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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 2993

Last change on this file since 2993 was 2977, checked in by kanani, 7 years ago
Fixes for radiative transfer model
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! ------------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 2977 2018-04-17 10:27:57Z raasch $
27	! Implement changes from branch radiation (r2948-2971) with minor modifications,
28	! plus some formatting.
29	! (moh.hefny):
30	! Add plant canopy type to account for changes in LAD (based on the changes
31	! done by Resler & Pavel) and correct the error message to PALM Standard.
32	!
33	! 2932 2018-03-26 09:39:22Z maronga
34	! renamed canopy_par to plant_canopy_parameters
35	!
36	! 2920 2018-03-22 11:22:01Z kanani
37	! Move usm_lad_rma and prototype_lad to radiation_model (moh.hefny)
38	!
39	! 2892 2018-03-14 15:06:29Z suehring
40	! Bugfix, read separate ASCII LAD files for parent and child model.
41	!
42	! 2770 2018-01-25 15:10:09Z kanani
43	! Correction of parameter check
44	!
45	! 2768 2018-01-24 15:38:29Z kanani
46	! Added check for output quantity pcm_heatrate, some formatting
47	!
48	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
49	! Increased LEN of canopy mode to 30
50	!
51	! 2746 2018-01-15 12:06:04Z suehring
52	! Move flag plant canopy to modules
53	!
54	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
55	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
56	!
57	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
58	! Changes from last commit documented
59	!
60	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
61	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
62	!
63	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
64	! Change in file header (GPL part)
65	! Bugfix for vertical loop index pch_index in case of Netcdf input
66	! Introduce 2D index array incorporate canopy top index
67	! Check if canopy on top of topography do not exceed vertical dimension
68	! Add check for canopy_mode in case of Netcdf input.
69	! Enable _FillValue output for 3d quantities
70	! Bugfix in reading of PIDS leaf area density (MS)
71	!
72	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
73	! coupling_char removed
74	!
75	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
76	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
77	! no output of ghost layer data
78	!
79	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
80	! Get topography top index via Function call
81	!
82	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
83	! Changed error messages
84	!
85	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
86	!
87	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
88	! Adjustments to new topography concept
89	!
90	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
91	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
92	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
93	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
94	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
95	!
96	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
97	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
98	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
99	!
100	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
101	! Added missing lad_s initialization
102	!
103	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
104	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
105	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
106	! and similar future applications.
107	!
108	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
109	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
110	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
111	! introduction of urban surface model,
112	! introduced variable ext_coef,
113	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
114	!
115	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
116	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
117	!
118	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
119	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
120	!
121	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
122	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
123	!
124	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
125	! Further modularization
126	!
127	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
128	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
129	! canopy is set on top of topography
130	!
131	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
132	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
133	!
134	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
135	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
136	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
137	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
138	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
139	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
140	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
141	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
142	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
143	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
144	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
145	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
146	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
147	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
148	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
149	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
150	! respectively,
151	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
152	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
153	!
154	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
155	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
156	!
157	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
158	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
159	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
160	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
161	! old module precision_kind is removed,
162	! revision history before 2012 removed,
163	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
164	! all variable declaration statements
165	!
166	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
167	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
168	!
169	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
170	! Initial revision
171	!
172	! Description:
173	! ------------
174	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
175	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
176	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
177	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
178	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
179	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
180
181	USE arrays_3d, &
182	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
183
184	USE indices, &
185	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
186	nz, nzb, nzt
187
188	USE kinds
189
190	USE surface_mod, &
191	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji
192
193
194	IMPLICIT NONE
195
196
197	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
198
199	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
200	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
201
202	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
203
204	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
205
206	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
207	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
208	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
209	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
210	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
211	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
212	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
213	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
214	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
215	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
216	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
217	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
218	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
219
220	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
221	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
222
223	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
224	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
225
226	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
227	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
228
229	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
232
233	SAVE
234
235
236	PRIVATE
237
238	!
239	!-- Public functions
240	PUBLIC pcm_check_data_output, pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, &
241	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
242
243	!
244	!-- Public variables and constants
245	PUBLIC pc_heating_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
246	pch_index
247
248
249	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
250	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
251	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
252
253	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
254	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
255	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
256
257	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
258	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
259	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
260
261	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
262	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
263	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
264
265	INTERFACE pcm_header
266	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
267	END INTERFACE pcm_header
268
269	INTERFACE pcm_init
270	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
271	END INTERFACE pcm_init
272
273	INTERFACE pcm_parin
274	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
275	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
276
277	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
278	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
279	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
280
281	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
282	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
283	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
284	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
285
286
287	CONTAINS
288
289
290	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
291	! Description:
292	! ------------
293	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
294	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
295	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
296
297
298	USE control_parameters, &
299	ONLY: data_output, message_string, urban_surface
300
301	IMPLICIT NONE
302
303	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
304	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
305
306
307	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
308
309	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
310	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
311	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
312	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
313	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
314	ENDIF
315	unit = 'K s-1'
316
317	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
318	unit = 'm2 m-3'
319
320
321	CASE DEFAULT
322	unit = 'illegal'
323
324	END SELECT
325
326
327	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
328
329
330	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
331	! Description:
332	! ------------
333	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
335	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
336
337	USE control_parameters, &
338	ONLY: cloud_physics, coupling_char, message_string, &
339	microphysics_seifert
340
341	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
342	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
343
344
345	IMPLICIT NONE
346
347
348	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
349	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
350	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
351	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
352	ENDIF
353
354	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
355	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
356	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
357	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
358	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
359	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
360	ENDIF
361
362	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
363	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
364	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
365	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
366	'lai_beta = 0.0'
367	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
368	ENDIF
369
370	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
371	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
372	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
373	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
374	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
375	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
376	'density profile'
377	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
378	ENDIF
379
380	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
381	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
382	' seifert_beheng'
383	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
384	ENDIF
385	!
386	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
387	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
388	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
389	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
390	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
391	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
392	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
393	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0999', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
394	ENDIF
395
396
397	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
398
399
400	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
401	!
402	! Description:
403	! ------------
404	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
406	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value )
407
408	USE control_parameters, &
409	ONLY : nz_do3d
410
411	USE indices
412
413	USE kinds
414
415
416	IMPLICIT NONE
417
418	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
419
420	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
421	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
422	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
423	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
424	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
425
426	LOGICAL :: found !<
427
428	REAL(wp) :: fill_value
429	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb:nz_do3d) :: local_pf !<
430
431
432	found = .TRUE.
433
434	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
435
436	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
437
438	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
439	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
440	DO i = nxl, nxr
441	DO j = nys, nyn
442	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
443	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
444	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
445	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-k_topo,j,i)
446	ENDDO
447	ENDIF
448	ENDDO
449	ENDDO
450	ENDIF
451
452
453	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
454	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
455	DO i = nxl, nxr
456	DO j = nys, nyn
457	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
458	k_topo = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
459	DO k = k_topo, k_topo + pch_index_ji(j,i)
460	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-k_topo,j,i)
461	ENDDO
462	ENDIF
463	ENDDO
464	ENDDO
465	ENDIF
466
467
468	CASE DEFAULT
469	found = .FALSE.
470
471	END SELECT
472
473
474	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
475
476	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
477	!
478	! Description:
479	! ------------
480	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
481	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
482	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
483	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
484
485	IMPLICIT NONE
486
487	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
488	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
489	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
490	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
491	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
492
493	found = .TRUE.
494
495	!
496	!-- Check for the grid
497	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
498
499	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad' )
500	grid_x = 'x'
501	grid_y = 'y'
502	grid_z = 'zu'
503
504	CASE DEFAULT
505	found = .FALSE.
506	grid_x = 'none'
507	grid_y = 'none'
508	grid_z = 'none'
509	END SELECT
510
511	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
512
513
514	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
515	! Description:
516	! ------------
517	!> Header output for plant canopy model
518	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
519	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
520
521	USE control_parameters, &
522	ONLY: dz, passive_scalar
523
524
525	IMPLICIT NONE
526
527	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
528
529	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
530	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
531	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
532	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
533
534	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
535	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
536	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
537
538	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
539
540	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
541
542	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
543	canopy_drag_coeff
544	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
545	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
546	leaf_surface_conc
547	ENDIF
548
549	!
550	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
551	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
552
553	!
554	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
555	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
556	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
557
558	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
559	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
560	gradients = '------'
561	slices = ' 0'
562	coordinates = ' 0.0'
563	i = 1
564	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
565	/= -9999 )
566
567	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
568	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
569	TRIM( coor_chr )
570
571	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
572	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
573
574	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
575	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
576
577	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
578	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
579
580	i = i + 1
581	ENDDO
582
583	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
584	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
585
586	ELSE
587
588	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
589	coordinates = ' 0.0'
590
591	DO k = 1, pch_index
592
593	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
594	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
595	TRIM( coor_chr )
596
597	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
598	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
599
600	ENDDO
601
602	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
603	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
604
605	ENDIF
606
607	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
608	' ------------------------------'// &
609	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
610	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
611	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
612	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
613	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
614	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
615	' K m/s')
616	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
617	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
618	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
619	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
620	' Gridpoint: ',A)
621	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
622	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
623	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
624	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
625	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
626	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
627
628	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
629
630
631	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
632	! Description:
633	! ------------
634	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
635	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
636	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
637
638
639	USE control_parameters, &
640	ONLY: dz, humidity, io_blocks, io_group, message_string, ocean, &
641	passive_scalar, urban_surface
642
643	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
644	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
645
646	USE surface_mod, &
647	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
648
649	IMPLICIT NONE
650
651	CHARACTER(10) :: pct
652
653	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
654	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< index
655	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
656	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
657	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
658
659	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
660	REAL(wp) :: dzh !< vertical grid spacing in units of canopy height
661	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
662	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
663	REAL(wp) :: pcv(nzb:nzt+1) !<
664
665	!
666	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
667	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
668	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
669	lad = 0.0_wp
670	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
671
672	!
673	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
674	!-- a beta probability density function
675	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
676	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
677	ENDIF
678
679
680	!
681	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
682	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
683	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
684	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
685	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
686	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
687
688	!
689	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
690	i = 1
691	gradient = 0.0_wp
692
693	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
694
695	lad(0) = lad_surface
696	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
697
698	DO k = 1, pch_index
699	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
700	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
701	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
702	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
703	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
704	i = i + 1
705	ENDIF
706	ENDIF
707	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
708	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
709	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
710	ELSE
711	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
712	ENDIF
713	ELSE
714	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
715	ENDIF
716	ENDDO
717
718	ENDIF
719
720	!
721	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
722	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
723	!-- file.
724	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
725	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
726	ENDIF
727
728	ELSE
729
730	!
731	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
732	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
733	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
734
735	DO k = 0, pch_index
736	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
737	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
738	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
739	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
740	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
741	ENDDO
742
743	!
744	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
745	DO k = 0, pch_index
746	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
747	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
748	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
749	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
750	) / canopy_height
751	ENDDO
752
753	!
754	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
755	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
756	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
757	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
758	DO k = 1, pch_index
759	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
760	ENDDO
761
762	ENDIF
763
764	!
765	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
766	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
767
768	!
769	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
770	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
771	!-- with the prescribed values
772	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
773	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
774	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
775
776	!
777	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
778	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
779	!-- fully covers the domain surface
780	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
781
782	CASE( 'block' )
783
784	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
785	DO j = nysg, nyng
786	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
787	ENDDO
788	ENDDO
789
790	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
791	!
792	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
793	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
794	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
795	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
796	lad_s = 0.0_wp
797	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
798	!
799	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
800	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
801	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
802
803	DO i = nxl, nxr
804	DO j = nys, nyn
805	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
806	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
807	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
808	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
809	ENDDO
810	ENDDO
811	ENDDO
812	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
813	!
814	! ASCII file
815	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
816	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
817	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
818	!-- each location).
819	ELSE
820	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
821	ENDIF
822
823	CASE DEFAULT
824	!
825	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
826	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
827	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
828	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
829	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
830	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
831
832	END SELECT
833	!
834	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
835	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
836	pch_index_ji = 0
837
838	DO i = nxl, nxr
839	DO j = nys, nyn
840	DO k = 0, pch_index
841	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
842	ENDDO
843	!
844	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
845	!-- height of the model domain.
846	k = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
847	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
848	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
849	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
850	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0999', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
851	ENDIF
852
853	ENDDO
854	ENDDO
855
856	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
857
858	!
859	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
860	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
861	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
862	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
863	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
864	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
865	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
866	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
867	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
868	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
869	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
870	!-- When using the urban surface model (USM), canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
871	!-- by radiation is calculated in the USM.
872	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
873
874	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
875	pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
876	!
877	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
878	!-- integration of the leaf area density
879	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
880	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
881	DO j = nysg, nyng
882	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
883	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
884	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
885	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
886	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
887	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
888	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
889	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
890	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
891	ELSE
892	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
893	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
894	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
895	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
896	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
897	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
898	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
899	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
900	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
901	ENDIF
902	ENDDO
903	ENDDO
904	ENDDO
905
906	!
907	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
908	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
909	!-- Start with default surface type
910	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
911	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
912	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
913	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
914	ENDDO
915	!
916	!-- Natural surfaces
917	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
918	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
919	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
920	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
921	ENDDO
922	!
923	!-- Urban surfaces
924	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
925	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
926	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
927	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
928	ENDDO
929	!
930	!
931	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
932	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
933	!-- canopy.
934	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
935	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
936	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
937	!-- of the respective layer
938	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
939	DO j = nysg, nyng
940	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
941	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
942	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
943	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
944	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
945	ENDIF
946	ENDDO
947	ENDDO
948	ENDDO
949
950	ENDIF
951
952
953
954	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
955
956
957	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
958	! Description:
959	! ------------
960	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
961	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
962	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
963
964	USE control_parameters, &
965	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
966
967	IMPLICIT NONE
968
969	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
970
971	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
972	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
973	canopy_mode, cthf, &
974	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
975	lad_vertical_gradient, &
976	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
977	lai_beta, &
978	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
979	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
980
981	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
982	canopy_mode, cthf, &
983	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
984	lad_vertical_gradient, &
985	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
986	lai_beta, &
987	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
988	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
989
990	line = ' '
991
992	!
993	!-- Try to find radiation model package
994	REWIND ( 11 )
995	line = ' '
996	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
997	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
998	ENDDO
999	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1000
1001	!
1002	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1003	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters )
1004
1005	!
1006	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1007	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1008
1009	GOTO 12
1010	!
1011	!-- Try to find old namelist
1012	10 REWIND ( 11 )
1013	line = ' '
1014	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1015	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1016	ENDDO
1017	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1018
1019	!
1020	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1021	READ ( 11, canopy_par )
1022
1023	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1024	'removed in near future. Please &use namelist ' // &
1025	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1026	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1027
1028	!
1029	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1030	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1031
1032	12 CONTINUE
1033
1034
1035	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1036
1037
1038
1039	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1040	! Description:
1041	! ------------
1042	!
1043	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1044	!>
1045	!> num_levels
1046	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1047	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1048	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1049	!> ...
1050	!>
1051	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1052	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1053	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1054	!>
1055	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1056	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1057	!>
1058	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1059	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1060	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1061	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1062
1063	USE control_parameters, &
1064	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string, passive_scalar
1065
1066	USE indices, &
1067	ONLY: nbgp
1068
1069	IMPLICIT NONE
1070
1071	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1073	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1074	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1075	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1076	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1077
1078	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1079
1080	!
1081	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1082	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1083
1084	!
1085	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1086	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1087	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1088	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1089	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1090
1091	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1092
1093	DO
1094	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1095	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1096
1097	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1098	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1099	!
1100	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1101	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1102	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1103	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1104	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1105	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1106	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1107	'but pctype is ', pctype
1108	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1109	ENDIF
1110	lad_s(0:nzp-1,j,i) = col(0:nzp-1) * lad_type_coef(pctype)
1111
1112	CASE DEFAULT
1113	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1114	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1115	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1116	END SELECT
1117	ENDDO
1118
1119	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1120	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1121
1122	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1123	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1124
1125	517 CLOSE(152)
1126	DEALLOCATE( col )
1127
1128	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1129
1130	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1131
1132
1133
1134	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1135	! Description:
1136	! ------------
1137	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1138	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1139	!>
1140	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1141	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1142	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1143	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1144	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1145	!>
1146	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1147	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1148	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1149	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1150	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1151	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1152	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1153	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1154	!>
1155	!>
1156	!> Call for all grid points
1157	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1158	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1159
1160
1161	USE control_parameters, &
1162	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1163
1164	USE kinds
1165
1166	IMPLICIT NONE
1167
1168	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1169	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1170	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1171	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1172	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1173	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1174
1175	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1176	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1177	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1178	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1179	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1180	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1181
1182
1183	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1184
1185	!
1186	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1187	SELECT CASE ( component )
1188
1189	!
1190	!-- u-component
1191	CASE ( 1 )
1192	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1193	DO j = nys, nyn
1194	!
1195	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1196	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1197	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1198
1199	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1200	!
1201	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1202	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1203	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1204	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1205	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1206	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1207	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1208	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1209	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1210	THEN
1211	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1212	ENDIF
1213
1214	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1215	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1216	!
1217	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1218	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1219	lad_local * &
1220	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1221	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1222	v(k,j,i) + &
1223	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1224	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1225	)**2 + &
1226	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1227	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1228	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1229	w(k,j,i) ) &
1230	)**2 &
1231	) * &
1232	u(k,j,i)
1233
1234	!
1235	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1236	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1237	!
1238	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1239	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1240	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1241	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1242	ELSE
1243	pre_tend = pre_tend
1244	ENDIF
1245	!
1246	!-- Calculate final tendency
1247	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1248
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251	ENDDO
1252
1253	!
1254	!-- v-component
1255	CASE ( 2 )
1256	DO i = nxl, nxr
1257	DO j = nysv, nyn
1258	!
1259	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1260	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1261
1262	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1263
1264	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1265	!
1266	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1267	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1268	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1269	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1270	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1271	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1272	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1273	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1274	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1275	THEN
1276	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1277	ENDIF
1278
1279	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1280	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1281	!
1282	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1283	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1284	lad_local * &
1285	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1286	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1287	u(k,j,i) + &
1288	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1289	)**2 + &
1290	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1291	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1292	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1293	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1294	w(k,j,i) ) &
1295	)**2 &
1296	) * &
1297	v(k,j,i)
1298
1299	!
1300	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1301	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1302	!
1303	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1304	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1305	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1306	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1307	ELSE
1308	pre_tend = pre_tend
1309	ENDIF
1310	!
1311	!-- Calculate final tendency
1312	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1313
1314	ENDDO
1315	ENDDO
1316	ENDDO
1317
1318	!
1319	!-- w-component
1320	CASE ( 3 )
1321	DO i = nxl, nxr
1322	DO j = nys, nyn
1323	!
1324	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1325	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1326
1327	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1328
1329	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1330
1331	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1332	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1333	!
1334	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1335	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1336	(0.5_wp * &
1337	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1338	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1339	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1340	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1341	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1342	)**2 + &
1343	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1344	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1345	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1346	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1347	)**2 + &
1348	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1349	) * &
1350	w(k,j,i)
1351	!
1352	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1353	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1354	!
1355	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1356	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1357	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1358	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1359	ELSE
1360	pre_tend = pre_tend
1361	ENDIF
1362	!
1363	!-- Calculate final tendency
1364	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1365
1366	ENDDO
1367	ENDDO
1368	ENDDO
1369
1370	!
1371	!-- potential temperature
1372	CASE ( 4 )
1373	DO i = nxl, nxr
1374	DO j = nys, nyn
1375	!
1376	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1377	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1378
1379	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1380
1381	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1382	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1383	ENDDO
1384	ENDDO
1385	ENDDO
1386
1387	!
1388	!-- humidity
1389	CASE ( 5 )
1390	DO i = nxl, nxr
1391	DO j = nys, nyn
1392	!
1393	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1394	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1395
1396	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1397
1398	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1399	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1400	lsec * &
1401	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1402	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1403	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1404	)**2 + &
1405	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1406	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1407	)**2 + &
1408	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1409	w(k,j,i) ) &
1410	)**2 &
1411	) * &
1412	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1413	ENDDO
1414	ENDDO
1415	ENDDO
1416
1417	!
1418	!-- sgs-tke
1419	CASE ( 6 )
1420	DO i = nxl, nxr
1421	DO j = nys, nyn
1422	!
1423	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1424	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1425
1426	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1427
1428	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1429	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1430	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1431	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1432	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1433	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1434	)**2 + &
1435	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1436	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1437	)**2 + &
1438	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1439	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1440	)**2 &
1441	) * &
1442	e(k,j,i)
1443	ENDDO
1444	ENDDO
1445	ENDDO
1446	!
1447	!-- scalar concentration
1448	CASE ( 7 )
1449	DO i = nxl, nxr
1450	DO j = nys, nyn
1451	!
1452	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1453	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1454
1455	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1456
1457	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1458	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1459	lsec * &
1460	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1461	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1462	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1463	)**2 + &
1464	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1465	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1466	)**2 + &
1467	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1468	w(k,j,i) ) &
1469	)**2 &
1470	) * &
1471	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1472	ENDDO
1473	ENDDO
1474	ENDDO
1475
1476
1477
1478	CASE DEFAULT
1479
1480	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1481	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1482
1483	END SELECT
1484
1485	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1486
1487
1488	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1489	! Description:
1490	! ------------
1491	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1492	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1493	!>
1494	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1495	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1496	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1497	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1498	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1499	!>
1500	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1501	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1502	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1503	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1504	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1505	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1506	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1507	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1508	!>
1509	!>
1510	!> Call for grid point i,j
1511	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1512	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1513
1514
1515	USE control_parameters, &
1516	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1517
1518	USE kinds
1519
1520	IMPLICIT NONE
1521
1522	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1523	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1524	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1525	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1526	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1527	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1528
1529	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1530	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1531	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1532	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1533	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1534	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1535
1536
1537	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1538	!
1539	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1540	SELECT CASE ( component )
1541
1542	!
1543	!-- u-component
1544	CASE ( 1 )
1545	!
1546	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1547	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' )
1548	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1549
1550	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1551
1552	!
1553	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1554	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1555	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1556	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1557	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1558	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1559	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1560	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1561	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1562	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1563	ENDIF
1564
1565	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1566	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1567	!
1568	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1569	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1570	lad_local * &
1571	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1572	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1573	v(k,j,i) + &
1574	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1575	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1576	)**2 + &
1577	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1578	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1579	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1580	w(k,j,i) ) &
1581	)**2 &
1582	) * &
1583	u(k,j,i)
1584
1585	!
1586	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1587	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1588	!
1589	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1590	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1591	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1592	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1593	ELSE
1594	pre_tend = pre_tend
1595	ENDIF
1596	!
1597	!-- Calculate final tendency
1598	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1599	ENDDO
1600
1601
1602	!
1603	!-- v-component
1604	CASE ( 2 )
1605	!
1606	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1607	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' )
1608
1609	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1610
1611	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1612	!
1613	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1614	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1615	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1616	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1617	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1618	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1619	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1620	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1621	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1622	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1623	ENDIF
1624
1625	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1626	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1627	!
1628	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1629	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1630	lad_local * &
1631	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1632	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1633	u(k,j,i) + &
1634	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1635	)**2 + &
1636	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1637	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1638	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1639	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1640	w(k,j,i) ) &
1641	)**2 &
1642	) * &
1643	v(k,j,i)
1644
1645	!
1646	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1647	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1648	!
1649	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1650	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1651	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1652	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1653	ELSE
1654	pre_tend = pre_tend
1655	ENDIF
1656	!
1657	!-- Calculate final tendency
1658	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1659	ENDDO
1660
1661
1662	!
1663	!-- w-component
1664	CASE ( 3 )
1665	!
1666	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1667	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'w' )
1668
1669	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1670
1671	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1672
1673	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1674	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1675	!
1676	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1677	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1678	(0.5_wp * &
1679	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1680	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1681	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1682	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1683	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1684	)**2 + &
1685	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1686	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1687	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1688	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1689	)**2 + &
1690	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1691	) * &
1692	w(k,j,i)
1693	!
1694	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1695	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1696	!
1697	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1698	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1699	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1700	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1701	ELSE
1702	pre_tend = pre_tend
1703	ENDIF
1704	!
1705	!-- Calculate final tendency
1706	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1707	ENDDO
1708
1709	!
1710	!-- potential temperature
1711	CASE ( 4 )
1712	!
1713	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1714	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1715
1716	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1717	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1718	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1719	ENDDO
1720
1721
1722	!
1723	!-- humidity
1724	CASE ( 5 )
1725	!
1726	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1727	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1728
1729	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1730
1731	kk = k - k_wall
1732	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1733	lsec * &
1734	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1735	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1736	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1737	)**2 + &
1738	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1739	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1740	)**2 + &
1741	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1742	w(k,j,i) ) &
1743	)**2 &
1744	) * &
1745	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1746	ENDDO
1747
1748	!
1749	!-- sgs-tke
1750	CASE ( 6 )
1751	!
1752	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1753	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1754
1755	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1756
1757	kk = k - k_wall
1758	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1759	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1760	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1761	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1762	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1763	)**2 + &
1764	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1765	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1766	)**2 + &
1767	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1768	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1769	)**2 &
1770	) * &
1771	e(k,j,i)
1772	ENDDO
1773
1774	!
1775	!-- scalar concentration
1776	CASE ( 7 )
1777	!
1778	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
1779	k_wall = get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' )
1780
1781	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1782
1783	kk = k - k_wall
1784	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1785	lsec * &
1786	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1787	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1788	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1789	)**2 + &
1790	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1791	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1792	)**2 + &
1793	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1794	w(k,j,i) ) &
1795	)**2 &
1796	) * &
1797	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1798	ENDDO
1799
1800	CASE DEFAULT
1801
1802	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1803	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1804
1805	END SELECT
1806
1807	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
1808
1809
1810
1811	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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