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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 2372

Last change on this file since 2372 was 2318, checked in by suehring, 7 years ago
get topograpyhy top index via function call
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 66.5 KB

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[1826]	1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[2000]	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	19	!
[257]	20	! Current revisions:
[138]	21	! -----------------
[2214]	22	!
[2318]	23	!
[2214]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z sward $
[2318]	27	! Get topography top index via Function call
	28	!
	29	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
[2274]	30	! Changed error messages
	31	!
	32	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[2214]	33	!
[2233]	34	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	35	! Adjustments to new topography concept
	36	!
[2214]	37	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
[2213]	38	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
	39	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
	40	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
	41	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
[2008]	42	!
[2210]	43	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
	44	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
	45	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
	46	!
[2025]	47	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
	48	! Added missing lad_s initialization
	49	!
[2012]	50	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	51	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
	52	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
	53	! and similar future applications.
	54	!
[2008]	55	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
[2007]	56	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
	57	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
	58	! introduction of urban surface model,
	59	! introduced variable ext_coef,
	60	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
[1827]	61	!
[2001]	62	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	63	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	64	!
[1961]	65	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	66	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
	67	!
[1954]	68	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
	69	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
	70	!
[1827]	71	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
	72	! Further modularization
	73	!
[1722]	74	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
	75	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
	76	! canopy is set on top of topography
	77	!
[1683]	78	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	79	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	80	!
[1485]	81	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
[1484]	82	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
	83	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
[1826]	84	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
[1484]	85	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
	86	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	87	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
[1826]	88	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
	89	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
[1484]	90	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
	91	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
	92	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
	93	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
	94	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
	95	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
	96	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
	97	! respectively,
	98	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
	99	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
[1341]	100	!
	101	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	102	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	103	!
[1321]	104	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
[1320]	105	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	106	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	107	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	108	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	109	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	110	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	111	! all variable declaration statements
[153]	112	!
[1037]	113	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	114	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	115	!
[139]	116	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
	117	! Initial revision
	118	!
[138]	119	! Description:
	120	! ------------
[1682]	121	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
[1826]	122	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
[1682]	123	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
[1826]	124	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
[138]	125	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	126	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
	127
[1484]	128	USE arrays_3d, &
[2232]	129	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
[138]	130
[1484]	131	USE indices, &
	132	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
[2317]	133	nz, nzb, nzt
[1484]	134
	135	USE kinds
	136
[2317]	137	USE surface_mod, &
	138	ONLY: get_topography_top_index
[1484]	139
[2317]	140
[1484]	141	IMPLICIT NONE
	142
	143
[1682]	144	CHARACTER (LEN=20) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
[1484]	145
[1682]	146	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
[1484]	147	INTEGER(iwp) :: &
[1682]	148	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
[1484]	149
[1682]	150	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
	151	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy = .FALSE. !< switch for use of canopy model
[1484]	152
[1682]	153	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	154	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	155	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
	156	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
	157	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
	158	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
[2007]	159	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
[1682]	160	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
	161	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
[1484]	162	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	163	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
[1484]	164	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	165	leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
	166	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
	167	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
[1484]	168
	169	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	170	lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
[1484]	171	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	172	lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
[1484]	173
[1682]	174	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
	175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
[1484]	176
	177	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[2011]	178	pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
[1682]	179	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
	180	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
[1484]	181
	182
	183	SAVE
	184
	185
[138]	186	PRIVATE
[1826]	187
	188	!
	189	!-- Public functions
[2209]	190	PUBLIC pcm_check_data_output, pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, &
	191	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
[138]	192
[1826]	193	!
	194	!-- Public variables and constants
[2011]	195	PUBLIC pc_heating_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
[2007]	196	pch_index, plant_canopy
	197
[1484]	198
[2209]	199	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	200	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
	201	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	202
[1826]	203	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	204	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
[2209]	205	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	206
	207	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	208	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
	209	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	210
	211	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	212	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	213	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
[1826]	214
	215	INTERFACE pcm_header
	216	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
	217	END INTERFACE pcm_header
	218
	219	INTERFACE pcm_init
	220	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
	221	END INTERFACE pcm_init
[138]	222
[1826]	223	INTERFACE pcm_parin
	224	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
[2007]	225	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
	226
	227	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	228	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	229	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[1826]	230
	231	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
	232	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
	233	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
	234	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
[1484]	235
	236
[138]	237	CONTAINS
	238
[2209]	239
	240	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	241	! Description:
	242	! ------------
	243	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
	244	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	245	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
[1826]	246
[2209]	247
	248	USE control_parameters, &
	249	ONLY: data_output, message_string
	250
	251	IMPLICIT NONE
	252
	253	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	254	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
	255
	256
	257	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	258
	259	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	260	unit = 'K s-1'
	261
	262	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	263	unit = 'm2 m-3'
	264
	265
	266	CASE DEFAULT
	267	unit = 'illegal'
	268
	269	END SELECT
	270
	271
	272	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
	273
	274
[1826]	275	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	276	! Description:
	277	! ------------
	278	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
	279	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	280	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
[138]	281
[1826]	282	USE control_parameters, &
	283	ONLY: cloud_physics, message_string, microphysics_seifert
	284
	285
	286	IMPLICIT NONE
	287
	288
	289	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	290	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
	291	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
	292	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	293	ENDIF
	294
	295	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
	296	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	297	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	298	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	299	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
	300	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	301	ENDIF
	302
	303	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	304	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	305	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	306	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
	307	'lai_beta = 0.0'
	308	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	309	ENDIF
	310
	311	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2274]	312	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
	313	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
[1826]	314	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
	315	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
	316	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
	317	'density profile'
	318	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	319	ENDIF
	320
	321	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
	322	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
	323	' seifert_beheng'
	324	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	325	ENDIF
	326
	327
	328	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
	329
	330
[138]	331	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2209]	332	!
[1484]	333	! Description:
	334	! ------------
[2209]	335	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
	336	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	337	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf )
	338
	339	USE control_parameters, &
	340	ONLY : nz_do3d
	341
	342	USE indices
	343
	344	USE kinds
	345
	346
	347	IMPLICIT NONE
	348
	349	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	350
	351	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
	352	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	353	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	354	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	355
	356	LOGICAL :: found !<
	357
	358	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxlg:nxrg,nysg:nyng,nzb:nz_do3d) :: local_pf !<
	359
	360
	361	found = .TRUE.
	362
	363
	364	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	365
	366	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
[2213]	367	CALL exchange_horiz( pc_heating_rate, nbgp )
[2209]	368	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	369	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	370	DO j = nysg, nyng
	371	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	372	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	373	ENDDO
	374	ENDDO
	375	ENDDO
	376	ENDIF
	377
	378
	379	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	380	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	381	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	382	DO j = nysg, nyng
	383	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	384	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	385	ENDDO
	386	ENDDO
	387	ENDDO
	388	ENDIF
	389
	390
	391	CASE DEFAULT
	392	found = .FALSE.
	393
	394	END SELECT
	395
	396
	397	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
	398
	399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	400	!
	401	! Description:
	402	! ------------
	403	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
	404	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
	405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	406	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
	407
	408	IMPLICIT NONE
	409
	410	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
	411	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
	412	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
	413	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
	414	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
	415
	416	found = .TRUE.
	417
	418	!
	419	!-- Check for the grid
	420	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	421
	422	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad' )
	423	grid_x = 'x'
	424	grid_y = 'y'
	425	grid_z = 'zu'
	426
	427	CASE DEFAULT
	428	found = .FALSE.
	429	grid_x = 'none'
	430	grid_y = 'none'
	431	grid_z = 'none'
	432	END SELECT
	433
	434	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	435
	436
	437	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	438	! Description:
	439	! ------------
[1826]	440	!> Header output for plant canopy model
	441	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	442	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
	443
	444	USE control_parameters, &
	445	ONLY: dz, passive_scalar
	446
	447
	448	IMPLICIT NONE
	449
	450	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
	451
	452	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
	453	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
	454	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
	455	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
	456
	457	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	458	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	459	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	460
	461	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
	462
	463	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	464
	465	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
	466	canopy_drag_coeff
	467	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	468	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	469	leaf_surface_conc
	470	ENDIF
	471
	472	!
	473	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
	474	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
	475
	476	!
	477	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
	478	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
	479	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	480
	481	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
	482	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	483	gradients = '------'
	484	slices = ' 0'
	485	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	486	i = 1
	487	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
	488	/= -9999 )
	489
	490	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
	491	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	492	TRIM( coor_chr )
	493
	494	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	495	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	496
	497	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
	498	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	499
	500	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
	501	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	502
	503	i = i + 1
	504	ENDDO
	505
	506	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	507	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
	508
	509	ELSE
	510
	511	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	512	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	513
	514	DO k = 1, pch_index
	515
	516	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
	517	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	518	TRIM( coor_chr )
	519
	520	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
	521	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	522
	523	ENDDO
	524
	525	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	526	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
	527
	528	ENDIF
	529
	530	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
	531	' ------------------------------'// &
	532	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
	533	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
	534	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
	535	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
	536	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
	537	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
	538	' K m/s')
	539	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
	540	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	541	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	542	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
	543	' Gridpoint: ',A)
	544	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
	545	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	546	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	547	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
	548	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
	549	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
	550
	551	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
	552
	553
	554	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	555	! Description:
	556	! ------------
[1682]	557	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
[138]	558	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	559	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	560
	561
	562	USE control_parameters, &
[2213]	563	ONLY: coupling_char, dz, humidity, io_blocks, io_group, &
[2232]	564	message_string, ocean, passive_scalar, urban_surface
[1484]	565
[2232]	566	USE surface_mod, &
	567	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[1484]	568
	569	IMPLICIT NONE
	570
[2007]	571	CHARACTER(10) :: pct
	572
	573	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	574	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< index
	575	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	576	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	577	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
[1484]	578
[2007]	579	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
	580	REAL(wp) :: dzh !< vertical grid spacing in units of canopy height
	581	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
	582	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
	583	REAL(wp) :: pcv(nzb:nzt+1) !<
	584
[1484]	585	!
	586	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
	587	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
	588	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
	589	lad = 0.0_wp
	590	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
	591
	592	!
[1826]	593	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
	594	!-- a beta probability density function
	595	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	596	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
	597	ENDIF
	598
	599
	600	!
[1484]	601	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
	602	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
	603	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
	604	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
	605	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
	606	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	607
	608	!
	609	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
	610	i = 1
	611	gradient = 0.0_wp
	612
	613	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
	614
	615	lad(0) = lad_surface
	616	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
	617
	618	DO k = 1, pch_index
	619	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
	620	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
	621	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	622	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	623	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
	624	i = i + 1
	625	ENDIF
	626	ENDIF
	627	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	628	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
	629	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
	630	ELSE
	631	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
	632	ENDIF
	633	ELSE
	634	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
	635	ENDIF
	636	ENDDO
	637
	638	ENDIF
	639
	640	!
	641	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
	642	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
	643	!-- file.
	644	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	645	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
	646	ENDIF
	647
	648	ELSE
	649
	650	!
	651	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
	652	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
	653	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	654
[2232]	655	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1484]	656	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
[1826]	657	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	658	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	659	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	660	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
[1484]	661	ENDDO
	662
	663	!
	664	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
[2232]	665	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1826]	666	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
	667	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	668	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	669	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
	670	) / canopy_height
[1484]	671	ENDDO
	672
	673	!
	674	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
	675	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
	676	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
	677	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
[2232]	678	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1484]	679	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
	680	ENDDO
	681
	682	ENDIF
	683
	684	!
[2213]	685	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
[1484]	686	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	687
	688	!
	689	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	690	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	691	!-- with the prescribed values
	692	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
	693	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
	694	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
	695
	696	!
	697	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
	698	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
	699	!-- fully covers the domain surface
	700	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
	701
	702	CASE( 'block' )
	703
	704	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	705	DO j = nysg, nyng
	706	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
	707	ENDDO
	708	ENDDO
	709
[2007]	710	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
	711	!
	712	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	713	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	714	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
	715	!-- each location).
	716	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	717
[1484]	718	CASE DEFAULT
	719	!
[2007]	720	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
	721	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
	722	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
	723	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
	724	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
	725	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
[1484]	726
	727	END SELECT
	728
	729	!
[2011]	730	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
	731	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
	732	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
	733	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
	734	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
	735	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
	736	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
	737	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
	738	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
	739	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
[2213]	740	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
	741	!-- When using the urban surface model (USM), canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
	742	!-- by radiation is calculated in the USM.
	743	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface) THEN
	744
	745	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	746	pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1484]	747	!
[2011]	748	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
[1484]	749	!-- integration of the leaf area density
	750	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	751	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	752	DO j = nysg, nyng
	753	DO k = pch_index-1, 0, -1
	754	IF ( k == pch_index-1 ) THEN
	755	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	756	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
	757	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	758	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	759	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	760	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	761	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	762	ELSE
	763	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	764	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
	765	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
	766	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	767	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	768	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	769	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	770	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	771	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	772	ENDIF
	773	ENDDO
	774	ENDDO
	775	ENDDO
	776
[2232]	777	!
	778	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
	779	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
	780	!-- Start with default surface type
	781	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
	782	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
	783	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	784	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	785	ENDDO
[1484]	786	!
[2232]	787	!-- Natural surfaces
	788	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
	789	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
	790	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	791	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	792	ENDDO
	793	!
	794	!-- Urban surfaces
	795	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
	796	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
	797	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	798	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	799	ENDDO
	800	!
	801	!
[2011]	802	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
[2232]	803	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
	804	!-- canopy.
	805	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
	806	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
	807	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
	808	!-- of the respective layer
[1484]	809	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	810	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2232]	811	DO k = 1, pch_index
	812	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	813	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
	814	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
	815	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
	816	ENDIF
	817	ENDDO
[1721]	818	ENDDO
	819	ENDDO
[1484]	820
	821	ENDIF
	822
	823
	824
[1826]	825	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	826
	827
[2007]	828	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	829	! Description:
	830	! ------------
	831	!> Parin for &canopy_par for plant canopy model
	832	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	833	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
[1484]	834
[2007]	835
	836	IMPLICIT NONE
	837
	838	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	839
	840	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	841	canopy_mode, cthf, &
	842	lad_surface, &
	843	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	844	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	845	lai_beta, &
	846	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	847	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
	848
	849	line = ' '
	850
	851	!
	852	!-- Try to find radiation model package
	853	REWIND ( 11 )
	854	line = ' '
	855	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
	856	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
	857	ENDDO
	858	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	859
	860	!
	861	!-- Read user-defined namelist
	862	READ ( 11, canopy_par )
	863
	864	!
	865	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
	866	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
	867
	868	10 CONTINUE
	869
	870
	871	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
	872
	873
	874
[1484]	875	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	876	! Description:
	877	! ------------
[2007]	878	!
	879	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
	880	!>
	881	!> num_levels
	882	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	883	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	884	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	885	!> ...
	886	!>
	887	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
	888	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
	889	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
	890	!>
	891	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
[2213]	892	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
[2007]	893	!>
	894	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
	895	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
	896	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	897	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[2213]	898
	899	USE control_parameters, &
	900	ONLY: message_string, passive_scalar
[2007]	901
[2213]	902	USE indices, &
	903	ONLY: nbgp
	904
	905	IMPLICIT NONE
[2007]	906
[2213]	907	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
	908	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
	909	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
	910	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
	911	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
	912
	913	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
[2007]	914
[2213]	915	!
	916	!-- Initialize lad_s array
	917	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	918
	919	!
	920	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
	921	OPEN(152, file='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D', access='SEQUENTIAL', &
	922	action='READ', status='OLD', form='FORMATTED', err=515)
	923	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
	924
	925	ALLOCATE(col(0:nzp-1))
[2007]	926
[2213]	927	DO
	928	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) dtype, i, j, col(:)
	929	IF ( i < nxlg .or. i > nxrg .or. j < nysg .or. j > nyng ) CYCLE
[2007]	930
[2213]	931	SELECT CASE (dtype)
	932	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
	933	!
	934	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
	935	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
	936	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
	937	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
	938	lad_s(0:nzp-1, j, i) = col(0:nzp-1)
	939
	940	CASE DEFAULT
	941	write(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
	942	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
	943	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	944	END SELECT
	945	ENDDO
[2007]	946
[2213]	947	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	948	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2007]	949
[2213]	950	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	951	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	952
	953	517 CLOSE(152)
	954	DEALLOCATE(col)
	955
	956	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
[2007]	957
	958	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	959
	960
	961
	962	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	963	! Description:
	964	! ------------
[1682]	965	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	966	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	967	!>
	968	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	969	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	970	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	971	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	972	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	973	!>
	974	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	975	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	976	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	977	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	978	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	979	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	980	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	981	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	982	!>
	983	!>
	984	!> Call for all grid points
[1484]	985	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	986	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
[138]	987
	988
[1320]	989	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	990	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	991
	992	USE kinds
	993
[138]	994	IMPLICIT NONE
	995
[1682]	996	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	997	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	998	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	999	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1000	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	1001	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[1484]	1002
[1682]	1003	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1004	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1005	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1006	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1007	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1008	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1009
	1010
	1011	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	1012
	1013	!
[1484]	1014	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
[138]	1015	SELECT CASE ( component )
	1016
	1017	!
	1018	!-- u-component
	1019	CASE ( 1 )
	1020	DO i = nxlu, nxr
	1021	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1022	!
	1023	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[2317]	1024	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'u' )
[2232]	1025	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1026
[2232]	1027	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1028	!
	1029	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1030	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1031	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1032	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1033	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1034	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1035	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1036	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1037	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
	1038	THEN
	1039	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1040	ENDIF
	1041
	1042	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1043	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1044	!
	1045	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1046	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1047	lad_local * &
	1048	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1049	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1050	v(k,j,i) + &
	1051	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1052	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1053	)**2 + &
	1054	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1055	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1056	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1057	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1058	)**2 &
	1059	) * &
	1060	u(k,j,i)
	1061
	1062	!
	1063	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1064	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1065	!
	1066	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1067	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1068	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1069	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1070	ELSE
	1071	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1072	ENDIF
	1073	!
	1074	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1075	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1076
[138]	1077	ENDDO
	1078	ENDDO
	1079	ENDDO
	1080
	1081	!
	1082	!-- v-component
	1083	CASE ( 2 )
	1084	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1085	DO j = nysv, nyn
[2232]	1086	!
	1087	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[2317]	1088	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'v' )
	1089
[2232]	1090	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1091
[2232]	1092	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1093	!
	1094	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1095	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1096	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1097	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1098	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1099	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
	1100	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1101	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1102	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
	1103	THEN
	1104	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1105	ENDIF
	1106
	1107	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1108	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1109	!
	1110	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1111	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1112	lad_local * &
	1113	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1114	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1115	u(k,j,i) + &
	1116	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1117	)**2 + &
	1118	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1119	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1120	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1121	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1122	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1123	)**2 &
	1124	) * &
	1125	v(k,j,i)
	1126
	1127	!
	1128	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1129	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1130	!
	1131	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1132	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1133	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1134	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1135	ELSE
	1136	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1137	ENDIF
	1138	!
	1139	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1140	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1141
[138]	1142	ENDDO
	1143	ENDDO
	1144	ENDDO
	1145
	1146	!
	1147	!-- w-component
	1148	CASE ( 3 )
	1149	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1150	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1151	!
	1152	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[2317]	1153	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'w' )
	1154
[2232]	1155	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[1484]	1156
[2232]	1157	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1158
[1484]	1159	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1160	pre_w = 0.0_wp
	1161	!
	1162	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1163	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1164	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1165	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1166	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1167	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1168	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1169	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1170	)**2 + &
	1171	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1172	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1173	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1174	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1175	)**2 + &
	1176	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1177	) * &
	1178	w(k,j,i)
	1179	!
	1180	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1181	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1182	!
	1183	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1184	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1185	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1186	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1187	ELSE
	1188	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1189	ENDIF
	1190	!
	1191	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1192	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1193
[138]	1194	ENDDO
	1195	ENDDO
	1196	ENDDO
	1197
	1198	!
[153]	1199	!-- potential temperature
[138]	1200	CASE ( 4 )
	1201	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1202	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1203	!
	1204	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1205	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1206
[2232]	1207	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1208
	1209	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1210	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1211	ENDDO
	1212	ENDDO
	1213	ENDDO
	1214
	1215	!
[1960]	1216	!-- humidity
[153]	1217	CASE ( 5 )
	1218	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1219	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1220	!
	1221	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1222	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1223
[2232]	1224	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1225
	1226	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1227	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1228	lsec * &
[1721]	1229	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1230	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1231	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1232	)**2 + &
	1233	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1234	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1235	)**2 + &
	1236	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1237	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1238	)**2 &
	1239	) * &
	1240	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1241	ENDDO
	1242	ENDDO
	1243	ENDDO
	1244
	1245	!
	1246	!-- sgs-tke
	1247	CASE ( 6 )
	1248	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1249	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1250	!
	1251	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1252	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1253
[2232]	1254	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1255
	1256	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1257	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1258	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1259	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1260	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1261	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1262	)**2 + &
	1263	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1264	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1265	)**2 + &
	1266	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1267	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1268	)**2 &
	1269	) * &
	1270	e(k,j,i)
[138]	1271	ENDDO
	1272	ENDDO
	1273	ENDDO
[1960]	1274	!
	1275	!-- scalar concentration
	1276	CASE ( 7 )
	1277	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1278	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1279	!
	1280	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1281	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1282
[2232]	1283	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1284
	1285	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1960]	1286	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1287	lsec * &
	1288	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1289	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1290	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1291	)**2 + &
	1292	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1293	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1294	)**2 + &
	1295	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1296	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1297	)**2 &
	1298	) * &
	1299	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1300	ENDDO
	1301	ENDDO
	1302	ENDDO
[1484]	1303
	1304
[1960]	1305
[138]	1306	CASE DEFAULT
	1307
[257]	1308	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1309	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1310
	1311	END SELECT
	1312
[1826]	1313	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
[138]	1314
	1315
	1316	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1484]	1317	! Description:
	1318	! ------------
[1682]	1319	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	1320	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	1321	!>
	1322	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	1323	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	1324	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	1325	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	1326	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	1327	!>
	1328	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	1329	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	1330	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	1331	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	1332	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	1333	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	1334	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	1335	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	1336	!>
	1337	!>
	1338	!> Call for grid point i,j
[138]	1339	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1340	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
[138]	1341
	1342
[1320]	1343	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	1344	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	1345
	1346	USE kinds
	1347
[138]	1348	IMPLICIT NONE
	1349
[1682]	1350	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1351	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1352	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1353	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1354	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	1355	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[138]	1356
[1682]	1357	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1358	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1359	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1360	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1361	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1362	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1363
	1364
	1365	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
	1366
[138]	1367	!
[1484]	1368	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
[142]	1369	SELECT CASE ( component )
[138]	1370
	1371	!
[142]	1372	!-- u-component
[1484]	1373	CASE ( 1 )
[2232]	1374	!
	1375	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[2317]	1376	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'u' )
	1377
[2232]	1378	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1379
[2232]	1380	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1381	!
[1484]	1382	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1383	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1384	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1385	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1386	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1387	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1388	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1389	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1390	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1391	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1392	ENDIF
	1393
	1394	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1395	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1396	!
	1397	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1398	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1399	lad_local * &
	1400	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1401	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1402	v(k,j,i) + &
	1403	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1404	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1405	)**2 + &
	1406	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1407	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1408	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1409	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1410	)**2 &
	1411	) * &
	1412	u(k,j,i)
	1413
	1414	!
	1415	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1416	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1417	!
	1418	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1419	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1420	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1421	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1422	ELSE
	1423	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1424	ENDIF
	1425	!
	1426	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1427	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1428	ENDDO
	1429
	1430
	1431	!
[142]	1432	!-- v-component
[1484]	1433	CASE ( 2 )
[2232]	1434	!
	1435	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[2317]	1436	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'v' )
	1437
[2232]	1438	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1439
[2232]	1440	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1441	!
[1484]	1442	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1443	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1444	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1445	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1446	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1447	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
	1448	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1449	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1450	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1451	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1452	ENDIF
	1453
	1454	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1455	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1456	!
	1457	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1458	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1459	lad_local * &
	1460	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1461	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1462	u(k,j,i) + &
	1463	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1464	)**2 + &
	1465	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1466	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1467	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1468	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1469	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1470	)**2 &
	1471	) * &
	1472	v(k,j,i)
	1473
	1474	!
	1475	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1476	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1477	!
	1478	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1479	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1480	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1481	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1482	ELSE
	1483	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1484	ENDIF
	1485	!
	1486	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1487	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1488	ENDDO
	1489
	1490
	1491	!
[142]	1492	!-- w-component
[1484]	1493	CASE ( 3 )
[2232]	1494	!
	1495	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[2317]	1496	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'w' )
	1497
[2232]	1498	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[138]	1499
[2232]	1500	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1501
[1484]	1502	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1503	pre_w = 0.0_wp
[138]	1504	!
[1484]	1505	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1506	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1507	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1508	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1509	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1510	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1511	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1512	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1513	)**2 + &
	1514	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1515	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1516	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1517	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1518	)**2 + &
	1519	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1520	) * &
	1521	w(k,j,i)
	1522	!
	1523	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1524	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1525	!
	1526	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1527	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1528	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1529	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1530	ELSE
	1531	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1532	ENDIF
	1533	!
	1534	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1535	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1536	ENDDO
	1537
	1538	!
[153]	1539	!-- potential temperature
	1540	CASE ( 4 )
[2232]	1541	!
	1542	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1543	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1544
[2232]	1545	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1546	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1547	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1548	ENDDO
	1549
	1550
	1551	!
[1960]	1552	!-- humidity
[153]	1553	CASE ( 5 )
[2232]	1554	!
	1555	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1556	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1557
[2232]	1558	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1559
	1560	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1561	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1562	lsec * &
[1721]	1563	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1564	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1565	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1566	)**2 + &
	1567	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1568	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1569	)**2 + &
	1570	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1571	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1572	)**2 &
	1573	) * &
	1574	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1575	ENDDO
	1576
	1577	!
[142]	1578	!-- sgs-tke
[1484]	1579	CASE ( 6 )
[2232]	1580	!
	1581	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1582	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1583
[2232]	1584	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1585
	1586	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1587	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1588	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1589	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1590	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1591	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1592	)**2 + &
	1593	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1594	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1595	)**2 + &
	1596	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1597	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1598	)**2 &
	1599	) * &
	1600	e(k,j,i)
	1601	ENDDO
[1960]	1602
	1603	!
	1604	!-- scalar concentration
	1605	CASE ( 7 )
[2232]	1606	!
	1607	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1608	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1609
[2232]	1610	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1611
	1612	kk = k - k_wall
[1960]	1613	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1614	lsec * &
	1615	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1616	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1617	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1618	)**2 + &
	1619	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1620	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1621	)**2 + &
	1622	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1623	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1624	)**2 &
	1625	) * &
	1626	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1627	ENDDO
[138]	1628
[142]	1629	CASE DEFAULT
[138]	1630
[257]	1631	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1632	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1633
[142]	1634	END SELECT
[138]	1635
[1826]	1636	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
[138]	1637
[2007]	1638
	1639
[138]	1640	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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