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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1553

Last change on this file since 1553 was 1553, checked in by maronga, 10 years ago
further adjustments in land surface model
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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
23	! profile
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga $
28	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
29	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
30	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
31	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
32	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
33	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
34	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
35	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
36	! calculation
37	!
38	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
39	!
40	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
41	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
42	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
43	! Added support for dry runs.
44	!
45	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
46	! Initial revision
47	!
48	!
49	! Description:
50	! ------------
51	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
52	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
53	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
54	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
55	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
56	!
57	! To do list:
58	! -----------
59	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
60	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
61	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
62	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
63	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
64	! considerable precipitation
65	! Notes:
66	! ------
67	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
68	! too thin
69	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
70	USE arrays_3d, &
71	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
72
73	USE cloud_parameters, &
74	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
75
76	USE control_parameters, &
77	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
78	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
79	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
80	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
81	z0h_factor
82
83	USE indices, &
84	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
85
86	USE kinds
87
88	USE netcdf_control, &
89	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
90
91	USE radiation_model_mod, &
92	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_SB
93
94	USE statistics, &
95	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
96
97	IMPLICIT NONE
98
99	!
100	!-- LSM model constants
101	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
102	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
103	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
104
105	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
106
107	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
108	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
109	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
110
111	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
112
113	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
114	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
115	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
116	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
117	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
118	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
119	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
120	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
121	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
122
123
124	!
125	!-- LSM variables
126	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
127	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
128
129	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
130	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
131	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
132
133	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
134	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
135	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
136	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
137	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
138	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
139	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
140	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
141	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
142	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
143	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
144	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
145	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
146	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
147	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
148	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
149	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
150	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
151	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
152	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
153	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
154	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
155	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
156	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
157	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
158	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
159	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
160	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
161	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
162	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
163
164	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
165	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
166	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
167	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
168	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
169	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
170	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
171	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
172	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
173	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
174
175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
176	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
177	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
178
179	#if defined( __nopointer )
180	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
181	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
182	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
183	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
184	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
185	#else
186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
187	t_surface_p, &
188	m_liq_eb, &
189	m_liq_eb_p
190
191	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
192	m_liq_eb_av, &
193	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
194	#endif
195
196	!
197	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
198	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
199	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
200
201	!
202	!-- Energy balance variables
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
204	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
205	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
206	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
207	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
208	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
209	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
210	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
211	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
212	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
213	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
214	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
215	lai, & !: leaf area index
216	lai_av, & !: average of lai
217	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
218	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
219	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
220	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
221	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
222	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
223	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
224	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
225	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
226	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
227	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
228	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
229	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
230	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
231	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
232	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
233	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
234	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
235	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
236	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
237	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
238	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
239	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
240	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
241	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
242
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
244	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
245	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
246	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
247	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
248
249	#if defined( __nopointer )
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
251	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
252	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
253	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
254	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
255	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
256	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
257	#else
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
259	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
260	m_soil, m_soil_p
261
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
263	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
264	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
265
266
267	#endif
268
269
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
271	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
272	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
273	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
274
275
276	!
277	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
278	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
279	'user defined', & ! 0
280	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
281	'short grass', & ! 2
282	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
283	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
284	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
285	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
286	'tall grass', & ! 7
287	'desert', & ! 8
288	'tundra', & ! 9
289	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
290	'semidesert', & ! 11
291	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
292	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
293	'inland water', & ! 14
294	'ocean', & ! 15
295	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
296	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
297	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
298	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
299	/)
300
301	!
302	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
303	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
304	'user defined', & ! 0
305	'coarse', & ! 1
306	'medium', & ! 2
307	'medium-fine', & ! 3
308	'fine', & ! 4
309	'very fine' , & ! 5
310	'organic', & ! 6
311	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
312	/)
313	!
314	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
315
316	!
317	!-- Land surface parameters I
318	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
320	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
321	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
322	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
323	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
324	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
325	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
326	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
327	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
328	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
329	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
330	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
331	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
332	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
333	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
334	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
335	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
336	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
337	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
338	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
339	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
340
341	!
342	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
343	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
344	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
345	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
346	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
347	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
348	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
349	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
350	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
351	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
352	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
353	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
354	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
355	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
356	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
357	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
358	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
359	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
360	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
361	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
362	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
363	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
364
365	!
366	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
367	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
368	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
369	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
370	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
371	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
372	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
373	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
374	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
375	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
376	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
377	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
378	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
379	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
380	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
381	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
382	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
383	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
384	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
385	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
386	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
387	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
388
389	!
390	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
391	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
392	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
393	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
394	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
395	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
396	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
397	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
398	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
399	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
400	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
401	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
402	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
403	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
404	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
405	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
406	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
407	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
408	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
409	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
410	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
411	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
412
413	!
414	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
415
416	!
417	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
418	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
419	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
420	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
421	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
422	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
423	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
424	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
425	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
426	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
427
428	!
429	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
430	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
431	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
432	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
433	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
434	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
435	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
436	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
437	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
438	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
439
440
441	SAVE
442
443
444	PRIVATE
445
446
447	!
448	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
449	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
450	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
451	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
452	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
453	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
454	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
455	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
456	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
457	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
458	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
459
460	!
461	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
462	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
463	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
464	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
465	zs
466
467
468	!
469	!-- Public 2D output variables
470	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
471	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
472	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
473	shf_eb, shf_eb_av
474
475
476	!
477	!-- Public prognostic variables
478	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
479
480
481	INTERFACE init_lsm
482	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
483	END INTERFACE init_lsm
484
485	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
486	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
487	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
488
489	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
490	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
491	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
492
493	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
494	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
495	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
496
497	CONTAINS
498
499
500	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
501	! Description:
502	! ------------
503	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
504	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
505	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
506
507
508	IMPLICIT NONE
509
510	!
511	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
512	#if defined( __nopointer )
513	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
514	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
515	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
516	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
517	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
518	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
519	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
520	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
521	#else
522	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
523	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
524	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
525	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
526	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
527	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	#endif
531
532	!
533	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
534	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
536	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538
539	!
540	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
541	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
544	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
545	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569
570	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
571	!
572	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
573	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
574	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
575	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
576	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
577	#endif
578
579
580	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
581
582	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
583	! Description:
584	! ------------
585	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
586	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
587	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
588
589
590	IMPLICIT NONE
591
592	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
593	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
594	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
595
596
597	!
598	!-- Calculate Exner function
599	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
600
601
602	!
603	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
604	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
605	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
606	ENDIF
607
608	!
609	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
610	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
611	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
612	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
613	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
614
615	!
616	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
617	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
618	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
619	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
620	c_liq = 0.0_wp
621
622	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
623	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
624
625	IF ( humidity ) THEN
626	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
627	ELSE
628	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
629	ENDIF
630
631	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
632	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
633	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
634
635	r_a = 50.0_wp
636	r_s = 50.0_wp
637	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
638	r_soil = 0.0_wp
639
640	!
641	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
642	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
643	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
644	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
645
646	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
647	!
648	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
649	IF ( humidity ) THEN
650	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
651	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
652
653	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
654	ENDIF
655
656	!
657	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
658	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
659	!-- at the edges (_stag)
660	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
661
662	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
663	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
664	ENDDO
665
666	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
667	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
668	ENDDO
669	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
670
671	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
672	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
673
674	!
675	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
676	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
677	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
678	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
679
680	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
681	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
682	ENDIF
683
684	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
685	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
686	ENDIF
687
688	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
689	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
690	ENDIF
691
692	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
693	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
694	ENDIF
695
696	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
697	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
698	ENDIF
699
700	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
701	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
702	ENDIF
703
704	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
705	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
706	ENDIF
707
708	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
709	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
710	ENDIF
711
712	ENDIF
713
714	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
715	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
716	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
717	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
718	m_sat = saturation_moisture
719	m_fc = field_capacity
720	m_wilt = wilting_point
721	m_res = residual_moisture
722	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
723
724	!
725	!-- Initial run actions
726	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
727
728	t_soil = 0.0_wp
729	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
730	m_soil = 0.0_wp
731
732	!
733	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
734	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
735	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
736	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
737	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
738	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
739	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
740	ENDDO
741	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
742
743	!
744	!-- Calculate surface temperature
745	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
746
747	!
748	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
749	!-- the first time step
750	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
751	DO j = nysg, nyng
752	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
753
754	!
755	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
756	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
757	+ 1.0E-10_wp
758
759	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
760	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
761	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
762	ENDDO
763	ENDDO
764
765	!
766	!-- Actions for restart runs
767	ELSE
768
769	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
770	DO j = nysg, nyng
771	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
772	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
773	ENDDO
774	ENDDO
775
776	ENDIF
777
778	!
779	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
780	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
781	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
782
783
784
785
786	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
787	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
788	ENDDO
789
790	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
791	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
792	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
793	ENDIF
794	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
795	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
796	ENDIF
797	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
798	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
799	ENDIF
800	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
801	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
802	ENDIF
803	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
804	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
805	ENDIF
806	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
807	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
808	ENDIF
809	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
810	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
811	ENDIF
812	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
813	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
814	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
815	ENDIF
816	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
817	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
818	ENDIF
819	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
820
821	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
822	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
823	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
824	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
825	ENDDO
826	ENDIF
827
828	ELSE
829
830	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
831	z0_eb = roughness_length
832	ENDIF
833	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
834	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
835	ENDIF
836
837	ENDIF
838
839	!
840	!-- Initialize vegetation
841	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
842	lai = leaf_area_index
843	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
844	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
845	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
846	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
847	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
848	z0 = z0_eb
849	z0h = z0h_eb
850
851	!
852	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
853	CALL user_init_land_surface
854
855
856	t_soil_p = t_soil
857	m_soil_p = m_soil
858	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
859
860	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
861	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
862	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
863	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
864	statistic_regions+1 )
865	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
866	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
867	statistic_regions+1 )
868
869	!
870	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
871	IF ( humidity ) THEN
872	CALL calc_q_surface
873	ENDIF
874
875
876
877	!
878	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
879	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
880	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
881	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
882	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
883	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
884	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
885	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
886
887	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
888	dots_num = dots_num + 6
889
890
891	RETURN
892
893	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
894
895
896
897	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
898	! Description:
899	! ------------
900	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
901	!
902	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
903	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
904	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
905	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
906	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
907	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
908	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
909
910
911	IMPLICIT NONE
912
913	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
914	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
915	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
916
917	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
918	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
919	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
920	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
921	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
922	e, & !: water vapour pressure
923	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
924	e_s_dT, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
925	tend, & !: tendency
926	dq_s_dT, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
927	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
928	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
929	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
930	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
931	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
932	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
933	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
934	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
935	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
936
937
938	!
939	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
940	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
941
942
943	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
944	DO j = nysg, nyng
945	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
946
947	!
948	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
949	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
950	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
951	ELSE
952	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
953	ENDIF
954
955	!
956	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
957	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
958	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
959	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
960	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
961	1.0E-20_wp)
962
963	!
964	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
965	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
966
967	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
968	!-- night)
969	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
970	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
971	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
972	ELSE
973	f1 = 1.0_wp
974	ENDIF
975
976	!
977	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
978	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
979	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
980	m_total = 0.0_wp
981	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
982	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
983	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
984	ENDDO
985
986	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
987	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
988	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
989	f2 = 1.0_wp
990	ELSE
991	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
992	ENDIF
993
994	!
995	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
996	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
997	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
998
999	!
1000	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1001	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1002	!
1003	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1004	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1005	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1006	ELSE
1007	f3 = 1.0_wp
1008	ENDIF
1009
1010	!
1011	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1012	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1013	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1014	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1015	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1016
1017	!
1018	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1019	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1020	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1021	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1022	m_res(j,i)
1023	ELSE
1024	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1025	ENDIF
1026
1027	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1028	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1029	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1030
1031	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1032
1033	!
1034	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1035	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1036	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1037
1038
1039	!
1040	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1041	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1042
1043	!
1044	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1045	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1046	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1047	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1048	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1049	ENDIF
1050
1051	!
1052	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1053	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1054	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1055
1056	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1057	r_soil(j,i))
1058	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1059
1060
1061	!
1062	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1063	!-- transpirate.
1064	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1065	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1066	! ENDIF
1067
1068	!
1069	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1070	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1071	!-- air.
1072	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1073	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1074	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1075	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1076	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1077	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1078	ENDIF
1079	ENDIF
1080	ENDIF
1081
1082	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1083	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1084
1085	!
1086	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1087	e_s_dT = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1088	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1089	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1090
1091	dq_s_dT = 0.622_wp * e_s_dT / surface_pressure
1092
1093	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1094
1095	!
1096	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1097	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1098
1099	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1100
1101	!
1102	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1103	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1104	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1105	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1106	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1107
1108	!
1109	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1110	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1111	* dq_s_dT + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1112
1113	ELSE
1114
1115	!
1116	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1117	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1118	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1119	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1120
1121	!
1122	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1123	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1124	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1125
1126	ENDIF
1127
1128	tend = 0.0_wp
1129
1130	!
1131	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1132	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1133	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1134	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1135	* tsc(2) )
1136	!
1137	!-- Add RK3 term
1138	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1139	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1140
1141	!
1142	!-- Calculate true tendency
1143	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1144	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1145	!
1146	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1147	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1148	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1149	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1150	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1151	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1152	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1153	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1154	ENDIF
1155	ENDIF
1156
1157	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1158	!
1159	!-- Calculate fluxes
1160	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB &
1161	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_SB &
1162	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1163	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1164	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1165	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1166
1167	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1168	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1169	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1170
1171	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1172	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1173	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1174
1175	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1176	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1177	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1178
1179	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1180	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1181	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1182	ENDIF
1183
1184	!
1185	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1186	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1187	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1188	ELSE
1189	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1190	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1191	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1192	ENDIF
1193
1194	!
1195	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1196	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1197	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1198	!
1199	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb.
1200	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1201	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1202	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1203	+ precipitation_rate(j,i) * 0.001_wp &
1204	* rho_l * l_v
1205	ENDIF
1206	!
1207	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1208	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1209	!
1210	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1211	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1212	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1213	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1214	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1215	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1216	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1217	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1218	ENDIF
1219
1220	!
1221	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1222	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1223	!-- plant
1224	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1225	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1226	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1227	ENDIF
1228	ENDIF
1229
1230	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1231
1232	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1233	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1234
1235	!
1236	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1237	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1238	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1239
1240	!
1241	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1242	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1243	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1244
1245
1246	!
1247	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1248	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1249	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1250	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1251	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1252	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1253	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1254	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1255	ENDIF
1256	ENDIF
1257
1258	ENDIF
1259
1260	ENDDO
1261	ENDDO
1262
1263	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1264
1265
1266	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1267	! Description:
1268	! ------------
1269	!
1270	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1271	! temperature and water content.
1272	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1273	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1274
1275
1276	IMPLICIT NONE
1277
1278	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1279	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1280	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1281
1282	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1283
1284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1285	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1286	tend !: tendency
1287
1288	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1289	DO j = nysg, nyng
1290	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1291	!
1292	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1293	!-- account water content
1294	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1295	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1296
1297	!
1298	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1299	!-- layers
1300	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1301	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1302	lambda_h_dry
1303
1304	ENDDO
1305
1306	!
1307	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1308	!-- using linear interpolation
1309	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1310
1311	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1312	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1313	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1314
1315	ENDDO
1316	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1317
1318	!
1319	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1320	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1321	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1322	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1323	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1324	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1325
1326	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1327	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1328	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1329	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1330	* ddz_soil(k) &
1331	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1332	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1333	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1334	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1335	ENDDO
1336
1337	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1338	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1339	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1340	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1344	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1345	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1346	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1347	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1348	ENDDO
1349	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1350	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1351	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1352	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1353	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1354	ENDDO
1355	ENDIF
1356	ENDIF
1357
1358
1359	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1360
1361	!
1362	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1363	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1364	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1365	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1366
1367	!
1368	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1369	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1370	!
1371	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1372	!-- (1980)
1373	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1374	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1375	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1376	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1377
1378	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1379	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1380	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1381	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1382	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1383	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1384	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1385
1386	!
1387	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1388	ELSE
1389	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1390	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1391	ENDIF
1392
1393	ENDDO
1394
1395
1396	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1397	!
1398	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1399	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1400	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1401	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1402
1403	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1404	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1405	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1406	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1407	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1408	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1409
1410	ENDDO
1411
1412	!
1413	!
1414	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1415	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1416	!-- in the bottom layer.
1417	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1418	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1419	ELSE
1420	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1421	ENDIF
1422
1423	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1424	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1425	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1426	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1427	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1428	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1429	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1430	!-- take water from moister layers.
1431
1432	!
1433	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1434	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1435	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1436	!-- additional check.
1437
1438	m_total = 0.0_wp
1439	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1440	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1441	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1442	ENDIF
1443	ENDDO
1444
1445	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1446	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1447	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1448	ELSE
1449	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1450	ENDIF
1451	ENDDO
1452
1453	!
1454	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1455	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1456	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1457	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1458	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1459	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1460	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1461	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1462
1463	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1464	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1465	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1466	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1467	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1468	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1469	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1470	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1471
1472	ENDDO
1473	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1474	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1475	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1476	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1477	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1478	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1479	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1480	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1481	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1482
1483	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1484	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1485	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1486
1487	!
1488	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1489	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1490
1491	!
1492	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1493	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1494	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1495	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1496	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1497	ENDDO
1498	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1499	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1500	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1501	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1502	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1503	ENDDO
1504	ENDIF
1505	ENDIF
1506
1507	ENDIF
1508
1509	ENDDO
1510	ENDDO
1511
1512	!
1513	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1514	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1515	CALL calc_q_surface
1516	ENDIF
1517
1518
1519	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1520
1521
1522	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1523	! Description:
1524	! ------------
1525	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1526	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1527	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1528
1529	IMPLICIT NONE
1530
1531	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1532	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1533	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1534	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1535
1536	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1537	DO j = nysg, nyng
1538	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1539
1540	!
1541	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1542	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1543	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1544	- 35.86_wp ) )
1545
1546	!
1547	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1548	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1549
1550
1551	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1552
1553	!
1554	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1555	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1556	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1557
1558	ENDDO
1559	ENDDO
1560
1561	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1562
1563	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1564	! Description:
1565	! ------------
1566	! Swapping of timelevels
1567	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1568	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1569
1570	IMPLICIT NONE
1571
1572	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1573
1574	#if defined( __nopointer )
1575
1576	t_surface = t_surface_p
1577	t_soil = t_soil_p
1578	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1579	m_soil = m_soil_p
1580	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1581	ENDIF
1582
1583	#else
1584
1585	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1586
1587	CASE ( 0 )
1588
1589	t_surface = t_surface_p
1590	t_soil = t_soil_p
1591	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1592	m_soil = m_soil_p
1593	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1594	ENDIF
1595
1596
1597	CASE ( 1 )
1598
1599	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1600	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1601	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1602	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1603	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1604	ENDIF
1605
1606	END SELECT
1607	#endif
1608
1609	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1610
1611
1612	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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