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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1817

Last change on this file since 1817 was 1817, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
further modularization of land surface model
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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
22	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga $
27	!
28	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
29	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
30	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
31	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
32	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
33	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
34	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
35	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
36	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
37	! Syntax layout improved.
38	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
39	!
40	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
41	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
42	!
43	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
44	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
45	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
46	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
47	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
48	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
49	!
50	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
51	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
52	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
53	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
54	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
55	! Added todo action
56	!
57	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
58	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
59	!
60	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
61	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
62	! Replaced rif with ol
63	!
64	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
65	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
66	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
67	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
68	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
69	!
70	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
71	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
72	!
73	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
74	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
75	!
76	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
77	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
78	!
79	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
80	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
81	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
82	!
83	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
84	! Added output of r_a and r_s
85	!
86	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
87	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
88	! profile
89	!
90	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
91	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
92	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
93	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
94	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
95	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
96	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
97	! calculation
98	!
99	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
100	!
101	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
102	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
103	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
104	! Added support for dry runs.
105	!
106	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
107	! Initial revision
108	!
109	!
110	! Description:
111	! ------------
112	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
113	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
114	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
115	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
116	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
117	!>
118	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
119	!> skin layer.
120	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
121	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
122	!> nzt_soil=3)).
123	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
124	!> with considerable precipitation.
125	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
126	!>
127	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
128	!> become too thin.
129	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
130	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
131
132	USE arrays_3d, &
133	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h, &
134	z0q
135
136	USE cloud_parameters, &
137	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
138
139	USE control_parameters, &
140	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
141	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
142	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
143	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
144	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
145
146	USE indices, &
147	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
148
149	USE kinds
150
151	USE pegrid
152
153	USE radiation_model_mod, &
154	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
155	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
156	unscheduled_radiation_calls
157
158	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
159	USE radiation_model_mod, &
160	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
161	#endif
162
163	USE statistics, &
164	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
165
166	IMPLICIT NONE
167
168	!
169	!-- LSM model constants
170	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
171	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
172	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
173
174	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
175	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
176	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
177	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
178	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
179	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
180	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
181	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
182	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
183
184
185	!
186	!-- LSM variables
187	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
188	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
189
190	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
191	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
192
193	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
194	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
195	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
196
197	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
198	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
199	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
200
201	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
202	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
203	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
204	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
205	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
206	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
207	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
208	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
209	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
210	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
211	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
212	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
213	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
214	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
215	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
216	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
217	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
218	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
219	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
220	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
221	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
222	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
223	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
224	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
225	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
226	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
227	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
228	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
229	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
230	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
231	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
232	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
233	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
234	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
235	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
236	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
237
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
239	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
240	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
241	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
242	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
243	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
244	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
245	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
246
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
248	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
249	283.0_wp /), &
250	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
251	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
252
253	#if defined( __nopointer )
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
255	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
256	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
257	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
258	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
259	#else
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
261	t_surface_p, &
262	m_liq_eb, &
263	m_liq_eb_p
264
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
266	m_liq_eb_av, &
267	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
268	#endif
269
270	!
271	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
273	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
274
275	!
276	!-- Energy balance variables
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
278	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
279	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
280	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
281	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
282	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
283	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
284	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
285	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
286	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
287	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
288	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
289	lai, & !< leaf area index
290	lai_av, & !< average of lai
291	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
292	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
293	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
294	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
295	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
296	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
297	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
298	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
299	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
300	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
301	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
302	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
303	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
304	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
305	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
306	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
307	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
308	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
309	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
310	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
311	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
312	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
313	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
314	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
315	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
316	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
317	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
318
319
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
321	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
322	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
323	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
324	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
325
326	#if defined( __nopointer )
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
328	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
329	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
330	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
331	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
332	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
333	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
334	#else
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
336	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
337	m_soil, m_soil_p
338
339	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
340	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
341	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
342	#endif
343
344
345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
346	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
347	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
348	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
349
350
351	!
352	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
353	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
354	'user defined ', & ! 0
355	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
356	'short grass ', & ! 2
357	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
358	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
359	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
360	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
361	'tall grass ', & ! 7
362	'desert ', & ! 8
363	'tundra ', & ! 9
364	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
365	'semidesert ', & ! 11
366	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
367	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
368	'inland water ', & ! 14
369	'ocean ', & ! 15
370	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
371	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
372	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
373	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
374	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
375	/)
376
377	!
378	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
379	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
380	'user defined', & ! 0
381	'coarse ', & ! 1
382	'medium ', & ! 2
383	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
384	'fine ', & ! 4
385	'very fine ', & ! 5
386	'organic ', & ! 6
387	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
388	/)
389	!
390	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
391
392	!
393	!-- Land surface parameters I
394	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
395	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
396	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
397	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
398	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
399	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
400	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
401	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
402	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
403	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
404	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
405	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
406	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
407	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
408	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
409	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
410	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
411	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
412	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
413	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
414	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
415	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
416	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
417
418	!
419	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
420	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
421	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
422	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
423	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
424	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
425	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
426	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
427	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
428	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
429	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
430	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
431	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
432	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
433	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
434	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
435	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
436	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
437	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
438	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
439	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
440	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
441	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
442
443	!
444	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
445	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
446	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
447	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
448	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
449	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
450	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
451	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
452	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
453	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
454	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
455	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
456	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
457	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
458	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
459	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
460	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
462	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
463	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
464	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
465	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
466	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
467
468	!
469	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
470	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
471	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
472	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
473	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
474	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
475	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
476	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
477	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
478	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
479	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
480	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
481	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
482	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
483	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
484	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
485	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
486	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
487	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
488	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
489	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
490	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
491	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
492
493	!
494	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
495
496	!
497	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
498	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
499	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
500	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
501	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
502	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
503	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
504	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
505	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
506	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
507
508	!
509	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
510	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
511	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
512	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
513	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
514	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
515	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
516	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
517	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
518	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
519
520
521	SAVE
522
523
524	PRIVATE
525
526
527	!
528	!-- Public functions
529	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
530	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
531	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model
532	!
533	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
534	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
535	conserve_water_content, field_capacity, &
536	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, &
537	lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
538	land_surface, leaf_area_index, &
539	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, &
540	min_canopy_resistance, min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
541	pave_heat_capacity, pave_depth, pave_heat_conductivity, &
542	residual_moisture, rho_cp, rho_lv, root_fraction, &
543	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, soil_moisture, &
544	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
545	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
546
547	!
548	!-- Public grid variables
549	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
550
551	!
552	!-- Public 2D output variables
553	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
554	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
555	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
556	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
557
558	!
559	!-- Public prognostic variables
560	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
561
562
563	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
564	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
565	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
566
567	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
568	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
569	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
570
571	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
572	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
573	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
574
575	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
576	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
577	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
578
579	INTERFACE lsm_header
580	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
581	END INTERFACE lsm_header
582
583	INTERFACE lsm_init
584	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
585	END INTERFACE lsm_init
586
587	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
588	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
589	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
590
591	INTERFACE lsm_parin
592	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
593	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
594
595	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
596	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
597	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
598
599	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
600	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
601	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
602
603	CONTAINS
604
605	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
606	! Description:
607	! ------------
608	!> Check data output for land surface model
609	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
610	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
611
612
613	USE control_parameters, &
614	ONLY: data_output, message_string
615
616	IMPLICIT NONE
617
618	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
619	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
620
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
622	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
624
625	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
626
627	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
628	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
629	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
630	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
631	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
632	ENDIF
633	unit = 'm3/m3'
634
635	CASE ( 't_soil' )
636	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
637	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
638	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
639	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
640	ENDIF
641	unit = 'K'
642
643	CASE ( 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', &
644	'm_liq_eb', 'qsws_eb', &
645	'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb*', &
646	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
647	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
648	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
649	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
650	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
651	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
652	ENDIF
653
654	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
655	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
656	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
657	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
658	ENDIF
659	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
660	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
661	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
662	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
663	ENDIF
664	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
665	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
666	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
667	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
668	ENDIF
669	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
670	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
671	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
672	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
673	ENDIF
674	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
675	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
676	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
677	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
678	ENDIF
679	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
680	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
681	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
682	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
683	ENDIF
684	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
685	THEN
686	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
687	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
688	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
689	ENDIF
690	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
691	THEN
692	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
693	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
694	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
695	ENDIF
696	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
697	THEN
698	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
699	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
700	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
701	ENDIF
702	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
703	THEN
704	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
705	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
706	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
707	ENDIF
708	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
709	THEN
710	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
711	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
712	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
713	ENDIF
714
715	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
716	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
717	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
727
728	CASE DEFAULT
729	unit = 'illegal'
730
731	END SELECT
732
733
734	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
735
736	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
737
738	USE control_parameters, &
739	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
740
741	USE indices
742
743	USE profil_parameter
744
745	USE statistics
746
747	IMPLICIT NONE
748
749	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
750	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
751	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
752
753	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
754	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
755
756	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
757
758	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
759	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
760	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
761	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
762	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
763	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
764	ELSE
765	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
766	dopr_unit = 'K'
767	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
768	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
769	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
770	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
771	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
772	ENDIF
773	unit = dopr_unit
774	ENDIF
775
776	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
777	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
778	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
779	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
780	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
781	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
782	ELSE
783	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
784	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
785	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
786	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
787	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
788	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
789	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
790	ENDIF
791	unit = dopr_unit
792	ENDIF
793
794
795	CASE DEFAULT
796	unit = 'illegal'
797
798	END SELECT
799
800
801	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
802
803
804	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
805	! Description:
806	! ------------
807	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
808	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
809	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
810
811	USE control_parameters, &
812	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
813	most_method, topography
814
815	USE radiation_model_mod, &
816	ONLY: radiation
817
818
819	IMPLICIT NONE
820
821
822	!
823	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
824	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
825	!-- model
826	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
827	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
828	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
829	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
830	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
831	ENDIF
832
833	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
834	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
835	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
836	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
837	ENDIF
838
839	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
840	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
841	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
842	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
843	ENDIF
844
845	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
846	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
847	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
848	'allowed in combination with ', &
849	'most_method = ', most_method
850	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
851	ENDIF
852
853	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
854	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
855	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
856	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
857	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
858	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
859	ENDIF
860
861	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
862	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
863	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
864	'/= 9999999.9'
865	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
866	ENDIF
867
868	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
869	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
870	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
871	'/= 9999999.9'
872	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
873	ENDIF
874
875	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
876	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
877	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
878	'/= 9999999.9'
879	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
880	ENDIF
881
882	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
883	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
884	'requires setting of'// &
885	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
886	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
887	ENDIF
888
889	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
890	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
891	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
892	'/= 9999999.9'
893	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
894	ENDIF
895
896	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
897	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
898	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
899	'/= 9999999.9'
900	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
901	ENDIF
902
903	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
904	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
905	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
906	'/= 9999999.9'
907	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
908	ENDIF
909
910	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
911	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
912	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
913	'/= 9999999.9'
914	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
915	ENDIF
916
917	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
918	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
919	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
920	'/= 9999999.9'
921	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
922	ENDIF
923
924
925	ENDIF
926
927	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
928
929	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
930	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
931	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
932	'/= 9999999.9'
933	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
934	ENDIF
935
936	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
937	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
938	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
939	'/= 9999999.9'
940	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
941	ENDIF
942
943	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
944	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
945	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
946	'/= 9999999.9'
947	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
948	ENDIF
949
950	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
951	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
952	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
953	'/= 9999999.9'
954	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
955	ENDIF
956
957	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
958	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
959	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
960	'/= 9999999.9'
961	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
962	ENDIF
963
964	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
965	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
966	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
967	'/= 9999999.9'
968	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
969	ENDIF
970
971	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
972	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
973	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
974	'/= 9999999.9'
975	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
976	ENDIF
977
978	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
979	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
980	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
981	'/= 9999999.9'
982	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
983	ENDIF
984
985	ENDIF
986
987	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
988	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
989	'radiation = .T.'
990	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
991	ENDIF
992
993
994	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
995
996	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
997	! Description:
998	! ------------
999	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1000	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1001	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1002
1003
1004	IMPLICIT NONE
1005
1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1008	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1009
1010	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1011	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1012	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1013	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1014	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1015	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1016	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1017	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1018	tend, & !< tendency
1019	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1020	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1021	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1022	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1023	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1024	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1025	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1026	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1027	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1028	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1029	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1030	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1031
1032	!
1033	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1034	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1035
1036	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1037	DO j = nysg, nyng
1038	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1039
1040	!
1041	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1042	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1043
1044	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1045
1046	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1047	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1048	ELSE
1049	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1050	ENDIF
1051	ELSE
1052
1053	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1054	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1055
1056	ENDIF
1057
1058	!
1059	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1060	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1061	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1062	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1063	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1064	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1065	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1066	ELSE
1067	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1068	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1069	ENDIF
1070
1071	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1072
1073	!
1074	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1075	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1076
1077	!
1078	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1079	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1080
1081	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1082	!-- night)
1083	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1084	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1085	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1086	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1087	ELSE
1088	f1 = 1.0_wp
1089	ENDIF
1090
1091
1092	!
1093	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1094	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1095	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1096	m_total = 0.0_wp
1097	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1098	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1099	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1100	ENDDO
1101
1102	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1103	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1104	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1105	f2 = 1.0_wp
1106	ELSE
1107	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1108	ENDIF
1109
1110	!
1111	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1112	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1113	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1114
1115	!
1116	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1117	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1118	!
1119	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1120	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1121	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1122	ELSE
1123	f3 = 1.0_wp
1124	ENDIF
1125
1126	!
1127	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1128	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1129	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1130	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1131	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1132
1133	!
1134	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1135	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1136	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1137	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1138	m_res(j,i)
1139	ELSE
1140	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1141	ENDIF
1142
1143	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1144	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1145	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1146
1147	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1148
1149	!
1150	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1151	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1152	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1153	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1154	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1155	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1156	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1157	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1158	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1159	ELSE
1160	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1161	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1162	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1163	ENDIF
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1167	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1168
1169	!
1170	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1171	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1172	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1173	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1174	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1175	ENDIF
1176
1177	!
1178	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1179	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1180	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1181	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1182	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1183	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1184	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1185	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1186	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1187	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1188	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1189	ELSE
1190	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1191	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1192	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1193	r_soil(j,i))
1194	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1195	ENDIF
1196	!
1197	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1198	!-- transpirate.
1199	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1200	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1201	! ENDIF
1202
1203	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1204	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1205
1206	!
1207	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1208	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1209	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1210	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1211
1212	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1213
1214	!
1215	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1216	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1217
1218	!
1219	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1220	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1221	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1222	!
1223	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1224	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1225	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1226	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1227	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1228	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1229
1230	!
1231	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1232	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1233	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1234	#else
1235
1236	!
1237	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1238	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1239	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1240	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1241	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1242	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1243
1244	!
1245	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1246	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1247	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1248
1249	#endif
1250	ELSE
1251
1252	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1253	!
1254	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1255	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1256	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1257	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1258	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1259
1260	!
1261	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1262	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1263	#else
1264
1265	!
1266	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1267	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1268	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1269	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1270
1271	!
1272	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1273	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1274	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1275	#endif
1276	ENDIF
1277
1278	tend = 0.0_wp
1279
1280	!
1281	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1282	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1283	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1284	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1285	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1286
1287	!
1288	!-- Add RK3 term
1289	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1290
1291	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1292	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1293
1294	!
1295	!-- Calculate true tendency
1296	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1297	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1298	!
1299	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1300	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1301	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1302	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1303	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1304	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1305	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1306	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1307	ENDIF
1308	ENDIF
1309	ENDIF
1310
1311	!
1312	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1313	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1314	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1315	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1316	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1317	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1318	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1319	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1320	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1321	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1322	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1323	ENDIF
1324
1325	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- Calculate fluxes
1329	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1330	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1331	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1332	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1333
1334	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1335	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1336	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1337	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1338	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1339	ENDIF
1340	#else
1341	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1342	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1343	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1344	#endif
1345
1346	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1347	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1348
1349	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1350
1351	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1352
1353	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1354	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1355	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1356
1357	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1358
1359	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1360	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1361	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1362
1363	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1364	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1365	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1366
1367	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1368	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1369	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1370	ENDIF
1371
1372	!
1373	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1374	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1375	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1376	ELSE
1377	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1378	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1379	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1380	ENDIF
1381
1382	!
1383	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1384	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1385	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1386	!
1387	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1388	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1389	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1390	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1391
1392	!
1393	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1394	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1395	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1396	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1397	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1398	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1399	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1400	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1401	ELSE
1402	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1403	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1404	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1405	ENDIF
1406
1407	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1408	!-- coverage.
1409	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1410	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1411	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1412	ENDIF
1413
1414	!
1415	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1416	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1417
1418	!
1419	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1420	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1421	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1422	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1423	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1424	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1425	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1426	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1427	ENDIF
1428
1429	!
1430	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1431	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1432	!-- plant
1433	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1434	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1435	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1436	ENDIF
1437	ENDIF
1438
1439	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1440
1441	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1442	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1443
1444	!
1445	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1446	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1447	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1448
1449	!
1450	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1451	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1452	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1453
1454
1455	!
1456	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1457	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1458	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1459	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1460	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1461	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1462	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1463	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1464	ENDIF
1465	ENDIF
1466
1467	ENDIF
1468
1469	ENDDO
1470	ENDDO
1471
1472	!
1473	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1474	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1475	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1476	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1477	#if defined( __parallel )
1478	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1479	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1480	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1481	#else
1482	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1483	#endif
1484	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1485	ENDIF
1486
1487	!
1488	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1489	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1490	CALL calc_q_surface
1491	ENDIF
1492
1493	!
1494	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1495	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1496
1497
1498	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1499
1500	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1501	! Description:
1502	! ------------
1503	!> Header output for land surface model
1504	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1505	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1506
1507
1508	IMPLICIT NONE
1509
1510	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1511	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1512	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1513	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1514	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1515	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1516
1517	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1518
1519	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1520
1521	t_soil_chr = ''
1522	m_soil_chr = ''
1523	soil_depth_chr = ''
1524	roots_chr = ''
1525	vertical_index_chr = ''
1526
1527	i = 1
1528	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1529	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1530	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1531
1532	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1533	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1534
1535	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1536	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1537
1538	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1539	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1540
1541	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1542	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1543	TRIM( coor_chr )
1544	ENDDO
1545
1546	!
1547	!-- Write land surface model header
1548	WRITE( io, 1 )
1549	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1550	WRITE( io, 2 )
1551	ELSE
1552	WRITE( io, 3 )
1553	ENDIF
1554
1555	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1556	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1557	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1558	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1559	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1560
1561	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1562	' ------------------------------'/)
1563	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved, default)')
1564	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1565	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1566	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1567	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1568	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1569	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1570	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1571	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1572	' Gridpoint: ',A)
1573
1574
1575
1576	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1577
1578
1579	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1580	! Description:
1581	! ------------
1582	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1583	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1584	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1585
1586
1587	IMPLICIT NONE
1588
1589	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1590	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1591	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1592
1593	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1594
1595
1596	!
1597	!-- Calculate Exner function
1598	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1599
1600
1601	!
1602	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1603	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1604	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1605	ENDIF
1606
1607	!
1608	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1609	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1610	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1611	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1612	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1613
1614	!
1615	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1616	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1617	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1618	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1619	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1620	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1621
1622	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1623	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1624
1625	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1626	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
1627	ELSE
1628	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1629	ENDIF
1630
1631	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1632	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1633	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1634
1635	r_a = 50.0_wp
1636	r_s = 50.0_wp
1637	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1638	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1639
1640	!
1641	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1642	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1643	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1644	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1645
1646	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1647	!
1648	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1649	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1650	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1651	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1652
1653	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1654	ENDIF
1655
1656	!
1657	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1658	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1659	!-- at the centers
1660	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1661
1662	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1663	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1664	ENDDO
1665	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1666
1667	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1668	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1669	ENDDO
1670	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1671
1672	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1673	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1674
1675	!
1676	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1677	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1678	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1679	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1680
1681	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1682	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1683	ENDIF
1684
1685	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1686	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1687	ENDIF
1688
1689	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1690	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1691	ENDIF
1692
1693	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1694	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1695	ENDIF
1696
1697	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1698	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1699	ENDIF
1700
1701	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1702	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1703	ENDIF
1704
1705	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1706	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1707	ENDIF
1708
1709	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1710	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1711	ENDIF
1712
1713	ENDIF
1714
1715	!
1716	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1717	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1718	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1719	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1720	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1721	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1722	m_fc = field_capacity
1723	m_wilt = wilting_point
1724	m_res = residual_moisture
1725	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1726
1727	!
1728	!-- Initial run actions
1729	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1730
1731	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1732	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1733	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1734
1735	!
1736	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1737	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1738	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1739	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1740	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1741	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1742	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1743	ENDDO
1744	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1745
1746	!
1747	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1748	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1749
1750	!
1751	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1752	!-- for the first time step
1753	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1754	DO j = nysg, nyng
1755	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1756
1757	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1758	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1759	ELSE
1760	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1761	ENDIF
1762
1763	!
1764	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1765	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1766
1767	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1768	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1769	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1770	ENDDO
1771	ENDDO
1772
1773	!
1774	!-- Actions for restart runs
1775	ELSE
1776
1777	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1778	DO j = nysg, nyng
1779	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1780	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1781	ENDDO
1782	ENDDO
1783
1784	ENDIF
1785
1786	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1787	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1788	ENDDO
1789
1790	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1791	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1792	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1793	ENDIF
1794	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1795	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1796	ENDIF
1797	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1798	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1799	ENDIF
1800	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1801	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1802	ENDIF
1803	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1804	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1805	ENDIF
1806	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1807	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1808	ENDIF
1809	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1810	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1811	ENDIF
1812	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1813	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1814	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1815	ENDIF
1816	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1817	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1818	ENDIF
1819	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1820	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1821	ENDIF
1822	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1823
1824	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1825	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1826	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1827	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1828	ENDDO
1829	ENDIF
1830
1831	ELSE
1832
1833	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1834	z0_eb = roughness_length
1835	ENDIF
1836	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1837	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1838	ENDIF
1839	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1840	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1841	ENDIF
1842
1843	ENDIF
1844
1845	!
1846	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1847	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1848	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1849	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1850	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1851	ELSE
1852	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1853	ENDIF
1854	ENDIF
1855
1856	!
1857	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1858	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1859	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1860	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1861
1862	!
1863	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1864	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1865	lai = leaf_area_index
1866	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1867	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1868	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1869	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1870	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1871	z0 = z0_eb
1872	z0h = z0h_eb
1873	z0q = z0q_eb
1874
1875	!
1876	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1877	CALL user_init_land_surface
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1881	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1882	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1883	DO j = nysg, nyng
1884	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1885	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1886	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1887	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1888	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1889	ENDIF
1890
1891	ENDDO
1892	ENDDO
1893
1894	!
1895	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1896	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1897
1898	t_soil_p = t_soil
1899	m_soil_p = m_soil
1900	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1901	t_surface_p = t_surface
1902
1903
1904
1905	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1906	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1907	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1908	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1909	statistic_regions+1 )
1910	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1911	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1912	statistic_regions+1 )
1913
1914	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1915
1916
1917	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1918	! Description:
1919	! ------------
1920	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1921	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1922	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1923
1924
1925	IMPLICIT NONE
1926
1927	!
1928	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1929	#if defined( __nopointer )
1930	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1931	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1932	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1933	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1934	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1935	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1936	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1937	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1938	#else
1939	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1940	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1947	#endif
1948
1949	!
1950	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1951	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1952	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1953	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1954	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1955
1956	!
1957	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1958	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1959	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1960	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1961	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1966	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991
1992	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
1993	!
1994	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
1995	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1996	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1997	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1998	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1999	#endif
2000
2001
2002	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2003
2004
2005	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2006	! Description:
2007	! ------------
2008	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2009	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2010	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2011
2012
2013	IMPLICIT NONE
2014
2015	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2016
2017	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2018	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2019	conserve_water_content, &
2020	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2021	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2022	lambda_surface_stable, &
2023	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2024	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2025	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2026	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2027	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2028	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2029	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2030	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2031	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2032	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2033
2034	line = ' '
2035
2036	!
2037	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2038	REWIND ( 11 )
2039	line = ' '
2040	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2041	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2042	ENDDO
2043	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2044
2045	!
2046	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2047	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2048
2049	!
2050	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2051	land_surface = .TRUE.
2052
2053	10 CONTINUE
2054
2055
2056	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2057
2058
2059	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2060	! Description:
2061	! ------------
2062	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2063	!> temperature and water content.
2064	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2065	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2066
2067
2068	IMPLICIT NONE
2069
2070	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2071	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2072	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2073
2074	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2075
2076	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2077	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2078	tend !< tendency
2079
2080	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2081	DO j = nysg, nyng
2082
2083	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2084	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2085	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2086	ENDIF
2087
2088	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2089	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2090
2091
2092	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2093
2094	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2095	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2096
2097	ELSE
2098	!
2099	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2100	!-- into account water content
2101	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2102	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2103
2104	!
2105	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2106	!-- layers
2107	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2108	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2109
2110	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2111	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2112
2113	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2114	lambda_h_dry
2115	ENDIF
2116
2117	ENDDO
2118
2119	!
2120	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2121	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2122	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2123	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2124	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2125	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2126	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2127	* lambda_temp(k) &
2128	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2129	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2130	ELSE
2131	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2132	* 0.5_wp
2133	ENDIF
2134	ENDDO
2135	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140	!
2141	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2142	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2143
2144	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2145	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2146	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2147	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2148
2149	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2150	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2151	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2152	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2153	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2154	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2155	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2156	* ddz_soil(k) &
2157	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2158
2159	ENDDO
2160
2161	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2162	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2163	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2164	+ tsc(3) &
2165	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2166
2167	!
2168	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2169	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2170	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2171	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2172	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2173	ENDDO
2174	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2175	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2176	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2177	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2178	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2179	ENDDO
2180	ENDIF
2181	ENDIF
2182
2183
2184	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2185
2186	!
2187	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2188	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2189	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2190	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2191	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2192
2193	!
2194	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2195	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2196	!
2197	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2198	!-- (1980)
2199	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2200	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2201	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2202	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2203
2204
2205	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2206	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2207	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2208	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2209	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2210	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2211	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2212	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2213
2214	!
2215	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2216	ELSE
2217	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2218	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2219	ENDIF
2220
2221	ENDDO
2222
2223	!
2224	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2225	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2226	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2227	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2228	!
2229	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2230	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2231	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2232	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2233
2234	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2235	* 0.5_wp
2236	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2237	* 0.5_wp
2238
2239	ENDDO
2240
2241	!
2242	!
2243	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2244	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2245	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2246	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2247	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2248	ELSE
2249	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2250	ENDIF
2251
2252	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2253	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2254	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2255	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2256	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2257	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2258	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2259	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2260
2261	!
2262	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2263	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2264	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2265	!-- additional check.
2266	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2267	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2268	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2269	ENDIF
2270	ENDDO
2271
2272	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2273	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2274	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2275	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2276	/ m_total
2277	ELSE
2278	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2279	ENDIF
2280	ENDDO
2281	ENDIF
2282
2283	!
2284	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2285	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2286
2287	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2288	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2289	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2290	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2291	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2292	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2293
2294	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2295	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2296	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2297	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2298	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2299	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2300	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2301	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2302	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2303
2304	ENDDO
2305	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2306	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2307	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2308	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2309	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2310	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2311	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2312	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2313	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2314
2315	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2316	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2317	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2318
2319	!
2320	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2321	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2322	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2323	ENDDO
2324
2325	!
2326	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2327	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2328	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2329	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2330	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2331	ENDDO
2332	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2333	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2334	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2335	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2336	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2337	ENDDO
2338	ENDIF
2339	ENDIF
2340
2341	ENDIF
2342
2343	ENDIF
2344
2345	ENDDO
2346	ENDDO
2347
2348	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2349
2350
2351	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2352	! Description:
2353	! ------------
2354	!> Swapping of timelevels
2355	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2356	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2357
2358	IMPLICIT NONE
2359
2360	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2361
2362	#if defined( __nopointer )
2363
2364	t_surface = t_surface_p
2365	t_soil = t_soil_p
2366	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2367	m_soil = m_soil_p
2368	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2369	ENDIF
2370
2371	#else
2372
2373	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2374
2375	CASE ( 0 )
2376
2377	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2378	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2379	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2380	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2381	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2382	ENDIF
2383
2384
2385	CASE ( 1 )
2386
2387	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2388	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2389	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2390	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2391	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2392	ENDIF
2393
2394	END SELECT
2395	#endif
2396
2397	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2398
2399
2400	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2401	! Description:
2402	! ------------
2403	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2404	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2405	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2406	!> 2012)
2407	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2408	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2409
2410	USE control_parameters, &
2411	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2412
2413	IMPLICIT NONE
2414
2415	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2416	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2417
2418	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2419	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2420	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2421	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2422
2423
2424	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2425	DO j = nysg, nyng
2426	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2427
2428	!
2429	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2430	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2431	!-- length
2432	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2433	!
2434	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2435	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2436	!
2437	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2438	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2439
2440	!
2441	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2442	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2443	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2444	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2445	! ENDIF
2446
2447	!
2448	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2449	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2450	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2451	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2452	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2453	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2454
2455	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2456	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2457
2458	ENDIF
2459	ENDDO
2460	ENDDO
2461
2462	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2463
2464
2465	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2466	! Description:
2467	! ------------
2468	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2469	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2470	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2471	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2472
2473	IMPLICIT NONE
2474
2475	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2476	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2477	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2478
2479	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2480
2481	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2482	DO j = nysg, nyng
2483	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2484
2485	!
2486	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2487	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2488	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2489
2490	!
2491	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2492	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2493
2494	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2495
2496	!
2497	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2498	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2499	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2500	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2501	ELSE
2502	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2503	* q(k+1,j,i)
2504	ENDIF
2505
2506	!
2507	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2508	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2509
2510	ENDDO
2511	ENDDO
2512
2513	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2514
2515
2516	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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