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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1570

Last change on this file since 1570 was 1556, checked in by maronga, 10 years ago
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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1556 2015-03-04 17:45:02Z raasch $
27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
28	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
29	! Added output of r_a and r_s
30	!
31	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
32	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
33	! profile
34	!
35	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
36	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
37	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
38	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
39	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
40	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
41	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
42	! calculation
43	!
44	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
45	!
46	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
47	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
48	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
49	! Added support for dry runs.
50	!
51	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
52	! Initial revision
53	!
54	!
55	! Description:
56	! ------------
57	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
58	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
59	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
60	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
61	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
62	!
63	! To do list:
64	! -----------
65	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
66	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
67	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
68	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
69	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
70	! considerable precipitation
71	! Notes:
72	! ------
73	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
74	! too thin
75	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
76	USE arrays_3d, &
77	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
78
79	USE cloud_parameters, &
80	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
81
82	USE control_parameters, &
83	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
84	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
85	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
86	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
87	z0h_factor
88
89	USE indices, &
90	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
91
92	USE kinds
93
94	USE netcdf_control, &
95	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
96
97	USE radiation_model_mod, &
98	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_SB
99
100	USE statistics, &
101	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
102
103	IMPLICIT NONE
104
105	!
106	!-- LSM model constants
107	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
108	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
109	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
110
111	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
112
113	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
114	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
115	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
116
117	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
118
119	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
120	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
121	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
122	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
123	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
124	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
125	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
126	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
127	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
128
129
130	!
131	!-- LSM variables
132	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
133	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
134
135	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
136	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
137	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
138
139	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
140	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
141	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
142	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
143	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
144	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
145	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
146	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
147	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
148	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
149	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
150	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
151	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
152	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
153	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
154	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
155	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
156	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
157	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
158	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
159	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
160	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
161	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
162	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
163	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
164	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
165	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
166	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
167	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
168	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
169
170	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
171	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
172	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
173	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
174	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
175	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
176	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
177	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
178	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
179	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
180
181	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
182	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
183	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
184
185	#if defined( __nopointer )
186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
187	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
188	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
189	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
190	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
191	#else
192	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
193	t_surface_p, &
194	m_liq_eb, &
195	m_liq_eb_p
196
197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
198	m_liq_eb_av, &
199	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
200	#endif
201
202	!
203	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
204	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
205	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
206
207	!
208	!-- Energy balance variables
209	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
210	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
211	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
212	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
213	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
214	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
215	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
216	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
217	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
218	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
219	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
220	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
221	lai, & !: leaf area index
222	lai_av, & !: average of lai
223	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
224	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
225	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
226	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
227	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
228	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
229	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
230	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
231	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
232	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
233	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
234	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
235	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
236	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
237	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
238	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
239	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
240	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
241	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
242	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
243	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
244	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
245	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
246	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
247	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
248	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
249	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
250
251	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
252	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
253	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
254	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
255	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
256
257	#if defined( __nopointer )
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
259	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
260	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
261	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
262	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
263	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
264	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
265	#else
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
267	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
268	m_soil, m_soil_p
269
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
271	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
272	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
273
274
275	#endif
276
277
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
279	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
280	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
281	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
282
283
284	!
285	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
286	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
287	'user defined', & ! 0
288	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
289	'short grass', & ! 2
290	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
291	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
292	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
293	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
294	'tall grass', & ! 7
295	'desert', & ! 8
296	'tundra', & ! 9
297	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
298	'semidesert', & ! 11
299	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
300	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
301	'inland water', & ! 14
302	'ocean', & ! 15
303	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
304	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
305	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
306	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
307	/)
308
309	!
310	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
311	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
312	'user defined', & ! 0
313	'coarse', & ! 1
314	'medium', & ! 2
315	'medium-fine', & ! 3
316	'fine', & ! 4
317	'very fine' , & ! 5
318	'organic', & ! 6
319	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
320	/)
321	!
322	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
323
324	!
325	!-- Land surface parameters I
326	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
328	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
329	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
330	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
331	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
332	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
333	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
334	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
335	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
336	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
337	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
338	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
339	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
340	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
341	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
342	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
343	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
344	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
345	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
346	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
347	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
348
349	!
350	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
352	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
353	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
354	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
355	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
356	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
357	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
358	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
359	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
360	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
361	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
362	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
363	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
364	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
365	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
366	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
367	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
368	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
369	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
370	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
371	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
372
373	!
374	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
375	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
376	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
377	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
378	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
379	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
380	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
381	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
382	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
383	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
384	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
385	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
386	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
387	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
388	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
389	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
390	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
391	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
392	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
393	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
394	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
395	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
396
397	!
398	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
399	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
400	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
401	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
402	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
403	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
404	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
405	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
406	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
407	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
408	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
409	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
410	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
411	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
412	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
413	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
414	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
415	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
416	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
417	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
418	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
419	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
420
421	!
422	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
423
424	!
425	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
426	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
427	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
428	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
429	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
430	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
431	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
432	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
433	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
434	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
435
436	!
437	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
438	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
439	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
440	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
441	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
442	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
443	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
444	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
445	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
446	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
447
448
449	SAVE
450
451
452	PRIVATE
453
454
455	!
456	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
457	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
458	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
459	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
460	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
461	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
462	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
463	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
464	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
465	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
466	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
467
468	!
469	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
470	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
471	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
472	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
473	zs
474
475
476	!
477	!-- Public 2D output variables
478	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
479	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
480	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
481	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
482
483
484	!
485	!-- Public prognostic variables
486	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
487
488
489	INTERFACE init_lsm
490	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
491	END INTERFACE init_lsm
492
493	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
494	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
495	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
496
497	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
498	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
499	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
500
501	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
502	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
503	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
504
505	CONTAINS
506
507
508	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
509	! Description:
510	! ------------
511	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
512	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
513	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
514
515
516	IMPLICIT NONE
517
518	!
519	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
520	#if defined( __nopointer )
521	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
522	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
523	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
524	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
525	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
526	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
527	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	#else
530	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
536	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	#endif
539
540	!
541	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
542	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
544	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
545	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546
547	!
548	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
549	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577
578	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
579	!
580	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
581	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
582	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
583	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
584	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
585	#endif
586
587
588	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
589
590	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
591	! Description:
592	! ------------
593	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
594	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
595	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
596
597
598	IMPLICIT NONE
599
600	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
601	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
602	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
603
604
605	!
606	!-- Calculate Exner function
607	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
608
609
610	!
611	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
612	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
613	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
614	ENDIF
615
616	!
617	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
618	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
619	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
620	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
621	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
622
623	!
624	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
625	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
626	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
627	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
628	c_liq = 0.0_wp
629
630	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
631	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
632
633	IF ( humidity ) THEN
634	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
635	ELSE
636	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
637	ENDIF
638
639	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
640	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
641	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
642
643	r_a = 50.0_wp
644	r_s = 50.0_wp
645	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
646	r_soil = 0.0_wp
647
648	!
649	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
650	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
651	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
652	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
653
654	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
655	!
656	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
657	IF ( humidity ) THEN
658	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
659	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
660
661	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
662	ENDIF
663
664	!
665	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
666	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
667	!-- at the edges (_stag)
668	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
669
670	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
671	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
672	ENDDO
673
674	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
675	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
676	ENDDO
677	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
678
679	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
680	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
681
682	!
683	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
684	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
685	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
686	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
687
688	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
689	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
690	ENDIF
691
692	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
693	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
694	ENDIF
695
696	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
697	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
698	ENDIF
699
700	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
701	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
702	ENDIF
703
704	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
705	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
706	ENDIF
707
708	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
709	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
710	ENDIF
711
712	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
713	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
714	ENDIF
715
716	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
717	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
718	ENDIF
719
720	ENDIF
721
722	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
723	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
724	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
725	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
726	m_sat = saturation_moisture
727	m_fc = field_capacity
728	m_wilt = wilting_point
729	m_res = residual_moisture
730	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
731
732	!
733	!-- Initial run actions
734	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
735
736	t_soil = 0.0_wp
737	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
738	m_soil = 0.0_wp
739
740	!
741	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
742	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
743	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
744	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
745	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
746	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
747	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
748	ENDDO
749	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
750
751	!
752	!-- Calculate surface temperature
753	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
754
755	!
756	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
757	!-- the first time step
758	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
759	DO j = nysg, nyng
760	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
761
762	!
763	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
764	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
765	+ 1.0E-10_wp
766
767	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
768	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
769	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
770	ENDDO
771	ENDDO
772
773	!
774	!-- Actions for restart runs
775	ELSE
776
777	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
778	DO j = nysg, nyng
779	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
780	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
781	ENDDO
782	ENDDO
783
784	ENDIF
785
786	!
787	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
788	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
789	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
790
791
792
793
794	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
795	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
796	ENDDO
797
798	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
799	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
800	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
801	ENDIF
802	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
803	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
804	ENDIF
805	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
806	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
807	ENDIF
808	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
809	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
810	ENDIF
811	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
812	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
813	ENDIF
814	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
815	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
816	ENDIF
817	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
818	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
819	ENDIF
820	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
821	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
822	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
823	ENDIF
824	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
825	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
826	ENDIF
827	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
828
829	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
830	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
831	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
832	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
833	ENDDO
834	ENDIF
835
836	ELSE
837
838	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
839	z0_eb = roughness_length
840	ENDIF
841	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
842	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
843	ENDIF
844
845	ENDIF
846
847	!
848	!-- Initialize vegetation
849	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
850	lai = leaf_area_index
851	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
852	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
853	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
854	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
855	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
856	z0 = z0_eb
857	z0h = z0h_eb
858
859	!
860	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
861	CALL user_init_land_surface
862
863
864	t_soil_p = t_soil
865	m_soil_p = m_soil
866	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
867
868	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
869	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
870	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
871	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
872	statistic_regions+1 )
873	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
874	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
875	statistic_regions+1 )
876
877	!
878	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
879	IF ( humidity ) THEN
880	CALL calc_q_surface
881	ENDIF
882
883
884
885	!
886	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
887	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
888	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
889	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
890	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
891	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
892	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
893	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
894
895	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
896	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
897	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
898
899	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
900	dots_num = dots_num + 8
901
902
903	RETURN
904
905	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
906
907
908
909	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
910	! Description:
911	! ------------
912	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
913	!
914	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
915	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
916	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
917	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
918	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
920	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
921
922
923	IMPLICIT NONE
924
925	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
926	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
927	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
928
929	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
930	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
931	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
932	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
933	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
934	e, & !: water vapour pressure
935	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
936	e_s_dT, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
937	tend, & !: tendency
938	dq_s_dT, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
939	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
940	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
941	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
942	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
943	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
944	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
945	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
946	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
947	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
948
949
950	!
951	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
952	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
953
954
955	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
956	DO j = nysg, nyng
957	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
958
959	!
960	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
961	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
962	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
963	ELSE
964	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
965	ENDIF
966
967	!
968	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
969	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
970	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
971	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
972	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
973	1.0E-20_wp)
974
975	!
976	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
977	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
978
979	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
980	!-- night)
981	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
982	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
983	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
984	ELSE
985	f1 = 1.0_wp
986	ENDIF
987
988	!
989	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
990	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
991	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
992	m_total = 0.0_wp
993	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
994	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
995	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
996	ENDDO
997
998	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
999	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1000	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1001	f2 = 1.0_wp
1002	ELSE
1003	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1004	ENDIF
1005
1006	!
1007	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1008	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1009	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1010
1011	!
1012	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1013	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1014	!
1015	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1016	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1017	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1018	ELSE
1019	f3 = 1.0_wp
1020	ENDIF
1021
1022	!
1023	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1024	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1025	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1026	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1027	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1028
1029	!
1030	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1031	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1032	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1033	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1034	m_res(j,i)
1035	ELSE
1036	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1037	ENDIF
1038
1039	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1040	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1041	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1042
1043	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1044
1045	!
1046	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1047	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1048	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1049
1050
1051	!
1052	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1053	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1054
1055	!
1056	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1057	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1058	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1059	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1060	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1061	ENDIF
1062
1063	!
1064	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1065	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1066	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1067
1068	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1069	r_soil(j,i))
1070	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1071
1072
1073	!
1074	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1075	!-- transpirate.
1076	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1077	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1078	! ENDIF
1079
1080	!
1081	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1082	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1083	!-- air.
1084	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1085	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1086	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1087	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1088	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1089	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1090	ENDIF
1091	ENDIF
1092	ENDIF
1093
1094	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1095	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1096
1097	!
1098	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1099	e_s_dT = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1100	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1101	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1102
1103	dq_s_dT = 0.622_wp * e_s_dT / surface_pressure
1104
1105	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1106
1107	!
1108	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1109	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1110
1111	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1112
1113	!
1114	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1115	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1116	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1117	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1118	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1119
1120	!
1121	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1122	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1123	* dq_s_dT + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1124
1125	ELSE
1126
1127	!
1128	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1129	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1130	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1131	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1132
1133	!
1134	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1135	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1136	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1137
1138	ENDIF
1139
1140	tend = 0.0_wp
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1144	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1145	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1146	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1147	* tsc(2) )
1148	!
1149	!-- Add RK3 term
1150	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1151	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1152
1153	!
1154	!-- Calculate true tendency
1155	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1156	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1157	!
1158	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1159	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1160	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1161	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1162	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1163	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1164	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1165	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1166	ENDIF
1167	ENDIF
1168
1169	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1170	!
1171	!-- Calculate fluxes
1172	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB &
1173	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_SB &
1174	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1175	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1176	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1177	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1178
1179	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1180	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1181	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1182
1183	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1184	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1185	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1186
1187	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1188	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1189	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1190
1191	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1192	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1193	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1194	ENDIF
1195
1196	!
1197	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1198	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1199	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1200	ELSE
1201	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1202	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1203	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1204	ENDIF
1205
1206	!
1207	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1208	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1209	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1210	!
1211	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb.
1212	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1213	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1214	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1215	+ precipitation_rate(j,i) * 0.001_wp &
1216	* rho_l * l_v
1217	ENDIF
1218	!
1219	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1220	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1221	!
1222	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1223	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1224	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1225	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1226	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1227	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1228	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1229	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1230	ENDIF
1231
1232	!
1233	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1234	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1235	!-- plant
1236	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1237	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1238	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1239	ENDIF
1240	ENDIF
1241
1242	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1243
1244	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1245	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1246
1247	!
1248	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1249	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1250	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1251
1252	!
1253	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1254	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1255	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1256
1257
1258	!
1259	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1260	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1261	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1262	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1263	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1264	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1265	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1266	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1267	ENDIF
1268	ENDIF
1269
1270	ENDIF
1271
1272	ENDDO
1273	ENDDO
1274
1275	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1276
1277
1278	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1279	! Description:
1280	! ------------
1281	!
1282	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1283	! temperature and water content.
1284	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1285	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1286
1287
1288	IMPLICIT NONE
1289
1290	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1291	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1292	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1293
1294	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1295
1296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1297	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1298	tend !: tendency
1299
1300	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1301	DO j = nysg, nyng
1302	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1303	!
1304	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1305	!-- account water content
1306	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1307	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1308
1309	!
1310	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1311	!-- layers
1312	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1313	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1314	lambda_h_dry
1315
1316	ENDDO
1317
1318	!
1319	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1320	!-- using linear interpolation
1321	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1322
1323	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1324	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1325	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1326
1327	ENDDO
1328	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1329
1330	!
1331	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1332	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1333	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1334	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1335	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1336	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1337
1338	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1339	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1340	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1341	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1342	* ddz_soil(k) &
1343	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1344	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1345	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1346	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1347	ENDDO
1348
1349	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1350	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1351	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1352	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1353
1354	!
1355	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1356	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1357	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1358	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1359	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1360	ENDDO
1361	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1362	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1363	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1364	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1365	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1366	ENDDO
1367	ENDIF
1368	ENDIF
1369
1370
1371	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1372
1373	!
1374	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1375	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1376	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1377	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1378
1379	!
1380	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1381	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1382	!
1383	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1384	!-- (1980)
1385	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1386	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1387	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1388	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1389
1390	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1391	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1392	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1393	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1394	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1395	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1396	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1397
1398	!
1399	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1400	ELSE
1401	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1402	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1403	ENDIF
1404
1405	ENDDO
1406
1407
1408	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1409	!
1410	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1411	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1412	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1413	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1414
1415	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1416	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1417	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1418	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1419	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1420	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1421
1422	ENDDO
1423
1424	!
1425	!
1426	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1427	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1428	!-- in the bottom layer.
1429	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1430	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1431	ELSE
1432	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1433	ENDIF
1434
1435	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1436	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1437	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1438	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1439	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1440	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1441	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1442	!-- take water from moister layers.
1443
1444	!
1445	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1446	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1447	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1448	!-- additional check.
1449
1450	m_total = 0.0_wp
1451	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1452	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1453	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1454	ENDIF
1455	ENDDO
1456
1457	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1458	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1459	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1460	ELSE
1461	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1462	ENDIF
1463	ENDDO
1464
1465	!
1466	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1467	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1468	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1469	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1470	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1471	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1472	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1473	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1474
1475	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1476	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1477	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1478	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1479	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1480	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1481	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1482	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1483
1484	ENDDO
1485	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1486	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1487	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1488	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1489	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1490	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1491	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1492	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1493	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1494
1495	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1496	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1497	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1498
1499	!
1500	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1501	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1502
1503	!
1504	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1505	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1506	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1507	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1508	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1509	ENDDO
1510	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1511	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1512	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1513	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1514	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1515	ENDDO
1516	ENDIF
1517	ENDIF
1518
1519	ENDIF
1520
1521	ENDDO
1522	ENDDO
1523
1524	!
1525	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1526	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1527	CALL calc_q_surface
1528	ENDIF
1529
1530
1531	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1532
1533
1534	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1535	! Description:
1536	! ------------
1537	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1538	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1539	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1540
1541	IMPLICIT NONE
1542
1543	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1544	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1545	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1546	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1547
1548	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1549	DO j = nysg, nyng
1550	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1551
1552	!
1553	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1554	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1555	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1556	- 35.86_wp ) )
1557
1558	!
1559	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1560	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1561
1562
1563	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1564
1565	!
1566	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1567	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1568	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1569
1570	ENDDO
1571	ENDDO
1572
1573	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1574
1575	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1576	! Description:
1577	! ------------
1578	! Swapping of timelevels
1579	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1580	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1581
1582	IMPLICIT NONE
1583
1584	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1585
1586	#if defined( __nopointer )
1587
1588	t_surface = t_surface_p
1589	t_soil = t_soil_p
1590	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1591	m_soil = m_soil_p
1592	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1593	ENDIF
1594
1595	#else
1596
1597	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1598
1599	CASE ( 0 )
1600
1601	t_surface = t_surface_p
1602	t_soil = t_soil_p
1603	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1604	m_soil = m_soil_p
1605	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1606	ENDIF
1607
1608
1609	CASE ( 1 )
1610
1611	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1612	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1613	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1614	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1615	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1616	ENDIF
1617
1618	END SELECT
1619	#endif
1620
1621	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1622
1623
1624	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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