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
131
132	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
133	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
134	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
135	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
136	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
137	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
138	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
139	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
140	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
141	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
142	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
143	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
144	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
145
146	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
147	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
148
149	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
150	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
151
152	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
153	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
154
155	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
156	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
157	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
158	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
159	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
160
161	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
162	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
163	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
164
165	SAVE
166
167
168	PRIVATE
169
170	!
171	!-- Public functions
172	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
173	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
174	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
175	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
176
177	!
178	!-- Public variables and constants
179	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
180	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
181	plant_canopy_transpiration
182
183	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
184	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
185	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
186
187	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
188	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
189	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
190
191	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
192	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
193	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
194
195	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
196	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
197	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
198
199	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
200	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
201	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
202
203	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
204	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
205	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
206
207	INTERFACE pcm_header
208	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
209	END INTERFACE pcm_header
210
211	INTERFACE pcm_init
212	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
213	END INTERFACE pcm_init
214
215	INTERFACE pcm_parin
216	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
217	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
218
219	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
220	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
221	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
222
223	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
224	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
225	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
226	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
227
228
229	CONTAINS
230
231
232
233	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
234	! Description:
235	! ------------
236	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
237	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
238	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
239	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
240	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
241	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
242	!> Tree Physiology 20).
243	!>
244	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
245	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
246	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
247	!>
248	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
249	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
250
251	USE control_parameters, &
252	ONLY: dz
253
254	USE grid_variables, &
255	ONLY: dx, dy
256
257	IMPLICIT NONE
258	!-- input parameters
259	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
260	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
261	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
262	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
263	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
264
265	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
266	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
267	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
268	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
269	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
270	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
271	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
272	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
273	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
274	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
275	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
276
277
278	!-- Temperature (deg C)
279	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
280	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
281	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
282	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
283	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
284	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
285	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
286	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
287	!-- Wind speed
288	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
289	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
290	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
291	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
292	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
293	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
294	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
295	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
296	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
297	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
298	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
299	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
300	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
301	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
302	!-- Water pressure deficit
303	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
304	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
305	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
306	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
307	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
308	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
309	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
310	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
311	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
312	!-- Residual soil water content
313	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
314	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
315	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
316	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
317	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
318	!-- Stomatal conductivity
319	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
320	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
321	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
322	!-- Decoupling factor
323	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
324	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
325	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
326	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
327	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
328	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
329	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
330	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
331	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
332	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
333	!-- Evaporation rate
334	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
335	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
336	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
337	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
338	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
339	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
340	!-- latent heat from evaporation
341	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
342
343	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
344
345
346	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
347	! Description:
348	! ------------
349	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
350	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
351	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
352
353	USE control_parameters, &
354	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
355
356	IMPLICIT NONE
357
358	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
359	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
360
361
362	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
363
364	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
365	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
366	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
367	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
368	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
369	ENDIF
370	unit = 'K s-1'
371
372	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
373	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
374
375	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
376	unit = 'K s-1'
377
378	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
379	unit = 'K s-1'
380
381	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
382	unit = 'm2 m-3'
383
384
385	CASE DEFAULT
386	unit = 'illegal'
387
388	END SELECT
389
390
391	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
392
393
394	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
395	! Description:
396	! ------------
397	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
398	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
399	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
400
401	USE control_parameters, &
402	ONLY: message_string
403
404	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
405	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
406
407	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
408	ONLY: input_pids_static
409
410
411	IMPLICIT NONE
412
413	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
414	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
415	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
416	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
417	ENDIF
418
419	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
420	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
421	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
422	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
423	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
424	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
425	ENDIF
426
427	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
428	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
429	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
430	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
431	'lai_beta = 0.0'
432	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
433	ENDIF
434
435	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
436	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
437	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
438	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
439	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
440	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
441	'density profile'
442	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
443	ENDIF
444
445	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
446	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
447	' seifert_beheng'
448	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
449	ENDIF
450	!
451	!-- If canopy shall be read from file, static input file must be present
452	IF ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) == 'read_from_file_3d' .AND. &
453	.NOT. input_pids_static ) THEN
454	message_string = 'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d requires ' // &
455	'static input file'
456	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
457	ENDIF
458
459
460	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
461
462
463	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
464	!
465	! Description:
466	! ------------
467	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
469	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
470
471
472	USE control_parameters
473
474	USE indices
475
476	USE kinds
477
478	IMPLICIT NONE
479
480	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
481	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
482
483	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
484	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
485	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
486
487
488	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
489
490	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
491
492	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
493	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
494	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
495	ENDIF
496	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
497
498
499	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
500	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
501	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
502	ENDIF
503	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
504
505
506	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
507	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
508	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
509	ENDIF
510	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
511
512	CASE DEFAULT
513	CONTINUE
514
515	END SELECT
516
517	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
518
519	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
520
521	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
522	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
523	DO i = nxl, nxr
524	DO j = nys, nyn
525	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
526	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
527	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
528	ENDDO
529	ENDIF
530	ENDDO
531	ENDDO
532	ENDIF
533
534
535	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
536	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
537	DO i = nxl, nxr
538	DO j = nys, nyn
539	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
540	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
541	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
542	ENDDO
543	ENDIF
544	ENDDO
545	ENDDO
546	ENDIF
547
548
549	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
550	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
551	DO i = nxl, nxr
552	DO j = nys, nyn
553	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
554	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
555	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
556	ENDDO
557	ENDIF
558	ENDDO
559	ENDDO
560	ENDIF
561
562	CASE DEFAULT
563	CONTINUE
564
565	END SELECT
566
567	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
568
569	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
570
571	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
572	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
573	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
574	DO j = nysg, nyng
575	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
576	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
577	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
578	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
579	ENDDO
580	ENDIF
581	ENDDO
582	ENDDO
583	ENDIF
584
585
586	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
587	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
588	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
589	DO j = nysg, nyng
590	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
591	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
592	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
593	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
594	ENDDO
595	ENDIF
596	ENDDO
597	ENDDO
598	ENDIF
599
600
601	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
602	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
603	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
604	DO j = nysg, nyng
605	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
606	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
607	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
608	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
609	ENDDO
610	ENDIF
611	ENDDO
612	ENDDO
613	ENDIF
614
615	END SELECT
616
617	ENDIF
618
619	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
620
621	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
622	!
623	! Description:
624	! ------------
625	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
626	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
627	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
628	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
629	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
630	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
631	nzb_do, nzt_do )
632
633	USE indices
634
635	USE kinds
636
637
638	IMPLICIT NONE
639
640	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
641
642	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
643	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
644	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
645	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
646	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
647	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
648
649	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
650
651	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
652	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
653
654
655	found = .TRUE.
656
657	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
658
659	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
660	!
661	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
662	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
663	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
664	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
665	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
666	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
667	!-- surface.
668	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
669	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
670	DO i = nxl, nxr
671	DO j = nys, nyn
672	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
673	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
674	ENDDO
675	ENDDO
676	ENDDO
677	ELSE
678	DO i = nxl, nxr
679	DO j = nys, nyn
680	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
681	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
682	ENDDO
683	ENDDO
684	ENDDO
685	ENDIF
686
687	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
688	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
689	DO i = nxl, nxr
690	DO j = nys, nyn
691	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
692	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
693	ENDDO
694	ENDDO
695	ENDDO
696	ELSE
697	DO i = nxl, nxr
698	DO j = nys, nyn
699	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
700	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
701	ENDDO
702	ENDDO
703	ENDDO
704	ENDIF
705
706	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
707	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
708	DO i = nxl, nxr
709	DO j = nys, nyn
710	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
711	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
712	ENDDO
713	ENDDO
714	ENDDO
715	ELSE
716	DO i = nxl, nxr
717	DO j = nys, nyn
718	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
719	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
720	ENDDO
721	ENDDO
722	ENDDO
723	ENDIF
724
725	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
726	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
727	DO i = nxl, nxr
728	DO j = nys, nyn
729	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
730	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
731	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) / &
732	pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
733	ENDIF
734	ENDDO
735	ENDDO
736	ENDDO
737	ELSE
738	DO i = nxl, nxr
739	DO j = nys, nyn
740	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
741	IF ( pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
742	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) / &
743	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
744	ENDIF
745	ENDDO
746	ENDDO
747	ENDDO
748	ENDIF
749
750	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
751	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
752	DO i = nxl, nxr
753	DO j = nys, nyn
754	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
755	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
756	ENDDO
757	ENDDO
758	ENDDO
759	ENDIF
760
761	CASE DEFAULT
762	found = .FALSE.
763
764	END SELECT
765
766
767	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
768
769	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
770	!
771	! Description:
772	! ------------
773	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
774	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
775	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
776	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
777
778	IMPLICIT NONE
779
780	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
781	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
782	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
783	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
784	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
785
786	found = .TRUE.
787
788	!
789	!-- Check for the grid
790	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
791
792	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
793	grid_x = 'x'
794	grid_y = 'y'
795	grid_z = 'zpc'
796
797	CASE DEFAULT
798	found = .FALSE.
799	grid_x = 'none'
800	grid_y = 'none'
801	grid_z = 'none'
802	END SELECT
803
804	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
805
806
807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
808	! Description:
809	! ------------
810	!> Header output for plant canopy model
811	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
812	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
813
814	USE control_parameters, &
815	ONLY: passive_scalar
816
817
818	IMPLICIT NONE
819
820	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
821
822	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
823	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
824	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
825	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
826
827	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
828	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
829	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
830
831	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
832
833	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
834
835	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
836	canopy_drag_coeff
837	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
838	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
839	leaf_surface_conc
840	ENDIF
841
842	!
843	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
844	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
845
846	!
847	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
848	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
849	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
850
851	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
852	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
853	gradients = '------'
854	slices = ' 0'
855	coordinates = ' 0.0'
856	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
857	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
858
859	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
860	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
861
862	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
863	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
864
865	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
866	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
867
868	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
869	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
870	ELSE
871	EXIT
872	ENDIF
873	ENDDO
874
875	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
876	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
877
878	ELSE
879
880	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
881	coordinates = ' 0.0'
882
883	DO k = 1, pch_index
884
885	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
886	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
887	TRIM( coor_chr )
888
889	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
890	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
891
892	ENDDO
893
894	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
895	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
896
897	ENDIF
898
899	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
900	' ------------------------------'// &
901	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
902	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
903	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
904	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
905	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
906	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
907	' K m/s')
908	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
909	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
910	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
911	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
912	' Gridpoint: ',A)
913	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
914	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
915	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
916	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
917	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
918	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
919
920	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
921
922
923	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
924	! Description:
925	! ------------
926	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
927	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
928	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
929
930
931	USE control_parameters, &
932	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
933
934	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
935	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
936
937	USE surface_mod, &
938	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
939
940	IMPLICIT NONE
941
942	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
943	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
944	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
945	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
946
947	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
948	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
949	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
950	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
951
952	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
953	!
954	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
955	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
956	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
957	lad = 0.0_wp
958	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
959
960	!
961	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
962	!-- a beta probability density function
963	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
964	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
965	ENDIF
966
967
968	!
969	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
970	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
971	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
972	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
973	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
974	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
975
976	!
977	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
978	i = 1
979	gradient = 0.0_wp
980
981	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
982
983	lad(0) = lad_surface
984	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
985
986	DO k = 1, pch_index
987	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
988	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
989	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
990	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
991	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
992	i = i + 1
993	ENDIF
994	ENDIF
995	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
996	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
997	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
998	ELSE
999	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1000	ENDIF
1001	ELSE
1002	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1003	ENDIF
1004	ENDDO
1005
1006	ENDIF
1007
1008	!
1009	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1010	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1011	!-- file.
1012	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1013	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1014	ENDIF
1015
1016	ELSE
1017
1018	!
1019	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1020	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1021	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1022
1023	DO k = 0, pch_index
1024	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1025	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1026	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1027	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1028	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1029	ENDDO
1030
1031	!
1032	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1033	DO k = 0, pch_index
1034	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1035	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1036	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1037	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1038	) / canopy_height
1039	ENDDO
1040
1041	!
1042	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1043	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1044	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1045	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1046	DO k = 1, pch_index
1047	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1048	ENDDO
1049
1050	ENDIF
1051
1052	!
1053	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1054	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1055
1056	!
1057	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1058	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1059	!-- with the prescribed values
1060	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1061	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1062	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1063
1064	!
1065	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1066	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1067	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1068	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1069
1070	CASE( 'block' )
1071
1072	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1073	DO j = nysg, nyng
1074	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1075	ENDDO
1076	ENDDO
1077
1078	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1079	!
1080	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1081	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1082	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1083	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1084	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1085	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1086	!
1087	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1088	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1089	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1090
1091	DO i = nxl, nxr
1092	DO j = nys, nyn
1093	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1094	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1095	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1096	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1097	ENDDO
1098	ENDDO
1099	ENDDO
1100
1101	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1102	!
1103	! ASCII file
1104	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1105	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1106	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1107	!-- each location).
1108	ELSE
1109	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1110	ENDIF
1111
1112	CASE DEFAULT
1113	!
1114	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1115	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1116	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1117	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1118	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1119	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1120
1121	END SELECT
1122	!
1123	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1124	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1125	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1126	#if defined( __parallel )
1127	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1128	comm2d, ierr)
1129	#endif
1130	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1131	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1132	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1133	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1134	ENDIF
1135
1136	!
1137	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1138	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1139	pch_index_ji = 0
1140
1141	DO i = nxl, nxr
1142	DO j = nys, nyn
1143	DO k = 0, pch_index
1144	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1145	ENDDO
1146	!
1147	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1148	!-- height of the model domain.
1149	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1150	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1151	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1152	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1153	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1154	ENDIF
1155
1156	ENDDO
1157	ENDDO
1158
1159	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1160	!
1161	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1162	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1163
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1167	#if defined( __parallel )
1168	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1169	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1170	#endif
1171
1172	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1173	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1174	pc_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1175
1176	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1177	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1178	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1179	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1180	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1181	ENDIF
1182	!
1183	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1184	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1185	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1186	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1187	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1188	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1189	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1190	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1191	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1192	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1193	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1194	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1195	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1196	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1197	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1198	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1199	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1200
1201	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1202	!
1203	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1204	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1205	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1206	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1207	DO j = nysg, nyng
1208	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1209	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1210	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1211	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1212	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1213	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1214	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1215	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1216	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1217	ELSE
1218	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1219	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1220	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1221	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1222	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1223	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1224	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1225	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1226	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1227	ENDIF
1228	ENDDO
1229	ENDDO
1230	ENDDO
1231
1232	!
1233	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1234	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1235	!-- Start with default surface type
1236	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1237	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1238	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1239	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1240	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1241	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1242	ENDDO
1243	!
1244	!-- Natural surfaces
1245	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1246	i = surf_lsm_h%i(m)
1247	j = surf_lsm_h%j(m)
1248	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1249	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1250	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1251	ENDDO
1252	!
1253	!-- Urban surfaces
1254	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1255	i = surf_usm_h%i(m)
1256	j = surf_usm_h%j(m)
1257	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1258	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1259	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1260	ENDDO
1261	!
1262	!
1263	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1264	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1265	!-- canopy.
1266	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1267	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1268	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1269	!-- of the respective layer
1270	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1271	DO j = nysg, nyng
1272	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1273	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1274	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1275	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1276	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1277	ENDIF
1278	ENDDO
1279	ENDDO
1280	ENDDO
1281
1282	ENDIF
1283
1284	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1285
1286
1287	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1288
1289
1290	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1291	! Description:
1292	! ------------
1293	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1294	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1295	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1296
1297	USE control_parameters, &
1298	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1299
1300	IMPLICIT NONE
1301
1302	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1303
1304	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1305	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1306	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1307	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1308	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1309	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1310	lai_beta, &
1311	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1312	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1313	plant_canopy_transpiration
1314
1315	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1316	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1317	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1318	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1319	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1320	lai_beta, &
1321	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1322	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1323	plant_canopy_transpiration
1324
1325	line = ' '
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1329	REWIND ( 11 )
1330	line = ' '
1331	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1332	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1333	ENDDO
1334	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1335
1336	!
1337	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1338	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1339
1340	!
1341	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1342	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1343
1344	GOTO 14
1345
1346	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1347	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1348	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1349	!
1350	!-- Try to find old namelist
1351	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1352	line = ' '
1353	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1354	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1355	ENDDO
1356	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1357
1358	!
1359	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1360	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1361
1362	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1363	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1364	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1365	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1366
1367	!
1368	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1369	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1370
1371	GOTO 14
1372
1373	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1374	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1375	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1376
1377	14 CONTINUE
1378
1379
1380	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1381
1382
1383
1384	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1385	! Description:
1386	! ------------
1387	!
1388	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1389	!>
1390	!> num_levels
1391	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1392	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1393	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1394	!> ...
1395	!>
1396	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1397	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1398	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1399	!>
1400	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1401	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1402	!>
1403	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1404	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1406	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1407
1408	USE control_parameters, &
1409	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1410
1411	USE indices, &
1412	ONLY: nbgp
1413
1414	IMPLICIT NONE
1415
1416	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1417	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1418	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1419	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1420	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1421	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1422	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1423
1424	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1425
1426	!
1427	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1428	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1429
1430	!
1431	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1432	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1433	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1434	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1435	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1436	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1437	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1438	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1439
1440	DO
1441	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1442	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1443
1444	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1445	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1446	!
1447	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1448	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1449	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1450	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1451	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1452	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1453	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1454	'but pctype is ', pctype
1455	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1456	ENDIF
1457	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1458	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1459	CASE DEFAULT
1460	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1461	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1462	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1463	END SELECT
1464	ENDDO
1465
1466	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1467	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1468
1469	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1470	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1471
1472	517 CLOSE(152)
1473	DEALLOCATE( col )
1474
1475	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1476
1477	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1478
1479
1480
1481	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1482	! Description:
1483	! ------------
1484	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1485	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1486	!>
1487	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1488	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1489	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1490	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1491	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1492	!>
1493	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1494	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1495	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1496	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1497	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1498	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1499	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1500	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1501	!>
1502	!>
1503	!> Call for all grid points
1504	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1505	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1506
1507
1508	USE control_parameters, &
1509	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1510
1511	USE kinds
1512
1513	IMPLICIT NONE
1514
1515	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1516	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1517	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1518	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1519	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1520	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1521
1522	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1523	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1524	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1525	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1526	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1527	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1528
1529
1530	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1531
1532	!
1533	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1534	SELECT CASE ( component )
1535
1536	!
1537	!-- u-component
1538	CASE ( 1 )
1539	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1540	DO j = nys, nyn
1541	!
1542	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1543	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1544	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1545
1546	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1547	!
1548	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1549	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1550	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1551	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1552	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1553	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1554	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1555	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1556	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1557	THEN
1558	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1559	ENDIF
1560
1561	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1562	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1563	!
1564	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1565	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1566	lad_local * &
1567	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1568	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1569	v(k,j,i) + &
1570	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1571	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1572	)**2 + &
1573	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1574	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1575	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1576	w(k,j,i) ) &
1577	)**2 &
1578	) * &
1579	u(k,j,i)
1580
1581	!
1582	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1583	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1584	!
1585	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1586	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1587	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1588	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1589	ELSE
1590	pre_tend = pre_tend
1591	ENDIF
1592	!
1593	!-- Calculate final tendency
1594	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1595
1596	ENDDO
1597	ENDDO
1598	ENDDO
1599
1600	!
1601	!-- v-component
1602	CASE ( 2 )
1603	DO i = nxl, nxr
1604	DO j = nysv, nyn
1605	!
1606	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1607	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1608
1609	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1610
1611	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1612	!
1613	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1614	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1615	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1616	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1617	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1618	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1619	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1620	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1621	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1622	THEN
1623	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1624	ENDIF
1625
1626	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1627	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1628	!
1629	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1630	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1631	lad_local * &
1632	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1633	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1634	u(k,j,i) + &
1635	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1636	)**2 + &
1637	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1638	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1639	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1640	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1641	w(k,j,i) ) &
1642	)**2 &
1643	) * &
1644	v(k,j,i)
1645
1646	!
1647	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1648	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1649	!
1650	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1651	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1652	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1653	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1654	ELSE
1655	pre_tend = pre_tend
1656	ENDIF
1657	!
1658	!-- Calculate final tendency
1659	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1660
1661	ENDDO
1662	ENDDO
1663	ENDDO
1664
1665	!
1666	!-- w-component
1667	CASE ( 3 )
1668	DO i = nxl, nxr
1669	DO j = nys, nyn
1670	!
1671	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1672	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1673
1674	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1675
1676	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1677
1678	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1679	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1680	!
1681	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1682	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1683	(0.5_wp * &
1684	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1685	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1686	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1687	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1688	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1689	)**2 + &
1690	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1691	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1692	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1693	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1694	)**2 + &
1695	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1696	) * &
1697	w(k,j,i)
1698	!
1699	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1700	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1701	!
1702	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1703	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1704	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1705	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1706	ELSE
1707	pre_tend = pre_tend
1708	ENDIF
1709	!
1710	!-- Calculate final tendency
1711	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1712
1713	ENDDO
1714	ENDDO
1715	ENDDO
1716
1717	!
1718	!-- potential temperature
1719	CASE ( 4 )
1720	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1721	DO i = nxl, nxr
1722	DO j = nys, nyn
1723	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1724	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1725	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1726	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1727	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1728	ENDDO
1729	ENDDO
1730	ENDDO
1731	ELSE
1732	DO i = nxl, nxr
1733	DO j = nys, nyn
1734	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1735	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1736	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1737	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1738	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1739	ENDDO
1740	ENDDO
1741	ENDDO
1742	ENDIF
1743
1744	!
1745	!-- humidity
1746	CASE ( 5 )
1747	DO i = nxl, nxr
1748	DO j = nys, nyn
1749	!
1750	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1751	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1752
1753	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1754
1755	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1756
1757	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1758	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1759	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1760	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1761	! in the plant canopy box
1762	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1763	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1764	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1765	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1766	)**2 + &
1767	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1768	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1769	)**2 + &
1770	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1771	w(k,j,i) ) &
1772	)**2 &
1773	) * &
1774	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1775	ENDIF
1776
1777	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1778	ENDDO
1779	ENDDO
1780	ENDDO
1781
1782	!
1783	!-- sgs-tke
1784	CASE ( 6 )
1785	DO i = nxl, nxr
1786	DO j = nys, nyn
1787	!
1788	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1789	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1790
1791	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1792
1793	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1794	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1795	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1796	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1797	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1798	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1799	)**2 + &
1800	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1801	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1802	)**2 + &
1803	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1804	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1805	)**2 &
1806	) * &
1807	e(k,j,i)
1808	ENDDO
1809	ENDDO
1810	ENDDO
1811	!
1812	!-- scalar concentration
1813	CASE ( 7 )
1814	DO i = nxl, nxr
1815	DO j = nys, nyn
1816	!
1817	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1818	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1819
1820	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1821
1822	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1823	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1824	lsec * &
1825	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1826	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1827	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1828	)**2 + &
1829	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1830	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1831	)**2 + &
1832	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1833	w(k,j,i) ) &
1834	)**2 &
1835	) * &
1836	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1837	ENDDO
1838	ENDDO
1839	ENDDO
1840
1841
1842
1843	CASE DEFAULT
1844
1845	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1846	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1847
1848	END SELECT
1849
1850	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1851
1852
1853	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1854	! Description:
1855	! ------------
1856	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1857	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1858	!>
1859	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1860	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1861	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1862	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1863	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1864	!>
1865	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1866	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1867	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1868	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1869	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1870	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1871	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1872	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1873	!>
1874	!>
1875	!> Call for grid point i,j
1876	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1877	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1878
1879
1880	USE control_parameters, &
1881	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1882
1883	USE kinds
1884
1885	IMPLICIT NONE
1886
1887	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1888	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1889	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1890	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1891	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1892	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1893
1894	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1895	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1896	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1897	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1898	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1899	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1900
1901
1902	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1903	!
1904	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1905	SELECT CASE ( component )
1906
1907	!
1908	!-- u-component
1909	CASE ( 1 )
1910	!
1911	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1912	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1913	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1914
1915	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1916
1917	!
1918	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1919	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1920	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1921	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1922	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1923	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1924	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1925	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1926	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1927	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1928	ENDIF
1929
1930	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1931	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1932	!
1933	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1934	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1935	lad_local * &
1936	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1937	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1938	v(k,j,i) + &
1939	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1940	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1941	)**2 + &
1942	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1943	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1944	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1945	w(k,j,i) ) &
1946	)**2 &
1947	) * &
1948	u(k,j,i)
1949
1950	!
1951	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1952	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1953	!
1954	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1955	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1956	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1957	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1958	ELSE
1959	pre_tend = pre_tend
1960	ENDIF
1961	!
1962	!-- Calculate final tendency
1963	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1964	ENDDO
1965
1966
1967	!
1968	!-- v-component
1969	CASE ( 2 )
1970	!
1971	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1972	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1973
1974	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1975
1976	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1977	!
1978	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1979	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1980	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1981	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1982	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1983	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1984	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1985	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1986	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1987	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1988	ENDIF
1989
1990	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1991	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1992	!
1993	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1994	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1995	lad_local * &
1996	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1997	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1998	u(k,j,i) + &
1999	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2000	)**2 + &
2001	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2002	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2003	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2004	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2005	w(k,j,i) ) &
2006	)**2 &
2007	) * &
2008	v(k,j,i)
2009
2010	!
2011	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2012	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2013	!
2014	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2015	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2016	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2017	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2018	ELSE
2019	pre_tend = pre_tend
2020	ENDIF
2021	!
2022	!-- Calculate final tendency
2023	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2024	ENDDO
2025
2026
2027	!
2028	!-- w-component
2029	CASE ( 3 )
2030	!
2031	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2032	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
2033
2034	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2035
2036	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2037
2038	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2039	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2040	!
2041	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2042	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2043	(0.5_wp * &
2044	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2045	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2046	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2047	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2048	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2049	)**2 + &
2050	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2051	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2052	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2053	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2054	)**2 + &
2055	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2056	) * &
2057	w(k,j,i)
2058	!
2059	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2060	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2061	!
2062	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2063	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2064	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2065	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2066	ELSE
2067	pre_tend = pre_tend
2068	ENDIF
2069	!
2070	!-- Calculate final tendency
2071	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2072	ENDDO
2073
2074	!
2075	!-- potential temperature
2076	CASE ( 4 )
2077	!
2078	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2079	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2080
2081	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2082	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2083	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2084	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2085	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2086	ENDDO
2087	ELSE
2088	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2089	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2090	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2091	ENDDO
2092	ENDIF
2093
2094	!
2095	!-- humidity
2096	CASE ( 5 )
2097	!
2098	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2099	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2100
2101	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2102	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2103	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2104	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2105	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2106	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2107	! in the plant canopy box
2108	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2109	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2110	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2111	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2112	)**2 + &
2113	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2114	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2115	)**2 + &
2116	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2117	w(k,j,i) ) &
2118	)**2 &
2119	) * &
2120	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2121	ENDIF
2122
2123	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2124
2125	ENDDO
2126
2127	!
2128	!-- sgs-tke
2129	CASE ( 6 )
2130	!
2131	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2132	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2133
2134	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2135
2136	kk = k - k_wall
2137	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2138	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2139	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2140	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2141	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2142	)**2 + &
2143	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2144	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2145	)**2 + &
2146	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2147	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2148	)**2 &
2149	) * &
2150	e(k,j,i)
2151	ENDDO
2152
2153	!
2154	!-- scalar concentration
2155	CASE ( 7 )
2156	!
2157	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2158	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2159
2160	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2161
2162	kk = k - k_wall
2163	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2164	lsec * &
2165	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2166	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2167	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2168	)**2 + &
2169	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2170	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2171	)**2 + &
2172	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2173	w(k,j,i) ) &
2174	)**2 &
2175	) * &
2176	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2177	ENDDO
2178
2179	CASE DEFAULT
2180
2181	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2182	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2183
2184	END SELECT
2185
2186	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2187
2188
2189
2190	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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