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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1555

Last change on this file since 1555 was 1555, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
LSM output of r_a and r_s added
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 69.0 KB

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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Added output of r_a and r_s
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga $
27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
28	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
29	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
30	! profile
31	!
32	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
33	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
34	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
35	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
36	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
37	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
38	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
39	! calculation
40	!
41	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
42	!
43	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
44	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
45	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
46	! Added support for dry runs.
47	!
48	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
49	! Initial revision
50	!
51	!
52	! Description:
53	! ------------
54	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
55	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
56	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
57	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
58	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
59	!
60	! To do list:
61	! -----------
62	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
63	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
64	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
65	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
66	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
67	! considerable precipitation
68	! Notes:
69	! ------
70	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
71	! too thin
72	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
73	USE arrays_3d, &
74	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
75
76	USE cloud_parameters, &
77	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
78
79	USE control_parameters, &
80	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
81	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
82	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
83	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
84	z0h_factor
85
86	USE indices, &
87	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
88
89	USE kinds
90
91	USE netcdf_control, &
92	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
93
94	USE radiation_model_mod, &
95	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_SB
96
97	USE statistics, &
98	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
99
100	IMPLICIT NONE
101
102	!
103	!-- LSM model constants
104	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
105	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
106	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
107
108	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
109
110	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
111	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
112	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
113
114	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
115
116	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
117	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
118	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
119	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
120	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
121	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
122	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
123	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
124	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
125
126
127	!
128	!-- LSM variables
129	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
130	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
131
132	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
133	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
134	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
135
136	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
137	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
138	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
139	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
140	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
141	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
142	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
143	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
144	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
145	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
146	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
147	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
148	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
149	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
150	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
151	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
152	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
153	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
154	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
155	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
156	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
157	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
158	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
159	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
160	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
161	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
162	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
163	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
164	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
165	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
166
167	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
168	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
169	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
170	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
171	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
172	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
173	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
174	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
175	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
176	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
177
178	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
179	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
180	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
181
182	#if defined( __nopointer )
183	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
184	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
185	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
186	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
187	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
188	#else
189	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
190	t_surface_p, &
191	m_liq_eb, &
192	m_liq_eb_p
193
194	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
195	m_liq_eb_av, &
196	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
197	#endif
198
199	!
200	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
201	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
202	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
203
204	!
205	!-- Energy balance variables
206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
207	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
208	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
209	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
210	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
211	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
212	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
213	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
214	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
215	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
216	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
217	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
218	lai, & !: leaf area index
219	lai_av, & !: average of lai
220	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
221	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
222	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
223	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
224	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
225	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
226	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
227	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
228	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
229	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
230	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
231	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
232	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
233	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
234	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
235	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
236	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
237	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
238	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
239	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
240	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
241	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
242	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
243	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
244	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
245	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
246	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
247
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
249	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
250	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
251	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
252	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
253
254	#if defined( __nopointer )
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
256	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
257	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
258	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
259	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
260	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
261	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
262	#else
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
264	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
265	m_soil, m_soil_p
266
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
268	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
269	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
270
271
272	#endif
273
274
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
276	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
277	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
278	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
279
280
281	!
282	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
283	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
284	'user defined', & ! 0
285	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
286	'short grass', & ! 2
287	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
288	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
289	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
290	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
291	'tall grass', & ! 7
292	'desert', & ! 8
293	'tundra', & ! 9
294	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
295	'semidesert', & ! 11
296	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
297	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
298	'inland water', & ! 14
299	'ocean', & ! 15
300	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
301	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
302	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
303	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
304	/)
305
306	!
307	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
308	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
309	'user defined', & ! 0
310	'coarse', & ! 1
311	'medium', & ! 2
312	'medium-fine', & ! 3
313	'fine', & ! 4
314	'very fine' , & ! 5
315	'organic', & ! 6
316	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
317	/)
318	!
319	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
320
321	!
322	!-- Land surface parameters I
323	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
325	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
326	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
327	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
328	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
329	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
330	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
331	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
332	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
333	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
334	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
335	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
336	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
337	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
338	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
339	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
340	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
341	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
342	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
343	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
344	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
345
346	!
347	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
349	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
350	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
351	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
352	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
353	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
354	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
355	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
356	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
357	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
358	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
359	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
360	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
361	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
362	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
363	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
364	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
365	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
366	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
367	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
368	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
369
370	!
371	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
372	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
373	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
374	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
375	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
376	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
377	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
378	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
379	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
380	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
381	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
382	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
383	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
384	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
385	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
386	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
387	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
388	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
389	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
390	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
391	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
392	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
393
394	!
395	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
396	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
397	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
398	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
399	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
400	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
401	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
402	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
403	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
404	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
405	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
406	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
407	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
408	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
409	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
410	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
411	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
412	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
413	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
414	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
415	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
416	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
417
418	!
419	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
420
421	!
422	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
423	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
424	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
425	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
426	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
427	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
428	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
429	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
430	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
431	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
432
433	!
434	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
435	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
436	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
437	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
438	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
439	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
440	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
441	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
442	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
443	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
444
445
446	SAVE
447
448
449	PRIVATE
450
451
452	!
453	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
454	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
455	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
456	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
457	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
458	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
459	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
460	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
461	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
462	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
463	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
464
465	!
466	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
467	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
468	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
469	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
470	zs
471
472
473	!
474	!-- Public 2D output variables
475	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
476	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
477	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
478	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
479
480
481	!
482	!-- Public prognostic variables
483	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
484
485
486	INTERFACE init_lsm
487	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
488	END INTERFACE init_lsm
489
490	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
491	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
492	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
493
494	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
495	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
496	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
497
498	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
499	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
500	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
501
502	CONTAINS
503
504
505	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
506	! Description:
507	! ------------
508	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
509	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
510	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
511
512
513	IMPLICIT NONE
514
515	!
516	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
517	#if defined( __nopointer )
518	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
519	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
520	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
521	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
522	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
523	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
524	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
525	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
526	#else
527	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	#endif
536
537	!
538	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
539	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543
544	!
545	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
546	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574
575	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
576	!
577	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
578	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
579	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
580	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
581	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
582	#endif
583
584
585	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
586
587	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
588	! Description:
589	! ------------
590	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
591	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
592	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
593
594
595	IMPLICIT NONE
596
597	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
598	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
599	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
600
601
602	!
603	!-- Calculate Exner function
604	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
605
606
607	!
608	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
609	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
610	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
611	ENDIF
612
613	!
614	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
615	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
616	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
617	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
618	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
619
620	!
621	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
622	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
623	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
624	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
625	c_liq = 0.0_wp
626
627	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
628	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
629
630	IF ( humidity ) THEN
631	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
632	ELSE
633	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
634	ENDIF
635
636	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
637	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
638	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
639
640	r_a = 50.0_wp
641	r_s = 50.0_wp
642	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
643	r_soil = 0.0_wp
644
645	!
646	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
647	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
648	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
649	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
650
651	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
652	!
653	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
654	IF ( humidity ) THEN
655	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
656	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
657
658	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
659	ENDIF
660
661	!
662	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
663	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
664	!-- at the edges (_stag)
665	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
666
667	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
668	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
669	ENDDO
670
671	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
672	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
673	ENDDO
674	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
675
676	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
677	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
678
679	!
680	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
681	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
682	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
683	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
684
685	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
686	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
687	ENDIF
688
689	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
690	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
691	ENDIF
692
693	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
694	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
695	ENDIF
696
697	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
698	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
699	ENDIF
700
701	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
702	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
703	ENDIF
704
705	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
706	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
707	ENDIF
708
709	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
710	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
711	ENDIF
712
713	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
714	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
715	ENDIF
716
717	ENDIF
718
719	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
720	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
721	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
722	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
723	m_sat = saturation_moisture
724	m_fc = field_capacity
725	m_wilt = wilting_point
726	m_res = residual_moisture
727	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
728
729	!
730	!-- Initial run actions
731	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
732
733	t_soil = 0.0_wp
734	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
735	m_soil = 0.0_wp
736
737	!
738	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
739	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
740	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
741	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
742	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
743	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
744	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
745	ENDDO
746	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
747
748	!
749	!-- Calculate surface temperature
750	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
751
752	!
753	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
754	!-- the first time step
755	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
756	DO j = nysg, nyng
757	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
758
759	!
760	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
761	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
762	+ 1.0E-10_wp
763
764	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
765	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
766	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
767	ENDDO
768	ENDDO
769
770	!
771	!-- Actions for restart runs
772	ELSE
773
774	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
775	DO j = nysg, nyng
776	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
777	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
778	ENDDO
779	ENDDO
780
781	ENDIF
782
783	!
784	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
785	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
786	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
787
788
789
790
791	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
792	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
793	ENDDO
794
795	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
796	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
797	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
798	ENDIF
799	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
800	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
801	ENDIF
802	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
803	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
804	ENDIF
805	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
806	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
807	ENDIF
808	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
809	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
810	ENDIF
811	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
812	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
813	ENDIF
814	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
815	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
816	ENDIF
817	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
818	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
819	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
820	ENDIF
821	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
822	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
823	ENDIF
824	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
825
826	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
827	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
828	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
829	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
830	ENDDO
831	ENDIF
832
833	ELSE
834
835	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
836	z0_eb = roughness_length
837	ENDIF
838	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
839	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
840	ENDIF
841
842	ENDIF
843
844	!
845	!-- Initialize vegetation
846	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
847	lai = leaf_area_index
848	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
849	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
850	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
851	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
852	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
853	z0 = z0_eb
854	z0h = z0h_eb
855
856	!
857	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
858	CALL user_init_land_surface
859
860
861	t_soil_p = t_soil
862	m_soil_p = m_soil
863	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
864
865	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
866	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
867	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
868	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
869	statistic_regions+1 )
870	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
871	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
872	statistic_regions+1 )
873
874	!
875	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
876	IF ( humidity ) THEN
877	CALL calc_q_surface
878	ENDIF
879
880
881
882	!
883	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
884	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
885	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
886	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
887	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
888	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
889	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
890	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
891
892	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
893	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
894	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
895
896	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
897	dots_num = dots_num + 8
898
899
900	RETURN
901
902	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
903
904
905
906	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
907	! Description:
908	! ------------
909	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
910	!
911	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
912	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
913	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
914	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
915	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
917	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
918
919
920	IMPLICIT NONE
921
922	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
923	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
924	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
925
926	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
927	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
928	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
929	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
930	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
931	e, & !: water vapour pressure
932	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
933	e_s_dT, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
934	tend, & !: tendency
935	dq_s_dT, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
936	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
937	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
938	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
939	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
940	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
941	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
942	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
943	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
944	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
945
946
947	!
948	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
949	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
950
951
952	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
953	DO j = nysg, nyng
954	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
955
956	!
957	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
958	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
959	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
960	ELSE
961	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
962	ENDIF
963
964	!
965	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
966	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
967	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
968	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
969	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
970	1.0E-20_wp)
971
972	!
973	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
974	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
975
976	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
977	!-- night)
978	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
979	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
980	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
981	ELSE
982	f1 = 1.0_wp
983	ENDIF
984
985	!
986	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
987	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
988	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
989	m_total = 0.0_wp
990	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
991	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
992	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
993	ENDDO
994
995	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
996	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
997	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
998	f2 = 1.0_wp
999	ELSE
1000	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1001	ENDIF
1002
1003	!
1004	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1005	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1006	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1007
1008	!
1009	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1010	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1011	!
1012	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1013	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1014	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1015	ELSE
1016	f3 = 1.0_wp
1017	ENDIF
1018
1019	!
1020	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1021	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1022	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1023	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1024	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1025
1026	!
1027	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1028	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1029	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1030	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1031	m_res(j,i)
1032	ELSE
1033	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1034	ENDIF
1035
1036	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1037	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1038	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1039
1040	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1041
1042	!
1043	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1044	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1045	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1046
1047
1048	!
1049	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1050	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1051
1052	!
1053	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1054	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1055	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1056	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1057	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1058	ENDIF
1059
1060	!
1061	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1062	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1063	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1064
1065	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1066	r_soil(j,i))
1067	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1068
1069
1070	!
1071	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1072	!-- transpirate.
1073	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1074	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1075	! ENDIF
1076
1077	!
1078	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1079	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1080	!-- air.
1081	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1082	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1083	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1084	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1085	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1086	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1087	ENDIF
1088	ENDIF
1089	ENDIF
1090
1091	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1092	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1093
1094	!
1095	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1096	e_s_dT = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1097	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1098	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1099
1100	dq_s_dT = 0.622_wp * e_s_dT / surface_pressure
1101
1102	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1103
1104	!
1105	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1106	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1107
1108	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1109
1110	!
1111	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1112	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1113	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1114	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1115	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1116
1117	!
1118	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1119	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1120	* dq_s_dT + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1121
1122	ELSE
1123
1124	!
1125	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1126	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1127	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1128	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1129
1130	!
1131	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1132	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1133	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1134
1135	ENDIF
1136
1137	tend = 0.0_wp
1138
1139	!
1140	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1141	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1142	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1143	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1144	* tsc(2) )
1145	!
1146	!-- Add RK3 term
1147	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1148	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1149
1150	!
1151	!-- Calculate true tendency
1152	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1153	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1154	!
1155	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1156	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1157	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1158	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1159	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1160	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1161	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1162	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1163	ENDIF
1164	ENDIF
1165
1166	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1167	!
1168	!-- Calculate fluxes
1169	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB &
1170	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_SB &
1171	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1172	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1173	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1174	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1175
1176	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1177	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1178	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1179
1180	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1181	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1182	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1183
1184	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1185	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1186	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1187
1188	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1189	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1190	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1191	ENDIF
1192
1193	!
1194	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1195	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1196	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1197	ELSE
1198	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1199	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1200	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1201	ENDIF
1202
1203	!
1204	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1205	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1206	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1207	!
1208	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb.
1209	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1210	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1211	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1212	+ precipitation_rate(j,i) * 0.001_wp &
1213	* rho_l * l_v
1214	ENDIF
1215	!
1216	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1217	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1218	!
1219	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1220	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1221	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1222	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1223	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1224	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1225	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1226	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1227	ENDIF
1228
1229	!
1230	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1231	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1232	!-- plant
1233	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1234	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1235	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1236	ENDIF
1237	ENDIF
1238
1239	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1240
1241	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1242	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1243
1244	!
1245	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1246	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1247	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1248
1249	!
1250	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1251	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1252	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1253
1254
1255	!
1256	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1257	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1258	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1259	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1260	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1261	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1262	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1263	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1264	ENDIF
1265	ENDIF
1266
1267	ENDIF
1268
1269	ENDDO
1270	ENDDO
1271
1272	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1273
1274
1275	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1276	! Description:
1277	! ------------
1278	!
1279	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1280	! temperature and water content.
1281	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1282	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1283
1284
1285	IMPLICIT NONE
1286
1287	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1288	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1289	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1290
1291	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1292
1293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1294	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1295	tend !: tendency
1296
1297	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1298	DO j = nysg, nyng
1299	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1300	!
1301	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1302	!-- account water content
1303	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1304	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1305
1306	!
1307	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1308	!-- layers
1309	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1310	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1311	lambda_h_dry
1312
1313	ENDDO
1314
1315	!
1316	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1317	!-- using linear interpolation
1318	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1319
1320	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1321	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1322	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1323
1324	ENDDO
1325	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1329	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1330	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1331	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1332	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1333	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1334
1335	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1336	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1337	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1338	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1339	* ddz_soil(k) &
1340	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1341	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1342	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1343	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1344	ENDDO
1345
1346	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1347	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1348	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1349	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1350
1351	!
1352	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1353	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1354	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1355	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1356	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1357	ENDDO
1358	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1359	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1360	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1361	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1362	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1363	ENDDO
1364	ENDIF
1365	ENDIF
1366
1367
1368	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1369
1370	!
1371	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1372	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1373	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1374	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1375
1376	!
1377	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1378	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1379	!
1380	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1381	!-- (1980)
1382	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1383	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1384	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1385	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1386
1387	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1388	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1389	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1390	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1391	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1392	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1393	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1394
1395	!
1396	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1397	ELSE
1398	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1399	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1400	ENDIF
1401
1402	ENDDO
1403
1404
1405	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1406	!
1407	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1408	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1409	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1410	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1411
1412	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1413	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1414	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1415	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1416	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1417	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1418
1419	ENDDO
1420
1421	!
1422	!
1423	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1424	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1425	!-- in the bottom layer.
1426	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1427	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1428	ELSE
1429	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1430	ENDIF
1431
1432	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1433	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1434	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1435	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1436	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1437	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1438	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1439	!-- take water from moister layers.
1440
1441	!
1442	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1443	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1444	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1445	!-- additional check.
1446
1447	m_total = 0.0_wp
1448	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1449	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1450	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1451	ENDIF
1452	ENDDO
1453
1454	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1455	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1456	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1457	ELSE
1458	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1459	ENDIF
1460	ENDDO
1461
1462	!
1463	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1464	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1465	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1466	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1467	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1468	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1469	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1470	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1471
1472	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1473	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1474	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1475	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1476	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1477	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1478	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1479	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1480
1481	ENDDO
1482	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1483	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1484	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1485	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1486	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1487	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1488	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1489	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1490	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1491
1492	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1493	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1494	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1495
1496	!
1497	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1498	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1499
1500	!
1501	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1502	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1503	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1504	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1505	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1506	ENDDO
1507	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1508	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1509	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1510	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1511	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1512	ENDDO
1513	ENDIF
1514	ENDIF
1515
1516	ENDIF
1517
1518	ENDDO
1519	ENDDO
1520
1521	!
1522	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1523	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1524	CALL calc_q_surface
1525	ENDIF
1526
1527
1528	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1529
1530
1531	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1532	! Description:
1533	! ------------
1534	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1535	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1536	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1537
1538	IMPLICIT NONE
1539
1540	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1541	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1542	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1543	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1544
1545	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1546	DO j = nysg, nyng
1547	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1548
1549	!
1550	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1551	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1552	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1553	- 35.86_wp ) )
1554
1555	!
1556	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1557	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1558
1559
1560	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1561
1562	!
1563	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1564	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1565	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1566
1567	ENDDO
1568	ENDDO
1569
1570	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1571
1572	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1573	! Description:
1574	! ------------
1575	! Swapping of timelevels
1576	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1577	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1578
1579	IMPLICIT NONE
1580
1581	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1582
1583	#if defined( __nopointer )
1584
1585	t_surface = t_surface_p
1586	t_soil = t_soil_p
1587	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1588	m_soil = m_soil_p
1589	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1590	ENDIF
1591
1592	#else
1593
1594	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1595
1596	CASE ( 0 )
1597
1598	t_surface = t_surface_p
1599	t_soil = t_soil_p
1600	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1601	m_soil = m_soil_p
1602	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1603	ENDIF
1604
1605
1606	CASE ( 1 )
1607
1608	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1609	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1610	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1611	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1612	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1613	ENDIF
1614
1615	END SELECT
1616	#endif
1617
1618	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1619
1620
1621	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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