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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1818 2016-04-06 15:53:27Z maronga $
26	!
27	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
28	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
29	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
30	!
31	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
32	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
33	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
34	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
35	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
36	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
37	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
38	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
39	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
40	! Syntax layout improved.
41	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
42	!
43	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
44	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
45	!
46	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
47	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
48	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
49	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
50	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
51	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
52	!
53	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
54	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
55	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
56	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
57	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
58	! Added todo action
59	!
60	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
61	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
62	!
63	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
64	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
65	! Replaced rif with ol
66	!
67	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
68	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
69	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
70	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
71	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
72	!
73	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
74	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
75	!
76	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
77	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
78	!
79	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
80	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
81	!
82	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
83	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
84	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
85	!
86	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
87	! Added output of r_a and r_s
88	!
89	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
90	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
91	! profile
92	!
93	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
94	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
95	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
96	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
97	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
98	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
99	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
100	! calculation
101	!
102	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
103	!
104	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
105	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
106	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
107	! Added support for dry runs.
108	!
109	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
110	! Initial revision
111	!
112	!
113	! Description:
114	! ------------
115	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
116	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
117	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
118	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
119	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
120	!>
121	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
122	!> skin layer.
123	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
124	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
125	!> nzt_soil=3)).
126	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
127	!> with considerable precipitation.
128	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
129	!>
130	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
131	!> become too thin.
132	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
133	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
134
135	USE arrays_3d, &
136	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h, &
137	z0q
138
139	USE cloud_parameters, &
140	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
141
142	USE control_parameters, &
143	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
144	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
145	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
146	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
147	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
148
149	USE indices, &
150	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
151
152	USE kinds
153
154	USE pegrid
155
156	USE radiation_model_mod, &
157	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
158	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
159	unscheduled_radiation_calls
160
161	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
162	USE radiation_model_mod, &
163	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
164	#endif
165
166	USE statistics, &
167	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
168
169	IMPLICIT NONE
170
171	!
172	!-- LSM model constants
173	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
174	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
175	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
176
177	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
178	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
179	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
180	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
181	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
182	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
183	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
184	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
185	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
186
187
188	!
189	!-- LSM variables
190	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
191	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
192
193	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
194	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
195
196	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
197	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
198	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
199
200	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
201	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
202	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
203
204	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
205	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
206	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
207	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
208	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
209	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
210	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
211	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
212	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
213	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
214	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
215	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
216	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
217	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
218	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
219	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
220	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
221	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
222	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
223	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
224	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
225	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
226	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
227	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
228	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
229	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
230	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
231	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
232	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
233	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
234	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
235	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
236	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
237	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
238	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
239	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
240
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
242	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
243	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
244	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
245	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
246	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
247	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
248	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
249
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
251	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
252	283.0_wp /), &
253	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
254	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
255
256	#if defined( __nopointer )
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
258	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
259	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
260	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
261	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
262	#else
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
264	t_surface_p, &
265	m_liq_eb, &
266	m_liq_eb_p
267
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
269	m_liq_eb_av, &
270	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
271	#endif
272
273	!
274	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
276	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
277
278	!
279	!-- Energy balance variables
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
281	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
282	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
283	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
284	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
285	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
286	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
287	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
288	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
289	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
290	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
291	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
292	lai, & !< leaf area index
293	lai_av, & !< average of lai
294	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
295	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
296	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
297	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
298	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
299	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
300	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
301	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
302	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
303	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
304	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
305	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
306	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
307	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
308	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
309	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
310	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
311	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
312	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
313	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
314	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
315	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
316	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
317	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
318	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
319	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
320	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
321
322
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
324	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
325	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
326	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
327	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
328
329	#if defined( __nopointer )
330	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
331	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
332	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
333	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
334	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
335	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
336	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
337	#else
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
339	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
340	m_soil, m_soil_p
341
342	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
343	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
344	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
345	#endif
346
347
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
349	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
350	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
351	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
352
353
354	!
355	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
356	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
357	'user defined ', & ! 0
358	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
359	'short grass ', & ! 2
360	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
361	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
362	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
363	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
364	'tall grass ', & ! 7
365	'desert ', & ! 8
366	'tundra ', & ! 9
367	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
368	'semidesert ', & ! 11
369	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
370	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
371	'inland water ', & ! 14
372	'ocean ', & ! 15
373	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
374	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
375	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
376	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
377	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
378	/)
379
380	!
381	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
382	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
383	'user defined', & ! 0
384	'coarse ', & ! 1
385	'medium ', & ! 2
386	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
387	'fine ', & ! 4
388	'very fine ', & ! 5
389	'organic ', & ! 6
390	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
391	/)
392	!
393	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
394
395	!
396	!-- Land surface parameters I
397	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
398	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
399	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
400	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
401	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
402	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
403	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
404	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
405	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
406	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
407	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
408	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
409	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
410	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
411	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
412	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
413	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
414	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
415	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
416	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
417	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
418	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
419	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
420
421	!
422	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
423	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
424	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
425	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
426	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
427	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
428	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
429	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
430	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
431	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
432	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
433	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
434	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
435	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
436	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
437	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
438	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
439	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
440	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
441	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
442	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
443	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
444	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
445
446	!
447	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
448	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
449	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
450	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
451	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
452	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
453	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
454	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
455	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
456	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
457	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
458	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
459	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
460	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
462	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
463	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
464	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
465	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
466	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
467	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
468	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
469	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
470
471	!
472	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
473	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
474	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
475	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
476	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
477	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
478	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
479	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
480	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
481	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
482	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
483	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
484	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
485	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
486	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
487	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
488	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
489	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
490	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
491	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
492	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
493	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
494	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
495
496	!
497	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
498
499	!
500	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
501	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
502	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
503	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
504	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
505	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
506	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
507	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
508	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
509	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
510
511	!
512	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
513	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
514	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
515	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
516	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
517	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
518	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
519	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
520	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
521	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
522
523
524	SAVE
525
526
527	PRIVATE
528
529
530	!
531	!-- Public functions
532	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
533	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
534	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model
535	!
536	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
537	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
538	conserve_water_content, field_capacity, &
539	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, &
540	lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
541	land_surface, leaf_area_index, &
542	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, &
543	min_canopy_resistance, min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
544	pave_heat_capacity, pave_depth, pave_heat_conductivity, &
545	residual_moisture, rho_cp, rho_lv, root_fraction, &
546	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, soil_moisture, &
547	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
548	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
549
550	!
551	!-- Public grid variables
552	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
553
554	!
555	!-- Public 2D output variables
556	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
557	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
558	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
559	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
560
561	!
562	!-- Public prognostic variables
563	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
564
565
566	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
567	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
568	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
569
570	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
571	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
572	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
573
574	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
575	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
576	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
577
578	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
579	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
580	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
581
582	INTERFACE lsm_header
583	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
584	END INTERFACE lsm_header
585
586	INTERFACE lsm_init
587	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
588	END INTERFACE lsm_init
589
590	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
591	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
592	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
593
594	INTERFACE lsm_parin
595	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
596	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
597
598	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
599	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
600	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
601
602	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
603	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
604	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
605
606	CONTAINS
607
608	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
609	! Description:
610	! ------------
611	!> Check data output for land surface model
612	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
613	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
614
615
616	USE control_parameters, &
617	ONLY: data_output, message_string
618
619	IMPLICIT NONE
620
621	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
622	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
623
624	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
625	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
626	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
627
628	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
629
630	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
631	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
632	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
633	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
634	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
635	ENDIF
636	unit = 'm3/m3'
637
638	CASE ( 't_soil' )
639	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
640	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
641	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
642	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
643	ENDIF
644	unit = 'K'
645
646	CASE ( 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', &
647	'm_liq_eb', 'qsws_eb', &
648	'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb*', &
649	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
650	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
651	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
652	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
653	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
654	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
655	ENDIF
656
657	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
658	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
659	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
660	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
661	ENDIF
662	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
663	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
664	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
665	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
666	ENDIF
667	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
668	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
669	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
670	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
671	ENDIF
672	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
673	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
674	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
675	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
676	ENDIF
677	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
678	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
679	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
680	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
681	ENDIF
682	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
683	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
684	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
685	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
686	ENDIF
687	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
688	THEN
689	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
690	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
691	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
692	ENDIF
693	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
694	THEN
695	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
696	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
697	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
698	ENDIF
699	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
700	THEN
701	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
702	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
703	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
704	ENDIF
705	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
706	THEN
707	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
708	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
709	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
710	ENDIF
711	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
712	THEN
713	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
714	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
715	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
716	ENDIF
717
718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
727	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
729	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
730
731	CASE DEFAULT
732	unit = 'illegal'
733
734	END SELECT
735
736
737	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
738
739	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
740
741	USE control_parameters, &
742	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
743
744	USE indices
745
746	USE profil_parameter
747
748	USE statistics
749
750	IMPLICIT NONE
751
752	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
753	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
754	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
755
756	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
757	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
758
759	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
760
761	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
762	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
763	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
764	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
765	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
766	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
767	ELSE
768	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
769	dopr_unit = 'K'
770	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
771	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
772	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
773	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
774	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
775	ENDIF
776	unit = dopr_unit
777	ENDIF
778
779	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
780	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
781	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
782	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
783	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
784	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
785	ELSE
786	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
787	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
788	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
789	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
790	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
791	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
792	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
793	ENDIF
794	unit = dopr_unit
795	ENDIF
796
797
798	CASE DEFAULT
799	unit = 'illegal'
800
801	END SELECT
802
803
804	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
805
806
807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
808	! Description:
809	! ------------
810	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
811	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
812	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
813
814	USE control_parameters, &
815	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
816	most_method, topography
817
818	USE radiation_model_mod, &
819	ONLY: radiation
820
821
822	IMPLICIT NONE
823
824
825	!
826	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
827	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
828	!-- model
829	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
830	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
831	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
832	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
833	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
834	ENDIF
835
836	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
837	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
838	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
839	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
840	ENDIF
841
842	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
843	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
844	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
845	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
846	ENDIF
847
848	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
849	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
850	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
851	'allowed in combination with ', &
852	'most_method = ', most_method
853	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
854	ENDIF
855
856	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
857	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
858	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
859	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
860	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
861	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
862	ENDIF
863
864	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
865	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
866	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
867	'/= 9999999.9'
868	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
869	ENDIF
870
871	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
872	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
873	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
874	'/= 9999999.9'
875	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
876	ENDIF
877
878	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
879	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
880	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
881	'/= 9999999.9'
882	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
883	ENDIF
884
885	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
886	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
887	'requires setting of'// &
888	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
889	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
890	ENDIF
891
892	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
893	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
894	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
895	'/= 9999999.9'
896	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
897	ENDIF
898
899	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
900	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
901	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
902	'/= 9999999.9'
903	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
904	ENDIF
905
906	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
907	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
908	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
909	'/= 9999999.9'
910	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
911	ENDIF
912
913	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
914	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
915	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
916	'/= 9999999.9'
917	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
918	ENDIF
919
920	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
921	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
922	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
923	'/= 9999999.9'
924	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
925	ENDIF
926
927
928	ENDIF
929
930	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
931
932	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
933	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
934	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
935	'/= 9999999.9'
936	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
937	ENDIF
938
939	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
940	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
941	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
942	'/= 9999999.9'
943	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
944	ENDIF
945
946	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
947	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
948	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
949	'/= 9999999.9'
950	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
951	ENDIF
952
953	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
954	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
955	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
956	'/= 9999999.9'
957	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
958	ENDIF
959
960	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
961	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
962	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
963	'/= 9999999.9'
964	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
965	ENDIF
966
967	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
968	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
969	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
970	'/= 9999999.9'
971	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
972	ENDIF
973
974	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
975	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
976	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
977	'/= 9999999.9'
978	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
979	ENDIF
980
981	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
982	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
983	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
984	'/= 9999999.9'
985	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
986	ENDIF
987
988	ENDIF
989
990	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
991	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
992	'radiation = .T.'
993	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
994	ENDIF
995
996
997	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
998
999	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1000	! Description:
1001	! ------------
1002	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1003	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1004	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1005
1006
1007	IMPLICIT NONE
1008
1009	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1010	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1011	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1012
1013	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1014	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1015	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1016	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1017	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1018	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1019	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1020	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1021	tend, & !< tendency
1022	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1023	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1024	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1025	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1026	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1027	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1028	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1029	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1030	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1031	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1032	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1033	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1034
1035	!
1036	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1037	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1038
1039	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1040	DO j = nysg, nyng
1041	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1042
1043	!
1044	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1045	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1046
1047	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1048
1049	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1050	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1051	ELSE
1052	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1053	ENDIF
1054	ELSE
1055
1056	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1057	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1058
1059	ENDIF
1060
1061	!
1062	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1063	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1064	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1065	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1066	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1067	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1068	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1069	ELSE
1070	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1071	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1072	ENDIF
1073
1074	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1075
1076	!
1077	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1078	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1079
1080	!
1081	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1082	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1083
1084	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1085	!-- night)
1086	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1087	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1088	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1089	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1090	ELSE
1091	f1 = 1.0_wp
1092	ENDIF
1093
1094
1095	!
1096	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1097	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1098	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1099	m_total = 0.0_wp
1100	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1101	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1102	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1103	ENDDO
1104
1105	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1106	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1107	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1108	f2 = 1.0_wp
1109	ELSE
1110	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1111	ENDIF
1112
1113	!
1114	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1115	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1116	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1120	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1121	!
1122	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1123	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1124	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1125	ELSE
1126	f3 = 1.0_wp
1127	ENDIF
1128
1129	!
1130	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1131	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1132	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1133	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1134	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1135
1136	!
1137	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1138	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1139	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1140	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1141	m_res(j,i)
1142	ELSE
1143	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1144	ENDIF
1145
1146	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1147	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1148	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1149
1150	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1151
1152	!
1153	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1154	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1155	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1156	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1157	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1158	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1159	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1160	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1161	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1162	ELSE
1163	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1164	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1165	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1166	ENDIF
1167
1168	!
1169	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1170	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1171
1172	!
1173	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1174	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1175	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1176	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1177	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1178	ENDIF
1179
1180	!
1181	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1182	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1183	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1184	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1185	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1186	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1187	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1188	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1189	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1190	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1191	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1192	ELSE
1193	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1194	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1195	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1196	r_soil(j,i))
1197	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1198	ENDIF
1199	!
1200	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1201	!-- transpirate.
1202	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1203	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1204	! ENDIF
1205
1206	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1207	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1208
1209	!
1210	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1211	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1212	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1213	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1214
1215	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1216
1217	!
1218	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1219	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1220
1221	!
1222	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1223	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1224	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1225	!
1226	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1227	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1228	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1229	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1230	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1231	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1232
1233	!
1234	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1235	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1236	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1237	#else
1238
1239	!
1240	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1241	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1242	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1243	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1244	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1245	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1246
1247	!
1248	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1249	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1250	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1251
1252	#endif
1253	ELSE
1254
1255	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1256	!
1257	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1258	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1259	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1260	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1261	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1262
1263	!
1264	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1265	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1266	#else
1267
1268	!
1269	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1270	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1271	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1272	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1273
1274	!
1275	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1276	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1277	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1278	#endif
1279	ENDIF
1280
1281	tend = 0.0_wp
1282
1283	!
1284	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1285	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1286	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1287	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1288	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1289
1290	!
1291	!-- Add RK3 term
1292	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1293
1294	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1295	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1296
1297	!
1298	!-- Calculate true tendency
1299	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1300	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1301	!
1302	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1303	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1304	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1305	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1306	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1307	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1308	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1309	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1310	ENDIF
1311	ENDIF
1312	ENDIF
1313
1314	!
1315	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1316	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1317	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1318	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1319	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1320	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1321	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1322	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1323	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1324	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1325	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1326	ENDIF
1327
1328	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1329
1330	!
1331	!-- Calculate fluxes
1332	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1333	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1334	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1335	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1336
1337	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1338	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1339	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1340	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1341	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1342	ENDIF
1343	#else
1344	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1345	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1346	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1347	#endif
1348
1349	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1350	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1351
1352	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1353
1354	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1355
1356	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1357	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1358	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1359
1360	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1361
1362	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1363	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1364	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1365
1366	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1367	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1368	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1369
1370	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1371	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1372	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1373	ENDIF
1374
1375	!
1376	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1377	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1378	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1379	ELSE
1380	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1381	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1382	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1383	ENDIF
1384
1385	!
1386	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1387	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1388	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1389	!
1390	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1391	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1392	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1393	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1394
1395	!
1396	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1397	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1398	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1399	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1400	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1401	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1402	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1403	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1404	ELSE
1405	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1406	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1407	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1408	ENDIF
1409
1410	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1411	!-- coverage.
1412	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1413	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1414	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1415	ENDIF
1416
1417	!
1418	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1419	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1420
1421	!
1422	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1423	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1424	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1425	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1426	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1427	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1428	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1429	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1430	ENDIF
1431
1432	!
1433	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1434	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1435	!-- plant
1436	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1437	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1438	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1439	ENDIF
1440	ENDIF
1441
1442	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1443
1444	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1445	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1446
1447	!
1448	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1449	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1450	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1451
1452	!
1453	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1454	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1455	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1456
1457
1458	!
1459	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1460	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1461	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1462	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1463	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1464	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1465	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1466	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1467	ENDIF
1468	ENDIF
1469
1470	ENDIF
1471
1472	ENDDO
1473	ENDDO
1474
1475	!
1476	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1477	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1478	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1479	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1480	#if defined( __parallel )
1481	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1482	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1483	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1484	#else
1485	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1486	#endif
1487	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1488	ENDIF
1489
1490	!
1491	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1492	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1493	CALL calc_q_surface
1494	ENDIF
1495
1496	!
1497	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1498	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1499
1500
1501	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1502
1503	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1504	! Description:
1505	! ------------
1506	!> Header output for land surface model
1507	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1508	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1509
1510
1511	IMPLICIT NONE
1512
1513	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1514	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1515	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1516	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1517	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1518	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1519
1520	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1521
1522	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1523
1524	t_soil_chr = ''
1525	m_soil_chr = ''
1526	soil_depth_chr = ''
1527	roots_chr = ''
1528	vertical_index_chr = ''
1529
1530	i = 1
1531	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1532	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1533	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1534
1535	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1536	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1537
1538	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1539	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1540
1541	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1542	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1543
1544	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1545	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1546	TRIM( coor_chr )
1547	ENDDO
1548
1549	!
1550	!-- Write land surface model header
1551	WRITE( io, 1 )
1552	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1553	WRITE( io, 2 )
1554	ELSE
1555	WRITE( io, 3 )
1556	ENDIF
1557
1558	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1559	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1560	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1561	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1562	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1563
1564	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1565	' ------------------------------'/)
1566	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved, default)')
1567	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1568	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1569	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1570	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1571	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1572	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1573	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1574	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1575	' Gridpoint: ',A)
1576
1577
1578
1579	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1580
1581
1582	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1583	! Description:
1584	! ------------
1585	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1586	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1587	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1588
1589
1590	IMPLICIT NONE
1591
1592	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1593	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1594	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1595
1596	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1597
1598
1599	!
1600	!-- Calculate Exner function
1601	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1602
1603
1604	!
1605	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1606	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1607	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1608	ENDIF
1609
1610	!
1611	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1612	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1613	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1614	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1615	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1616
1617	!
1618	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1619	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1620	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1621	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1622	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1623	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1624
1625	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1626	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1627
1628	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1629	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
1630	ELSE
1631	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1632	ENDIF
1633
1634	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1635	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1636	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1637
1638	r_a = 50.0_wp
1639	r_s = 50.0_wp
1640	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1641	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1642
1643	!
1644	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1645	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1646	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1647	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1648
1649	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1650	!
1651	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1652	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1653	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1654	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1655
1656	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1657	ENDIF
1658
1659	!
1660	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1661	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1662	!-- at the centers
1663	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1664
1665	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1666	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1667	ENDDO
1668	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1669
1670	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1671	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1672	ENDDO
1673	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1674
1675	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1676	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1677
1678	!
1679	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1680	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1681	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1682	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1683
1684	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1685	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1686	ENDIF
1687
1688	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1689	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1690	ENDIF
1691
1692	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1693	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1694	ENDIF
1695
1696	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1697	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1698	ENDIF
1699
1700	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1701	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1702	ENDIF
1703
1704	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1705	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1706	ENDIF
1707
1708	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1709	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1710	ENDIF
1711
1712	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1713	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1714	ENDIF
1715
1716	ENDIF
1717
1718	!
1719	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1720	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1721	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1722	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1723	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1724	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1725	m_fc = field_capacity
1726	m_wilt = wilting_point
1727	m_res = residual_moisture
1728	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1729
1730	!
1731	!-- Initial run actions
1732	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1733
1734	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1735	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1736	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1737
1738	!
1739	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1740	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1741	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1742	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1743	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1744	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1745	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1746	ENDDO
1747	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1748
1749	!
1750	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1751	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1752
1753	!
1754	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1755	!-- for the first time step
1756	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1757	DO j = nysg, nyng
1758	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1759
1760	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1761	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1762	ELSE
1763	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1764	ENDIF
1765
1766	!
1767	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1768	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1769
1770	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1771	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1772	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1773	ENDDO
1774	ENDDO
1775
1776	!
1777	!-- Actions for restart runs
1778	ELSE
1779
1780	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1781	DO j = nysg, nyng
1782	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1783	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1784	ENDDO
1785	ENDDO
1786
1787	ENDIF
1788
1789	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1790	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1791	ENDDO
1792
1793	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1794	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1795	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1796	ENDIF
1797	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1798	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1799	ENDIF
1800	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1801	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1802	ENDIF
1803	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1804	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1805	ENDIF
1806	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1807	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1808	ENDIF
1809	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1810	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1811	ENDIF
1812	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1813	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1814	ENDIF
1815	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1816	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1817	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1818	ENDIF
1819	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1820	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1821	ENDIF
1822	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1823	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1824	ENDIF
1825	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1826
1827	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1828	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1829	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1830	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1831	ENDDO
1832	ENDIF
1833
1834	ELSE
1835
1836	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1837	z0_eb = roughness_length
1838	ENDIF
1839	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1840	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1841	ENDIF
1842	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1843	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1844	ENDIF
1845
1846	ENDIF
1847
1848	!
1849	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1850	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1851	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1852	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1853	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1854	ELSE
1855	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1856	ENDIF
1857	ENDIF
1858
1859	!
1860	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1861	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1862	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1863	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1864
1865	!
1866	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1867	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1868	lai = leaf_area_index
1869	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1870	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1871	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1872	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1873	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1874	z0 = z0_eb
1875	z0h = z0h_eb
1876	z0q = z0q_eb
1877
1878	!
1879	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1880	CALL user_init_land_surface
1881
1882	!
1883	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1884	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1885	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1886	DO j = nysg, nyng
1887	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1888	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1889	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1890	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1891	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1892	ENDIF
1893
1894	ENDDO
1895	ENDDO
1896
1897	!
1898	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1899	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1900
1901	t_soil_p = t_soil
1902	m_soil_p = m_soil
1903	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1904	t_surface_p = t_surface
1905
1906
1907
1908	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1909	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1910	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1911	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1912	statistic_regions+1 )
1913	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1914	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1915	statistic_regions+1 )
1916
1917	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1918
1919
1920	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1921	! Description:
1922	! ------------
1923	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1924	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1925	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1926
1927
1928	IMPLICIT NONE
1929
1930	!
1931	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1932	#if defined( __nopointer )
1933	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1934	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1935	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1936	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1937	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1938	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1939	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1940	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	#else
1942	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1947	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1948	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1949	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1950	#endif
1951
1952	!
1953	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1954	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1955	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1956	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1957	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1958
1959	!
1960	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1961	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1966	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1992	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1993	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1994
1995	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
1996	!
1997	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
1998	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1999	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2000	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2001	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2002	#endif
2003
2004
2005	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2006
2007
2008	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2009	! Description:
2010	! ------------
2011	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2012	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2013	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2014
2015
2016	IMPLICIT NONE
2017
2018	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2019
2020	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2021	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2022	conserve_water_content, &
2023	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2024	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2025	lambda_surface_stable, &
2026	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2027	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2028	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2029	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2030	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2031	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2032	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2033	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2034	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2035	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2036
2037	line = ' '
2038
2039	!
2040	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2041	REWIND ( 11 )
2042	line = ' '
2043	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2044	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2045	ENDDO
2046	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2047
2048	!
2049	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2050	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2051
2052	!
2053	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2054	land_surface = .TRUE.
2055
2056	10 CONTINUE
2057
2058
2059	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2060
2061
2062	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2063	! Description:
2064	! ------------
2065	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2066	!> temperature and water content.
2067	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2068	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2069
2070
2071	IMPLICIT NONE
2072
2073	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2074	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2075	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2076
2077	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2078
2079	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2080	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2081	tend !< tendency
2082
2083	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2084	DO j = nysg, nyng
2085
2086	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2087	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2088	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2089	ENDIF
2090
2091	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2092	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2093
2094
2095	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2096
2097	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2098	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2099
2100	ELSE
2101	!
2102	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2103	!-- into account water content
2104	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2105	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2106
2107	!
2108	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2109	!-- layers
2110	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2111	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2112
2113	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2114	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2115
2116	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2117	lambda_h_dry
2118	ENDIF
2119
2120	ENDDO
2121
2122	!
2123	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2124	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2125	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2126	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2127	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2128	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2129	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2130	* lambda_temp(k) &
2131	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2132	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2133	ELSE
2134	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2135	* 0.5_wp
2136	ENDIF
2137	ENDDO
2138	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143	!
2144	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2145	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2146
2147	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2148	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2149	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2150	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2151
2152	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2153	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2154	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2155	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2156	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2157	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2158	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2159	* ddz_soil(k) &
2160	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2161
2162	ENDDO
2163
2164	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2165	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2166	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2167	+ tsc(3) &
2168	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2169
2170	!
2171	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2172	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2173	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2174	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2175	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2176	ENDDO
2177	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2178	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2179	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2180	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2181	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2182	ENDDO
2183	ENDIF
2184	ENDIF
2185
2186
2187	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2188
2189	!
2190	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2191	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2192	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2193	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2194	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2195
2196	!
2197	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2198	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2199	!
2200	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2201	!-- (1980)
2202	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2203	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2204	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2205	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2206
2207
2208	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2209	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2210	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2211	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2212	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2213	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2214	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2215	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2216
2217	!
2218	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2219	ELSE
2220	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2221	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2222	ENDIF
2223
2224	ENDDO
2225
2226	!
2227	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2228	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2229	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2230	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2231	!
2232	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2233	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2234	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2235	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2236
2237	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2238	* 0.5_wp
2239	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2240	* 0.5_wp
2241
2242	ENDDO
2243
2244	!
2245	!
2246	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2247	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2248	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2249	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2250	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2251	ELSE
2252	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2253	ENDIF
2254
2255	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2256	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2257	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2258	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2259	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2260	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2261	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2262	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2263
2264	!
2265	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2266	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2267	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2268	!-- additional check.
2269	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2270	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2271	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2272	ENDIF
2273	ENDDO
2274
2275	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2276	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2277	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2278	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2279	/ m_total
2280	ELSE
2281	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2282	ENDIF
2283	ENDDO
2284	ENDIF
2285
2286	!
2287	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2288	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2289
2290	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2291	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2292	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2293	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2294	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2295	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2296
2297	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2298	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2299	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2300	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2301	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2302	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2303	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2304	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2305	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2306
2307	ENDDO
2308	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2309	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2310	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2311	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2312	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2313	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2314	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2315	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2316	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2317
2318	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2319	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2320	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2321
2322	!
2323	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2324	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2325	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2326	ENDDO
2327
2328	!
2329	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2330	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2331	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2332	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2333	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2334	ENDDO
2335	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2336	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2337	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2338	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2339	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2340	ENDDO
2341	ENDIF
2342	ENDIF
2343
2344	ENDIF
2345
2346	ENDIF
2347
2348	ENDDO
2349	ENDDO
2350
2351	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2352
2353
2354	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2355	! Description:
2356	! ------------
2357	!> Swapping of timelevels
2358	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2359	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2360
2361	IMPLICIT NONE
2362
2363	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2364
2365	#if defined( __nopointer )
2366
2367	t_surface = t_surface_p
2368	t_soil = t_soil_p
2369	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2370	m_soil = m_soil_p
2371	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2372	ENDIF
2373
2374	#else
2375
2376	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2377
2378	CASE ( 0 )
2379
2380	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2381	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2382	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2383	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2384	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2385	ENDIF
2386
2387
2388	CASE ( 1 )
2389
2390	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2391	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2392	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2393	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2394	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2395	ENDIF
2396
2397	END SELECT
2398	#endif
2399
2400	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2401
2402
2403	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2404	! Description:
2405	! ------------
2406	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2407	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2408	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2409	!> 2012)
2410	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2411	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2412
2413	USE control_parameters, &
2414	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2415
2416	IMPLICIT NONE
2417
2418	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2419	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2420
2421	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2422	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2423	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2424	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2425
2426
2427	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2428	DO j = nysg, nyng
2429	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2430
2431	!
2432	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2433	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2434	!-- length
2435	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2436	!
2437	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2438	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2439	!
2440	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2441	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2442
2443	!
2444	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2445	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2446	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2447	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2448	! ENDIF
2449
2450	!
2451	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2452	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2453	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2454	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2455	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2456	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2457
2458	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2459	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2460
2461	ENDIF
2462	ENDDO
2463	ENDDO
2464
2465	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2466
2467
2468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2469	! Description:
2470	! ------------
2471	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2472	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2473	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2474	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2475
2476	IMPLICIT NONE
2477
2478	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2479	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2480	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2481
2482	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2483
2484	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2485	DO j = nysg, nyng
2486	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2487
2488	!
2489	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2490	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2491	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2492
2493	!
2494	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2495	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2496
2497	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2498
2499	!
2500	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2501	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2502	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2503	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2504	ELSE
2505	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2506	* q(k+1,j,i)
2507	ENDIF
2508
2509	!
2510	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2511	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2512
2513	ENDDO
2514	ENDDO
2515
2516	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2517
2518
2519	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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