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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4692

Last change on this file since 4692 was 4671, checked in by pavelkrc, 4 years ago
Radiative transfer model RTM version 4.1
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 117.9 KB

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[1826]	1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1036]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[4360]	17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[4392]	18	! Copyright 2017-2020 Institute of Computer Science of the
[3885]	19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
[2000]	20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	21	!
[257]	22	! Current revisions:
[2977]	23	! ------------------
[4671]	24	!
	25	!
[2214]	26	! Former revisions:
	27	! -----------------
[4495]	28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4671 2020-09-09 20:27:58Z maronga $
[4671]	29	! Implementation of downward facing USM and LSM surfaces
	30	!
	31	! 4535 2020-05-15 12:07:23Z raasch
[4535]	32	! bugfix for restart data format query
	33	!
	34	! 4525 2020-05-10 17:05:07Z raasch
[4525]	35	! bugfix for reading/writing pcm_...rate_av with MPI-IO
	36	!
	37	! 4517 2020-05-03 14:29:30Z raasch
[4517]	38	! added restart with MPI-IO for reading local arrays
	39	!
	40	! 4515 2020-04-30 16:37:18Z suehring
[4515]	41	! Rename error number again since this was recently given in -r 4511
	42	!
	43	! 4514 2020-04-30 16:29:59Z suehring
[4514]	44	! - Bugfix in output of pcm_heatrate_av in a restart run. In order to fix this,
	45	! pch_index is now output for a restart run. Therefore, define global restart
	46	! routines.
	47	! - Error message number renamed and check for PA0505 revised in order to also
	48	! consider natural surfaces with plant-canopy.
	49	!
	50	! 4495 2020-04-13 20:11:20Z raasch
[4495]	51	! restart data handling with MPI-IO added
[4448]	52	!
[4495]	53	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
	54	!
[4457]	55	! use statement for exchange horiz added
[4448]	56	! (salim) removed the error message PA0672 to consider PC 3d data via ascii file
	57	!
	58	! 4392 2020-01-31 16:14:57Z pavelkrc (resler)
	59	! Make pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av public to allow calculation
[4392]	60	! of averaged Bowen ratio in the user procedure
	61	!
	62	! 4381 2020-01-20 13:51:46Z suehring
[4381]	63	! Give error message 313 only once
	64	!
	65	! 4363 2020-01-07 18:11:28Z suehring
[4363]	66	! Fix for last commit
	67	!
	68	! 4362 2020-01-07 17:15:02Z suehring
[4362]	69	! Input of plant canopy variables from static driver moved to plant-canopy
	70	! model
	71	!
	72	! 4361 2020-01-07 12:22:38Z suehring
[4361]	73	! - Remove unused arrays in pmc_rrd_local
	74	! - Remove one exchange of ghost points
	75	!
	76	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
[4360]	77	! - Bugfix, read restart data for time-averaged pcm output quantities
	78	! - Output of plant-canopy quantities will fill values
	79	!
	80	! 4356 2019-12-20 17:09:33Z suehring
[4356]	81	! Correct single message call, local check must be given by the respective
	82	! mpi rank.
	83	!
	84	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
[4346]	85	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
	86	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
	87	!
	88	! 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z Giersch
[4342]	89	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
	90	! variables removed
	91	!
	92	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
[4341]	93	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
	94	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
	95	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
	96	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
	97	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
	98	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
	99	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
	100	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
	101	!
	102	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
[4335]	103	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
	104	!
	105	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
[4331]	106	! Typo corrected
	107	!
	108	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
[4329]	109	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
	110	!
	111	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
[4314]	112	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
	113	! and v-component.
	114	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
	115	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
	116	! topography filtering.
	117	!
	118	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
[4309]	119	! Typo
	120	!
	121	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
[4302]	122	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
	123	!
	124	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
[4279]	125	! unused variables removed
	126	!
	127	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
[4278]	128	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
	129	!
	130	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
[4258]	131	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
	132	!
	133	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
[4226]	134	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
	135	!
	136	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
[4220]	137	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
	138	!
	139	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
[4216]	140	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
	141	!
	142	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
[4205]	143	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
	144	!
	145	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
[4188]	146	! Minor adjustment in error number
	147	!
	148	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
[4187]	149	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
	150	!
	151	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
[4182]	152	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
	153	!
	154	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
[4168]	155	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
	156	!
	157	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
[4127]	158	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
	159	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
	160	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
	161	! (merge from branch resler)
	162	!
	163	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
[3885]	164	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
	165	! of additional debug messages
	166	!
	167	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
[3761]	168	! unsed variables removed
	169	!
	170	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
[3745]	171	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
	172	! becomes > 40 degrees
	173	!
	174	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
[3685]	175	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
	176	!
	177	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3614]	178	! unused variables removed
[3498]	179	!
[4182]	180	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
	181	! Initial revision
	182	!
[138]	183	! Description:
	184	! ------------
[1682]	185	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
[1826]	186	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
[1682]	187	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
[1826]	188	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
[3744]	189	!
	190	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
[4216]	191	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
[4514]	192	! @todo - get rid-off dependency on radiation model
[138]	193	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	194	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
[4360]	195
[1484]	196	USE arrays_3d, &
[3449]	197	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
[138]	198
[3449]	199	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
	200	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
[4360]	201
[4342]	202	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
	203	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
[3449]	204
[3885]	205	USE control_parameters, &
[4360]	206	ONLY: average_count_3d, &
	207	coupling_char, &
	208	debug_output, &
	209	dt_3d, &
	210	dz, &
	211	humidity, &
[4514]	212	land_surface, &
[4360]	213	length, &
	214	message_string, &
	215	ocean_mode, &
	216	passive_scalar, &
	217	plant_canopy, &
[4495]	218	restart_data_format_output, &
[4360]	219	restart_string, &
	220	urban_surface
	221
[4342]	222	USE grid_variables, &
	223	ONLY: dx, dy
[3449]	224
[1484]	225	USE indices, &
	226	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
[4346]	227	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_total_0
[1484]	228
	229	USE kinds
[4360]	230
[4342]	231	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
[4362]	232	ONLY: input_pids_static, &
	233	char_fill, &
	234	check_existence, &
	235	close_input_file, &
	236	get_attribute, &
	237	get_dimension_length, &
	238	get_variable, &
	239	inquire_num_variables, &
	240	inquire_variable_names, &
	241	input_file_static, &
	242	num_var_pids, &
	243	open_read_file, &
	244	pids_id, &
	245	real_3d, &
	246	vars_pids
[1484]	247
[3449]	248	USE pegrid
[4360]	249
[4495]	250	USE restart_data_mpi_io_mod, &
[4517]	251	ONLY: rd_mpi_io_check_array, &
	252	rrd_mpi_io, &
[4514]	253	wrd_mpi_io
[4495]	254
[4342]	255	USE surface_mod, &
	256	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[3449]	257
[1484]	258
	259	IMPLICIT NONE
	260
[4341]	261	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
[3449]	262	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
	263	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
	264	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
[1484]	265
[3449]	266	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
	267	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
[1484]	268
[3449]	269	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
[2696]	270
[3449]	271	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
[1484]	272
[2696]	273	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	274	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	275	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
	276	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
	277	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
	278	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
	279	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
	280	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
	281	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
	282	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
[1484]	283
[2696]	284	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
	285	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
[1484]	286
[2977]	287	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
	288	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
	289
[1682]	290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
	291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
[1484]	292
[4127]	293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
	294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
[4341]	295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
	296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
	297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
[1484]	298
[4127]	299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
	300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
	301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
	302
[4362]	303	TYPE(real_3d) :: basal_area_density_f !< input variable for basal area density - resolved vegetation
	304	TYPE(real_3d) :: leaf_area_density_f !< input variable for leaf area density - resolved vegetation
	305	TYPE(real_3d) :: root_area_density_lad_f !< input variable for root area density - resolved vegetation
	306
[1484]	307	SAVE
	308
[138]	309	PRIVATE
[4342]	310
[1826]	311	!
	312	!-- Public functions
[4360]	313	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, &
	314	pcm_check_data_output, &
	315	pcm_check_parameters, &
	316	pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
	317	pcm_data_output_3d, &
	318	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
	319	pcm_header, &
	320	pcm_init, &
	321	pcm_parin, &
[4514]	322	pcm_rrd_global, &
[4360]	323	pcm_rrd_local, &
	324	pcm_tendency, &
[4514]	325	pcm_wrd_global, &
[4360]	326	pcm_wrd_local
[138]	327
[1826]	328	!
	329	!-- Public variables and constants
[4342]	330	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
	331	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
[4392]	332	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration, &
	333	pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av
[1484]	334
[3449]	335	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	336	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	337	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	338
[2209]	339	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	340	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
	341	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	342
[1826]	343	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	344	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
[2209]	345	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	346
[4127]	347	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	348	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	349	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	350
[2209]	351	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	352	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
	353	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	354
	355	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	356	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	357	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
[1826]	358
	359	INTERFACE pcm_header
	360	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
	361	END INTERFACE pcm_header
	362
	363	INTERFACE pcm_init
	364	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
	365	END INTERFACE pcm_init
[138]	366
[1826]	367	INTERFACE pcm_parin
	368	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
[2007]	369	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
	370
	371	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	372	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	373	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[4360]	374
	375	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
[4517]	376	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
	377	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
[4360]	378	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
	379
[4514]	380	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
	381	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
	382	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	383	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
	384
[1826]	385	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
	386	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
	387	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
	388	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
[1484]	389
[4360]	390	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
	391	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_local
	392	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
[1484]	393
[4514]	394	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
	395	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_global
	396	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
[4360]	397
[4514]	398
[138]	399	CONTAINS
[4342]	400
	401
[2209]	402	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	403	! Description:
	404	! ------------
[3449]	405	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
	406	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
	407	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
	408	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
	409	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
	410	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
	411	!> Tree Physiology 20).
	412	!>
	413	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
	414	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
	415	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
	416	!>
	417	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	418	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
	419
[4342]	420	!
[3449]	421	!-- input parameters
[4205]	422	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
	423	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
	424	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
	425	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
	426	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
[3449]	427
	428	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
[4205]	429	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
	430	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
	431	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
	432	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
	433	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
	434	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	435	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	436	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	437	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
	438	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
[3449]	439
	440
	441	!-- Temperature (deg C)
	442	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
	443	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
[4205]	444	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
[3449]	445	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
	446	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
	447	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
	448	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
	449	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
	450	!-- Wind speed
[3744]	451	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
[4205]	452	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
	453	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
[3449]	454	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
	455	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
	456	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
	457	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
	458	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
	459	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
[4205]	460	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
[3449]	461	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
	462	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
[3744]	463	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
[3449]	464	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
	465	!-- Water pressure deficit
	466	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
	467	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
	468	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
	469	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
	470	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
	471	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
	472	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
[4205]	473	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
[3449]	474	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
	475	!-- Residual soil water content
	476	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
	477	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
	478	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
	479	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
[4205]	480	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
[3449]	481	!-- Stomatal conductivity
	482	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
	483	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
[4205]	484	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
[3449]	485	!-- Decoupling factor
	486	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
[4205]	487	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
	488	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
[3449]	489	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
	490	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
	491	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
	492	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
	493	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
	494	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
	495	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
	496	!-- Evaporation rate
	497	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
	498	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
	499	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
	500	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
	501	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
	502	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
	503	!-- latent heat from evaporation
	504	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
	505
	506	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	507
	508
	509	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	510	! Description:
	511	! ------------
[2209]	512	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
	513	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	514	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
[4279]	515
[2209]	516	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	517	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
	518
	519
	520	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	521
	522	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
[4514]	523	!
	524	!-- Output of heatrate can be only done if it is explicitely set by cthf,
	525	!-- or parametrized by absorption of radiation. The latter, however, is
	526	!-- only available if radiation_interactions are on. Note, these are
	527	!-- enabled if land-surface or urban-surface is switched-on. Using
	528	!-- radiation_interactions_on directly is not possible since it belongs
	529	!-- to the radition_model, which in turn depends on the plant-canopy model,
	530	!-- creating circular dependencies.
	531	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. ( .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
	532	.NOT. land_surface ) ) THEN
	533	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
[2768]	534	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
[4515]	535	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA0718', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2768]	536	ENDIF
[2209]	537	unit = 'K s-1'
	538
[3014]	539	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	540	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
	541
[3449]	542	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	543	unit = 'K s-1'
	544
[2209]	545	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	546	unit = 'm2 m-3'
	547
	548
	549	CASE DEFAULT
	550	unit = 'illegal'
	551
	552	END SELECT
	553
	554
	555	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
	556
	557
[1826]	558	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	559	! Description:
	560	! ------------
	561	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
	562	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	563	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
[4342]	564
	565	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
	566	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
	567	'ocean'
	568	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	569	ENDIF
	570
[1826]	571	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	572	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
[3046]	573	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
[2768]	574	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	575	ENDIF
[4279]	576
[3045]	577	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
[1826]	578	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	579	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	580	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	581	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
[2768]	582	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	583	ENDIF
[4279]	584
[1826]	585	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	586	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	587	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	588	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
	589	'lai_beta = 0.0'
[2768]	590	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	591	ENDIF
	592
	593	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2274]	594	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
	595	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
[1826]	596	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
	597	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
	598	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
	599	'density profile'
[2768]	600	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	601	ENDIF
	602
[3274]	603	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
[1826]	604	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
	605	' seifert_beheng'
[2768]	606	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	607	ENDIF
	608
	609	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
	610
	611
[138]	612	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2209]	613	!
[1484]	614	! Description:
	615	! ------------
[4127]	616	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
[2209]	617	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4216]	618	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
[4127]	619
	620	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
	621	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	622
	623	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	624	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	625	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	626
	627
	628	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
	629
	630	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	631
	632	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	633	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	634	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	635	ENDIF
	636	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
	637
	638
	639	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	640	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	641	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	642	ENDIF
	643	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
	644
	645
	646	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	647	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	648	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	649	ENDIF
	650	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
	651
	652	CASE DEFAULT
	653	CONTINUE
	654
	655	END SELECT
	656
	657	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
	658
	659	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	660
	661	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	662	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	663	DO i = nxl, nxr
	664	DO j = nys, nyn
	665	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	666	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	667	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	668	ENDDO
	669	ENDIF
	670	ENDDO
	671	ENDDO
	672	ENDIF
	673
	674
	675	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	676	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	677	DO i = nxl, nxr
	678	DO j = nys, nyn
	679	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	680	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	681	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	682	ENDDO
	683	ENDIF
	684	ENDDO
	685	ENDDO
	686	ENDIF
	687
	688
	689	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	690	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	691	DO i = nxl, nxr
	692	DO j = nys, nyn
	693	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	694	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	695	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	696	ENDDO
	697	ENDIF
	698	ENDDO
	699	ENDDO
	700	ENDIF
	701
	702	CASE DEFAULT
	703	CONTINUE
	704
	705	END SELECT
	706
	707	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
	708
	709	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	710
	711	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	712	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	713	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	714	DO j = nysg, nyng
	715	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	716	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	717	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
	718	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	719	ENDDO
	720	ENDIF
	721	ENDDO
	722	ENDDO
	723	ENDIF
	724
	725
	726	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	727	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	728	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	729	DO j = nysg, nyng
	730	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	731	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	732	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
	733	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	734	ENDDO
	735	ENDIF
	736	ENDDO
	737	ENDDO
	738	ENDIF
	739
	740
	741	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	742	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	743	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	744	DO j = nysg, nyng
	745	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	746	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	747	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
	748	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	749	ENDDO
	750	ENDIF
	751	ENDDO
	752	ENDDO
	753	ENDIF
	754
	755	END SELECT
	756
	757	ENDIF
	758
[4216]	759	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
[4127]	760
	761	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	762	!
	763	! Description:
	764	! ------------
	765	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
	766	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
	767	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
	768	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
	769	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[3014]	770	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
	771	nzb_do, nzt_do )
[2209]	772
[4216]	773	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
[2209]	774
[4216]	775	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
	776	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
	777	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
	778	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
[3014]	779	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
	780	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
[2209]	781
[4216]	782	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
[2209]	783
[4216]	784	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
	785	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
[2209]	786
	787
	788	found = .TRUE.
	789
[2696]	790	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
[2209]	791
	792	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
[4216]	793	!
	794	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
	795	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
	796	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
[4220]	797	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
	798	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
	799	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
	800	!-- surface.
[4127]	801	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	802	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	803	DO i = nxl, nxr
	804	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	805	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	806	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	807	ENDDO
[4127]	808	ENDDO
	809	ENDDO
	810	ELSE
	811	DO i = nxl, nxr
	812	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	813	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	814	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	815	ENDDO
	816	ENDDO
	817	ENDDO
	818	ENDIF
[3449]	819
	820	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
[4127]	821	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	822	DO i = nxl, nxr
	823	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	824	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	825	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	826	ENDDO
[4127]	827	ENDDO
	828	ENDDO
	829	ELSE
	830	DO i = nxl, nxr
	831	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	832	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	833	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	834	ENDDO
	835	ENDDO
	836	ENDDO
	837	ENDIF
[3449]	838
[4127]	839	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	840	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	841	DO i = nxl, nxr
	842	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	843	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	844	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	845	ENDDO
[4127]	846	ENDDO
	847	ENDDO
	848	ELSE
	849	DO i = nxl, nxr
	850	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	851	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	852	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	853	ENDDO
	854	ENDDO
	855	ENDDO
	856	ENDIF
	857
	858	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	859	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	860	DO i = nxl, nxr
	861	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	862	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	863	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
[4216]	864	ENDDO
[4127]	865	ENDDO
	866	ENDDO
	867	ENDIF
	868
[2209]	869	CASE DEFAULT
	870	found = .FALSE.
	871
	872	END SELECT
	873
	874	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
	875
	876	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	877	!
	878	! Description:
	879	! ------------
	880	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
	881	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
	882	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	883	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
	884
	885	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
	886	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
	887	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
	888	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
	889	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
	890
	891	found = .TRUE.
	892
	893	!
[4342]	894	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
[2209]	895	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	896
[4341]	897	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
[2209]	898	grid_x = 'x'
	899	grid_y = 'y'
[4127]	900	grid_z = 'zpc'
[2209]	901
	902	CASE DEFAULT
	903	found = .FALSE.
	904	grid_x = 'none'
	905	grid_y = 'none'
	906	grid_z = 'none'
	907	END SELECT
	908
	909	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	910
	911
	912	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	913	! Description:
	914	! ------------
[1826]	915	!> Header output for plant canopy model
	916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4362]	917	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
[1826]	918
[4362]	919	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
[1826]	920
[4362]	921	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
	922	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
	923	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
	924	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
[1826]	925
[4362]	926	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	927	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	928	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	929
	930	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
	931
	932	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
[1826]	933
[4362]	934	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
	935	canopy_drag_coeff
	936	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	937	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	938	leaf_surface_conc
	939	ENDIF
[1826]	940
	941	!
[4362]	942	! Heat flux at the top of vegetation
	943	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
[1826]	944
	945	!
[4362]	946	! Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
	947	! gradients or from beta probability density function.
	948	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
[1826]	949
[4362]	950	! Building output strings, starting with surface value
	951	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	952	gradients = '------'
	953	slices = ' 0'
	954	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	955	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
	956	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
[1826]	957
[4362]	958	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
	959	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	960
[4362]	961	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	962	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	963
[4362]	964	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
	965	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	966
[4362]	967	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
	968	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	969	ELSE
	970	EXIT
	971	ENDIF
	972	ENDDO
[1826]	973
[4362]	974	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	975	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
[1826]	976
[4362]	977	ELSE
	978
	979	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	980	coordinates = ' 0.0'
[1826]	981
[4362]	982	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1826]	983
[4362]	984	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
	985	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	986	TRIM( coor_chr )
	987
	988	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
	989	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	990
	991	ENDDO
	992
	993	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	994	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
[1826]	995
[4362]	996	ENDIF
[1826]	997
[4362]	998	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
[1826]	999	' ------------------------------'// &
	1000	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
	1001	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
	1002	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
[4362]	1003	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
[1826]	1004	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
[4362]	1005	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ', &
	1006	F6.2, ' K m/s')
	1007	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
[1826]	1008	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1009	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	1010	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
	1011	' Gridpoint: ',A)
[4362]	1012	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
[1826]	1013	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1014	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	1015	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
	1016	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
	1017	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
	1018
	1019	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
	1020
	1021
	1022	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1023	! Description:
	1024	! ------------
[1682]	1025	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
[138]	1026	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1027	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	1028
[4457]	1029	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1030	ONLY: exchange_horiz
	1031
[2007]	1032	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1033	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1034	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1035	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
[1484]	1036
[4381]	1037	LOGICAL :: lad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that LAD is defined on a building roof
	1038
[4258]	1039	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
[2007]	1040	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
[4258]	1041	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
	1042	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
[3241]	1043
[3885]	1044	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
[1484]	1045	!
	1046	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
	1047	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
	1048	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
	1049	lad = 0.0_wp
	1050	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
	1051
	1052	!
[1826]	1053	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
	1054	!-- a beta probability density function
	1055	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1056	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
	1057	ENDIF
	1058
	1059
	1060	!
[1484]	1061	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
	1062	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
	1063	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
	1064	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
	1065	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
	1066	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	1067
	1068	!
	1069	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
	1070	i = 1
	1071	gradient = 0.0_wp
	1072
[4342]	1073	lad(0) = lad_surface
	1074	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
[1484]	1075
[4342]	1076	DO k = 1, pch_index
	1077	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
	1078	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
	1079	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1080	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	1081	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
	1082	i = i + 1
[1484]	1083	ENDIF
[4342]	1084	ENDIF
	1085	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1086	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
	1087	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
[1484]	1088	ELSE
[4342]	1089	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
[1484]	1090	ENDIF
[4342]	1091	ELSE
	1092	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
	1093	ENDIF
	1094	ENDDO
[1484]	1095
	1096	!
	1097	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
	1098	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
	1099	!-- file.
	1100	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1101	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
	1102	ENDIF
	1103
	1104	ELSE
	1105
	1106	!
	1107	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
	1108	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
[3065]	1109	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
[1484]	1110
[2232]	1111	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1484]	1112	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
[1826]	1113	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1114	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	1115	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1116	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
[1484]	1117	ENDDO
	1118
	1119	!
	1120	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
[2232]	1121	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1826]	1122	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
	1123	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1124	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	1125	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
	1126	) / canopy_height
[1484]	1127	ENDDO
	1128
	1129	!
	1130	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
	1131	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
	1132	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
	1133	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
[2232]	1134	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1484]	1135	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
[4302]	1136	ENDDO
[1484]	1137
	1138	ENDIF
	1139
	1140	!
[2213]	1141	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
[1484]	1142	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1143
	1144	!
	1145	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
[4341]	1146	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
[1484]	1147	!-- fully covers the domain surface
	1148	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
	1149
[4341]	1150	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
[1484]	1151
	1152	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1153	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1154	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
	1155	ENDDO
	1156	ENDDO
	1157
[4341]	1158	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
[2007]	1159	!
[4362]	1160	!-- Read plant canopy
	1161	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
	1162	!
	1163	!-- Open the static input file
	1164	#if defined( __netcdf )
	1165	CALL open_read_file( TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
	1166	TRIM( coupling_char ), &
	1167	pids_id )
	1168
	1169	CALL inquire_num_variables( pids_id, num_var_pids )
	1170	!
	1171	!-- Allocate memory to store variable names and read them
	1172	ALLOCATE( vars_pids(1:num_var_pids) )
	1173	CALL inquire_variable_names( pids_id, vars_pids )
	1174	!
	1175	!-- Read leaf area density - resolved vegetation
	1176	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'lad' ) ) THEN
	1177	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1178	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1179	leaf_area_density_f%fill, &
	1180	.FALSE., 'lad' )
	1181	!
	1182	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
	1183	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1184	leaf_area_density_f%nz, &
	1185	'zlad' )
	1186	!
	1187	!-- Allocate variable for leaf-area density
	1188	ALLOCATE( leaf_area_density_f%var &
	1189	(0:leaf_area_density_f%nz-1, &
	1190	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1191
	1192	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'lad', leaf_area_density_f%var, &
	1193	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1194	0, leaf_area_density_f%nz-1 )
	1195
	1196	ELSE
	1197	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1198	ENDIF
	1199	!
	1200	!-- Read basal area density - resolved vegetation
	1201	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'bad' ) ) THEN
	1202	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1203	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1204	basal_area_density_f%fill, &
	1205	.FALSE., 'bad' )
	1206	!
	1207	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
	1208	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1209	basal_area_density_f%nz, &
	1210	'zlad' )
	1211	!
	1212	!-- Allocate variable
	1213	ALLOCATE( basal_area_density_f%var &
	1214	(0:basal_area_density_f%nz-1, &
	1215	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1216
	1217	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'bad', basal_area_density_f%var,&
	1218	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1219	0, basal_area_density_f%nz-1 )
	1220	ELSE
	1221	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1222	ENDIF
	1223	!
	1224	!-- Read root area density - resolved vegetation
	1225	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'root_area_dens_r' ) ) THEN
	1226	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1227	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1228	root_area_density_lad_f%fill, &
	1229	.FALSE., 'root_area_dens_r' )
	1230	!
	1231	!-- Inquire number of vertical soil layers
	1232	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1233	root_area_density_lad_f%nz, &
	1234	'zsoil' )
	1235	!
	1236	!-- Allocate variable
	1237	ALLOCATE( root_area_density_lad_f%var &
	1238	(0:root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1,&
	1239	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1240
	1241	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'root_area_dens_r', &
	1242	root_area_density_lad_f%var, &
	1243	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1244	0, root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1 )
	1245	ELSE
	1246	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1247	ENDIF
	1248
	1249	DEALLOCATE( vars_pids )
	1250	!
[4363]	1251	!-- Finally, close the input file and deallocate temporary array
	1252	CALL close_input_file( pids_id )
[4362]	1253	#endif
[4363]	1254	ENDIF
	1255
[4362]	1256	!
[2696]	1257	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
	1258	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
	1259	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
	1260	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
	1261	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	1262	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
	1263	!
	1264	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
	1265	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
	1266	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
	1267
	1268	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1269	DO j = nys, nyn
	1270	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
[3864]	1271	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
	1272	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
[2696]	1273	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
	1274	ENDDO
[4302]	1275	!
	1276	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
[4314]	1277	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
	1278	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
	1279	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
	1280	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
	1281	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
	1282	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
	1283	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
	1284	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
	1285	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
	1286	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
	1287	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
	1288	!-- an informative message is given.
[4302]	1289	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
[4346]	1290	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	1291	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
[4302]	1292	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[4381]	1293	lad_on_top = .TRUE.
	1294	ENDIF
	1295	ENDDO
	1296	ENDDO
	1297	#if defined( __parallel )
	1298	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
	1299	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
	1300	#endif
	1301	IF ( lad_on_top ) THEN
	1302	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
[4314]	1303	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
	1304	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
[4381]	1305	'created building grid point(s) ' // &
[4331]	1306	'(emerged from the filtering) - ' // &
[4381]	1307	'LAD profile is omitted at this / ' // &
	1308	'these grid point(s).'
	1309	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
	1310	ENDIF
[2696]	1311	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
	1312	!
	1313	! ASCII file
[4342]	1314	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
	1315	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
[2007]	1316	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
	1317	!-- each location).
[2696]	1318	ELSE
	1319	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	1320	ENDIF
[2007]	1321
[1484]	1322	CASE DEFAULT
	1323	!
[2007]	1324	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
	1325	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
	1326	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
	1327	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
	1328	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
	1329	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
[1484]	1330
	1331	END SELECT
[2696]	1332	!
[4258]	1333	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
	1334	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
	1335	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
	1336	#if defined( __parallel )
	1337	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
	1338	comm2d, ierr)
	1339	#endif
	1340	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1341	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
	1342	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
	1343	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1344	ENDIF
	1345
	1346	!
[2696]	1347	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
	1348	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1349	pch_index_ji = 0
[4187]	1350
[4361]	1351	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1352	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1353	DO k = 0, pch_index
	1354	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
	1355	ENDDO
[1484]	1356	!
[2696]	1357	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
	1358	!-- height of the model domain.
[4356]	1359	IF ( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
[2696]	1360	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
	1361	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
[4356]	1362	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, myid, 6, 0 )
[2696]	1363	ENDIF
	1364
	1365	ENDDO
	1366	ENDDO
[3497]	1367	!
[3449]	1368	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
[3497]	1369	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
	1370	!
[3449]	1371	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
	1372	#if defined( __parallel )
[3497]	1373	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
	1374	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
[3449]	1375	#endif
[4360]	1376	!
[4341]	1377	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
	1378	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1379	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
[4221]	1380
[3449]	1381	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[4341]	1382	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1383	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
	1384	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1385	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
[3449]	1386	ENDIF
[2696]	1387	!
[2011]	1388	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
	1389	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
	1390	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
	1391	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
	1392	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
	1393	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
	1394	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
	1395	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
	1396	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
	1397	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
[2213]	1398	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
[4341]	1399	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
	1400	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
[3449]	1401	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
	1402	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2213]	1403
[3449]	1404	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1484]	1405	!
[2011]	1406	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
[1484]	1407	!-- integration of the leaf area density
	1408	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	1409	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1410	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1411	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
	1412	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
[1484]	1413	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	1414	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
	1415	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	1416	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	1417	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	1418	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1419	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	1420	ELSE
	1421	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	1422	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
	1423	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
	1424	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1425	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	1426	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	1427	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	1428	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1429	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	1430	ENDIF
	1431	ENDDO
	1432	ENDDO
	1433	ENDDO
	1434
[4278]	1435	!
[2232]	1436	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
	1437	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
	1438	!-- Start with default surface type
	1439	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
[4278]	1440	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
	1441	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
[2232]	1442	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	1443	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	1444	ENDDO
[1484]	1445	!
[2232]	1446	!-- Natural surfaces
[4671]	1447	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h(0)%ns
	1448	i = surf_lsm_h(0)%i(m)
	1449	j = surf_lsm_h(0)%j(m)
[2232]	1450	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
[4671]	1451	surf_lsm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
[2232]	1452	ENDDO
	1453	!
	1454	!-- Urban surfaces
[4671]	1455	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h(0)%ns
	1456	i = surf_usm_h(0)%i(m)
	1457	j = surf_usm_h(0)%j(m)
[2232]	1458	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
[4671]	1459	surf_usm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
[2232]	1460	ENDDO
	1461	!
	1462	!
[2011]	1463	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
[2232]	1464	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
	1465	!-- canopy.
	1466	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
[4341]	1467	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
[2232]	1468	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
	1469	!-- of the respective layer
[1484]	1470	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1471	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1472	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2232]	1473	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[4341]	1474	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
[3022]	1475	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
[2232]	1476	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
	1477	ENDIF
	1478	ENDDO
[1721]	1479	ENDDO
	1480	ENDDO
[1484]	1481
	1482	ENDIF
	1483
[3885]	1484	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
[1484]	1485
[1826]	1486	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	1487
	1488
[2007]	1489	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1490	! Description:
	1491	! ------------
[2932]	1492	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
[2007]	1493	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1494	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
[1484]	1495
[2007]	1496	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	1497
[2932]	1498	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
	1499	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	1500	canopy_mode, cthf, &
[2977]	1501	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
[2932]	1502	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	1503	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	1504	lai_beta, &
	1505	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
[3449]	1506	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
	1507	plant_canopy_transpiration
[2932]	1508
[2007]	1509	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	1510	canopy_mode, cthf, &
[2977]	1511	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
[2007]	1512	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	1513	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	1514	lai_beta, &
	1515	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
[3449]	1516	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
	1517	plant_canopy_transpiration
[3246]	1518
[2007]	1519	line = ' '
[3246]	1520
[2007]	1521	!
[4258]	1522	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
[2007]	1523	REWIND ( 11 )
	1524	line = ' '
[3248]	1525	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
[3246]	1526	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
[2007]	1527	ENDDO
	1528	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	1529
	1530	!
	1531	!-- Read user-defined namelist
[3246]	1532	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
[2932]	1533
	1534	!
[4258]	1535	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
[2932]	1536	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
[3246]	1537
	1538	GOTO 14
	1539
	1540	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
[3248]	1541	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
	1542	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
[2932]	1543	!
	1544	!-- Try to find old namelist
[3246]	1545	12 REWIND ( 11 )
[2932]	1546	line = ' '
[3248]	1547	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
[3246]	1548	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
[2932]	1549	ENDDO
	1550	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	1551
	1552	!
	1553	!-- Read user-defined namelist
[3246]	1554	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
[2007]	1555
[2932]	1556	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
[3046]	1557	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
[2932]	1558	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
	1559	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
[3246]	1560
[2007]	1561	!
[4258]	1562	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
[2007]	1563	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
	1564
[3246]	1565	GOTO 14
[2007]	1566
[3246]	1567	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
[3248]	1568	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
	1569	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
[3246]	1570
	1571	14 CONTINUE
	1572
[2007]	1573	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
	1574
	1575
[1484]	1576	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1577	! Description:
	1578	! ------------
[2007]	1579	!
	1580	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
	1581	!>
	1582	!> num_levels
[2977]	1583	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	1584	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	1585	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
[2007]	1586	!> ...
	1587	!>
	1588	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
	1589	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
	1590	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
	1591	!>
	1592	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
[2213]	1593	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
[2007]	1594	!>
	1595	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
	1596	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
	1597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1598	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	1599
[4457]	1600	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1601	ONLY: exchange_horiz
	1602
[2213]	1603	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
[2977]	1604	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
[2213]	1605	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
	1606	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
[3337]	1607	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
	1608	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
	1609	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
[2213]	1610
	1611	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
[2007]	1612
[2213]	1613	!
	1614	!-- Initialize lad_s array
	1615	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	1616
	1617	!
	1618	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
[2977]	1619	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
	1620	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
	1621	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
	1622	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
[3337]	1623	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
	1624	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
[2977]	1625	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
[2007]	1626
[2213]	1627	DO
[2977]	1628	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
	1629	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
	1630
	1631	SELECT CASE (dtype)
	1632	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
[2213]	1633	!
[2977]	1634	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
	1635	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
	1636	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
	1637	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
	1638	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
	1639	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
	1640	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
	1641	'but pctype is ', pctype
	1642	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1643	ENDIF
[4168]	1644	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[3337]	1645	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
[2977]	1646	CASE DEFAULT
	1647	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
	1648	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
	1649	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1650	END SELECT
[2213]	1651	ENDDO
[2007]	1652
[2213]	1653	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	1654	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2007]	1655
[2213]	1656	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	1657	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1658
	1659	517 CLOSE(152)
[2977]	1660	DEALLOCATE( col )
[2213]	1661
	1662	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
[2007]	1663
	1664	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[4360]	1665
[2007]	1666	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1667	! Description:
	1668	! ------------
[4514]	1669	!> Read module-specific global restart data (Fortran binary format).
	1670	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1671	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn( found )
	1672
	1673	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
	1674
	1675	found = .TRUE.
	1676
	1677	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
	1678
	1679	CASE ( 'pch_index' )
	1680	READ ( 13 ) pch_index
	1681
	1682	CASE DEFAULT
	1683
	1684	found = .FALSE.
	1685
	1686	END SELECT
	1687
	1688	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
	1689
	1690	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1691	! Description:
	1692	! ------------
	1693	!> Read module-specific global restart data (MPI-IO).
	1694	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1695	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	1696
	1697	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
	1698
	1699	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	1700
[4517]	1701
[4514]	1702	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1703	! Description:
	1704	! ------------
[4517]	1705	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (Fortran binary format).
[4360]	1706	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4517]	1707	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn( k, nxlf, nxlc, nxl_on_file, nxrf, nxrc, &
	1708	nxr_on_file, nynf, nync, nyn_on_file, nysf, &
	1709	nysc, nys_on_file, found )
[4360]	1710
	1711	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	1712	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlc !<
	1713	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlf !<
	1714	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_on_file !<
	1715	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrc !<
	1716	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrf !<
	1717	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_on_file !<
	1718	INTEGER(iwp) :: nync !<
	1719	INTEGER(iwp) :: nynf !<
	1720	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_on_file !<
	1721	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysc !<
	1722	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysf !<
	1723	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_on_file !<
	1724
	1725	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
	1726
	1727	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:pch_index, &
	1728	nys_on_file-nbgp:nyn_on_file+nbgp, &
	1729	nxl_on_file-nbgp:nxr_on_file+nbgp) :: tmp_3d2 !< temporary 3D array for entire vertical
	1730	!< extension of canopy layer
	1731	found = .TRUE.
	1732
	1733	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
	1734
	1735	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
	1736	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	1737	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1738	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1739	ENDIF
	1740	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1741	pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1742	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1743
	1744	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
	1745	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	1746	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1747	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1748	ENDIF
	1749	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1750	pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1751	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1752
	1753	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
	1754	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	1755	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1756	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1757	ENDIF
	1758	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1759	pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1760	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1761
	1762	CASE DEFAULT
	1763
	1764	found = .FALSE.
	1765
	1766	END SELECT
	1767
[4517]	1768	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
[4360]	1769
[4517]	1770
[4360]	1771	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1772	! Description:
	1773	! ------------
[4517]	1774	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (MPI-IO).
	1775	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1776	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
	1777
	1778	IMPLICIT NONE
	1779
	1780	LOGICAL :: array_found !<
	1781
[4525]	1782	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
	1783	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
[4517]	1784
[4525]	1785	!
	1786	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
	1787	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored after reading.
[4517]	1788	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_heatrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1789	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1790	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	1791	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1792	ENDIF
	1793	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1794	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1795	pcm_heatrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1796	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1797	ENDIF
	1798
	1799	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_latentrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1800	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1801	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	1802	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1803	ENDIF
	1804	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1805	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1806	pcm_latentrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1807	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1808	ENDIF
	1809
	1810	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1811	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1812	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	1813	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1814	ENDIF
	1815	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1816	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1817	pcm_transpirationrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1818	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1819	ENDIF
	1820
	1821	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
	1822
	1823
	1824	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1825	! Description:
	1826	! ------------
[1682]	1827	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	1828	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	1829	!>
	1830	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	1831	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	1832	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	1833	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	1834	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	1835	!>
	1836	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	1837	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	1838	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	1839	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	1840	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	1841	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	1842	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	1843	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	1844	!>
	1845	!>
	1846	!> Call for all grid points
[1484]	1847	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1848	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
[138]	1849
[1682]	1850	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1851	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1852	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1853	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1721]	1854	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[1484]	1855
[4335]	1856	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
	1857	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
	1858	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
	1859	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
	1860
[1682]	1861	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1862	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1863	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1864	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1865	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1866	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1867
	1868
	1869	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	1870
	1871	!
[1484]	1872	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
[138]	1873	SELECT CASE ( component )
	1874
	1875	!
	1876	!-- u-component
	1877	CASE ( 1 )
	1878	DO i = nxlu, nxr
	1879	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1880	!
[4335]	1881	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
	1882	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
	1883	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
	1884	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	1885	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
	1886	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
	1887	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
	1888	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4335]	1889	!
[2232]	1890	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[4341]	1891	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[1484]	1892
[4341]	1893	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1894	!
	1895	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
[4335]	1896	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1897	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1898	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1899	!-- than inside of the canopy.
[1484]	1900	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
[4335]	1901	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	1902	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	1903	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	1904	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	1905	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	1906	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4335]	1907	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
	1908	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
	1909	!
	1910	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	1911	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	1912	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	1913	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	1914	!-- point (j,i-1).
	1915	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
	1916	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1917
	1918	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1919	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1920	!
	1921	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	1922	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	1923	lad_local * &
	1924	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1925	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1926	v(k,j,i) + &
	1927	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1928	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1929	)**2 + &
	1930	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1931	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1932	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1933	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1934	)**2 &
	1935	) * &
	1936	u(k,j,i)
	1937
	1938	!
	1939	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1940	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1941	!
	1942	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1943	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1944	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1945	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1946	ENDIF
	1947	!
	1948	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1949	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1950
[138]	1951	ENDDO
	1952	ENDDO
	1953	ENDDO
	1954
	1955	!
	1956	!-- v-component
	1957	CASE ( 2 )
	1958	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1959	DO j = nysv, nyn
[2232]	1960	!
[4335]	1961	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
	1962	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
	1963	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
	1964	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	1965	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
	1966	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
	1967	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
	1968	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4335]	1969	!
[2232]	1970	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[4341]	1971	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	1972
[4341]	1973	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1974	!
	1975	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
[4335]	1976	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1977	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1978	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1979	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1980	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
	1981	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	1982	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	1983	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	1984	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	1985	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	1986	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4335]	1987	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
	1988	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
	1989	!
	1990	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	1991	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	1992	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	1993	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	1994	!-- point (j,i-1).
	1995	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
	1996	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1997
	1998	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1999	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	2000	!
	2001	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2002	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2003	lad_local * &
	2004	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	2005	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	2006	u(k,j,i) + &
	2007	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2008	)**2 + &
	2009	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2010	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	2011	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2012	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	2013	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2014	)**2 &
	2015	) * &
	2016	v(k,j,i)
	2017
	2018	!
	2019	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2020	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2021	!
	2022	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2023	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2024	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	2025	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2026	ELSE
	2027	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2028	ENDIF
	2029	!
	2030	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2031	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2032
[138]	2033	ENDDO
	2034	ENDDO
	2035	ENDDO
	2036
	2037	!
	2038	!-- w-component
	2039	CASE ( 3 )
	2040	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2041	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2042	!
	2043	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[4341]	2044	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
[2317]	2045
[4341]	2046	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	2047
	2048	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2049	pre_w = 0.0_wp
	2050	!
	2051	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2052	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2053	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	2054	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	2055	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2056	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	2057	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	2058	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	2059	)**2 + &
	2060	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2061	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2062	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	2063	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	2064	)**2 + &
	2065	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	2066	) * &
	2067	w(k,j,i)
	2068	!
	2069	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2070	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2071	!
	2072	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2073	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2074	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	2075	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2076	ELSE
	2077	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2078	ENDIF
	2079	!
	2080	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2081	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2082
[138]	2083	ENDDO
	2084	ENDDO
	2085	ENDDO
	2086
	2087	!
[153]	2088	!-- potential temperature
[138]	2089	CASE ( 4 )
[3449]	2090	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2091	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2092	DO j = nys, nyn
	2093	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2094	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2095	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2096	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2097	ENDDO
[153]	2098	ENDDO
	2099	ENDDO
[3449]	2100	ELSE
	2101	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2102	DO j = nys, nyn
	2103	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2104	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2105	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2106	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2107	ENDDO
	2108	ENDDO
	2109	ENDDO
	2110	ENDIF
[153]	2111
	2112	!
[1960]	2113	!-- humidity
[153]	2114	CASE ( 5 )
	2115	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2116	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2117	!
	2118	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2119	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2120
[4341]	2121	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2232]	2122
[3449]	2123	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
[4341]	2124	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
[3449]	2125	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
	2126	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
	2127	! in the plant canopy box
[4342]	2128	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
	2129	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2130	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2131	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2132	)**2 + &
	2133	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2134	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2135	)**2 + &
	2136	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2137	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2138	)**2 &
	2139	) * &
	2140	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[3449]	2141	ENDIF
	2142
[4341]	2143	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	2144	ENDDO
	2145	ENDDO
	2146	ENDDO
	2147
	2148	!
	2149	!-- sgs-tke
	2150	CASE ( 6 )
	2151	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2152	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2153	!
	2154	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2155	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2156
[4341]	2157	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	2158	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2159	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1721]	2160	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	2161	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2162	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2163	)**2 + &
	2164	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2165	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2166	)**2 + &
	2167	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	2168	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	2169	)**2 &
	2170	) * &
	2171	e(k,j,i)
[138]	2172	ENDDO
	2173	ENDDO
	2174	ENDDO
[1960]	2175	!
	2176	!-- scalar concentration
	2177	CASE ( 7 )
	2178	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2179	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2180	!
	2181	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2182	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2183
[4341]	2184	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1960]	2185	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2186	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
[1960]	2187	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2188	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2189	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2190	)**2 + &
	2191	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2192	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2193	)**2 + &
	2194	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2195	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2196	)**2 &
	2197	) * &
[4342]	2198	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[1960]	2199	ENDDO
	2200	ENDDO
	2201	ENDDO
[1484]	2202
	2203
[1960]	2204
[138]	2205	CASE DEFAULT
	2206
[257]	2207	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	2208	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	2209
	2210	END SELECT
	2211
[1826]	2212	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
[138]	2213
	2214
	2215	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1484]	2216	! Description:
	2217	! ------------
[1682]	2218	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	2219	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	2220	!>
	2221	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	2222	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	2223	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	2224	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	2225	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	2226	!>
	2227	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	2228	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	2229	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	2230	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	2231	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	2232	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	2233	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	2234	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	2235	!>
	2236	!>
	2237	!> Call for grid point i,j
[138]	2238	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	2239	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
[138]	2240
[1682]	2241	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	2242	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	2243	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	2244	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1721]	2245	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[138]	2246
[4314]	2247	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
	2248	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
	2249	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
	2250	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
	2251
[1682]	2252	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	2253	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	2254	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	2255	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	2256	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	2257	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	2258
	2259
	2260	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	2261	!
[1484]	2262	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
[142]	2263	SELECT CASE ( component )
[138]	2264
	2265	!
[142]	2266	!-- u-component
[1484]	2267	CASE ( 1 )
[2232]	2268	!
[4314]	2269	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
	2270	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
	2271	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
	2272	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	2273	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2274	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
	2275	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2276	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4314]	2277	!
[2232]	2278	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[4341]	2279	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2280
[4341]	2281	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2282
	2283	!
[1484]	2284	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	2285	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	2286	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	2287	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	2288	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	2289	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
[4314]	2290	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	2291	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	2292	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	2293	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	2294	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	2295	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4314]	2296	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2297	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
	2298	!
	2299	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	2300	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	2301	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	2302	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	2303	!-- point (j,i-1).
	2304	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2305	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	2306
	2307	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2308	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	2309	!
	2310	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2311	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2312	lad_local * &
	2313	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2314	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	2315	v(k,j,i) + &
	2316	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2317	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	2318	)**2 + &
	2319	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	2320	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2321	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	2322	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2323	)**2 &
	2324	) * &
	2325	u(k,j,i)
	2326
	2327	!
	2328	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2329	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2330	!
	2331	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2332	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2333	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	2334	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2335	ELSE
	2336	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2337	ENDIF
	2338	!
	2339	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2340	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2341	ENDDO
	2342
	2343
	2344	!
[142]	2345	!-- v-component
[1484]	2346	CASE ( 2 )
[2232]	2347	!
[4314]	2348	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
	2349	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
	2350	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
	2351	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	2352	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2353	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
	2354	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2355	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4314]	2356	!
[2232]	2357	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[4341]	2358	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[138]	2359
[4341]	2360	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2361	!
[1484]	2362	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	2363	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	2364	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	2365	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	2366	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	2367	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
[4314]	2368	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	2369	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	2370	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	2371	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	2372	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	2373	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4314]	2374	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2375	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
	2376	!
	2377	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	2378	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	2379	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	2380	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	2381	!-- point (j,i-1).
	2382	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2383	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	2384
	2385	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2386	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	2387	!
	2388	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2389	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2390	lad_local * &
	2391	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	2392	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	2393	u(k,j,i) + &
	2394	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2395	)**2 + &
	2396	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2397	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	2398	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2399	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	2400	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2401	)**2 &
	2402	) * &
	2403	v(k,j,i)
	2404
	2405	!
	2406	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2407	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2408	!
	2409	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2410	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2411	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	2412	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2413	ELSE
	2414	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2415	ENDIF
	2416	!
	2417	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2418	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2419	ENDDO
	2420
	2421
	2422	!
[142]	2423	!-- w-component
[1484]	2424	CASE ( 3 )
[2232]	2425	!
	2426	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[4341]	2427	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
[2317]	2428
[4341]	2429	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2430
[1484]	2431	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2432	pre_w = 0.0_wp
[138]	2433	!
[1484]	2434	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2435	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2436	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	2437	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	2438	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2439	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	2440	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	2441	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	2442	)**2 + &
	2443	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2444	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2445	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	2446	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	2447	)**2 + &
	2448	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	2449	) * &
	2450	w(k,j,i)
	2451	!
	2452	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2453	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2454	!
	2455	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2456	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2457	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	2458	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2459	ELSE
	2460	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2461	ENDIF
	2462	!
	2463	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2464	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2465	ENDDO
	2466
	2467	!
[153]	2468	!-- potential temperature
	2469	CASE ( 4 )
[2232]	2470	!
	2471	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[3449]	2472	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[4341]	2473	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2474	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2475	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
	2476	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2477	ENDDO
	2478	ELSE
[4341]	2479	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2480	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2481	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2482	ENDDO
	2483	ENDIF
[153]	2484
	2485	!
[1960]	2486	!-- humidity
[153]	2487	CASE ( 5 )
[2232]	2488	!
	2489	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2490	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2491	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[3449]	2492	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
[4341]	2493	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
[3449]	2494	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
	2495	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
	2496	! in the plant canopy box
[4342]	2497	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
[3582]	2498	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2499	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2500	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2501	)**2 + &
	2502	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2503	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2504	)**2 + &
	2505	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2506	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2507	)**2 &
	2508	) * &
[4342]	2509	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[3449]	2510	ENDIF
[2232]	2511
[4341]	2512	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
[3014]	2513
[153]	2514	ENDDO
	2515
	2516	!
[142]	2517	!-- sgs-tke
[1484]	2518	CASE ( 6 )
[2232]	2519	!
	2520	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2521	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2522
[4341]	2523	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[1484]	2524	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2525	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1721]	2526	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	2527	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2528	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2529	)**2 + &
	2530	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2531	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2532	)**2 + &
	2533	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	2534	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	2535	)**2 &
	2536	) * &
	2537	e(k,j,i)
	2538	ENDDO
[1960]	2539
	2540	!
	2541	!-- scalar concentration
	2542	CASE ( 7 )
[2232]	2543	!
	2544	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2545	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2546
[4341]	2547	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[1960]	2548	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2549	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
[1960]	2550	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2551	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2552	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2553	)**2 + &
	2554	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2555	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2556	)**2 + &
	2557	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2558	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2559	)**2 &
	2560	) * &
[4342]	2561	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[1960]	2562	ENDDO
[138]	2563
[142]	2564	CASE DEFAULT
[138]	2565
[257]	2566	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	2567	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	2568
[142]	2569	END SELECT
[138]	2570
[1826]	2571	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
[138]	2572
[4360]	2573	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2574	! Description:
	2575	! ------------
[4514]	2576	!> Subroutine writes global restart data
	2577	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2578	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
	2579
	2580	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
	2581
	2582	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pch_index' )
	2583	WRITE ( 14 ) pch_index
	2584
[4535]	2585	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
[4514]	2586
	2587	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
	2588
	2589	ENDIF
	2590
	2591	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
	2592
	2593	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2594	! Description:
	2595	! ------------
[4360]	2596	!> Subroutine writes local (subdomain) restart data
	2597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2598	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
[2007]	2599
[4525]	2600	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
	2601	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
	2602
[4495]	2603	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
[4360]	2604
[4495]	2605	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	2606	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
	2607	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_heatrate_av
	2608	ENDIF
[4360]	2609
[4495]	2610	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	2611	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
	2612	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_latentrate_av
	2613	ENDIF
	2614
	2615	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	2616	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
	2617	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_transpirationrate_av
	2618	ENDIF
	2619
[4535]	2620	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
[4495]	2621
[4525]	2622	!
	2623	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
	2624	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored before writing.
	2625	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	2626	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2627	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_heatrate_av
	2628	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2629	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2630	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
	2631	ENDIF
[4495]	2632	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
[4525]	2633	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2634	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_latentrate_av
	2635	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2636	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2637	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4495]	2638	ENDIF
	2639	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
[4525]	2640	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2641	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_transpirationrate_av
	2642	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2643	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2644	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4495]	2645	ENDIF
	2646
[4360]	2647	ENDIF
	2648
	2649	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
	2650
	2651
[138]	2652	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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