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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4558

Last change on this file since 4558 was 4535, checked in by raasch, 5 years ago
bugfix for restart data format query
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 117.8 KB

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[1826]	1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1036]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[4360]	17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[4392]	18	! Copyright 2017-2020 Institute of Computer Science of the
[3885]	19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
[2000]	20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	21	!
[257]	22	! Current revisions:
[2977]	23	! ------------------
[2214]	24	!
[4226]	25	!
[2214]	26	! Former revisions:
	27	! -----------------
[4495]	28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4535 2020-05-15 12:07:23Z moh.hefny $
[4535]	29	! bugfix for restart data format query
	30	!
	31	! 4525 2020-05-10 17:05:07Z raasch
[4525]	32	! bugfix for reading/writing pcm_...rate_av with MPI-IO
	33	!
	34	! 4517 2020-05-03 14:29:30Z raasch
[4517]	35	! added restart with MPI-IO for reading local arrays
	36	!
	37	! 4515 2020-04-30 16:37:18Z suehring
[4515]	38	! Rename error number again since this was recently given in -r 4511
	39	!
	40	! 4514 2020-04-30 16:29:59Z suehring
[4514]	41	! - Bugfix in output of pcm_heatrate_av in a restart run. In order to fix this,
	42	! pch_index is now output for a restart run. Therefore, define global restart
	43	! routines.
	44	! - Error message number renamed and check for PA0505 revised in order to also
	45	! consider natural surfaces with plant-canopy.
	46	!
	47	! 4495 2020-04-13 20:11:20Z raasch
[4495]	48	! restart data handling with MPI-IO added
[4448]	49	!
[4495]	50	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
	51	!
[4457]	52	! use statement for exchange horiz added
[4448]	53	! (salim) removed the error message PA0672 to consider PC 3d data via ascii file
	54	!
	55	! 4392 2020-01-31 16:14:57Z pavelkrc (resler)
	56	! Make pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av public to allow calculation
[4392]	57	! of averaged Bowen ratio in the user procedure
	58	!
	59	! 4381 2020-01-20 13:51:46Z suehring
[4381]	60	! Give error message 313 only once
	61	!
	62	! 4363 2020-01-07 18:11:28Z suehring
[4363]	63	! Fix for last commit
	64	!
	65	! 4362 2020-01-07 17:15:02Z suehring
[4362]	66	! Input of plant canopy variables from static driver moved to plant-canopy
	67	! model
	68	!
	69	! 4361 2020-01-07 12:22:38Z suehring
[4361]	70	! - Remove unused arrays in pmc_rrd_local
	71	! - Remove one exchange of ghost points
	72	!
	73	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
[4360]	74	! - Bugfix, read restart data for time-averaged pcm output quantities
	75	! - Output of plant-canopy quantities will fill values
	76	!
	77	! 4356 2019-12-20 17:09:33Z suehring
[4356]	78	! Correct single message call, local check must be given by the respective
	79	! mpi rank.
	80	!
	81	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
[4346]	82	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
	83	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
	84	!
	85	! 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z Giersch
[4342]	86	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
	87	! variables removed
	88	!
	89	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
[4341]	90	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
	91	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
	92	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
	93	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
	94	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
	95	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
	96	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
	97	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
	98	!
	99	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
[4335]	100	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
	101	!
	102	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
[4331]	103	! Typo corrected
	104	!
	105	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
[4329]	106	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
	107	!
	108	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
[4314]	109	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
	110	! and v-component.
	111	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
	112	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
	113	! topography filtering.
	114	!
	115	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
[4309]	116	! Typo
	117	!
	118	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
[4302]	119	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
	120	!
	121	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
[4279]	122	! unused variables removed
	123	!
	124	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
[4278]	125	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
	126	!
	127	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
[4258]	128	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
	129	!
	130	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
[4226]	131	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
	132	!
	133	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
[4220]	134	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
	135	!
	136	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
[4216]	137	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
	138	!
	139	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
[4205]	140	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
	141	!
	142	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
[4188]	143	! Minor adjustment in error number
	144	!
	145	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
[4187]	146	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
	147	!
	148	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
[4182]	149	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
	150	!
	151	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
[4168]	152	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
	153	!
	154	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
[4127]	155	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
	156	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
	157	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
	158	! (merge from branch resler)
	159	!
	160	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
[3885]	161	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
	162	! of additional debug messages
	163	!
	164	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
[3761]	165	! unsed variables removed
	166	!
	167	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
[3745]	168	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
	169	! becomes > 40 degrees
	170	!
	171	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
[3685]	172	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
	173	!
	174	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3614]	175	! unused variables removed
[3498]	176	!
[4182]	177	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
	178	! Initial revision
	179	!
[138]	180	! Description:
	181	! ------------
[1682]	182	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
[1826]	183	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
[1682]	184	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
[1826]	185	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
[3744]	186	!
	187	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
[4216]	188	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
[4514]	189	! @todo - get rid-off dependency on radiation model
[138]	190	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	191	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
[4360]	192
[1484]	193	USE arrays_3d, &
[3449]	194	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
[138]	195
[3449]	196	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
	197	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
[4360]	198
[4342]	199	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
	200	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
[3449]	201
[3885]	202	USE control_parameters, &
[4360]	203	ONLY: average_count_3d, &
	204	coupling_char, &
	205	debug_output, &
	206	dt_3d, &
	207	dz, &
	208	humidity, &
[4514]	209	land_surface, &
[4360]	210	length, &
	211	message_string, &
	212	ocean_mode, &
	213	passive_scalar, &
	214	plant_canopy, &
[4495]	215	restart_data_format_output, &
[4360]	216	restart_string, &
	217	urban_surface
	218
[4342]	219	USE grid_variables, &
	220	ONLY: dx, dy
[3449]	221
[1484]	222	USE indices, &
	223	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
[4346]	224	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_total_0
[1484]	225
	226	USE kinds
[4360]	227
[4342]	228	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
[4362]	229	ONLY: input_pids_static, &
	230	char_fill, &
	231	check_existence, &
	232	close_input_file, &
	233	get_attribute, &
	234	get_dimension_length, &
	235	get_variable, &
	236	inquire_num_variables, &
	237	inquire_variable_names, &
	238	input_file_static, &
	239	num_var_pids, &
	240	open_read_file, &
	241	pids_id, &
	242	real_3d, &
	243	vars_pids
[1484]	244
[3449]	245	USE pegrid
[4360]	246
[4495]	247	USE restart_data_mpi_io_mod, &
[4517]	248	ONLY: rd_mpi_io_check_array, &
	249	rrd_mpi_io, &
[4514]	250	wrd_mpi_io
[4495]	251
[4342]	252	USE surface_mod, &
	253	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[3449]	254
[1484]	255
	256	IMPLICIT NONE
	257
[4341]	258	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
[3449]	259	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
	260	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
	261	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
[1484]	262
[3449]	263	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
	264	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
[1484]	265
[3449]	266	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
[2696]	267
[3449]	268	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
[1484]	269
[2696]	270	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	271	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	272	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
	273	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
	274	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
	275	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
	276	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
	277	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
	278	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
	279	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
[1484]	280
[2696]	281	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
	282	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
[1484]	283
[2977]	284	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
	285	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
	286
[1682]	287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
	288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
[1484]	289
[4127]	290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
	291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
[4341]	292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
	293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
	294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
[1484]	295
[4127]	296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
	297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
	298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
	299
[4362]	300	TYPE(real_3d) :: basal_area_density_f !< input variable for basal area density - resolved vegetation
	301	TYPE(real_3d) :: leaf_area_density_f !< input variable for leaf area density - resolved vegetation
	302	TYPE(real_3d) :: root_area_density_lad_f !< input variable for root area density - resolved vegetation
	303
[1484]	304	SAVE
	305
[138]	306	PRIVATE
[4342]	307
[1826]	308	!
	309	!-- Public functions
[4360]	310	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, &
	311	pcm_check_data_output, &
	312	pcm_check_parameters, &
	313	pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
	314	pcm_data_output_3d, &
	315	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
	316	pcm_header, &
	317	pcm_init, &
	318	pcm_parin, &
[4514]	319	pcm_rrd_global, &
[4360]	320	pcm_rrd_local, &
	321	pcm_tendency, &
[4514]	322	pcm_wrd_global, &
[4360]	323	pcm_wrd_local
[138]	324
[1826]	325	!
	326	!-- Public variables and constants
[4342]	327	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
	328	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
[4392]	329	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration, &
	330	pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av
[1484]	331
[3449]	332	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	333	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	334	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	335
[2209]	336	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	337	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
	338	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	339
[1826]	340	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	341	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
[2209]	342	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	343
[4127]	344	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	345	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	346	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
	347
[2209]	348	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	349	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
	350	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	351
	352	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	353	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	354	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
[1826]	355
	356	INTERFACE pcm_header
	357	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
	358	END INTERFACE pcm_header
	359
	360	INTERFACE pcm_init
	361	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
	362	END INTERFACE pcm_init
[138]	363
[1826]	364	INTERFACE pcm_parin
	365	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
[2007]	366	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
	367
	368	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	369	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	370	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[4360]	371
	372	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
[4517]	373	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
	374	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
[4360]	375	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
	376
[4514]	377	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
	378	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
	379	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	380	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
	381
[1826]	382	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
	383	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
	384	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
	385	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
[1484]	386
[4360]	387	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
	388	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_local
	389	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
[1484]	390
[4514]	391	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
	392	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_global
	393	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
[4360]	394
[4514]	395
[138]	396	CONTAINS
[4342]	397
	398
[2209]	399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	400	! Description:
	401	! ------------
[3449]	402	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
	403	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
	404	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
	405	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
	406	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
	407	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
	408	!> Tree Physiology 20).
	409	!>
	410	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
	411	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
	412	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
	413	!>
	414	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	415	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
	416
[4342]	417	!
[3449]	418	!-- input parameters
[4205]	419	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
	420	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
	421	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
	422	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
	423	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
[3449]	424
	425	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
[4205]	426	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
	427	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
	428	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
	429	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
	430	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
	431	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	432	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	433	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
	434	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
	435	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
[3449]	436
	437
	438	!-- Temperature (deg C)
	439	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
	440	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
[4205]	441	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
[3449]	442	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
	443	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
	444	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
	445	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
	446	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
	447	!-- Wind speed
[3744]	448	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
[4205]	449	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
	450	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
[3449]	451	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
	452	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
	453	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
	454	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
	455	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
	456	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
[4205]	457	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
[3449]	458	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
	459	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
[3744]	460	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
[3449]	461	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
	462	!-- Water pressure deficit
	463	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
	464	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
	465	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
	466	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
	467	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
	468	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
	469	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
[4205]	470	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
[3449]	471	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
	472	!-- Residual soil water content
	473	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
	474	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
	475	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
	476	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
[4205]	477	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
[3449]	478	!-- Stomatal conductivity
	479	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
	480	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
[4205]	481	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
[3449]	482	!-- Decoupling factor
	483	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
[4205]	484	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
	485	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
[3449]	486	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
	487	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
	488	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
	489	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
	490	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
	491	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
	492	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
	493	!-- Evaporation rate
	494	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
	495	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
	496	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
	497	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
	498	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
	499	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
	500	!-- latent heat from evaporation
	501	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
	502
	503	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
	504
	505
	506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	507	! Description:
	508	! ------------
[2209]	509	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
	510	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	511	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
[4279]	512
[2209]	513	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	514	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
	515
	516
	517	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	518
	519	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
[4514]	520	!
	521	!-- Output of heatrate can be only done if it is explicitely set by cthf,
	522	!-- or parametrized by absorption of radiation. The latter, however, is
	523	!-- only available if radiation_interactions are on. Note, these are
	524	!-- enabled if land-surface or urban-surface is switched-on. Using
	525	!-- radiation_interactions_on directly is not possible since it belongs
	526	!-- to the radition_model, which in turn depends on the plant-canopy model,
	527	!-- creating circular dependencies.
	528	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. ( .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
	529	.NOT. land_surface ) ) THEN
	530	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
[2768]	531	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
[4515]	532	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA0718', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2768]	533	ENDIF
[2209]	534	unit = 'K s-1'
	535
[3014]	536	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	537	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
	538
[3449]	539	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	540	unit = 'K s-1'
	541
[2209]	542	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	543	unit = 'm2 m-3'
	544
	545
	546	CASE DEFAULT
	547	unit = 'illegal'
	548
	549	END SELECT
	550
	551
	552	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
	553
	554
[1826]	555	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	556	! Description:
	557	! ------------
	558	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
	559	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	560	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
[4342]	561
	562	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
	563	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
	564	'ocean'
	565	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	566	ENDIF
	567
[1826]	568	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	569	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
[3046]	570	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
[2768]	571	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	572	ENDIF
[4279]	573
[3045]	574	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
[1826]	575	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	576	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	577	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	578	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
[2768]	579	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	580	ENDIF
[4279]	581
[1826]	582	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	583	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	584	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	585	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
	586	'lai_beta = 0.0'
[2768]	587	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	588	ENDIF
	589
	590	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2274]	591	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
	592	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
[1826]	593	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
	594	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
	595	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
	596	'density profile'
[2768]	597	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	598	ENDIF
	599
[3274]	600	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
[1826]	601	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
	602	' seifert_beheng'
[2768]	603	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1826]	604	ENDIF
	605
	606	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
	607
	608
[138]	609	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2209]	610	!
[1484]	611	! Description:
	612	! ------------
[4127]	613	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
[2209]	614	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4216]	615	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
[4127]	616
	617	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
	618	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	619
	620	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	621	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	622	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	623
	624
	625	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
	626
	627	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	628
	629	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	630	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	631	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	632	ENDIF
	633	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
	634
	635
	636	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	637	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	638	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	639	ENDIF
	640	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
	641
	642
	643	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	644	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	645	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	646	ENDIF
	647	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
	648
	649	CASE DEFAULT
	650	CONTINUE
	651
	652	END SELECT
	653
	654	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
	655
	656	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	657
	658	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	659	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	660	DO i = nxl, nxr
	661	DO j = nys, nyn
	662	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	663	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	664	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	665	ENDDO
	666	ENDIF
	667	ENDDO
	668	ENDDO
	669	ENDIF
	670
	671
	672	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	673	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	674	DO i = nxl, nxr
	675	DO j = nys, nyn
	676	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	677	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	678	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	679	ENDDO
	680	ENDIF
	681	ENDDO
	682	ENDDO
	683	ENDIF
	684
	685
	686	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	687	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	688	DO i = nxl, nxr
	689	DO j = nys, nyn
	690	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	691	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[4341]	692	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
[4127]	693	ENDDO
	694	ENDIF
	695	ENDDO
	696	ENDDO
	697	ENDIF
	698
	699	CASE DEFAULT
	700	CONTINUE
	701
	702	END SELECT
	703
	704	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
	705
	706	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	707
	708	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	709	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	710	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	711	DO j = nysg, nyng
	712	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	713	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	714	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
	715	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	716	ENDDO
	717	ENDIF
	718	ENDDO
	719	ENDDO
	720	ENDIF
	721
	722
	723	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
	724	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	725	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	726	DO j = nysg, nyng
	727	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	728	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	729	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
	730	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	731	ENDDO
	732	ENDIF
	733	ENDDO
	734	ENDDO
	735	ENDIF
	736
	737
	738	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	739	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	740	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	741	DO j = nysg, nyng
	742	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
	743	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
	744	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
	745	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
	746	ENDDO
	747	ENDIF
	748	ENDDO
	749	ENDDO
	750	ENDIF
	751
	752	END SELECT
	753
	754	ENDIF
	755
[4216]	756	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
[4127]	757
	758	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	759	!
	760	! Description:
	761	! ------------
	762	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
	763	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
	764	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
	765	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
	766	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[3014]	767	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
	768	nzb_do, nzt_do )
[2209]	769
[4216]	770	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
[2209]	771
[4216]	772	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
	773	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
	774	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
	775	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
[3014]	776	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
	777	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
[2209]	778
[4216]	779	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
[2209]	780
[4216]	781	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
	782	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
[2209]	783
	784
	785	found = .TRUE.
	786
[2696]	787	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
[2209]	788
	789	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
[4216]	790	!
	791	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
	792	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
	793	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
[4220]	794	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
	795	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
	796	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
	797	!-- surface.
[4127]	798	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	799	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	800	DO i = nxl, nxr
	801	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	802	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	803	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	804	ENDDO
[4127]	805	ENDDO
	806	ENDDO
	807	ELSE
	808	DO i = nxl, nxr
	809	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	810	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	811	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	812	ENDDO
	813	ENDDO
	814	ENDDO
	815	ENDIF
[3449]	816
	817	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
[4127]	818	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	819	DO i = nxl, nxr
	820	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	821	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	822	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	823	ENDDO
[4127]	824	ENDDO
	825	ENDDO
	826	ELSE
	827	DO i = nxl, nxr
	828	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	829	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	830	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	831	ENDDO
	832	ENDDO
	833	ENDDO
	834	ENDIF
[3449]	835
[4127]	836	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
	837	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	838	DO i = nxl, nxr
	839	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	840	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4341]	841	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
[4216]	842	ENDDO
[4127]	843	ENDDO
	844	ENDDO
	845	ELSE
	846	DO i = nxl, nxr
	847	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	848	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	849	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
[4127]	850	ENDDO
	851	ENDDO
	852	ENDDO
	853	ENDIF
	854
	855	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	856	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	857	DO i = nxl, nxr
	858	DO j = nys, nyn
[4360]	859	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
[4220]	860	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
[4216]	861	ENDDO
[4127]	862	ENDDO
	863	ENDDO
	864	ENDIF
	865
[2209]	866	CASE DEFAULT
	867	found = .FALSE.
	868
	869	END SELECT
	870
	871	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
	872
	873	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	874	!
	875	! Description:
	876	! ------------
	877	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
	878	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
	879	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	880	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
	881
	882	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
	883	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
	884	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
	885	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
	886	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
	887
	888	found = .TRUE.
	889
	890	!
[4342]	891	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
[2209]	892	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	893
[4341]	894	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
[2209]	895	grid_x = 'x'
	896	grid_y = 'y'
[4127]	897	grid_z = 'zpc'
[2209]	898
	899	CASE DEFAULT
	900	found = .FALSE.
	901	grid_x = 'none'
	902	grid_y = 'none'
	903	grid_z = 'none'
	904	END SELECT
	905
	906	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	907
	908
	909	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	910	! Description:
	911	! ------------
[1826]	912	!> Header output for plant canopy model
	913	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4362]	914	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
[1826]	915
[4362]	916	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
[1826]	917
[4362]	918	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
	919	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
	920	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
	921	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
[1826]	922
[4362]	923	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	924	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	925	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	926
	927	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
	928
	929	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
[1826]	930
[4362]	931	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
	932	canopy_drag_coeff
	933	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	934	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	935	leaf_surface_conc
	936	ENDIF
[1826]	937
	938	!
[4362]	939	! Heat flux at the top of vegetation
	940	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
[1826]	941
	942	!
[4362]	943	! Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
	944	! gradients or from beta probability density function.
	945	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
[1826]	946
[4362]	947	! Building output strings, starting with surface value
	948	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	949	gradients = '------'
	950	slices = ' 0'
	951	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	952	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
	953	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
[1826]	954
[4362]	955	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
	956	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	957
[4362]	958	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	959	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	960
[4362]	961	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
	962	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
[1826]	963
[4362]	964	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
	965	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	966	ELSE
	967	EXIT
	968	ENDIF
	969	ENDDO
[1826]	970
[4362]	971	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	972	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
[1826]	973
[4362]	974	ELSE
	975
	976	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	977	coordinates = ' 0.0'
[1826]	978
[4362]	979	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1826]	980
[4362]	981	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
	982	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	983	TRIM( coor_chr )
	984
	985	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
	986	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	987
	988	ENDDO
	989
	990	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	991	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
[1826]	992
[4362]	993	ENDIF
[1826]	994
[4362]	995	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
[1826]	996	' ------------------------------'// &
	997	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
	998	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
	999	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
[4362]	1000	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
[1826]	1001	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
[4362]	1002	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ', &
	1003	F6.2, ' K m/s')
	1004	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
[1826]	1005	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1006	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	1007	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
	1008	' Gridpoint: ',A)
[4362]	1009	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
[1826]	1010	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1011	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	1012	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
	1013	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
	1014	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
	1015
	1016	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
	1017
	1018
	1019	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1020	! Description:
	1021	! ------------
[1682]	1022	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
[138]	1023	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1024	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	1025
[4457]	1026	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1027	ONLY: exchange_horiz
	1028
[2007]	1029	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1030	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1031	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1032	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
[1484]	1033
[4381]	1034	LOGICAL :: lad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that LAD is defined on a building roof
	1035
[4258]	1036	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
[2007]	1037	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
[4258]	1038	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
	1039	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
[3241]	1040
[3885]	1041	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
[1484]	1042	!
	1043	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
	1044	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
	1045	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
	1046	lad = 0.0_wp
	1047	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
	1048
	1049	!
[1826]	1050	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
	1051	!-- a beta probability density function
	1052	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1053	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
	1054	ENDIF
	1055
	1056
	1057	!
[1484]	1058	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
	1059	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
	1060	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
	1061	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
	1062	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
	1063	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	1064
	1065	!
	1066	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
	1067	i = 1
	1068	gradient = 0.0_wp
	1069
[4342]	1070	lad(0) = lad_surface
	1071	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
[1484]	1072
[4342]	1073	DO k = 1, pch_index
	1074	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
	1075	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
	1076	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1077	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	1078	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
	1079	i = i + 1
[1484]	1080	ENDIF
[4342]	1081	ENDIF
	1082	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1083	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
	1084	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
[1484]	1085	ELSE
[4342]	1086	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
[1484]	1087	ENDIF
[4342]	1088	ELSE
	1089	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
	1090	ENDIF
	1091	ENDDO
[1484]	1092
	1093	!
	1094	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
	1095	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
	1096	!-- file.
	1097	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1098	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
	1099	ENDIF
	1100
	1101	ELSE
	1102
	1103	!
	1104	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
	1105	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
[3065]	1106	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
[1484]	1107
[2232]	1108	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1484]	1109	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
[1826]	1110	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1111	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	1112	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1113	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
[1484]	1114	ENDDO
	1115
	1116	!
	1117	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
[2232]	1118	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1826]	1119	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
	1120	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	1121	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	1122	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
	1123	) / canopy_height
[1484]	1124	ENDDO
	1125
	1126	!
	1127	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
	1128	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
	1129	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
	1130	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
[2232]	1131	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1484]	1132	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
[4302]	1133	ENDDO
[1484]	1134
	1135	ENDIF
	1136
	1137	!
[2213]	1138	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
[1484]	1139	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1140
	1141	!
	1142	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
[4341]	1143	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
[1484]	1144	!-- fully covers the domain surface
	1145	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
	1146
[4341]	1147	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
[1484]	1148
	1149	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1150	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1151	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
	1152	ENDDO
	1153	ENDDO
	1154
[4341]	1155	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
[2007]	1156	!
[4362]	1157	!-- Read plant canopy
	1158	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
	1159	!
	1160	!-- Open the static input file
	1161	#if defined( __netcdf )
	1162	CALL open_read_file( TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
	1163	TRIM( coupling_char ), &
	1164	pids_id )
	1165
	1166	CALL inquire_num_variables( pids_id, num_var_pids )
	1167	!
	1168	!-- Allocate memory to store variable names and read them
	1169	ALLOCATE( vars_pids(1:num_var_pids) )
	1170	CALL inquire_variable_names( pids_id, vars_pids )
	1171	!
	1172	!-- Read leaf area density - resolved vegetation
	1173	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'lad' ) ) THEN
	1174	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1175	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1176	leaf_area_density_f%fill, &
	1177	.FALSE., 'lad' )
	1178	!
	1179	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
	1180	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1181	leaf_area_density_f%nz, &
	1182	'zlad' )
	1183	!
	1184	!-- Allocate variable for leaf-area density
	1185	ALLOCATE( leaf_area_density_f%var &
	1186	(0:leaf_area_density_f%nz-1, &
	1187	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1188
	1189	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'lad', leaf_area_density_f%var, &
	1190	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1191	0, leaf_area_density_f%nz-1 )
	1192
	1193	ELSE
	1194	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1195	ENDIF
	1196	!
	1197	!-- Read basal area density - resolved vegetation
	1198	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'bad' ) ) THEN
	1199	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1200	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1201	basal_area_density_f%fill, &
	1202	.FALSE., 'bad' )
	1203	!
	1204	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
	1205	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1206	basal_area_density_f%nz, &
	1207	'zlad' )
	1208	!
	1209	!-- Allocate variable
	1210	ALLOCATE( basal_area_density_f%var &
	1211	(0:basal_area_density_f%nz-1, &
	1212	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1213
	1214	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'bad', basal_area_density_f%var,&
	1215	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1216	0, basal_area_density_f%nz-1 )
	1217	ELSE
	1218	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1219	ENDIF
	1220	!
	1221	!-- Read root area density - resolved vegetation
	1222	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'root_area_dens_r' ) ) THEN
	1223	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .TRUE.
	1224	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
	1225	root_area_density_lad_f%fill, &
	1226	.FALSE., 'root_area_dens_r' )
	1227	!
	1228	!-- Inquire number of vertical soil layers
	1229	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
	1230	root_area_density_lad_f%nz, &
	1231	'zsoil' )
	1232	!
	1233	!-- Allocate variable
	1234	ALLOCATE( root_area_density_lad_f%var &
	1235	(0:root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1,&
	1236	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
	1237
	1238	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'root_area_dens_r', &
	1239	root_area_density_lad_f%var, &
	1240	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
	1241	0, root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1 )
	1242	ELSE
	1243	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .FALSE.
	1244	ENDIF
	1245
	1246	DEALLOCATE( vars_pids )
	1247	!
[4363]	1248	!-- Finally, close the input file and deallocate temporary array
	1249	CALL close_input_file( pids_id )
[4362]	1250	#endif
[4363]	1251	ENDIF
	1252
[4362]	1253	!
[2696]	1254	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
	1255	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
	1256	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
	1257	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
	1258	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	1259	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
	1260	!
	1261	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
	1262	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
	1263	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
	1264
	1265	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1266	DO j = nys, nyn
	1267	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
[3864]	1268	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
	1269	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
[2696]	1270	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
	1271	ENDDO
[4302]	1272	!
	1273	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
[4314]	1274	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
	1275	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
	1276	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
	1277	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
	1278	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
	1279	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
	1280	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
	1281	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
	1282	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
	1283	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
	1284	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
	1285	!-- an informative message is given.
[4302]	1286	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
[4346]	1287	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	1288	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
[4302]	1289	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[4381]	1290	lad_on_top = .TRUE.
	1291	ENDIF
	1292	ENDDO
	1293	ENDDO
	1294	#if defined( __parallel )
	1295	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
	1296	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
	1297	#endif
	1298	IF ( lad_on_top ) THEN
	1299	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
[4314]	1300	'Resolved plant-canopy is ' // &
	1301	'defined on top of an artificially '// &
[4381]	1302	'created building grid point(s) ' // &
[4331]	1303	'(emerged from the filtering) - ' // &
[4381]	1304	'LAD profile is omitted at this / ' // &
	1305	'these grid point(s).'
	1306	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
	1307	ENDIF
[2696]	1308	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
	1309	!
	1310	! ASCII file
[4342]	1311	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
	1312	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
[2007]	1313	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
	1314	!-- each location).
[2696]	1315	ELSE
	1316	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	1317	ENDIF
[2007]	1318
[1484]	1319	CASE DEFAULT
	1320	!
[2007]	1321	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
	1322	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
	1323	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
	1324	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
	1325	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
	1326	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
[1484]	1327
	1328	END SELECT
[2696]	1329	!
[4258]	1330	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
	1331	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
	1332	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
	1333	#if defined( __parallel )
	1334	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
	1335	comm2d, ierr)
	1336	#endif
	1337	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1338	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
	1339	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
	1340	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1341	ENDIF
	1342
	1343	!
[2696]	1344	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
	1345	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1346	pch_index_ji = 0
[4187]	1347
[4361]	1348	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1349	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1350	DO k = 0, pch_index
	1351	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
	1352	ENDDO
[1484]	1353	!
[2696]	1354	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
	1355	!-- height of the model domain.
[4356]	1356	IF ( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
[2696]	1357	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
	1358	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
[4356]	1359	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, myid, 6, 0 )
[2696]	1360	ENDIF
	1361
	1362	ENDDO
	1363	ENDDO
[3497]	1364	!
[3449]	1365	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
[3497]	1366	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
	1367	!
[3449]	1368	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
	1369	#if defined( __parallel )
[3497]	1370	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
	1371	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
[3449]	1372	#endif
[4360]	1373	!
[4341]	1374	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
	1375	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1376	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
[4221]	1377
[3449]	1378	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[4341]	1379	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1380	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
	1381	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1382	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
[3449]	1383	ENDIF
[2696]	1384	!
[2011]	1385	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
	1386	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
	1387	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
	1388	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
	1389	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
	1390	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
	1391	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
	1392	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
	1393	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
	1394	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
[2213]	1395	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
[4341]	1396	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
	1397	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
[3449]	1398	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
	1399	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2213]	1400
[3449]	1401	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1484]	1402	!
[2011]	1403	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
[1484]	1404	!-- integration of the leaf area density
	1405	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	1406	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1407	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1408	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
	1409	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
[1484]	1410	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	1411	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
	1412	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	1413	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	1414	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	1415	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1416	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	1417	ELSE
	1418	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	1419	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
	1420	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
	1421	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1422	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	1423	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	1424	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	1425	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	1426	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	1427	ENDIF
	1428	ENDDO
	1429	ENDDO
	1430	ENDDO
	1431
[4278]	1432	!
[2232]	1433	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
	1434	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
	1435	!-- Start with default surface type
	1436	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
[4278]	1437	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
	1438	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
[2232]	1439	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	1440	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	1441	ENDDO
[1484]	1442	!
[2232]	1443	!-- Natural surfaces
	1444	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
[4278]	1445	i = surf_lsm_h%i(m)
	1446	j = surf_lsm_h%j(m)
[2232]	1447	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	1448	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	1449	ENDDO
	1450	!
	1451	!-- Urban surfaces
	1452	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
[4278]	1453	i = surf_usm_h%i(m)
	1454	j = surf_usm_h%j(m)
[2232]	1455	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	1456	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	1457	ENDDO
	1458	!
	1459	!
[2011]	1460	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
[2232]	1461	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
	1462	!-- canopy.
	1463	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
[4341]	1464	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
[2232]	1465	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
	1466	!-- of the respective layer
[1484]	1467	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1468	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2696]	1469	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2232]	1470	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[4341]	1471	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
[3022]	1472	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
[2232]	1473	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
	1474	ENDIF
	1475	ENDDO
[1721]	1476	ENDDO
	1477	ENDDO
[1484]	1478
	1479	ENDIF
	1480
[3885]	1481	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
[1484]	1482
[1826]	1483	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	1484
	1485
[2007]	1486	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1487	! Description:
	1488	! ------------
[2932]	1489	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
[2007]	1490	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1491	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
[1484]	1492
[2007]	1493	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	1494
[2932]	1495	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
	1496	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	1497	canopy_mode, cthf, &
[2977]	1498	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
[2932]	1499	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	1500	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	1501	lai_beta, &
	1502	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
[3449]	1503	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
	1504	plant_canopy_transpiration
[2932]	1505
[2007]	1506	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	1507	canopy_mode, cthf, &
[2977]	1508	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
[2007]	1509	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	1510	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	1511	lai_beta, &
	1512	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
[3449]	1513	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
	1514	plant_canopy_transpiration
[3246]	1515
[2007]	1516	line = ' '
[3246]	1517
[2007]	1518	!
[4258]	1519	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
[2007]	1520	REWIND ( 11 )
	1521	line = ' '
[3248]	1522	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
[3246]	1523	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
[2007]	1524	ENDDO
	1525	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	1526
	1527	!
	1528	!-- Read user-defined namelist
[3246]	1529	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
[2932]	1530
	1531	!
[4258]	1532	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
[2932]	1533	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
[3246]	1534
	1535	GOTO 14
	1536
	1537	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
[3248]	1538	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
	1539	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
[2932]	1540	!
	1541	!-- Try to find old namelist
[3246]	1542	12 REWIND ( 11 )
[2932]	1543	line = ' '
[3248]	1544	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
[3246]	1545	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
[2932]	1546	ENDDO
	1547	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	1548
	1549	!
	1550	!-- Read user-defined namelist
[3246]	1551	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
[2007]	1552
[2932]	1553	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
[3046]	1554	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
[2932]	1555	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
	1556	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
[3246]	1557
[2007]	1558	!
[4258]	1559	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
[2007]	1560	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
	1561
[3246]	1562	GOTO 14
[2007]	1563
[3246]	1564	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
[3248]	1565	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
	1566	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
[3246]	1567
	1568	14 CONTINUE
	1569
[2007]	1570	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
	1571
	1572
[1484]	1573	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1574	! Description:
	1575	! ------------
[2007]	1576	!
	1577	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
	1578	!>
	1579	!> num_levels
[2977]	1580	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	1581	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	1582	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
[2007]	1583	!> ...
	1584	!>
	1585	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
	1586	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
	1587	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
	1588	!>
	1589	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
[2213]	1590	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
[2007]	1591	!>
	1592	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
	1593	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
	1594	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1595	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	1596
[4457]	1597	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1598	ONLY: exchange_horiz
	1599
[2213]	1600	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
[2977]	1601	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
[2213]	1602	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
	1603	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
[3337]	1604	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
	1605	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
	1606	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
[2213]	1607
	1608	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
[2007]	1609
[2213]	1610	!
	1611	!-- Initialize lad_s array
	1612	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	1613
	1614	!
	1615	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
[2977]	1616	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
	1617	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
	1618	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
	1619	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
[3337]	1620	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
	1621	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
[2977]	1622	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
[2007]	1623
[2213]	1624	DO
[2977]	1625	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
	1626	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
	1627
	1628	SELECT CASE (dtype)
	1629	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
[2213]	1630	!
[2977]	1631	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
	1632	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
	1633	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
	1634	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
	1635	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
	1636	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
	1637	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
	1638	'but pctype is ', pctype
	1639	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1640	ENDIF
[4168]	1641	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[3337]	1642	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
[2977]	1643	CASE DEFAULT
	1644	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
	1645	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
	1646	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1647	END SELECT
[2213]	1648	ENDDO
[2007]	1649
[2213]	1650	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	1651	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2007]	1652
[2213]	1653	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	1654	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1655
	1656	517 CLOSE(152)
[2977]	1657	DEALLOCATE( col )
[2213]	1658
	1659	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
[2007]	1660
	1661	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[4360]	1662
[2007]	1663	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1664	! Description:
	1665	! ------------
[4514]	1666	!> Read module-specific global restart data (Fortran binary format).
	1667	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1668	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn( found )
	1669
	1670	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
	1671
	1672	found = .TRUE.
	1673
	1674	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
	1675
	1676	CASE ( 'pch_index' )
	1677	READ ( 13 ) pch_index
	1678
	1679	CASE DEFAULT
	1680
	1681	found = .FALSE.
	1682
	1683	END SELECT
	1684
	1685	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
	1686
	1687	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1688	! Description:
	1689	! ------------
	1690	!> Read module-specific global restart data (MPI-IO).
	1691	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1692	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	1693
	1694	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
	1695
	1696	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
	1697
[4517]	1698
[4514]	1699	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1700	! Description:
	1701	! ------------
[4517]	1702	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (Fortran binary format).
[4360]	1703	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[4517]	1704	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn( k, nxlf, nxlc, nxl_on_file, nxrf, nxrc, &
	1705	nxr_on_file, nynf, nync, nyn_on_file, nysf, &
	1706	nysc, nys_on_file, found )
[4360]	1707
	1708	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	1709	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlc !<
	1710	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlf !<
	1711	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_on_file !<
	1712	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrc !<
	1713	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrf !<
	1714	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_on_file !<
	1715	INTEGER(iwp) :: nync !<
	1716	INTEGER(iwp) :: nynf !<
	1717	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_on_file !<
	1718	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysc !<
	1719	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysf !<
	1720	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_on_file !<
	1721
	1722	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
	1723
	1724	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:pch_index, &
	1725	nys_on_file-nbgp:nyn_on_file+nbgp, &
	1726	nxl_on_file-nbgp:nxr_on_file+nbgp) :: tmp_3d2 !< temporary 3D array for entire vertical
	1727	!< extension of canopy layer
	1728	found = .TRUE.
	1729
	1730	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
	1731
	1732	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
	1733	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	1734	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1735	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1736	ENDIF
	1737	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1738	pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1739	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1740
	1741	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
	1742	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	1743	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1744	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1745	ENDIF
	1746	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1747	pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1748	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1749
	1750	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
	1751	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	1752	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1753	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
	1754	ENDIF
	1755	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
	1756	pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
	1757	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
	1758
	1759	CASE DEFAULT
	1760
	1761	found = .FALSE.
	1762
	1763	END SELECT
	1764
[4517]	1765	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
[4360]	1766
[4517]	1767
[4360]	1768	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1769	! Description:
	1770	! ------------
[4517]	1771	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (MPI-IO).
	1772	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1773	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
	1774
	1775	IMPLICIT NONE
	1776
	1777	LOGICAL :: array_found !<
	1778
[4525]	1779	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
	1780	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
[4517]	1781
[4525]	1782	!
	1783	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
	1784	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored after reading.
[4517]	1785	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_heatrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1786	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1787	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	1788	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1789	ENDIF
	1790	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1791	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1792	pcm_heatrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1793	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1794	ENDIF
	1795
	1796	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_latentrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1797	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1798	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	1799	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1800	ENDIF
	1801	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1802	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1803	pcm_latentrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1804	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1805	ENDIF
	1806
	1807	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' , found = array_found )
	1808	IF ( array_found ) THEN
[4525]	1809	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	1810	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1811	ENDIF
	1812	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1813	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
	1814	pcm_transpirationrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
	1815	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4517]	1816	ENDIF
	1817
	1818	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
	1819
	1820
	1821	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1822	! Description:
	1823	! ------------
[1682]	1824	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	1825	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	1826	!>
	1827	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	1828	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	1829	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	1830	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	1831	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	1832	!>
	1833	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	1834	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	1835	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	1836	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	1837	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	1838	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	1839	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	1840	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	1841	!>
	1842	!>
	1843	!> Call for all grid points
[1484]	1844	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1845	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
[138]	1846
[1682]	1847	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1848	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1849	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1850	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1721]	1851	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[1484]	1852
[4335]	1853	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
	1854	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
	1855	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
	1856	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
	1857
[1682]	1858	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1859	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1860	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1861	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1862	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1863	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1864
	1865
	1866	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	1867
	1868	!
[1484]	1869	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
[138]	1870	SELECT CASE ( component )
	1871
	1872	!
	1873	!-- u-component
	1874	CASE ( 1 )
	1875	DO i = nxlu, nxr
	1876	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1877	!
[4335]	1878	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
	1879	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
	1880	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
	1881	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	1882	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
	1883	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
	1884	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
	1885	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4335]	1886	!
[2232]	1887	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[4341]	1888	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[1484]	1889
[4341]	1890	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1891	!
	1892	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
[4335]	1893	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1894	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1895	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1896	!-- than inside of the canopy.
[1484]	1897	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
[4335]	1898	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	1899	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	1900	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	1901	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	1902	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	1903	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4335]	1904	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
	1905	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
	1906	!
	1907	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	1908	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	1909	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	1910	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	1911	!-- point (j,i-1).
	1912	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
	1913	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1914
	1915	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1916	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1917	!
	1918	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	1919	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	1920	lad_local * &
	1921	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1922	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1923	v(k,j,i) + &
	1924	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1925	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1926	)**2 + &
	1927	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1928	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1929	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1930	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1931	)**2 &
	1932	) * &
	1933	u(k,j,i)
	1934
	1935	!
	1936	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1937	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1938	!
	1939	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1940	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1941	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1942	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1943	ENDIF
	1944	!
	1945	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1946	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1947
[138]	1948	ENDDO
	1949	ENDDO
	1950	ENDDO
	1951
	1952	!
	1953	!-- v-component
	1954	CASE ( 2 )
	1955	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1956	DO j = nysv, nyn
[2232]	1957	!
[4335]	1958	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
	1959	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
	1960	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
	1961	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	1962	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
	1963	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
	1964	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
	1965	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4335]	1966	!
[2232]	1967	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[4341]	1968	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	1969
[4341]	1970	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1971	!
	1972	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
[4335]	1973	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1974	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1975	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1976	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1977	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
	1978	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	1979	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	1980	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	1981	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	1982	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	1983	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4335]	1984	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
	1985	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
	1986	!
	1987	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	1988	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	1989	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	1990	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	1991	!-- point (j,i-1).
	1992	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
	1993	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1994
	1995	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1996	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1997	!
	1998	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	1999	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2000	lad_local * &
	2001	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	2002	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	2003	u(k,j,i) + &
	2004	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2005	)**2 + &
	2006	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2007	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	2008	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2009	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	2010	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2011	)**2 &
	2012	) * &
	2013	v(k,j,i)
	2014
	2015	!
	2016	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2017	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2018	!
	2019	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2020	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2021	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	2022	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2023	ELSE
	2024	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2025	ENDIF
	2026	!
	2027	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2028	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2029
[138]	2030	ENDDO
	2031	ENDDO
	2032	ENDDO
	2033
	2034	!
	2035	!-- w-component
	2036	CASE ( 3 )
	2037	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2038	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2039	!
	2040	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[4341]	2041	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
[2317]	2042
[4341]	2043	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	2044
	2045	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2046	pre_w = 0.0_wp
	2047	!
	2048	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2049	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2050	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	2051	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	2052	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2053	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	2054	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	2055	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	2056	)**2 + &
	2057	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2058	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2059	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	2060	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	2061	)**2 + &
	2062	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	2063	) * &
	2064	w(k,j,i)
	2065	!
	2066	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2067	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2068	!
	2069	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2070	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2071	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	2072	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2073	ELSE
	2074	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2075	ENDIF
	2076	!
	2077	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2078	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2079
[138]	2080	ENDDO
	2081	ENDDO
	2082	ENDDO
	2083
	2084	!
[153]	2085	!-- potential temperature
[138]	2086	CASE ( 4 )
[3449]	2087	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2088	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2089	DO j = nys, nyn
	2090	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2091	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2092	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2093	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2094	ENDDO
[153]	2095	ENDDO
	2096	ENDDO
[3449]	2097	ELSE
	2098	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2099	DO j = nys, nyn
	2100	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2101	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2102	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2103	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2104	ENDDO
	2105	ENDDO
	2106	ENDDO
	2107	ENDIF
[153]	2108
	2109	!
[1960]	2110	!-- humidity
[153]	2111	CASE ( 5 )
	2112	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2113	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2114	!
	2115	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2116	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2117
[4341]	2118	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2232]	2119
[3449]	2120	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
[4341]	2121	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
[3449]	2122	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
	2123	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
	2124	! in the plant canopy box
[4342]	2125	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
	2126	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2127	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2128	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2129	)**2 + &
	2130	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2131	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2132	)**2 + &
	2133	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2134	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2135	)**2 &
	2136	) * &
	2137	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[3449]	2138	ENDIF
	2139
[4341]	2140	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	2141	ENDDO
	2142	ENDDO
	2143	ENDDO
	2144
	2145	!
	2146	!-- sgs-tke
	2147	CASE ( 6 )
	2148	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2149	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2150	!
	2151	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2152	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2153
[4341]	2154	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	2155	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2156	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1721]	2157	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	2158	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2159	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2160	)**2 + &
	2161	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2162	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2163	)**2 + &
	2164	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	2165	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	2166	)**2 &
	2167	) * &
	2168	e(k,j,i)
[138]	2169	ENDDO
	2170	ENDDO
	2171	ENDDO
[1960]	2172	!
	2173	!-- scalar concentration
	2174	CASE ( 7 )
	2175	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2176	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2177	!
	2178	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[4341]	2179	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2180
[4341]	2181	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1960]	2182	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2183	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
[1960]	2184	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2185	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2186	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2187	)**2 + &
	2188	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2189	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2190	)**2 + &
	2191	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2192	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2193	)**2 &
	2194	) * &
[4342]	2195	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[1960]	2196	ENDDO
	2197	ENDDO
	2198	ENDDO
[1484]	2199
	2200
[1960]	2201
[138]	2202	CASE DEFAULT
	2203
[257]	2204	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	2205	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	2206
	2207	END SELECT
	2208
[1826]	2209	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
[138]	2210
	2211
	2212	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1484]	2213	! Description:
	2214	! ------------
[1682]	2215	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	2216	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	2217	!>
	2218	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	2219	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	2220	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	2221	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	2222	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	2223	!>
	2224	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	2225	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	2226	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	2227	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	2228	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	2229	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	2230	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	2231	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	2232	!>
	2233	!>
	2234	!> Call for grid point i,j
[138]	2235	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	2236	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
[138]	2237
[1682]	2238	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	2239	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	2240	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	2241	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1721]	2242	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[138]	2243
[4314]	2244	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
	2245	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
	2246	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
	2247	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
	2248
[1682]	2249	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	2250	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	2251	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	2252	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	2253	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	2254	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	2255
	2256
	2257	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	2258	!
[1484]	2259	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
[142]	2260	SELECT CASE ( component )
[138]	2261
	2262	!
[142]	2263	!-- u-component
[1484]	2264	CASE ( 1 )
[2232]	2265	!
[4314]	2266	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
	2267	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
	2268	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
	2269	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	2270	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2271	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
	2272	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2273	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4314]	2274	!
[2232]	2275	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[4341]	2276	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2277
[4341]	2278	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2279
	2280	!
[1484]	2281	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	2282	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	2283	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	2284	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	2285	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	2286	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
[4314]	2287	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	2288	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	2289	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	2290	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	2291	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	2292	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4314]	2293	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2294	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
	2295	!
	2296	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	2297	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	2298	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	2299	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	2300	!-- point (j,i-1).
	2301	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2302	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	2303
	2304	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2305	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	2306	!
	2307	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2308	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2309	lad_local * &
	2310	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2311	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	2312	v(k,j,i) + &
	2313	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2314	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	2315	)**2 + &
	2316	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	2317	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2318	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	2319	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2320	)**2 &
	2321	) * &
	2322	u(k,j,i)
	2323
	2324	!
	2325	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2326	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2327	!
	2328	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2329	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2330	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	2331	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2332	ELSE
	2333	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2334	ENDIF
	2335	!
	2336	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2337	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2338	ENDDO
	2339
	2340
	2341	!
[142]	2342	!-- v-component
[1484]	2343	CASE ( 2 )
[2232]	2344	!
[4314]	2345	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
	2346	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
	2347	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
	2348	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
[4346]	2349	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2350	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
	2351	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
	2352	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
[4314]	2353	!
[2232]	2354	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[4341]	2355	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[138]	2356
[4341]	2357	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2358	!
[1484]	2359	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	2360	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	2361	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	2362	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	2363	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	2364	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
[4314]	2365	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
	2366	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
	2367	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
	2368	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
	2369	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
[1721]	2370	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
[4314]	2371	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2372	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
	2373	!
	2374	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
	2375	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
	2376	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
	2377	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
	2378	!-- point (j,i-1).
	2379	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
	2380	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	2381
	2382	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2383	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	2384	!
	2385	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2386	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2387	lad_local * &
	2388	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	2389	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	2390	u(k,j,i) + &
	2391	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2392	)**2 + &
	2393	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	2394	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	2395	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2396	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	2397	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2398	)**2 &
	2399	) * &
	2400	v(k,j,i)
	2401
	2402	!
	2403	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2404	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2405	!
	2406	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2407	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2408	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	2409	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2410	ELSE
	2411	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2412	ENDIF
	2413	!
	2414	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2415	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2416	ENDDO
	2417
	2418
	2419	!
[142]	2420	!-- w-component
[1484]	2421	CASE ( 3 )
[2232]	2422	!
	2423	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[4341]	2424	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
[2317]	2425
[4341]	2426	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	2427
[1484]	2428	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	2429	pre_w = 0.0_wp
[138]	2430	!
[1484]	2431	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
[4342]	2432	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1484]	2433	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	2434	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	2435	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2436	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	2437	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	2438	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	2439	)**2 + &
	2440	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2441	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	2442	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	2443	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	2444	)**2 + &
	2445	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	2446	) * &
	2447	w(k,j,i)
	2448	!
	2449	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	2450	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	2451	!
	2452	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	2453	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	2454	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	2455	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	2456	ELSE
	2457	pre_tend = pre_tend
	2458	ENDIF
	2459	!
	2460	!-- Calculate final tendency
	2461	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	2462	ENDDO
	2463
	2464	!
[153]	2465	!-- potential temperature
	2466	CASE ( 4 )
[2232]	2467	!
	2468	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[3449]	2469	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[4341]	2470	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2471	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2472	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
	2473	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2474	ENDDO
	2475	ELSE
[4341]	2476	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2477	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
	2478	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[3449]	2479	ENDDO
	2480	ENDIF
[153]	2481
	2482	!
[1960]	2483	!-- humidity
[153]	2484	CASE ( 5 )
[2232]	2485	!
	2486	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2487	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
	2488	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
[3449]	2489	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
[4341]	2490	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
[3449]	2491	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
	2492	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
	2493	! in the plant canopy box
[4342]	2494	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
[3582]	2495	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2496	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2497	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2498	)**2 + &
	2499	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2500	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2501	)**2 + &
	2502	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2503	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2504	)**2 &
	2505	) * &
[4342]	2506	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[3449]	2507	ENDIF
[2232]	2508
[4341]	2509	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
[3014]	2510
[153]	2511	ENDDO
	2512
	2513	!
[142]	2514	!-- sgs-tke
[1484]	2515	CASE ( 6 )
[2232]	2516	!
	2517	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2518	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2519
[4341]	2520	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[1484]	2521	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2522	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
[1721]	2523	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	2524	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2525	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2526	)**2 + &
	2527	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2528	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2529	)**2 + &
	2530	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	2531	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	2532	)**2 &
	2533	) * &
	2534	e(k,j,i)
	2535	ENDDO
[1960]	2536
	2537	!
	2538	!-- scalar concentration
	2539	CASE ( 7 )
[2232]	2540	!
	2541	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[4341]	2542	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
[2317]	2543
[4341]	2544	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
[1960]	2545	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
[4342]	2546	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
[1960]	2547	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	2548	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	2549	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	2550	)**2 + &
	2551	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	2552	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	2553	)**2 + &
	2554	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	2555	w(k,j,i) ) &
	2556	)**2 &
	2557	) * &
[4342]	2558	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
[1960]	2559	ENDDO
[138]	2560
[142]	2561	CASE DEFAULT
[138]	2562
[257]	2563	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	2564	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	2565
[142]	2566	END SELECT
[138]	2567
[1826]	2568	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
[138]	2569
[4360]	2570	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2571	! Description:
	2572	! ------------
[4514]	2573	!> Subroutine writes global restart data
	2574	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2575	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
	2576
	2577	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
	2578
	2579	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pch_index' )
	2580	WRITE ( 14 ) pch_index
	2581
[4535]	2582	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
[4514]	2583
	2584	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
	2585
	2586	ENDIF
	2587
	2588	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
	2589
	2590	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2591	! Description:
	2592	! ------------
[4360]	2593	!> Subroutine writes local (subdomain) restart data
	2594	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2595	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
[2007]	2596
[4525]	2597	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
	2598	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
	2599
[4495]	2600	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
[4360]	2601
[4495]	2602	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	2603	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
	2604	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_heatrate_av
	2605	ENDIF
[4360]	2606
[4495]	2607	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
	2608	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
	2609	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_latentrate_av
	2610	ENDIF
	2611
	2612	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
	2613	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
	2614	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_transpirationrate_av
	2615	ENDIF
	2616
[4535]	2617	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
[4495]	2618
[4525]	2619	!
	2620	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
	2621	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored before writing.
	2622	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
	2623	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2624	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_heatrate_av
	2625	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2626	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2627	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
	2628	ENDIF
[4495]	2629	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
[4525]	2630	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2631	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_latentrate_av
	2632	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2633	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2634	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4495]	2635	ENDIF
	2636	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
[4525]	2637	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2638	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_transpirationrate_av
	2639	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	2640	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
	2641	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
[4495]	2642	ENDIF
	2643
[4360]	2644	ENDIF
	2645
	2646	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
	2647
	2648
[138]	2649	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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