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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 3051

Last change on this file since 3051 was 3049, checked in by Giersch, 6 years ago
Revision history corrected
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! ------------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z suehring $
27	! Error messages revised
28	!
29	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
30	! Error message revised
31	!
32	! 3022 2018-05-18 11:12:35Z suehring
33	! Bugfix in allocation of transpiration rate
34	!
35	! 3014 2018-05-09 08:42:38Z maronga
36	! Bugfix: nzb_do and nzt_do were not used for 3d data output
37	! Added pc_transpiration_rate
38	!
39	! 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z kanani
40	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
41	! plus some formatting.
42	! (moh.hefny):
43	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
44	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
45	!
46	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
47	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
48	!
49	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
50	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
51	!
52	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
53	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
54	!
55	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
56	! Correction of parameter check
57	!
58	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
59	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
60	!
61	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
62	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
63	!
64	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
65	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
66	!
67	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
68	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
69	!
70	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
71	! Changes from last commit documented
72	!
73	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
74	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
75	!
76	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
77	! Change in file header (GPL part)
78	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
79	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
80	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
81	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
82	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
83	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
84	!
85	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
86	! coupling_char removed
87	!
88	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
89	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
90	! no output of ghost layer data
91	!
92	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
93	! Get topography top index via Function call
94	!
95	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
96	! Changed error messages
97	!
98	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
99	!
100	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
101	! Adjustments to new topography concept
102	!
103	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
104	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
105	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
106	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
107	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
108	!
109	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
110	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
111	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
112	!
113	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
114	! Added missing lad_s initialization
115	!
116	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
117	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
118	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
119	! and similar future applications.
120	!
121	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
122	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
123	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
124	! introduction of urban surface model,
125	! introduced variable ext_coef,
126	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
127	!
128	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
129	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
130	!
131	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
132	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
133	!
134	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
135	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
136	!
137	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
138	! Further modularization
139	!
140	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
141	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
142	! canopy is set on top of topography
143	!
144	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
145	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
146	!
147	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
148	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
149	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
150	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
151	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
152	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
153	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
154	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
155	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
156	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
157	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
158	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
159	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
160	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
161	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
162	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
163	! respectively,
164	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
165	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
166	!
167	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
168	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
169	!
170	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
171	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
172	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
173	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
174	! old module precision_kind is removed,
175	! revision history before 2012 removed,
176	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
177	! all variable declaration statements
178	!
179	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
180	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
181	!
182	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
183	! Initial revision
184	!
185	! Description:
186	! ------------
187	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
188	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
189	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
190	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
191	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
192	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
193
194	USE arrays_3d, &
195	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
196
197	USE indices, &
198	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
199	nz, nzb, nzt
200
201	USE kinds
202
203	USE surface_mod, &
204	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
205
206
207	IMPLICIT NONE
208
209
210	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
211
212	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
213	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
214
215	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
216
217	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
218
219	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
220	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
221	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
222	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
223	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
224	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
225	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
226	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
227	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
228	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
229	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
230	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
231	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
232
233	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
234	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
235
236	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
237	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
238
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
241
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
246
247	SAVE
248
249
250	PRIVATE
251
252	!
253	!-- Public functions
254	PUBLIC pcm_check_data_output, pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, &
255	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
256
257	!
258	!-- Public variables and constants
259	PUBLIC pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
260	pch_index
261
262
263	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
264	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
265	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
266
267	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
268	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
269	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
270
271	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
272	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
273	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
274
275	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
276	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
277	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
278
279	INTERFACE pcm_header
280	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
281	END INTERFACE pcm_header
282
283	INTERFACE pcm_init
284	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
285	END INTERFACE pcm_init
286
287	INTERFACE pcm_parin
288	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
289	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
290
291	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
292	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
293	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
294
295	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
296	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
297	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
298	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
299
300
301	CONTAINS
302
303
304	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
305	! Description:
306	! ------------
307	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
308	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
309	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
310
311
312	USE control_parameters, &
313	ONLY: data_output, message_string, urban_surface
314
315	IMPLICIT NONE
316
317	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
318	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
319
320
321	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
322
323	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
324	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
325	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
326	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
327	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
328	ENDIF
329	unit = 'K s-1'
330
331	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
332	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
333
334	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
335	unit = 'm2 m-3'
336
337
338	CASE DEFAULT
339	unit = 'illegal'
340
341	END SELECT
342
343
344	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
345
346
347	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
348	! Description:
349	! ------------
350	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
351	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
352	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
353
354	USE control_parameters, &
355	ONLY: cloud_physics, coupling_char, message_string, &
356	microphysics_seifert
357
358	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
359	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
360
361
362	IMPLICIT NONE
363
364
365	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
366	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
367	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
368	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
369	ENDIF
370
371	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
372	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
373	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
374	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
375	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
376	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
377	ENDIF
378
379	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
380	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
381	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
382	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
383	'lai_beta = 0.0'
384	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
385	ENDIF
386
387	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
388	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
389	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
390	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
391	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
392	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
393	'density profile'
394	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
395	ENDIF
396
397	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
398	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
399	' seifert_beheng'
400	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
401	ENDIF
402	!
403	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
404	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
405	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
406	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
407	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
408	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
409	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
410	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
411	ENDIF
412
413
414	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
415
416
417	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
418	!
419	! Description:
420	! ------------
421	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
422	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
423	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
424	nzb_do, nzt_do )
425
426	USE indices
427
428	USE kinds
429
430
431	IMPLICIT NONE
432
433	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
434
435	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
436	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
437	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
438	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
439	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
440	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
441	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
442
443	LOGICAL :: found !<
444
445	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
446	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !<
447
448
449	found = .TRUE.
450
451	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
452
453	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
454
455	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
456	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
457	DO i = nxl, nxr
458	DO j = nys, nyn
459	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
460	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
461	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
462	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
463	ENDDO
464	ENDIF
465	ENDDO
466	ENDDO
467	ENDIF
468
469	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
470	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
471	DO i = nxl, nxr
472	DO j = nys, nyn
473	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
474	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
475	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
476	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
477	ENDDO
478	ENDIF
479	ENDDO
480	ENDDO
481	ENDIF
482
483	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
484	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
485	DO i = nxl, nxr
486	DO j = nys, nyn
487	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
488	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
489	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
490	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
491	ENDDO
492	ENDIF
493	ENDDO
494	ENDDO
495	ENDIF
496
497
498	CASE DEFAULT
499	found = .FALSE.
500
501	END SELECT
502
503
504	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
505
506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
507	!
508	! Description:
509	! ------------
510	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
511	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
512	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
513	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
514
515	IMPLICIT NONE
516
517	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
518	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
519	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
520	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
521	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
522
523	found = .TRUE.
524
525	!
526	!-- Check for the grid
527	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
528
529	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate')
530	grid_x = 'x'
531	grid_y = 'y'
532	grid_z = 'zu'
533
534	CASE DEFAULT
535	found = .FALSE.
536	grid_x = 'none'
537	grid_y = 'none'
538	grid_z = 'none'
539	END SELECT
540
541	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
542
543
544	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
545	! Description:
546	! ------------
547	!> Header output for plant canopy model
548	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
549	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
550
551	USE control_parameters, &
552	ONLY: dz, passive_scalar
553
554
555	IMPLICIT NONE
556
557	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
558
559	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
560	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
561	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
562	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
563
564	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
565	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
566	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
567
568	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
569
570	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
571
572	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
573	canopy_drag_coeff
574	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
575	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
576	leaf_surface_conc
577	ENDIF
578
579	!
580	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
581	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
582
583	!
584	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
585	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
586	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
587
588	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
589	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
590	gradients = '------'
591	slices = ' 0'
592	coordinates = ' 0.0'
593	i = 1
594	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
595	/= -9999 )
596
597	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
598	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
599	TRIM( coor_chr )
600
601	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
602	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
603
604	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
605	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
606
607	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
608	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
609
610	i = i + 1
611	ENDDO
612
613	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
614	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
615
616	ELSE
617
618	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
619	coordinates = ' 0.0'
620
621	DO k = 1, pch_index
622
623	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
624	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
625	TRIM( coor_chr )
626
627	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
628	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
629
630	ENDDO
631
632	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
633	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
634
635	ENDIF
636
637	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
638	' ------------------------------'// &
639	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
640	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
641	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
642	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
643	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
644	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
645	' K m/s')
646	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
647	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
648	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
649	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
650	' Gridpoint: ',A)
651	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
652	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
653	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
654	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
655	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
656	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
657
658	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
659
660
661	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
662	! Description:
663	! ------------
664	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
665	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
666	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
667
668
669	USE control_parameters, &
670	ONLY: dz, humidity, io_blocks, io_group, message_string, ocean, &
671	passive_scalar, urban_surface
672
673	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
674	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
675
676	USE surface_mod, &
677	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
678
679	IMPLICIT NONE
680
681	CHARACTER(10) :: pct
682
683	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
684	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< index
685	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
686	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
687	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
688
689	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
690	REAL(wp) :: dzh !< vertical grid spacing in units of canopy height
691	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
692	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
693	REAL(wp) :: pcv(nzb:nzt+1) !<
694
695	!
696	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
697	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
698	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
699	lad = 0.0_wp
700	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
701
702	!
703	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
704	!-- a beta probability density function
705	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
706	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
707	ENDIF
708
709
710	!
711	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
712	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
713	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
714	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
715	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
716	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
717
718	!
719	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
720	i = 1
721	gradient = 0.0_wp
722
723	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
724
725	lad(0) = lad_surface
726	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
727
728	DO k = 1, pch_index
729	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
730	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
731	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
732	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
733	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
734	i = i + 1
735	ENDIF
736	ENDIF
737	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
738	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
739	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
740	ELSE
741	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
742	ENDIF
743	ELSE
744	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
745	ENDIF
746	ENDDO
747
748	ENDIF
749
750	!
751	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
752	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
753	!-- file.
754	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
755	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
756	ENDIF
757
758	ELSE
759
760	!
761	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
762	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
763	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
764
765	DO k = 0, pch_index
766	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
767	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
768	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
769	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
770	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
771	ENDDO
772
773	!
774	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
775	DO k = 0, pch_index
776	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
777	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
778	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
779	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
780	) / canopy_height
781	ENDDO
782
783	!
784	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
785	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
786	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
787	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
788	DO k = 1, pch_index
789	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
790	ENDDO
791
792	ENDIF
793
794	!
795	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
796	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
797
798	!
799	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
800	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
801	!-- with the prescribed values
802	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
803	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
804	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
805
806	!
807	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
808	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
809	!-- fully covers the domain surface
810	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
811
812	CASE( 'block' )
813
814	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
815	DO j = nysg, nyng
816	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
817	ENDDO
818	ENDDO
819
820	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
821	!
822	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
823	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
824	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
825	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
826	lad_s = 0.0_wp
827	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
828	!
829	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
830	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
831	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
832
833	DO i = nxl, nxr
834	DO j = nys, nyn
835	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
836	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
837	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
838	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
839	ENDDO
840	ENDDO
841	ENDDO
842	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
843	!
844	! ASCII file
845	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
846	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
847	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
848	!-- each location).
849	ELSE
850	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
851	ENDIF
852
853	CASE DEFAULT
854	!
855	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
856	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
857	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
858	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
859	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
860	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
861
862	END SELECT
863	!
864	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
865	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
866	pch_index_ji = 0
867
868	DO i = nxl, nxr
869	DO j = nys, nyn
870	DO k = 0, pch_index
871	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
872	ENDDO
873	!
874	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
875	!-- height of the model domain.
876	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
877	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
878	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
879	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
880	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
881	ENDIF
882
883	ENDDO
884	ENDDO
885
886	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
887
888	!
889	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
890	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
891	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
892	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
893	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
894	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
895	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
896	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
897	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
898	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
899	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
900	!-- When using the urban surface model (USM), canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
901	!-- by radiation is calculated in the USM.
902	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
903
904	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
905	pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
906	!
907	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
908	!-- integration of the leaf area density
909	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
910	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
911	DO j = nysg, nyng
912	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
913	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
914	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
915	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
916	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
917	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
918	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
919	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
920	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
921	ELSE
922	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
923	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
924	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
925	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
926	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
927	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
928	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
929	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
930	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
931	ENDIF
932	ENDDO
933	ENDDO
934	ENDDO
935
936	!
937	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
938	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
939	!-- Start with default surface type
940	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
941	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
942	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
943	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
944	ENDDO
945	!
946	!-- Natural surfaces
947	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
948	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
949	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
950	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
951	ENDDO
952	!
953	!-- Urban surfaces
954	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
955	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
956	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
957	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
958	ENDDO
959	!
960	!
961	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
962	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
963	!-- canopy.
964	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
965	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
966	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
967	!-- of the respective layer
968	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
969	DO j = nysg, nyng
970	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
971	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
972	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
973	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
974	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
975	ENDIF
976	ENDDO
977	ENDDO
978	ENDDO
979
980	ENDIF
981	!
982	!-- Allocate transpiration rate
983	IF ( humidity ) &
984	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
985
986
987
988	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
989
990
991	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
992	! Description:
993	! ------------
994	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
995	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
996	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
997
998	USE control_parameters, &
999	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1000
1001	IMPLICIT NONE
1002
1003	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1004
1005	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1006	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1007	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1008	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1009	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1010	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1011	lai_beta, &
1012	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1013	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
1014
1015	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1016	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1017	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1018	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1019	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1020	lai_beta, &
1021	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1022	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
1023
1024	line = ' '
1025
1026	!
1027	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1028	REWIND ( 11 )
1029	line = ' '
1030	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1031	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
1032	ENDDO
1033	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1034
1035	!
1036	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1037	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters )
1038
1039	!
1040	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1041	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1042
1043	GOTO 12
1044	!
1045	!-- Try to find old namelist
1046	10 REWIND ( 11 )
1047	line = ' '
1048	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1049	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1050	ENDDO
1051	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1052
1053	!
1054	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1055	READ ( 11, canopy_par )
1056
1057	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1058	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1059	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1060	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1061
1062	!
1063	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1064	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1065
1066	12 CONTINUE
1067
1068
1069	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1070
1071
1072
1073	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1074	! Description:
1075	! ------------
1076	!
1077	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1078	!>
1079	!> num_levels
1080	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1081	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1082	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1083	!> ...
1084	!>
1085	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1086	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1087	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1088	!>
1089	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1090	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1091	!>
1092	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1093	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1094	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1095	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1096
1097	USE control_parameters, &
1098	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string, passive_scalar
1099
1100	USE indices, &
1101	ONLY: nbgp
1102
1103	IMPLICIT NONE
1104
1105	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1106	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1107	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1108	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1109	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1110	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1111
1112	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1113
1114	!
1115	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1116	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1120	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1121	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1122	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1123	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1124
1125	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1126
1127	DO
1128	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1129	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1130
1131	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1132	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1133	!
1134	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1135	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1136	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1137	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1138	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1139	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1140	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1141	'but pctype is ', pctype
1142	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1143	ENDIF
1144	lad_s(0:nzp-1,j,i) = col(0:nzp-1) * lad_type_coef(pctype)
1145
1146	CASE DEFAULT
1147	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1148	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1149	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1150	END SELECT
1151	ENDDO
1152
1153	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1154	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1155
1156	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1157	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1158
1159	517 CLOSE(152)
1160	DEALLOCATE( col )
1161
1162	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1163
1164	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1165
1166
1167
1168	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1169	! Description:
1170	! ------------
1171	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1172	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1173	!>
1174	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1175	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1176	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1177	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1178	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1179	!>
1180	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1181	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1182	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1183	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1184	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1185	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1186	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1187	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1188	!>
1189	!>
1190	!> Call for all grid points
1191	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1192	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1193
1194
1195	USE control_parameters, &
1196	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1197
1198	USE kinds
1199
1200	IMPLICIT NONE
1201
1202	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1203	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1204	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1205	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1206	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1207	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1208
1209	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1210	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1211	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1212	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1213	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1214	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1215
1216
1217	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1218
1219	!
1220	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1221	SELECT CASE ( component )
1222
1223	!
1224	!-- u-component
1225	CASE ( 1 )
1226	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1227	DO j = nys, nyn
1228	!
1229	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1230	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1231	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1232
1233	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1234	!
1235	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1236	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1237	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1238	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1239	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1240	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1241	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1242	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1243	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1244	THEN
1245	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1246	ENDIF
1247
1248	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1249	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1250	!
1251	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1252	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1253	lad_local * &
1254	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1255	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1256	v(k,j,i) + &
1257	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1258	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1259	)**2 + &
1260	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1261	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1262	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1263	w(k,j,i) ) &
1264	)**2 &
1265	) * &
1266	u(k,j,i)
1267
1268	!
1269	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1270	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1271	!
1272	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1273	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1274	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1275	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1276	ELSE
1277	pre_tend = pre_tend
1278	ENDIF
1279	!
1280	!-- Calculate final tendency
1281	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1282
1283	ENDDO
1284	ENDDO
1285	ENDDO
1286
1287	!
1288	!-- v-component
1289	CASE ( 2 )
1290	DO i = nxl, nxr
1291	DO j = nysv, nyn
1292	!
1293	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1294	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1295
1296	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1297
1298	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1299	!
1300	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1301	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1302	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1303	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1304	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1305	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1306	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1307	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1308	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1309	THEN
1310	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1311	ENDIF
1312
1313	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1314	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1315	!
1316	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1317	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1318	lad_local * &
1319	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1320	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1321	u(k,j,i) + &
1322	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1323	)**2 + &
1324	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1325	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1326	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1327	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1328	w(k,j,i) ) &
1329	)**2 &
1330	) * &
1331	v(k,j,i)
1332
1333	!
1334	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1335	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1336	!
1337	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1338	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1339	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1340	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1341	ELSE
1342	pre_tend = pre_tend
1343	ENDIF
1344	!
1345	!-- Calculate final tendency
1346	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1347
1348	ENDDO
1349	ENDDO
1350	ENDDO
1351
1352	!
1353	!-- w-component
1354	CASE ( 3 )
1355	DO i = nxl, nxr
1356	DO j = nys, nyn
1357	!
1358	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1359	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1360
1361	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1362
1363	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1364
1365	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1366	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1367	!
1368	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1369	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1370	(0.5_wp * &
1371	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1372	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1373	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1374	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1375	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1376	)**2 + &
1377	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1378	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1379	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1380	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1381	)**2 + &
1382	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1383	) * &
1384	w(k,j,i)
1385	!
1386	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1387	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1388	!
1389	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1390	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1391	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1392	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1393	ELSE
1394	pre_tend = pre_tend
1395	ENDIF
1396	!
1397	!-- Calculate final tendency
1398	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1399
1400	ENDDO
1401	ENDDO
1402	ENDDO
1403
1404	!
1405	!-- potential temperature
1406	CASE ( 4 )
1407	DO i = nxl, nxr
1408	DO j = nys, nyn
1409	!
1410	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1411	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1412
1413	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1414
1415	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1416	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1417	ENDDO
1418	ENDDO
1419	ENDDO
1420
1421	!
1422	!-- humidity
1423	CASE ( 5 )
1424	DO i = nxl, nxr
1425	DO j = nys, nyn
1426	!
1427	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1428	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1429
1430	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1431
1432	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1433	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1434	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1435	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1436	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1437	)**2 + &
1438	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1439	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1440	)**2 + &
1441	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1442	w(k,j,i) ) &
1443	)**2 &
1444	) * &
1445	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1446
1447	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1448	ENDDO
1449	ENDDO
1450	ENDDO
1451
1452	!
1453	!-- sgs-tke
1454	CASE ( 6 )
1455	DO i = nxl, nxr
1456	DO j = nys, nyn
1457	!
1458	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1459	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1460
1461	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1462
1463	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1464	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1465	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1466	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1467	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1468	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1469	)**2 + &
1470	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1471	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1472	)**2 + &
1473	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1474	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1475	)**2 &
1476	) * &
1477	e(k,j,i)
1478	ENDDO
1479	ENDDO
1480	ENDDO
1481	!
1482	!-- scalar concentration
1483	CASE ( 7 )
1484	DO i = nxl, nxr
1485	DO j = nys, nyn
1486	!
1487	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1488	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1489
1490	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1491
1492	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1493	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1494	lsec * &
1495	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1496	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1497	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1498	)**2 + &
1499	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1500	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1501	)**2 + &
1502	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1503	w(k,j,i) ) &
1504	)**2 &
1505	) * &
1506	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1507	ENDDO
1508	ENDDO
1509	ENDDO
1510
1511
1512
1513	CASE DEFAULT
1514
1515	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1516	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1517
1518	END SELECT
1519
1520	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1521
1522
1523	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1524	! Description:
1525	! ------------
1526	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1527	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1528	!>
1529	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1530	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1531	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1532	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1533	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1534	!>
1535	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1536	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1537	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1538	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1539	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1540	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1541	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1542	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1543	!>
1544	!>
1545	!> Call for grid point i,j
1546	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1547	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1548
1549
1550	USE control_parameters, &
1551	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1552
1553	USE kinds
1554
1555	IMPLICIT NONE
1556
1557	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1558	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1559	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1560	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1561	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1562	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1563
1564	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1565	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1566	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1567	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1568	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1569	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1570
1571
1572	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1573	!
1574	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1575	SELECT CASE ( component )
1576
1577	!
1578	!-- u-component
1579	CASE ( 1 )
1580	!
1581	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1582	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1583	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1584
1585	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1586
1587	!
1588	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1589	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1590	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1591	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1592	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1593	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1594	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1595	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1596	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1597	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1598	ENDIF
1599
1600	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1601	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1602	!
1603	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1604	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1605	lad_local * &
1606	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1607	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1608	v(k,j,i) + &
1609	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1610	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1611	)**2 + &
1612	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1613	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1614	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1615	w(k,j,i) ) &
1616	)**2 &
1617	) * &
1618	u(k,j,i)
1619
1620	!
1621	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1622	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1623	!
1624	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1625	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1626	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1627	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1628	ELSE
1629	pre_tend = pre_tend
1630	ENDIF
1631	!
1632	!-- Calculate final tendency
1633	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1634	ENDDO
1635
1636
1637	!
1638	!-- v-component
1639	CASE ( 2 )
1640	!
1641	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1642	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1643
1644	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1645
1646	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1647	!
1648	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1649	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1650	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1651	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1652	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1653	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1654	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1655	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1656	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1657	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1658	ENDIF
1659
1660	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1661	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1662	!
1663	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1664	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1665	lad_local * &
1666	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1667	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1668	u(k,j,i) + &
1669	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1670	)**2 + &
1671	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1672	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1673	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1674	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1675	w(k,j,i) ) &
1676	)**2 &
1677	) * &
1678	v(k,j,i)
1679
1680	!
1681	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1682	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1683	!
1684	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1685	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1686	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1687	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1688	ELSE
1689	pre_tend = pre_tend
1690	ENDIF
1691	!
1692	!-- Calculate final tendency
1693	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1694	ENDDO
1695
1696
1697	!
1698	!-- w-component
1699	CASE ( 3 )
1700	!
1701	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1702	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1703
1704	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1705
1706	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1707
1708	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1709	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1710	!
1711	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1712	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1713	(0.5_wp * &
1714	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1715	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1716	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1717	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1718	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1719	)**2 + &
1720	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1721	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1722	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1723	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1724	)**2 + &
1725	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1726	) * &
1727	w(k,j,i)
1728	!
1729	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1730	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1731	!
1732	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1733	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1734	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1735	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1736	ELSE
1737	pre_tend = pre_tend
1738	ENDIF
1739	!
1740	!-- Calculate final tendency
1741	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1742	ENDDO
1743
1744	!
1745	!-- potential temperature
1746	CASE ( 4 )
1747	!
1748	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1749	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1750
1751	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1752	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1753	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1754	ENDDO
1755
1756
1757	!
1758	!-- humidity
1759	CASE ( 5 )
1760	!
1761	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1762	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1763
1764	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1765	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1766
1767	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1768	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1769	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1770	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1771	)**2 + &
1772	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1773	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1774	)**2 + &
1775	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1776	w(k,j,i) ) &
1777	)**2 &
1778	) * &
1779	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1780
1781	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1782
1783	ENDDO
1784
1785	!
1786	!-- sgs-tke
1787	CASE ( 6 )
1788	!
1789	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1790	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1791
1792	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1793
1794	kk = k - k_wall
1795	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1796	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1797	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1798	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1799	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1800	)**2 + &
1801	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1802	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1803	)**2 + &
1804	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1805	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1806	)**2 &
1807	) * &
1808	e(k,j,i)
1809	ENDDO
1810
1811	!
1812	!-- scalar concentration
1813	CASE ( 7 )
1814	!
1815	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1816	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1817
1818	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1819
1820	kk = k - k_wall
1821	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1822	lsec * &
1823	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1824	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1825	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1826	)**2 + &
1827	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1828	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1829	)**2 + &
1830	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1831	w(k,j,i) ) &
1832	)**2 &
1833	) * &
1834	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1835	ENDDO
1836
1837	CASE DEFAULT
1838
1839	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1840	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1841
1842	END SELECT
1843
1844	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
1845
1846
1847
1848	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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