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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4235

Last change on this file since 4235 was 4226, checked in by suehring, 5 years ago
Offline nesting: data input modularized; time variable is defined relative to time_utc_init, so that input data is correctly mapped to actual model time; checks rephrased and new checks for the time dimension added; Netcdf input: routine to retrieve dimension length renamed
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 89.8 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z dom_dwd_user $
29	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
30	!
31	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
32	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
33	!
34	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
35	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
36	!
37	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
38	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
39	!
40	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
41	! Minor adjustment in error number
42	!
43	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
44	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
45	!
46	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
47	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
48	!
49	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
50	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
51	!
52	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
53	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
54	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
55	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
56	! (merge from branch resler)
57	!
58	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
59	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
60	! of additional debug messages
61	!
62	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
63	! unsed variables removed
64	!
65	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
66	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
67	! becomes > 40 degrees
68	!
69	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
70	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
71	!
72	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
73	! unused variables removed
74	!
75	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
76	! Initial revision
77	!
78	! Description:
79	! ------------
80	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
81	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
82	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
83	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
84	!
85	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
86	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
87	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
88	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
89
90	USE arrays_3d, &
91	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
92
93	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
94	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
95
96	USE control_parameters, &
97	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
98
99	USE indices, &
100	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
101	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind
102
103	USE kinds
104
105	USE pegrid
106
107
108	IMPLICIT NONE
109
110
111	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
112	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
113	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
114	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
115
116	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
117	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
118
119	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
120
121	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
122
123	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
124	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
125	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
126	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
127	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
128	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
129	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
130	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
131	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
132	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
133	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
134	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
135	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
136
137	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
138	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
139
140	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
141	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
142
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
145
146	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
148	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
149	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
150	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
151
152	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
153	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
154	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
155
156	SAVE
157
158
159	PRIVATE
160
161	!
162	!-- Public functions
163	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
164	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
165	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
166	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
167
168	!
169	!-- Public variables and constants
170	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
171	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
172	plant_canopy_transpiration
173
174	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
175	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
176	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
177
178	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
179	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
180	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
181
182	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
183	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
184	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
185
186	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
187	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
188	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
189
190	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
191	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
192	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
193
194	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
195	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
196	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
197
198	INTERFACE pcm_header
199	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
200	END INTERFACE pcm_header
201
202	INTERFACE pcm_init
203	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
204	END INTERFACE pcm_init
205
206	INTERFACE pcm_parin
207	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
208	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
209
210	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
211	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
212	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
213
214	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
215	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
216	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
217	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
218
219
220	CONTAINS
221
222
223
224	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
225	! Description:
226	! ------------
227	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
228	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
229	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
230	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
231	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
232	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
233	!> Tree Physiology 20).
234	!>
235	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
236	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
237	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
238	!>
239	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
240	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
241
242	USE control_parameters, &
243	ONLY: dz
244
245	USE grid_variables, &
246	ONLY: dx, dy
247
248	IMPLICIT NONE
249	!-- input parameters
250	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
251	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
252	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
253	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
254	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
255
256	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
257	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
258	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
259	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
260	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
261	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
262	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
263	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
264	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
265	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
266	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
267
268
269	!-- Temperature (deg C)
270	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
271	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
272	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
273	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
274	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
275	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
276	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
277	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
278	!-- Wind speed
279	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
280	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
281	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
282	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
283	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
284	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
285	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
286	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
287	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
288	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
289	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
290	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
291	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
292	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
293	!-- Water pressure deficit
294	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
295	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
296	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
297	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
298	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
299	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
300	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
301	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
302	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
303	!-- Residual soil water content
304	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
305	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
306	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
307	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
308	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
309	!-- Stomatal conductivity
310	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
311	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
312	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
313	!-- Decoupling factor
314	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
315	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
316	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
317	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
318	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
319	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
320	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
321	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
322	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
323	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
324	!-- Evaporation rate
325	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
326	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
327	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
328	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
329	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
330	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
331	!-- latent heat from evaporation
332	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
333
334	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
335
336
337	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
338	! Description:
339	! ------------
340	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
341	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
342	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
343
344
345	USE control_parameters, &
346	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
347
348	IMPLICIT NONE
349
350	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
351	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
352
353
354	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
355
356	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
357	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
358	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
359	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
360	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
361	ENDIF
362	unit = 'K s-1'
363
364	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
365	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
366
367	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
368	unit = 'K s-1'
369
370	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
371	unit = 'K s-1'
372
373	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
374	unit = 'm2 m-3'
375
376
377	CASE DEFAULT
378	unit = 'illegal'
379
380	END SELECT
381
382
383	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
384
385
386	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
387	! Description:
388	! ------------
389	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
391	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
392
393	USE control_parameters, &
394	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
395
396	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
397	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
398
399	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
400	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
401
402
403	IMPLICIT NONE
404
405
406	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
407	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
408	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
409	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
410	ENDIF
411
412	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
413	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
414	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
415	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
416	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
417	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
418	ENDIF
419
420	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
421	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
422	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
423	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
424	'lai_beta = 0.0'
425	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
426	ENDIF
427
428	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
429	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
430	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
431	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
432	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
433	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
434	'density profile'
435	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
436	ENDIF
437
438	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
439	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
440	' seifert_beheng'
441	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
442	ENDIF
443	!
444	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
445	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
446	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
447	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
448	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
449	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
450	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
451	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
452	ENDIF
453
454
455	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
456
457
458	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
459	!
460	! Description:
461	! ------------
462	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
463	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
464	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
465
466
467	USE control_parameters
468
469	USE indices
470
471	USE kinds
472
473	IMPLICIT NONE
474
475	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
476	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
477
478	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
479	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
480	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
481
482
483	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
484
485	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
486
487	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
488	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
489	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
490	ENDIF
491	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
492
493
494	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
495	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
496	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
497	ENDIF
498	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
499
500
501	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
502	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
503	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
504	ENDIF
505	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
506
507	CASE DEFAULT
508	CONTINUE
509
510	END SELECT
511
512	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
513
514	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
515
516	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
517	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
518	DO i = nxl, nxr
519	DO j = nys, nyn
520	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
521	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
522	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
523	ENDDO
524	ENDIF
525	ENDDO
526	ENDDO
527	ENDIF
528
529
530	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
531	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
532	DO i = nxl, nxr
533	DO j = nys, nyn
534	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
535	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
536	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
537	ENDDO
538	ENDIF
539	ENDDO
540	ENDDO
541	ENDIF
542
543
544	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
545	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
546	DO i = nxl, nxr
547	DO j = nys, nyn
548	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
549	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
550	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
551	ENDDO
552	ENDIF
553	ENDDO
554	ENDDO
555	ENDIF
556
557	CASE DEFAULT
558	CONTINUE
559
560	END SELECT
561
562	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
563
564	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
565
566	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
567	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
568	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
569	DO j = nysg, nyng
570	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
571	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
572	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
573	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
574	ENDDO
575	ENDIF
576	ENDDO
577	ENDDO
578	ENDIF
579
580
581	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
582	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
583	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
584	DO j = nysg, nyng
585	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
586	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
587	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
588	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
589	ENDDO
590	ENDIF
591	ENDDO
592	ENDDO
593	ENDIF
594
595
596	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
597	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
598	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
599	DO j = nysg, nyng
600	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
601	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
602	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
603	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
604	ENDDO
605	ENDIF
606	ENDDO
607	ENDDO
608	ENDIF
609
610	END SELECT
611
612	ENDIF
613
614	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
615
616	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
617	!
618	! Description:
619	! ------------
620	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
621	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
622	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
623	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
624	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
625	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
626	nzb_do, nzt_do )
627
628	USE indices
629
630	USE kinds
631
632
633	IMPLICIT NONE
634
635	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
636
637	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
638	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
639	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
640	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
641	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
642	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
643
644	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
645
646	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
647	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
648
649
650	found = .TRUE.
651
652	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
653
654	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
655	!
656	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
657	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
658	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
659	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
660	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
661	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
662	!-- surface.
663	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
664	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
665	DO i = nxl, nxr
666	DO j = nys, nyn
667	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
668	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
669	ENDDO
670	ENDDO
671	ENDDO
672	ELSE
673	DO i = nxl, nxr
674	DO j = nys, nyn
675	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
676	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
677	ENDDO
678	ENDDO
679	ENDDO
680	ENDIF
681
682	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
683	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
684	DO i = nxl, nxr
685	DO j = nys, nyn
686	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
687	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
688	ENDDO
689	ENDDO
690	ENDDO
691	ELSE
692	DO i = nxl, nxr
693	DO j = nys, nyn
694	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
695	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
696	ENDDO
697	ENDDO
698	ENDDO
699	ENDIF
700
701	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
702	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
703	DO i = nxl, nxr
704	DO j = nys, nyn
705	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
706	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
707	ENDDO
708	ENDDO
709	ENDDO
710	ELSE
711	DO i = nxl, nxr
712	DO j = nys, nyn
713	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
714	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
715	ENDDO
716	ENDDO
717	ENDDO
718	ENDIF
719
720	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
721	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
722	DO i = nxl, nxr
723	DO j = nys, nyn
724	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
725	IF ( pc_latent_rate(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
726	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) / &
727	pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
728	ENDIF
729	ENDDO
730	ENDDO
731	ENDDO
732	ELSE
733	DO i = nxl, nxr
734	DO j = nys, nyn
735	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
736	IF ( pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
737	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) / &
738	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
739	ENDIF
740	ENDDO
741	ENDDO
742	ENDDO
743	ENDIF
744
745	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
746	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
747	DO i = nxl, nxr
748	DO j = nys, nyn
749	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index, nzt_do )
750	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
751	ENDDO
752	ENDDO
753	ENDDO
754	ENDIF
755
756	CASE DEFAULT
757	found = .FALSE.
758
759	END SELECT
760
761
762	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
763
764	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
765	!
766	! Description:
767	! ------------
768	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
769	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
770	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
771	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
772
773	IMPLICIT NONE
774
775	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
776	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
777	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
778	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
779	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
780
781	found = .TRUE.
782
783	!
784	!-- Check for the grid
785	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
786
787	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
788	grid_x = 'x'
789	grid_y = 'y'
790	grid_z = 'zpc'
791
792	CASE DEFAULT
793	found = .FALSE.
794	grid_x = 'none'
795	grid_y = 'none'
796	grid_z = 'none'
797	END SELECT
798
799	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
800
801
802	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
803	! Description:
804	! ------------
805	!> Header output for plant canopy model
806	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
807	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
808
809	USE control_parameters, &
810	ONLY: passive_scalar
811
812
813	IMPLICIT NONE
814
815	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
816
817	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
818	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
819	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
820	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
821
822	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
823	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
824	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
825
826	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
827
828	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
829
830	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
831	canopy_drag_coeff
832	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
833	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
834	leaf_surface_conc
835	ENDIF
836
837	!
838	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
839	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
840
841	!
842	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
843	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
844	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
845
846	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
847	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
848	gradients = '------'
849	slices = ' 0'
850	coordinates = ' 0.0'
851	i = 1
852	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
853	/= -9999 )
854
855	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
856	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
857	TRIM( coor_chr )
858
859	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
860	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
861
862	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
863	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
864
865	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
866	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
867
868	i = i + 1
869	ENDDO
870
871	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
872	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
873
874	ELSE
875
876	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
877	coordinates = ' 0.0'
878
879	DO k = 1, pch_index
880
881	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
882	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
883	TRIM( coor_chr )
884
885	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
886	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
887
888	ENDDO
889
890	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
891	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
892
893	ENDIF
894
895	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
896	' ------------------------------'// &
897	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
898	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
899	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
900	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
901	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
902	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
903	' K m/s')
904	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
905	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
906	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
907	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
908	' Gridpoint: ',A)
909	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
910	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
911	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
912	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
913	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
914	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
915
916	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
917
918
919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
920	! Description:
921	! ------------
922	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
923	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
924	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
925
926
927	USE control_parameters, &
928	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
929
930	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
931	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
932
933	USE surface_mod, &
934	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
935
936	IMPLICIT NONE
937
938	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
939	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
940	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
941	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
942
943	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
944	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
945	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
946
947	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
948	!
949	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
950	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
951	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
952	lad = 0.0_wp
953	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
954
955	!
956	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
957	!-- a beta probability density function
958	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
959	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
960	ENDIF
961
962
963	!
964	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
965	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
966	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
967	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
968	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
969	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
970
971	!
972	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
973	i = 1
974	gradient = 0.0_wp
975
976	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
977
978	lad(0) = lad_surface
979	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
980
981	DO k = 1, pch_index
982	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
983	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
984	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
985	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
986	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
987	i = i + 1
988	ENDIF
989	ENDIF
990	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
991	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
992	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
993	ELSE
994	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
995	ENDIF
996	ELSE
997	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
998	ENDIF
999	ENDDO
1000
1001	ENDIF
1002
1003	!
1004	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1005	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1006	!-- file.
1007	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1008	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1009	ENDIF
1010
1011	ELSE
1012
1013	!
1014	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1015	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1016	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1017
1018	DO k = 0, pch_index
1019	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1020	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1021	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1022	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1023	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1024	ENDDO
1025
1026	!
1027	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1028	DO k = 0, pch_index
1029	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1030	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1031	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1032	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1033	) / canopy_height
1034	ENDDO
1035
1036	!
1037	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1038	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1039	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1040	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1041	DO k = 1, pch_index
1042	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1043	ENDDO
1044
1045	ENDIF
1046
1047	!
1048	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1049	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1050
1051	!
1052	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1053	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1054	!-- with the prescribed values
1055	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1056	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1057	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1058
1059	!
1060	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1061	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1062	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1063	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1064
1065	CASE( 'block' )
1066
1067	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1068	DO j = nysg, nyng
1069	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1070	ENDDO
1071	ENDDO
1072
1073	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1074	!
1075	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1076	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1077	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1078	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1079	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1080	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1081	!
1082	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1083	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1084	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1085
1086	DO i = nxl, nxr
1087	DO j = nys, nyn
1088	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1089	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1090	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1091	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1092	ENDDO
1093	ENDDO
1094	ENDDO
1095
1096	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1097	!
1098	! ASCII file
1099	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1100	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1101	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1102	!-- each location).
1103	ELSE
1104	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1105	ENDIF
1106
1107	CASE DEFAULT
1108	!
1109	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1110	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1111	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1112	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1113	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1114	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1115
1116	END SELECT
1117	!
1118	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1119	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1120	pch_index_ji = 0
1121
1122	DO i = nxl, nxr
1123	DO j = nys, nyn
1124	DO k = 0, pch_index
1125	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1126	ENDDO
1127	!
1128	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1129	!-- height of the model domain.
1130	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1131	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1132	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1133	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1134	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1135	ENDIF
1136
1137	ENDDO
1138	ENDDO
1139
1140	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1141	!
1142	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1143	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1144
1145
1146	!
1147	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1148	#if defined( __parallel )
1149	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1150	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1151	#endif
1152
1153	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1154	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1155	pc_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1156
1157	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1158	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1159	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1160	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1161	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1162	ENDIF
1163	!
1164	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1165	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1166	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1167	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1168	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1169	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1170	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1171	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1172	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1173	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1174	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1175	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1176	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1177	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1178	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1179	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1180	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1181
1182	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1183	!
1184	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1185	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1186	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1187	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1188	DO j = nysg, nyng
1189	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1190	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1191	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1192	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1193	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1194	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1195	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1196	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1197	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1198	ELSE
1199	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1200	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1201	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1202	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1203	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1204	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1205	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1206	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1207	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1208	ENDIF
1209	ENDDO
1210	ENDDO
1211	ENDDO
1212
1213	!
1214	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1215	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1216	!-- Start with default surface type
1217	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1218	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1219	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1220	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1221	ENDDO
1222	!
1223	!-- Natural surfaces
1224	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1225	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1226	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1227	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1228	ENDDO
1229	!
1230	!-- Urban surfaces
1231	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1232	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1233	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1234	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1235	ENDDO
1236	!
1237	!
1238	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1239	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1240	!-- canopy.
1241	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1242	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1243	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1244	!-- of the respective layer
1245	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1246	DO j = nysg, nyng
1247	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1248	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1249	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1250	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1251	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1252	ENDIF
1253	ENDDO
1254	ENDDO
1255	ENDDO
1256
1257	ENDIF
1258
1259	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1260
1261
1262	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1263
1264
1265	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1266	! Description:
1267	! ------------
1268	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1269	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1270	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1271
1272	USE control_parameters, &
1273	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1274
1275	IMPLICIT NONE
1276
1277	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1278
1279	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1280	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1281	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1282	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1283	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1284	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1285	lai_beta, &
1286	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1287	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1288	plant_canopy_transpiration
1289
1290	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1291	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1292	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1293	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1294	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1295	lai_beta, &
1296	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1297	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1298	plant_canopy_transpiration
1299
1300	line = ' '
1301
1302	!
1303	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1304	REWIND ( 11 )
1305	line = ' '
1306	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1307	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1308	ENDDO
1309	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1310
1311	!
1312	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1313	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1314
1315	!
1316	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1317	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1318
1319	GOTO 14
1320
1321	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1322	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1323	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1324	!
1325	!-- Try to find old namelist
1326	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1327	line = ' '
1328	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1329	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1330	ENDDO
1331	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1332
1333	!
1334	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1335	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1336
1337	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1338	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1339	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1340	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1344	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1345
1346	GOTO 14
1347
1348	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1349	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1350	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1351
1352	14 CONTINUE
1353
1354
1355	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1356
1357
1358
1359	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1360	! Description:
1361	! ------------
1362	!
1363	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1364	!>
1365	!> num_levels
1366	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1367	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1368	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1369	!> ...
1370	!>
1371	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1372	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1373	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1374	!>
1375	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1376	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1377	!>
1378	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1379	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1380	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1381	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1382
1383	USE control_parameters, &
1384	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1385
1386	USE indices, &
1387	ONLY: nbgp
1388
1389	IMPLICIT NONE
1390
1391	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1392	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1393	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1394	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1395	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1396	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1397	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1398
1399	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1400
1401	!
1402	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1403	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1404
1405	!
1406	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1407	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1408	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1409	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1410	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1411	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1412	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1413	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1414
1415	DO
1416	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1417	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1418
1419	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1420	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1421	!
1422	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1423	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1424	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1425	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1426	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1427	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1428	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1429	'but pctype is ', pctype
1430	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1431	ENDIF
1432	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1433	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1434	CASE DEFAULT
1435	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1436	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1437	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1438	END SELECT
1439	ENDDO
1440
1441	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1442	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1443
1444	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1445	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1446
1447	517 CLOSE(152)
1448	DEALLOCATE( col )
1449
1450	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1451
1452	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1453
1454
1455
1456	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1457	! Description:
1458	! ------------
1459	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1460	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1461	!>
1462	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1463	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1464	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1465	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1466	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1467	!>
1468	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1469	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1470	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1471	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1472	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1473	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1474	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1475	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1476	!>
1477	!>
1478	!> Call for all grid points
1479	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1480	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1481
1482
1483	USE control_parameters, &
1484	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1485
1486	USE kinds
1487
1488	IMPLICIT NONE
1489
1490	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1491	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1492	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1493	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1494	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1495	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1496
1497	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1498	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1499	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1500	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1501	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1502	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1503
1504
1505	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1506
1507	!
1508	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1509	SELECT CASE ( component )
1510
1511	!
1512	!-- u-component
1513	CASE ( 1 )
1514	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1515	DO j = nys, nyn
1516	!
1517	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1518	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1519	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1520
1521	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1522	!
1523	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1524	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1525	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1526	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1527	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1528	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1529	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1530	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1531	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1532	THEN
1533	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1534	ENDIF
1535
1536	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1537	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1538	!
1539	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1540	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1541	lad_local * &
1542	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1543	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1544	v(k,j,i) + &
1545	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1546	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1547	)**2 + &
1548	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1549	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1550	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1551	w(k,j,i) ) &
1552	)**2 &
1553	) * &
1554	u(k,j,i)
1555
1556	!
1557	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1558	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1559	!
1560	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1561	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1562	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1563	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1564	ELSE
1565	pre_tend = pre_tend
1566	ENDIF
1567	!
1568	!-- Calculate final tendency
1569	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1570
1571	ENDDO
1572	ENDDO
1573	ENDDO
1574
1575	!
1576	!-- v-component
1577	CASE ( 2 )
1578	DO i = nxl, nxr
1579	DO j = nysv, nyn
1580	!
1581	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1582	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1583
1584	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1585
1586	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1587	!
1588	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1589	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1590	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1591	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1592	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1593	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1594	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1595	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1596	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1597	THEN
1598	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1599	ENDIF
1600
1601	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1602	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1603	!
1604	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1605	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1606	lad_local * &
1607	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1608	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1609	u(k,j,i) + &
1610	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1611	)**2 + &
1612	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1613	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1614	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1615	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1616	w(k,j,i) ) &
1617	)**2 &
1618	) * &
1619	v(k,j,i)
1620
1621	!
1622	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1623	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1624	!
1625	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1626	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1627	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1628	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1629	ELSE
1630	pre_tend = pre_tend
1631	ENDIF
1632	!
1633	!-- Calculate final tendency
1634	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1635
1636	ENDDO
1637	ENDDO
1638	ENDDO
1639
1640	!
1641	!-- w-component
1642	CASE ( 3 )
1643	DO i = nxl, nxr
1644	DO j = nys, nyn
1645	!
1646	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1647	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1648
1649	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1650
1651	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1652
1653	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1654	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1655	!
1656	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1657	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1658	(0.5_wp * &
1659	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1660	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1661	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1662	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1663	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1664	)**2 + &
1665	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1666	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1667	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1668	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1669	)**2 + &
1670	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1671	) * &
1672	w(k,j,i)
1673	!
1674	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1675	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1676	!
1677	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1678	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1679	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1680	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1681	ELSE
1682	pre_tend = pre_tend
1683	ENDIF
1684	!
1685	!-- Calculate final tendency
1686	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1687
1688	ENDDO
1689	ENDDO
1690	ENDDO
1691
1692	!
1693	!-- potential temperature
1694	CASE ( 4 )
1695	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1696	DO i = nxl, nxr
1697	DO j = nys, nyn
1698	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1699	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1700	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1701	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1702	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1703	ENDDO
1704	ENDDO
1705	ENDDO
1706	ELSE
1707	DO i = nxl, nxr
1708	DO j = nys, nyn
1709	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1710	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1711	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1712	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1713	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1714	ENDDO
1715	ENDDO
1716	ENDDO
1717	ENDIF
1718
1719	!
1720	!-- humidity
1721	CASE ( 5 )
1722	DO i = nxl, nxr
1723	DO j = nys, nyn
1724	!
1725	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1726	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1727
1728	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1729
1730	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1731
1732	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1733	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1734	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1735	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1736	! in the plant canopy box
1737	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1738	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1739	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1740	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1741	)**2 + &
1742	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1743	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1744	)**2 + &
1745	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1746	w(k,j,i) ) &
1747	)**2 &
1748	) * &
1749	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1750	ENDIF
1751
1752	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1753	ENDDO
1754	ENDDO
1755	ENDDO
1756
1757	!
1758	!-- sgs-tke
1759	CASE ( 6 )
1760	DO i = nxl, nxr
1761	DO j = nys, nyn
1762	!
1763	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1764	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1765
1766	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1767
1768	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1769	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1770	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1771	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1772	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1773	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1774	)**2 + &
1775	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1776	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1777	)**2 + &
1778	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1779	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1780	)**2 &
1781	) * &
1782	e(k,j,i)
1783	ENDDO
1784	ENDDO
1785	ENDDO
1786	!
1787	!-- scalar concentration
1788	CASE ( 7 )
1789	DO i = nxl, nxr
1790	DO j = nys, nyn
1791	!
1792	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1793	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1794
1795	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1796
1797	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1798	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1799	lsec * &
1800	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1801	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1802	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1803	)**2 + &
1804	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1805	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1806	)**2 + &
1807	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1808	w(k,j,i) ) &
1809	)**2 &
1810	) * &
1811	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1812	ENDDO
1813	ENDDO
1814	ENDDO
1815
1816
1817
1818	CASE DEFAULT
1819
1820	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1821	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1822
1823	END SELECT
1824
1825	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1826
1827
1828	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1829	! Description:
1830	! ------------
1831	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1832	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1833	!>
1834	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1835	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1836	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1837	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1838	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1839	!>
1840	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1841	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1842	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1843	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1844	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1845	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1846	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1847	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1848	!>
1849	!>
1850	!> Call for grid point i,j
1851	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1852	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1853
1854
1855	USE control_parameters, &
1856	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1857
1858	USE kinds
1859
1860	IMPLICIT NONE
1861
1862	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1863	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1864	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1865	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1866	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1867	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1868
1869	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1870	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1871	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1872	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1873	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1874	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1875
1876
1877	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1878	!
1879	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1880	SELECT CASE ( component )
1881
1882	!
1883	!-- u-component
1884	CASE ( 1 )
1885	!
1886	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1887	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1888	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1889
1890	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1891
1892	!
1893	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1894	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1895	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1896	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1897	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1898	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1899	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1900	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1901	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1902	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1903	ENDIF
1904
1905	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1906	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1907	!
1908	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1909	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1910	lad_local * &
1911	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1912	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1913	v(k,j,i) + &
1914	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1915	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1916	)**2 + &
1917	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1918	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1919	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1920	w(k,j,i) ) &
1921	)**2 &
1922	) * &
1923	u(k,j,i)
1924
1925	!
1926	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1927	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1928	!
1929	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1930	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1931	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1932	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1933	ELSE
1934	pre_tend = pre_tend
1935	ENDIF
1936	!
1937	!-- Calculate final tendency
1938	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1939	ENDDO
1940
1941
1942	!
1943	!-- v-component
1944	CASE ( 2 )
1945	!
1946	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1947	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1948
1949	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1950
1951	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1952	!
1953	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1954	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1955	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1956	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1957	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1958	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1959	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1960	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1961	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1962	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1963	ENDIF
1964
1965	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1966	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1967	!
1968	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1969	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1970	lad_local * &
1971	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1972	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1973	u(k,j,i) + &
1974	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1975	)**2 + &
1976	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1977	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1978	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1979	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1980	w(k,j,i) ) &
1981	)**2 &
1982	) * &
1983	v(k,j,i)
1984
1985	!
1986	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1987	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1988	!
1989	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1990	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1991	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1992	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1993	ELSE
1994	pre_tend = pre_tend
1995	ENDIF
1996	!
1997	!-- Calculate final tendency
1998	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1999	ENDDO
2000
2001
2002	!
2003	!-- w-component
2004	CASE ( 3 )
2005	!
2006	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2007	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
2008
2009	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2010
2011	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2012
2013	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2014	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2015	!
2016	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2017	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2018	(0.5_wp * &
2019	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2020	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2021	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2022	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2023	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2024	)**2 + &
2025	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2026	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2027	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2028	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2029	)**2 + &
2030	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2031	) * &
2032	w(k,j,i)
2033	!
2034	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2035	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2036	!
2037	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2038	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2039	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2040	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2041	ELSE
2042	pre_tend = pre_tend
2043	ENDIF
2044	!
2045	!-- Calculate final tendency
2046	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2047	ENDDO
2048
2049	!
2050	!-- potential temperature
2051	CASE ( 4 )
2052	!
2053	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2054	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2055
2056	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2057	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2058	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2059	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2060	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2061	ENDDO
2062	ELSE
2063	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2064	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2065	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2066	ENDDO
2067	ENDIF
2068
2069	!
2070	!-- humidity
2071	CASE ( 5 )
2072	!
2073	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2074	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2075
2076	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2077	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2078	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2079	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2080	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2081	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2082	! in the plant canopy box
2083	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2084	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2085	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2086	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2087	)**2 + &
2088	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2089	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2090	)**2 + &
2091	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2092	w(k,j,i) ) &
2093	)**2 &
2094	) * &
2095	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2096	ENDIF
2097
2098	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2099
2100	ENDDO
2101
2102	!
2103	!-- sgs-tke
2104	CASE ( 6 )
2105	!
2106	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2107	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2108
2109	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2110
2111	kk = k - k_wall
2112	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2113	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2114	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2115	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2116	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2117	)**2 + &
2118	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2119	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2120	)**2 + &
2121	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2122	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2123	)**2 &
2124	) * &
2125	e(k,j,i)
2126	ENDDO
2127
2128	!
2129	!-- scalar concentration
2130	CASE ( 7 )
2131	!
2132	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2133	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2134
2135	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2136
2137	kk = k - k_wall
2138	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2139	lsec * &
2140	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2141	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2142	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2143	)**2 + &
2144	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2145	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2146	)**2 + &
2147	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2148	w(k,j,i) ) &
2149	)**2 &
2150	) * &
2151	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2152	ENDDO
2153
2154	CASE DEFAULT
2155
2156	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2157	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2158
2159	END SELECT
2160
2161	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2162
2163
2164
2165	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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