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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 2237

Last change on this file since 2237 was 2233, checked in by suehring, 8 years ago
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[1826]	1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[2000]	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	19	!
[257]	20	! Current revisions:
[138]	21	! -----------------
[2214]	22	!
[2233]	23	!
[2214]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring $
	27	!
[2233]	28	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	29	! Adjustments to new topography concept
	30	!
[2214]	31	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
[2213]	32	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
	33	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
	34	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
	35	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
[2008]	36	!
[2210]	37	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
	38	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
	39	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
	40	!
[2025]	41	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
	42	! Added missing lad_s initialization
	43	!
[2012]	44	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	45	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
	46	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
	47	! and similar future applications.
	48	!
[2008]	49	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
[2007]	50	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
	51	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
	52	! introduction of urban surface model,
	53	! introduced variable ext_coef,
	54	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
[1827]	55	!
[2001]	56	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	57	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	58	!
[1961]	59	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	60	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
	61	!
[1954]	62	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
	63	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
	64	!
[1827]	65	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
	66	! Further modularization
	67	!
[1722]	68	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
	69	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
	70	! canopy is set on top of topography
	71	!
[1683]	72	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	73	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	74	!
[1485]	75	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
[1484]	76	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
	77	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
[1826]	78	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
[1484]	79	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
	80	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	81	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
[1826]	82	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
	83	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
[1484]	84	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
	85	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
	86	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
	87	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
	88	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
	89	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
	90	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
	91	! respectively,
	92	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
	93	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
[1341]	94	!
	95	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	96	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	97	!
[1321]	98	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
[1320]	99	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	100	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	101	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	102	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	103	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	104	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	105	! all variable declaration statements
[153]	106	!
[1037]	107	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	108	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	109	!
[139]	110	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
	111	! Initial revision
	112	!
[138]	113	! Description:
	114	! ------------
[1682]	115	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
[1826]	116	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
[1682]	117	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
[1826]	118	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
[138]	119	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	120	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
	121
[1484]	122	USE arrays_3d, &
[2232]	123	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
[138]	124
[1484]	125	USE indices, &
	126	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
[2232]	127	nz, nzb, nzb_max, nzt, wall_flags_0
[1484]	128
	129	USE kinds
	130
	131
	132	IMPLICIT NONE
	133
	134
[1682]	135	CHARACTER (LEN=20) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
[1484]	136
[1682]	137	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
[1484]	138	INTEGER(iwp) :: &
[1682]	139	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
[1484]	140
[1682]	141	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
	142	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy = .FALSE. !< switch for use of canopy model
[1484]	143
[1682]	144	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	145	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	146	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
	147	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
	148	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
	149	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
[2007]	150	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
[1682]	151	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
	152	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
[1484]	153	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	154	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
[1484]	155	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	156	leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
	157	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
	158	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
[1484]	159
	160	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	161	lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
[1484]	162	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	163	lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
[1484]	164
[1682]	165	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
	166	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
[1484]	167
	168	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[2011]	169	pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
[1682]	170	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
	171	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
[1484]	172
	173
	174	SAVE
	175
	176
[138]	177	PRIVATE
[1826]	178
	179	!
	180	!-- Public functions
[2209]	181	PUBLIC pcm_check_data_output, pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, &
	182	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
[138]	183
[1826]	184	!
	185	!-- Public variables and constants
[2011]	186	PUBLIC pc_heating_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
[2007]	187	pch_index, plant_canopy
	188
[1484]	189
[2209]	190	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	191	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
	192	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	193
[1826]	194	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	195	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
[2209]	196	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	197
	198	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	199	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
	200	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	201
	202	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	203	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	204	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
[1826]	205
	206	INTERFACE pcm_header
	207	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
	208	END INTERFACE pcm_header
	209
	210	INTERFACE pcm_init
	211	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
	212	END INTERFACE pcm_init
[138]	213
[1826]	214	INTERFACE pcm_parin
	215	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
[2007]	216	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
	217
	218	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	219	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	220	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[1826]	221
	222	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
	223	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
	224	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
	225	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
[1484]	226
	227
[138]	228	CONTAINS
	229
[2209]	230
	231	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	232	! Description:
	233	! ------------
	234	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
	235	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	236	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
[1826]	237
[2209]	238
	239	USE control_parameters, &
	240	ONLY: data_output, message_string
	241
	242	IMPLICIT NONE
	243
	244	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	245	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
	246
	247
	248	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	249
	250	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	251	unit = 'K s-1'
	252
	253	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	254	unit = 'm2 m-3'
	255
	256
	257	CASE DEFAULT
	258	unit = 'illegal'
	259
	260	END SELECT
	261
	262
	263	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
	264
	265
[1826]	266	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	267	! Description:
	268	! ------------
	269	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
	270	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	271	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
[138]	272
[1826]	273	USE control_parameters, &
	274	ONLY: cloud_physics, message_string, microphysics_seifert
	275
	276
	277	IMPLICIT NONE
	278
	279
	280	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	281	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
	282	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
	283	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	284	ENDIF
	285
	286	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
	287	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	288	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	289	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	290	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
	291	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	292	ENDIF
	293
	294	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	295	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	296	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	297	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
	298	'lai_beta = 0.0'
	299	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	300	ENDIF
	301
	302	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	303	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9' // &
	304	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
	305	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
	306	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
	307	'density profile'
	308	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	309	ENDIF
	310
	311	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
	312	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
	313	' seifert_beheng'
	314	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	315	ENDIF
	316
	317
	318	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
	319
	320
[138]	321	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2209]	322	!
[1484]	323	! Description:
	324	! ------------
[2209]	325	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
	326	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	327	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf )
	328
	329	USE control_parameters, &
	330	ONLY : nz_do3d
	331
	332	USE indices
	333
	334	USE kinds
	335
	336
	337	IMPLICIT NONE
	338
	339	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	340
	341	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
	342	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	343	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	344	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	345
	346	LOGICAL :: found !<
	347
	348	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxlg:nxrg,nysg:nyng,nzb:nz_do3d) :: local_pf !<
	349
	350
	351	found = .TRUE.
	352
	353
	354	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	355
	356	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
[2213]	357	CALL exchange_horiz( pc_heating_rate, nbgp )
[2209]	358	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	359	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	360	DO j = nysg, nyng
	361	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	362	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	363	ENDDO
	364	ENDDO
	365	ENDDO
	366	ENDIF
	367
	368
	369	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	370	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
	371	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	372	DO j = nysg, nyng
	373	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	374	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	375	ENDDO
	376	ENDDO
	377	ENDDO
	378	ENDIF
	379
	380
	381	CASE DEFAULT
	382	found = .FALSE.
	383
	384	END SELECT
	385
	386
	387	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
	388
	389	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	390	!
	391	! Description:
	392	! ------------
	393	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
	394	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
	395	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	396	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
	397
	398	IMPLICIT NONE
	399
	400	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
	401	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
	402	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
	403	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
	404	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
	405
	406	found = .TRUE.
	407
	408	!
	409	!-- Check for the grid
	410	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	411
	412	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad' )
	413	grid_x = 'x'
	414	grid_y = 'y'
	415	grid_z = 'zu'
	416
	417	CASE DEFAULT
	418	found = .FALSE.
	419	grid_x = 'none'
	420	grid_y = 'none'
	421	grid_z = 'none'
	422	END SELECT
	423
	424	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	425
	426
	427	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	428	! Description:
	429	! ------------
[1826]	430	!> Header output for plant canopy model
	431	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	432	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
	433
	434	USE control_parameters, &
	435	ONLY: dz, passive_scalar
	436
	437
	438	IMPLICIT NONE
	439
	440	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
	441
	442	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
	443	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
	444	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
	445	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
	446
	447	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	448	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	449	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	450
	451	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
	452
	453	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	454
	455	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
	456	canopy_drag_coeff
	457	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	458	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	459	leaf_surface_conc
	460	ENDIF
	461
	462	!
	463	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
	464	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
	465
	466	!
	467	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
	468	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
	469	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	470
	471	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
	472	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	473	gradients = '------'
	474	slices = ' 0'
	475	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	476	i = 1
	477	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
	478	/= -9999 )
	479
	480	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
	481	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	482	TRIM( coor_chr )
	483
	484	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	485	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	486
	487	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
	488	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	489
	490	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
	491	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	492
	493	i = i + 1
	494	ENDDO
	495
	496	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	497	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
	498
	499	ELSE
	500
	501	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	502	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	503
	504	DO k = 1, pch_index
	505
	506	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
	507	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	508	TRIM( coor_chr )
	509
	510	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
	511	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	512
	513	ENDDO
	514
	515	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	516	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
	517
	518	ENDIF
	519
	520	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
	521	' ------------------------------'// &
	522	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
	523	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
	524	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
	525	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
	526	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
	527	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
	528	' K m/s')
	529	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
	530	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	531	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	532	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
	533	' Gridpoint: ',A)
	534	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
	535	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	536	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	537	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
	538	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
	539	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
	540
	541	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
	542
	543
	544	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	545	! Description:
	546	! ------------
[1682]	547	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
[138]	548	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	549	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	550
	551
	552	USE control_parameters, &
[2213]	553	ONLY: coupling_char, dz, humidity, io_blocks, io_group, &
[2232]	554	message_string, ocean, passive_scalar, urban_surface
[1484]	555
[2232]	556	USE surface_mod, &
	557	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[1484]	558
	559	IMPLICIT NONE
	560
[2007]	561	CHARACTER(10) :: pct
	562
	563	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	564	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< index
	565	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	566	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	567	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
[1484]	568
[2007]	569	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
	570	REAL(wp) :: dzh !< vertical grid spacing in units of canopy height
	571	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
	572	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
	573	REAL(wp) :: pcv(nzb:nzt+1) !<
	574
[1484]	575	!
	576	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
	577	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
	578	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
	579	lad = 0.0_wp
	580	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
	581
	582	!
[1826]	583	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
	584	!-- a beta probability density function
	585	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	586	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
	587	ENDIF
	588
	589
	590	!
[1484]	591	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
	592	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
	593	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
	594	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
	595	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
	596	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	597
	598	!
	599	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
	600	i = 1
	601	gradient = 0.0_wp
	602
	603	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
	604
	605	lad(0) = lad_surface
	606	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
	607
	608	DO k = 1, pch_index
	609	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
	610	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
	611	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	612	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	613	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
	614	i = i + 1
	615	ENDIF
	616	ENDIF
	617	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	618	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
	619	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
	620	ELSE
	621	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
	622	ENDIF
	623	ELSE
	624	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
	625	ENDIF
	626	ENDDO
	627
	628	ENDIF
	629
	630	!
	631	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
	632	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
	633	!-- file.
	634	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	635	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
	636	ENDIF
	637
	638	ELSE
	639
	640	!
	641	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
	642	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
	643	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	644
[2232]	645	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1484]	646	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
[1826]	647	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	648	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	649	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	650	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
[1484]	651	ENDDO
	652
	653	!
	654	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
[2232]	655	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1826]	656	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
	657	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	658	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	659	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
	660	) / canopy_height
[1484]	661	ENDDO
	662
	663	!
	664	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
	665	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
	666	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
	667	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
[2232]	668	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1484]	669	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
	670	ENDDO
	671
	672	ENDIF
	673
	674	!
[2213]	675	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
[1484]	676	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	677
	678	!
	679	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	680	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	681	!-- with the prescribed values
	682	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
	683	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
	684	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
	685
	686	!
	687	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
	688	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
	689	!-- fully covers the domain surface
	690	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
	691
	692	CASE( 'block' )
	693
	694	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	695	DO j = nysg, nyng
	696	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
	697	ENDDO
	698	ENDDO
	699
[2007]	700	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
	701	!
	702	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	703	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	704	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
	705	!-- each location).
	706	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	707
[1484]	708	CASE DEFAULT
	709	!
[2007]	710	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
	711	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
	712	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
	713	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
	714	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
	715	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
[1484]	716
	717	END SELECT
	718
	719	!
[2011]	720	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
	721	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
	722	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
	723	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
	724	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
	725	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
	726	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
	727	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
	728	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
	729	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
[2213]	730	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
	731	!-- When using the urban surface model (USM), canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
	732	!-- by radiation is calculated in the USM.
	733	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface) THEN
	734
	735	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	736	pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1484]	737	!
[2011]	738	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
[1484]	739	!-- integration of the leaf area density
	740	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	741	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	742	DO j = nysg, nyng
	743	DO k = pch_index-1, 0, -1
	744	IF ( k == pch_index-1 ) THEN
	745	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	746	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
	747	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	748	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	749	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	750	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	751	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	752	ELSE
	753	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	754	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
	755	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
	756	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	757	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	758	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	759	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	760	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	761	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	762	ENDIF
	763	ENDDO
	764	ENDDO
	765	ENDDO
	766
[2232]	767	!
	768	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
	769	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
	770	!-- Start with default surface type
	771	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
	772	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
	773	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	774	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	775	ENDDO
[1484]	776	!
[2232]	777	!-- Natural surfaces
	778	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
	779	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
	780	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	781	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	782	ENDDO
	783	!
	784	!-- Urban surfaces
	785	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
	786	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
	787	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	788	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	789	ENDDO
	790	!
	791	!
[2011]	792	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
[2232]	793	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
	794	!-- canopy.
	795	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
	796	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
	797	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
	798	!-- of the respective layer
[1484]	799	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	800	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2232]	801	DO k = 1, pch_index
	802	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	803	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
	804	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
	805	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
	806	ENDIF
	807	ENDDO
[1721]	808	ENDDO
	809	ENDDO
[1484]	810
	811	ENDIF
	812
	813
	814
[1826]	815	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	816
	817
[2007]	818	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	819	! Description:
	820	! ------------
	821	!> Parin for &canopy_par for plant canopy model
	822	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	823	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
[1484]	824
[2007]	825
	826	IMPLICIT NONE
	827
	828	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	829
	830	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	831	canopy_mode, cthf, &
	832	lad_surface, &
	833	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	834	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	835	lai_beta, &
	836	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	837	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
	838
	839	line = ' '
	840
	841	!
	842	!-- Try to find radiation model package
	843	REWIND ( 11 )
	844	line = ' '
	845	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
	846	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
	847	ENDDO
	848	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	849
	850	!
	851	!-- Read user-defined namelist
	852	READ ( 11, canopy_par )
	853
	854	!
	855	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
	856	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
	857
	858	10 CONTINUE
	859
	860
	861	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
	862
	863
	864
[1484]	865	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	866	! Description:
	867	! ------------
[2007]	868	!
	869	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
	870	!>
	871	!> num_levels
	872	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	873	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	874	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	875	!> ...
	876	!>
	877	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
	878	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
	879	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
	880	!>
	881	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
[2213]	882	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
[2007]	883	!>
	884	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
	885	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
	886	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	887	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[2213]	888
	889	USE control_parameters, &
	890	ONLY: message_string, passive_scalar
[2007]	891
[2213]	892	USE indices, &
	893	ONLY: nbgp
	894
	895	IMPLICIT NONE
[2007]	896
[2213]	897	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
	898	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
	899	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
	900	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
	901	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
	902
	903	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
[2007]	904
[2213]	905	!
	906	!-- Initialize lad_s array
	907	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	908
	909	!
	910	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
	911	OPEN(152, file='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D', access='SEQUENTIAL', &
	912	action='READ', status='OLD', form='FORMATTED', err=515)
	913	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
	914
	915	ALLOCATE(col(0:nzp-1))
[2007]	916
[2213]	917	DO
	918	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) dtype, i, j, col(:)
	919	IF ( i < nxlg .or. i > nxrg .or. j < nysg .or. j > nyng ) CYCLE
[2007]	920
[2213]	921	SELECT CASE (dtype)
	922	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
	923	!
	924	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
	925	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
	926	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
	927	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
	928	lad_s(0:nzp-1, j, i) = col(0:nzp-1)
	929
	930	CASE DEFAULT
	931	write(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
	932	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
	933	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	934	END SELECT
	935	ENDDO
[2007]	936
[2213]	937	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	938	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2007]	939
[2213]	940	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	941	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	942
	943	517 CLOSE(152)
	944	DEALLOCATE(col)
	945
	946	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
[2007]	947
	948	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	949
	950
	951
	952	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	953	! Description:
	954	! ------------
[1682]	955	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	956	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	957	!>
	958	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	959	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	960	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	961	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	962	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	963	!>
	964	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	965	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	966	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	967	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	968	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	969	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	970	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	971	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	972	!>
	973	!>
	974	!> Call for all grid points
[1484]	975	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	976	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
[138]	977
	978
[1320]	979	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	980	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	981
	982	USE kinds
	983
[138]	984	IMPLICIT NONE
	985
[1682]	986	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	987	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	988	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	989	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	990	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	991	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[1484]	992
[1682]	993	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	994	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	995	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	996	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	997	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	998	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	999
	1000
	1001	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	1002
	1003	!
[1484]	1004	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
[138]	1005	SELECT CASE ( component )
	1006
	1007	!
	1008	!-- u-component
	1009	CASE ( 1 )
	1010	DO i = nxlu, nxr
	1011	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1012	!
	1013	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
	1014	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1015	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1016	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 14 ) &
	1017	), DIM = 1 &
	1018	) - 1
	1019	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1020
[2232]	1021	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1022	!
	1023	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1024	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1025	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1026	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1027	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1028	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1029	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1030	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1031	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
	1032	THEN
	1033	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1034	ENDIF
	1035
	1036	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1037	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1038	!
	1039	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1040	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1041	lad_local * &
	1042	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1043	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1044	v(k,j,i) + &
	1045	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1046	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1047	)**2 + &
	1048	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1049	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1050	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1051	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1052	)**2 &
	1053	) * &
	1054	u(k,j,i)
	1055
	1056	!
	1057	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1058	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1059	!
	1060	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1061	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1062	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1063	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1064	ELSE
	1065	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1066	ENDIF
	1067	!
	1068	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1069	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1070
[138]	1071	ENDDO
	1072	ENDDO
	1073	ENDDO
	1074
	1075	!
	1076	!-- v-component
	1077	CASE ( 2 )
	1078	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1079	DO j = nysv, nyn
[2232]	1080	!
	1081	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
	1082	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1083	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1084	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 16 ) &
	1085	), DIM = 1 &
	1086	) - 1
	1087	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1088
[2232]	1089	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1090	!
	1091	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1092	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1093	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1094	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1095	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1096	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
	1097	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1098	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1099	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
	1100	THEN
	1101	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1102	ENDIF
	1103
	1104	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1105	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1106	!
	1107	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1108	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1109	lad_local * &
	1110	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1111	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1112	u(k,j,i) + &
	1113	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1114	)**2 + &
	1115	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1116	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1117	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1118	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1119	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1120	)**2 &
	1121	) * &
	1122	v(k,j,i)
	1123
	1124	!
	1125	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1126	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1127	!
	1128	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1129	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1130	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1131	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1132	ELSE
	1133	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1134	ENDIF
	1135	!
	1136	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1137	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1138
[138]	1139	ENDDO
	1140	ENDDO
	1141	ENDDO
	1142
	1143	!
	1144	!-- w-component
	1145	CASE ( 3 )
	1146	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1147	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1148	!
	1149	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
	1150	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1151	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1152	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 18 ) &
	1153	), DIM = 1 &
	1154	) - 1
	1155	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[1484]	1156
[2232]	1157	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1158
[1484]	1159	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1160	pre_w = 0.0_wp
	1161	!
	1162	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1163	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1164	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1165	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1166	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1167	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1168	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1169	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1170	)**2 + &
	1171	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1172	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1173	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1174	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1175	)**2 + &
	1176	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1177	) * &
	1178	w(k,j,i)
	1179	!
	1180	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1181	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1182	!
	1183	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1184	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1185	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1186	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1187	ELSE
	1188	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1189	ENDIF
	1190	!
	1191	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1192	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1193
[138]	1194	ENDDO
	1195	ENDDO
	1196	ENDDO
	1197
	1198	!
[153]	1199	!-- potential temperature
[138]	1200	CASE ( 4 )
	1201	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1202	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1203	!
	1204	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
	1205	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1206	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1207	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1208	), DIM = 1 &
	1209	) - 1
	1210	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1211
	1212	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1213	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1214	ENDDO
	1215	ENDDO
	1216	ENDDO
	1217
	1218	!
[1960]	1219	!-- humidity
[153]	1220	CASE ( 5 )
	1221	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1222	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1223	!
	1224	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
	1225	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1226	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1227	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1228	), DIM = 1 &
	1229	) - 1
	1230	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1231
	1232	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1233	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1234	lsec * &
[1721]	1235	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1236	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1237	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1238	)**2 + &
	1239	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1240	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1241	)**2 + &
	1242	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1243	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1244	)**2 &
	1245	) * &
	1246	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1247	ENDDO
	1248	ENDDO
	1249	ENDDO
	1250
	1251	!
	1252	!-- sgs-tke
	1253	CASE ( 6 )
	1254	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1255	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1256	!
	1257	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
	1258	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1259	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1260	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1261	), DIM = 1 &
	1262	) - 1
	1263	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1264
	1265	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1266	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1267	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1268	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1269	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1270	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1271	)**2 + &
	1272	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1273	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1274	)**2 + &
	1275	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1276	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1277	)**2 &
	1278	) * &
	1279	e(k,j,i)
[138]	1280	ENDDO
	1281	ENDDO
	1282	ENDDO
[1960]	1283	!
	1284	!-- scalar concentration
	1285	CASE ( 7 )
	1286	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1287	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1288	!
	1289	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
	1290	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1291	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1292	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1293	), DIM = 1 &
	1294	) - 1
	1295	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1296
	1297	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1960]	1298	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1299	lsec * &
	1300	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1301	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1302	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1303	)**2 + &
	1304	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1305	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1306	)**2 + &
	1307	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1308	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1309	)**2 &
	1310	) * &
	1311	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1312	ENDDO
	1313	ENDDO
	1314	ENDDO
[1484]	1315
	1316
[1960]	1317
[138]	1318	CASE DEFAULT
	1319
[257]	1320	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1321	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1322
	1323	END SELECT
	1324
[1826]	1325	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
[138]	1326
	1327
	1328	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1484]	1329	! Description:
	1330	! ------------
[1682]	1331	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	1332	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	1333	!>
	1334	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	1335	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	1336	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	1337	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	1338	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	1339	!>
	1340	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	1341	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	1342	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	1343	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	1344	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	1345	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	1346	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	1347	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	1348	!>
	1349	!>
	1350	!> Call for grid point i,j
[138]	1351	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1352	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
[138]	1353
	1354
[1320]	1355	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	1356	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	1357
	1358	USE kinds
	1359
[138]	1360	IMPLICIT NONE
	1361
[1682]	1362	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1363	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1364	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1365	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1366	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	1367	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[138]	1368
[1682]	1369	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1370	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1371	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1372	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1373	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1374	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1375
	1376
	1377	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
	1378
[138]	1379	!
[1484]	1380	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
[142]	1381	SELECT CASE ( component )
[138]	1382
	1383	!
[142]	1384	!-- u-component
[1484]	1385	CASE ( 1 )
[2232]	1386	!
	1387	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
	1388	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1389	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1390	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 14 ) &
	1391	), DIM = 1 &
	1392	) - 1
	1393	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1394
[2232]	1395	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1396	!
[1484]	1397	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1398	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1399	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1400	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1401	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1402	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1403	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1404	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1405	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1406	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1407	ENDIF
	1408
	1409	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1410	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1411	!
	1412	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1413	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1414	lad_local * &
	1415	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1416	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1417	v(k,j,i) + &
	1418	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1419	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1420	)**2 + &
	1421	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1422	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1423	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1424	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1425	)**2 &
	1426	) * &
	1427	u(k,j,i)
	1428
	1429	!
	1430	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1431	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1432	!
	1433	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1434	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1435	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1436	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1437	ELSE
	1438	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1439	ENDIF
	1440	!
	1441	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1442	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1443	ENDDO
	1444
	1445
	1446	!
[142]	1447	!-- v-component
[1484]	1448	CASE ( 2 )
[2232]	1449	!
	1450	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
	1451	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1452	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1453	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 16 ) &
	1454	), DIM = 1 &
	1455	) - 1
	1456	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1457
[2232]	1458	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1459	!
[1484]	1460	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1461	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1462	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1463	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1464	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1465	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
	1466	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1467	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1468	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1469	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1470	ENDIF
	1471
	1472	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1473	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1474	!
	1475	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1476	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1477	lad_local * &
	1478	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1479	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1480	u(k,j,i) + &
	1481	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1482	)**2 + &
	1483	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1484	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1485	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1486	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1487	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1488	)**2 &
	1489	) * &
	1490	v(k,j,i)
	1491
	1492	!
	1493	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1494	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1495	!
	1496	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1497	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1498	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1499	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1500	ELSE
	1501	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1502	ENDIF
	1503	!
	1504	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1505	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1506	ENDDO
	1507
	1508
	1509	!
[142]	1510	!-- w-component
[1484]	1511	CASE ( 3 )
[2232]	1512	!
	1513	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
	1514	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1515	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1516	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 18 ) &
	1517	), DIM = 1 &
	1518	) - 1
	1519	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[138]	1520
[2232]	1521	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1522
[1484]	1523	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1524	pre_w = 0.0_wp
[138]	1525	!
[1484]	1526	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1527	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1528	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1529	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1530	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1531	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1532	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1533	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1534	)**2 + &
	1535	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1536	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1537	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1538	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1539	)**2 + &
	1540	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1541	) * &
	1542	w(k,j,i)
	1543	!
	1544	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1545	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1546	!
	1547	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1548	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1549	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1550	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1551	ELSE
	1552	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1553	ENDIF
	1554	!
	1555	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1556	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1557	ENDDO
	1558
	1559	!
[153]	1560	!-- potential temperature
	1561	CASE ( 4 )
[2232]	1562	!
	1563	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
	1564	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1565	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1566	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1567	), DIM = 1 &
	1568	) - 1
	1569	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1570	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1571	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1572	ENDDO
	1573
	1574
	1575	!
[1960]	1576	!-- humidity
[153]	1577	CASE ( 5 )
[2232]	1578	!
	1579	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
	1580	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1581	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1582	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1583	), DIM = 1 &
	1584	) - 1
	1585	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1586
	1587	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1588	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1589	lsec * &
[1721]	1590	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1591	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1592	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1593	)**2 + &
	1594	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1595	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1596	)**2 + &
	1597	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1598	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1599	)**2 &
	1600	) * &
	1601	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1602	ENDDO
	1603
	1604	!
[142]	1605	!-- sgs-tke
[1484]	1606	CASE ( 6 )
[2232]	1607	!
	1608	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
	1609	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1610	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1611	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1612	), DIM = 1 &
	1613	) - 1
	1614	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1615
	1616	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1617	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1618	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1619	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1620	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1621	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1622	)**2 + &
	1623	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1624	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1625	)**2 + &
	1626	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1627	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1628	)**2 &
	1629	) * &
	1630	e(k,j,i)
	1631	ENDDO
[1960]	1632
	1633	!
	1634	!-- scalar concentration
	1635	CASE ( 7 )
[2232]	1636	!
	1637	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
	1638	k_wall = MAXLOC( &
	1639	MERGE( 1, 0, &
	1640	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,j,i), 12 ) &
	1641	), DIM = 1 &
	1642	) - 1
	1643	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1644
	1645	kk = k - k_wall
[1960]	1646	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1647	lsec * &
	1648	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1649	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1650	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1651	)**2 + &
	1652	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1653	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1654	)**2 + &
	1655	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1656	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1657	)**2 &
	1658	) * &
	1659	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1660	ENDDO
[138]	1661
[142]	1662	CASE DEFAULT
[138]	1663
[257]	1664	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1665	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1666
[142]	1667	END SELECT
[138]	1668
[1826]	1669	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
[138]	1670
[2007]	1671
	1672
[138]	1673	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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