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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/init_grid.f90 @ 4701

Last change on this file since 4701 was 4691, checked in by suehring, 4 years ago
Reference model topography to the lowest grid point also in ASCII input case
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File size: 115.7 KB

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[1682]	1	!> @file init_grid.f90
[4648]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1036]	4	!
[4648]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
	6	! Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
	7	! (at your option) any later version.
[1036]	8	!
[4648]	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
	10	! implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
	11	! Public License for more details.
[1036]	12	!
[4648]	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with PALM. If not, see
	14	! <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
[1036]	15	!
[4360]	16	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[4648]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	18	!
[254]	19	! Current revisions:
[1]	20	! -----------------
[4601]	21	!
	22	!
[2233]	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: init_grid.f90 4691 2020-09-22 14:38:38Z maronga $
[4691]	26	! Reference model topography to the lowest grid point also in ASCII input case
	27	!
	28	! 4653 2020-08-27 08:54:43Z pavelkrc
[4648]	29	! file re-formatted to follow the PALM coding standard
	30	!
	31	! 4630 2020-07-30 14:54:34Z suehring
[4630]	32	! In case of ASCII topography input flag grid points as terrain and building.
	33	!
	34	! 4601 2020-07-14 12:06:09Z suehring
[4601]	35	! Minor formatting adjustments
[4648]	36	!
[4601]	37	! 4564 2020-06-12 14:03:36Z raasch
[4564]	38	! Vertical nesting method of Huq et al. (2019) removed
[4648]	39	!
[4564]	40	! 4543 2020-05-20 14:12:22Z gronemeier
[4543]	41	! Remove non-required check for canyon height
[4648]	42	!
[4543]	43	! 4507 2020-04-22 18:21:45Z gronemeier
[4507]	44	! update origin_z with shifting height of orography (oro_min)
[4648]	45	!
[4507]	46	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
[4457]	47	! use statement for exchange horiz added,
	48	! bugfix for call of exchange horiz 2d
[4648]	49	!
[4457]	50	! 4444 2020-03-05 15:59:50Z raasch
[4444]	51	! bugfix: cpp-directives for serial mode added
[4648]	52	!
[4444]	53	! 4414 2020-02-19 20:16:04Z suehring
[4414]	54	! - Remove deprecated topography arrays nzb_s_inner, nzb_u_inner, etc.
[4648]	55	! - Move initialization of boundary conditions and multigrid into an extra module interface.
	56	!
[4414]	57	! 4386 2020-01-27 15:07:30Z Giersch
[4648]	58	! Allocation statements, comments, naming of variables revised and _wp added to real type values
	59	!
[4386]	60	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
[4356]	61	! Revise error messages for generic tunnel setup.
[4648]	62	!
[4356]	63	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
[4648]	64	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static topography
	65	! information used in wall_flags_static_0
	66	!
[4346]	67	! 4340 2019-12-16 08:17:03Z Giersch
[4340]	68	! Topography closed channel flow with symmetric boundaries implemented
[4648]	69	!
[4340]	70	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
[4329]	71	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
[4648]	72	!
[4329]	73	! 4328 2019-12-09 18:53:04Z suehring
[4328]	74	! Minor change in nzb_max computation. Commentation added.
[4648]	75	!
[4328]	76	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
[4648]	77	! Set additional topography flag 4 to mark topography grid points emerged from the filtering process.
	78	!
[4314]	79	! 4294 2019-11-13 18:34:16Z suehring
[4648]	80	! Bugfix, always set bit 5 and 6 of wall_flags, indicating terrain- and building surfaces in all
	81	! cases, in order to enable terrain-following output also when no land- or urban-surface model is
	82	! applied.
	83	!
[4294]	84	! 4265 2019-10-15 16:16:24Z suehring
[4648]	85	! Bugfix for last commit, exchange oro_max variable only when it is allocated (not necessarily the
	86	! case when topography is input from ASCII file).
	87	!
[4265]	88	! 4245 2019-09-30 08:40:37Z pavelkrc
[4245]	89	! Store oro_max (building z-offset) in 2D for building surfaces
[4648]	90	!
[4245]	91	! 4189 2019-08-26 16:19:38Z suehring
[4189]	92	! - Add check for proper setting of namelist parameter topography
	93	! - Set flag to indicate land surfaces in case no topography is provided
[4648]	94	!
[4189]	95	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
[4182]	96	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
[4648]	97	!
[4182]	98	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
[4648]	99	! Pre-calculate topography top index and store it on an array (replaces former functions
	100	! get_topography_top_index)
	101	!
[4168]	102	! 4159 2019-08-15 13:31:35Z suehring
[4648]	103	! Revision of topography processing. This was not consistent between 2D and 3D buildings.
	104	!
[4159]	105	! 4144 2019-08-06 09:11:47Z raasch
[4144]	106	! relational operators .EQ., .NE., etc. replaced by ==, /=, etc.
[4648]	107	!
[4144]	108	! 4115 2019-07-24 12:50:49Z suehring
[4648]	109	! Bugfix in setting near-surface flag 24, inidicating wall-bounded grid points
	110	!
[4115]	111	! 4110 2019-07-22 17:05:21Z suehring
[4110]	112	! - Separate initialization of advection flags for momentum and scalars.
	113	! - Change subroutine interface for ws_init_flags_scalar to pass boundary flags
[4648]	114	!
[4110]	115	! 4109 2019-07-22 17:00:34Z suehring
[3927]	116	! Fix bad commit
[4648]	117	!
[3927]	118	! 3926 2019-04-23 12:56:42Z suehring
[4648]	119	! Minor bugfix in building mapping when all building IDs in the model domain are missing
	120	!
[3925]	121	! 3857 2019-04-03 13:00:16Z knoop
[4648]	122	! In projection of non-building 3D objects onto numerical grid remove dependency on building_type
	123	!
[3855]	124	! 3763 2019-02-25 17:33:49Z suehring
[4648]	125	! Replace work-around for ghost point exchange of 1-byte arrays with specific routine as already
	126	! done in other routines
	127	!
[3763]	128	! 3761 2019-02-25 15:31:42Z raasch
[3761]	129	! unused variables removed
[4648]	130	!
[3761]	131	! 3661 2019-01-08 18:22:50Z suehring
[4648]	132	! Remove setting of nzb_max to nzt at non-cyclic boundary PEs, instead, order degradation of
	133	! advection scheme is handeled directly in advec_ws
	134	!
[3661]	135	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3538]	136	! Comment added
[2716]	137	!
[4182]	138	! Revision 1.1 1997/08/11 06:17:45 raasch
	139	! Initial revision (Testversion)
	140	!
	141	!
[1]	142	! Description:
[4648]	143	! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	144	!> Creating grid depending constants
[2696]	145	!> @todo: Rearrange topo flag list
[4648]	146	!> @todo: reference 3D buildings on top of orography is not tested and may need further improvement
	147	!> for steep slopes
	148	!> @todo: Use more advanced setting of building type at filled holes
	149	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	150	SUBROUTINE init_grid
[1]	151
[4648]	152	USE arrays_3d, &
[3857]	153	ONLY: dd2zu, ddzu, ddzu_pres, ddzw, dzu, dzw, x, xu, y, yv, zu, zw
[4414]	154
[4648]	155	USE control_parameters, &
	156	ONLY: constant_flux_layer, dz, dz_max, dz_stretch_factor, &
	157	dz_stretch_factor_array, dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_level_end, &
	158	dz_stretch_level_end_index, dz_stretch_level_start_index, &
	159	dz_stretch_level_start, ibc_uv_b, message_string, &
	160	number_stretch_level_end, &
	161	number_stretch_level_start, &
	162	ocean_mode, &
	163	psolver, &
	164	symmetry_flag, &
	165	topography, &
[4414]	166	use_surface_fluxes
	167
[4648]	168	USE grid_variables, &
[2232]	169	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2, dx, dx2, dy, dy2, zu_s_inner, zw_w_inner
[4414]	170
[4648]	171	USE indices, &
	172	ONLY: nbgp, &
	173	nx, &
	174	nxl, &
	175	nxlg, &
	176	nxr, &
	177	nxrg, &
	178	ny, &
	179	nyn, &
	180	nyng, &
	181	nys, &
	182	nysg, &
	183	nz, &
	184	nzb, &
	185	nzb_diff, &
	186	nzb_max, &
	187	nzt, &
	188	topo_top_ind, &
[4414]	189	topo_min_level
	190
[1320]	191	USE kinds
[2696]	192
[1]	193	USE pegrid
	194
	195	IMPLICIT NONE
	196
[4648]	197	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
[3182]	198	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	199	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
	200	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_top !< topography top index on local PE
	201	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
[4648]	202	INTEGER(iwp) :: number_dz !< number of user-specified dz values
[3182]	203	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_max !< vertical grid index of maximum topography height
	204	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_min !< vertical grid index of minimum topography height
[1]	205
[2696]	206	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
[2232]	207
[3065]	208	REAL(wp) :: dz_level_end !< distance between calculated height level for u/v-grid and user-specified end level for stretching
[1886]	209	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretched !< stretched vertical grid spacing
[861]	210
[4648]	211	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: min_dz_stretch_level_end !< Array that contains all minimum heights where the stretching
	212	!< can end
[1]	213
[4648]	214
[1]	215	!
[709]	216	!-- Calculation of horizontal array bounds including ghost layers
[667]	217	nxlg = nxl - nbgp
	218	nxrg = nxr + nbgp
	219	nysg = nys - nbgp
	220	nyng = nyn + nbgp
[709]	221
[667]	222	!
[1]	223	!-- Allocate grid arrays
[4386]	224	ALLOCATE( x(0:nx) )
	225	ALLOCATE( xu(0:nx) )
[4648]	226
[3857]	227	DO i = 0, nx
	228	xu(i) = i * dx
	229	x(i) = i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx
	230	ENDDO
	231
[4386]	232	ALLOCATE( y(0:ny) )
	233	ALLOCATE( yv(0:ny) )
[4648]	234
[3857]	235	DO j = 0, ny
	236	yv(j) = j * dy
	237	y(j) = j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy
	238	ENDDO
	239
[4386]	240	ALLOCATE( ddzu(1:nzt+1) )
	241	ALLOCATE( ddzw(1:nzt+1) )
	242	ALLOCATE( dd2zu(1:nzt) )
	243	ALLOCATE( dzu(1:nzt+1) )
	244	ALLOCATE( dzw(1:nzt+1) )
	245	ALLOCATE( zu(nzb:nzt+1) )
	246	ALLOCATE( zw(nzb:nzt+1) )
[1]	247
	248	!
[4648]	249	!-- For constructing an appropriate grid, the vertical grid spacing dz has to be specified with a
	250	!-- non-negative value in the parameter file.
[3065]	251	IF ( dz(1) == -1.0_wp ) THEN
[254]	252	message_string = 'missing dz'
[4648]	253	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0200', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	254	ELSEIF ( dz(1) <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	255	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'dz=',dz(1),' <= 0.0'
[254]	256	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0201', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	257	ENDIF
[94]	258
[1]	259	!
[4648]	260	!-- Initialize dz_stretch_level_start with the value of dz_stretch_level if it was set by the user.
[3065]	261	IF ( dz_stretch_level /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	262	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = dz_stretch_level
	263	ENDIF
[4648]	264
[3065]	265	!
[4648]	266	!-- Determine number of dz values and stretching levels specified by the user to allow right
	267	!-- controlling of the stretching mechanism and to perform error checks. The additional requirement
	268	!-- that dz /= dz_max for counting number of user-specified dz values is necessary. Otherwise
	269	!-- restarts would abort if the old stretching mechanism with dz_stretch_level is used (Attention:
	270	!-- The user is not allowed to specify a dz value equal to the default of dz_max = 999.0).
	271	number_dz = COUNT( dz /= -1.0_wp .AND. dz /= dz_max)
	272	number_stretch_level_start = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_start /= -9999999.9_wp )
	273	number_stretch_level_end = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_end /= 9999999.9_wp )
[3065]	274
	275	!
[4648]	276	!-- The number of specified end levels +1 has to be the same as the number
[3065]	277	!-- of specified dz values
	278	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
[4648]	279	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', number_dz, &
	280	'has to be the same as& ', 'the number of values for ', &
	281	'dz_stretch_level_end + 1 = ', number_stretch_level_end+1
[4601]	282	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0156', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	283	ENDIF
[4648]	284
[3065]	285	!
[4648]	286	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one less than the number of specified
	287	!-- dz values
	288	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start + 1 .AND. &
	289	number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start ) THEN
	290	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', number_dz, &
	291	'has to be the same as or one ', &
	292	'more than& the number of values for ', &
	293	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', number_stretch_level_start
[4601]	294	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0211', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	295	ENDIF
[4648]	296
	297	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one more than the number of specified
	298	!-- end levels
	299	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 .AND. &
[3065]	300	number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end ) THEN
[4648]	301	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for ', &
	302	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', dz_stretch_level_start, &
	303	'has to be the ', 'same or one more than& the number of ', &
	304	'values for dz_stretch_level_end = ', number_stretch_level_end
[4601]	305	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0216', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	306	ENDIF
	307
	308	!
	309	!-- Initialize dz for the free atmosphere with the value of dz_max
[4648]	310	IF ( dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) == -1.0_wp .AND. number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
[3065]	311	dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) = dz_max
	312	ENDIF
[4648]	313
[3065]	314	!
[4648]	315	!-- Initialize the stretching factor if (infinitely) stretching in the free atmosphere is desired
	316	!-- (dz_stretch_level_end was not specified for the free atmosphere)
	317	IF ( number_stretch_level_start == number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
	318	dz_stretch_factor_array(number_stretch_level_start) = dz_stretch_factor
[3065]	319	ENDIF
[4648]	320
[3065]	321	!
	322	!-- Allocation of arrays for stretching
	323	ALLOCATE( min_dz_stretch_level_end(number_stretch_level_start) )
[3066]	324
[3065]	325	!
[4386]	326	!-- Define the vertical grid levels. Start with atmosphere branch
[3294]	327	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
[4648]	328
[94]	329	!
[4648]	330	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth transition between two
	331	!-- different grid spacings. The number 4 is an empirical value.
[3065]	332	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
[4648]	333	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) + 4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
[3065]	334	ENDDO
	335
[4648]	336	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) > &
	337	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
	338	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be larger ' // &
	339	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
	340	'dz_stretch_level_start + 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '// &
[4601]	341	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
	342	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	343	ENDIF
[4648]	344
[3065]	345	!
[4648]	346	!-- Stretching must not be applied within the surface layer (first two grid points). For the
	347	!-- default case dz_stretch_level_start is negative. Therefore the absolut value is checked here.
[4386]	348	IF ( ANY( ABS( dz_stretch_level_start ) <= dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
[4648]	349	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ', &
	350	'larger than ', dz(1) * 1.5
[4601]	351	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	352	ENDIF
	353
	354	!
[4648]	355	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore user-specified values are
	356	!-- mapped to the next lowest level. The calculation of the first level is realized differently
	357	!-- just because of historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized in a
	358	!-- way that results don't change if the old parameters dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and
	359	!-- dz_max are used).
	360	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
	361	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) - dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
[3065]	362	* dz(1) + dz(1)/2.0
	363	ENDIF
[4648]	364
[3065]	365	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
	366	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
[4648]	367	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / dz(n) ) * dz(n)
[3065]	368	ENDDO
	369	ENDIF
[4648]	370
[3065]	371	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
	372	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
[4648]	373	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
[3065]	374	ENDDO
	375	ENDIF
[4386]	376
[3065]	377	!
	378	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
[4648]	379	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
[3065]	380	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
	381	ENDIF
	382
	383	!
[94]	384	!-- Grid for atmosphere with surface at z=0 (k=0, w-grid).
[4648]	385	!-- First compute the u- and v-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u/v- and
	386	!-- w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
	387	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the surface layer. In case of symmetric
	388	!-- boundaries (closed channel flow), the first grid point is always at z=0.
	389	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 .OR. ibc_uv_b == 2 .OR. topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
[1353]	390	zu(0) = 0.0_wp
[667]	391	ELSE
[3065]	392	zu(0) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
[667]	393	ENDIF
[4648]	394
[3065]	395	zu(1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
[4648]	396
[3065]	397	!
[4648]	398	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid stretching in several
	399	!-- heights.
[3065]	400	n = 1
	401	dz_stretch_level_start_index = nzt+1
	402	dz_stretch_level_end_index = nzt+1
	403	dz_stretched = dz(1)
[1]	404
[4648]	405	!-- The default value of dz_stretch_level_start is negative, thus the first condition is true
	406	!-- even if no stretching shall be applied. Hence, the second condition is also necessary.
[4340]	407	DO k = 2, nzt+1-symmetry_flag
[4648]	408	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) <= zu(k-1) .AND. &
	409	dz_stretch_level_start(n) /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[3065]	410	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
[4648]	411
	412	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
[3065]	413	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
	414	ELSE
	415	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
	416	ENDIF
[4648]	417
	418	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == nzt+1 ) dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k-1
	419
[94]	420	ENDIF
[4648]	421
[94]	422	zu(k) = zu(k-1) + dz_stretched
[4648]	423
[3065]	424	!
[4648]	425	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
	426	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
	427
	428	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
[3065]	429	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
	430	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
	431	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
[4648]	432	n = n + 1
[3065]	433	ENDIF
[94]	434	ENDDO
[4648]	435
[4340]	436	!
[4648]	437	!-- If a closed channel flow is simulated, make sure that grid structure is the same for both
	438	!-- bottom and top boundary. (Hint: Using a different dz at the bottom and at the top makes no
	439	!-- sense due to symmetric boundaries where dz should be equal. Therefore, different dz at the
	440	!-- bottom and top causes an abort (see check_parameters).)
	441	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
[4340]	442	zu(nzt+1) = zu(nzt) + dz(1) * 0.5_wp
	443	ENDIF
[1]	444
	445	!
[4648]	446	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the corresponding u-levels.
	447	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the ground the first u- and w-level (k=0) are defined
	448	!-- at same height (z=0).
	449	!-- Per default, the top w-level is extrapolated linearly. In case of a closed channel flow,
	450	!-- zu(nzt+1) and zw(nzt) must be set explicitely.
	451	!-- (Hint: Using a different dz at the bottom and at the top makes no sense due to symmetric
	452	!-- boundaries where dz should be equal. Therefore, different dz at the bottom and top causes an
	453	!-- abort (see check_parameters).)
[1353]	454	zw(0) = 0.0_wp
[4340]	455	DO k = 1, nzt-symmetry_flag
[1353]	456	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
[94]	457	ENDDO
[4648]	458	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
[4340]	459	zw(nzt) = zw(nzt-1) + dz(1)
	460	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + dz(1)
	461	ELSE
	462	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + 2.0_wp * ( zu(nzt+1) - zw(nzt) )
	463	ENDIF
[1]	464
[4386]	465	ELSE !ocean branch
[3065]	466
[1]	467	!
[4648]	468	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth transition between two
	469	!-- different grid spacings. The number 4 is an empirical value
[3065]	470	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
[4648]	471	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) - 4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
[3065]	472	ENDDO
[4648]	473
	474	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end (1:number_stretch_level_start) < &
	475	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
	476	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be less ' // &
	477	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
	478	'dz_stretch_level_start - 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '// &
[3065]	479	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
	480	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	481	ENDIF
[4648]	482
[3065]	483	!
[4648]	484	!-- Stretching must not be applied close to the surface (last two grid points). For the default
	485	!-- case dz_stretch_level_start is negative.
	486	IF ( ANY( dz_stretch_level_start >= - dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
	487	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ', &
	488	'less than ', -dz(1) * 1.5
[3065]	489	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	490	ENDIF
	491
	492	!
[4648]	493	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore user-specified values are
	494	!-- mapped to the next highest level. The calculation of the first level is realized differently
	495	!-- just because of historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized in a
	496	!-- way that results don't change if the old parameters dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and
	497	!-- dz_max are used)
	498	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
	499	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) + dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
[3065]	500	* dz(1) - dz(1)/2.0
	501	ENDIF
[4648]	502
	503	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
[3065]	504	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
[4648]	505	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / dz(n) ) * dz(n)
[3065]	506	ENDDO
	507	ENDIF
[4648]	508
	509	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
[3065]	510	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
[4648]	511	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
[3065]	512	ENDDO
	513	ENDIF
[4648]	514
[3065]	515	!
	516	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
[4648]	517	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
[3065]	518	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
	519	ENDIF
	520
	521	!
[843]	522	!-- Grid for ocean with free water surface is at k=nzt (w-grid).
[4648]	523	!-- In case of neumann bc at the ground the first first u-level (k=0) lies below the first
	524	!-- w-level (k=0). In case of dirichlet bc the first u- and w-level are defined at same height,
	525	!-- but staggered from the second level.
[4386]	526	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the surface layer.
[3065]	527	!-- z values are negative starting from z=0 (surface)
	528	zu(nzt+1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
	529	zu(nzt) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
[94]	530
[3065]	531	!
[4648]	532	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid stretching in several
	533	!-- heights.
[3065]	534	n = 1
	535	dz_stretch_level_start_index = 0
	536	dz_stretch_level_end_index = 0
	537	dz_stretched = dz(1)
	538
[94]	539	DO k = nzt-1, 0, -1
[4648]	540
	541	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) >= zu(k+1) ) THEN
[3065]	542	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
	543
[4648]	544	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
[3065]	545	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
	546	ELSE
	547	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
	548	ENDIF
[4648]	549
	550	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == 0 ) dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k+1
	551
[3065]	552	ENDIF
[4648]	553
[3065]	554	zu(k) = zu(k+1) - dz_stretched
[4648]	555
[1418]	556	!
[4648]	557	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
	558	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
	559
	560	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
[3065]	561	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
	562	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
	563	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
[4648]	564	n = n + 1
[94]	565	ENDIF
	566	ENDDO
[4648]	567
[94]	568	!
[4648]	569	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the corresponding u-levels,
	570	!-- except in case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the ground. In this case the first u- and
	571	!-- w-level are defined at same height. The top w-level (nzt+1) is not used but set for
[843]	572	!-- consistency, since w and all scalar variables are defined up tp nzt+1.
[3065]	573	zw(nzt+1) = dz(1)
[1353]	574	zw(nzt) = 0.0_wp
[94]	575	DO k = 0, nzt
[1353]	576	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
[94]	577	ENDDO
	578
[843]	579	!
[4648]	580	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u- and w-level are defined at same height.
[843]	581	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 ) THEN
	582	zu(0) = zw(0)
	583	ENDIF
	584
[4386]	585	ENDIF !End of defining the vertical grid levels
[94]	586
	587	!
[1]	588	!-- Compute grid lengths.
	589	DO k = 1, nzt+1
	590	dzu(k) = zu(k) - zu(k-1)
[1353]	591	ddzu(k) = 1.0_wp / dzu(k)
[1]	592	dzw(k) = zw(k) - zw(k-1)
[1353]	593	ddzw(k) = 1.0_wp / dzw(k)
[1]	594	ENDDO
	595
	596	DO k = 1, nzt
[1353]	597	dd2zu(k) = 1.0_wp / ( dzu(k) + dzu(k+1) )
[1]	598	ENDDO
[4648]	599
	600	!
	601	!-- The FFT- SOR-pressure solvers assume grid spacings of a staggered grid everywhere. For the
	602	!-- actual grid, the grid spacing at the lowest level is only dz/2, but should be dz. Therefore, an
	603	!-- additional array containing with appropriate grid information is created for these solvers.
[1575]	604	IF ( psolver(1:9) /= 'multigrid' ) THEN
[667]	605	ALLOCATE( ddzu_pres(1:nzt+1) )
	606	ddzu_pres = ddzu
[864]	607	ddzu_pres(1) = ddzu_pres(2) ! change for lowest level
[1]	608	ENDIF
	609
	610	!
	611	!-- Compute the reciprocal values of the horizontal grid lengths.
[1353]	612	ddx = 1.0_wp / dx
	613	ddy = 1.0_wp / dy
[1]	614	dx2 = dx * dx
	615	dy2 = dy * dy
[1353]	616	ddx2 = 1.0_wp / dx2
	617	ddy2 = 1.0_wp / dy2
[1]	618
	619	!
[2696]	620	!-- Allocate 3D array to set topography
	621	ALLOCATE( topo(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	622	topo = 0
	623	!
[4648]	624	!-- Initialize topography by generic topography or read topography from file.
[2696]	625	CALL init_topo( topo )
	626	!
[4648]	627	!-- Set flags to mask topography on the grid.
[4414]	628	CALL set_topo_flags( topo )
[2696]	629
	630	!
[4648]	631	!-- Determine the maximum level of topography. It is used for steering the degradation of order of
	632	!-- the applied advection scheme, as well in the lpm.
[2696]	633	k_top = 0
	634	DO i = nxl, nxr
	635	DO j = nys, nyn
	636	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
[4109]	637	k_top = MAX( k_top, MERGE( k, 0, .NOT. BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) )
[2696]	638	ENDDO
	639	ENDDO
[1]	640	ENDDO
[2696]	641	#if defined( __parallel )
[4648]	642	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( k_top, nzb_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	643	#else
[4328]	644	nzb_max = k_top
[2696]	645	#endif
[1]	646	!
[4328]	647	!-- Increment nzb_max by 1 in order to allow for proper diverengence correction.
	648	!-- Further, in case topography extents up to the model top, limit to nzt.
[4648]	649	nzb_max = MIN( nzb_max+1, nzt )
[4328]	650	!
[4648]	651	!-- Determine minimum index of topography. Usually, this will be nzb. In case there is elevated
	652	!-- topography, however, the lowest topography will be higher.
	653	!-- This index is e.g. used to calculate mean first-grid point atmosphere temperature, surface
	654	!-- pressure and density, etc. .
[2968]	655	topo_min_level = 0
	656	#if defined( __parallel )
[4648]	657	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), topo_min_level, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
	658	MPI_MIN, comm2d, ierr )
[2968]	659	#else
[4168]	660	topo_min_level = MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
[2968]	661	#endif
[3182]	662
[2696]	663	!
[4648]	664	!-- Check topography for consistency with model domain. Therefore, use maximum and minium
	665	!-- topography-top indices. Note, minimum topography top index is already calculated.
[2696]	666	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
	667	#if defined( __parallel )
[4648]	668	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), nzb_local_max, 1, &
	669	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	670	#else
[4168]	671	nzb_local_max = MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
[2696]	672	#endif
[2968]	673	nzb_local_min = topo_min_level
[2696]	674	!
	675	!-- Consistency checks
	676	IF ( nzb_local_min < 0 .OR. nzb_local_max > nz + 1 ) THEN
[4648]	677	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'nzb_local values are outside the model domain', &
	678	'&MINVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_min, &
	679	'&MAXVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_max
[2696]	680	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0210', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	681	ENDIF
	682	ENDIF
[1]	683	!
[4648]	684	!-- Define vertical gridpoint from (or to) which on the usual finite difference form (which does not
	685	!-- use surface fluxes) is applied.
[1691]	686	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[1]	687	nzb_diff = nzb + 2
	688	ELSE
	689	nzb_diff = nzb + 1
	690	ENDIF
	691
[4414]	692	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
[2696]	693	!
[4648]	694	!-- Allocate and set the arrays containing the topography height (for output reasons only).
[4414]	695	IF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn /= ny ) THEN
[4648]	696	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn), zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn) )
[4414]	697	ELSEIF ( nxr /= nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	698	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1), zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1) )
[4414]	699	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	700	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1), zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1) )
[4414]	701	ELSE
[4648]	702	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn), zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn) )
[2696]	703	ENDIF
[1]	704
[4414]	705	zu_s_inner = 0.0_wp
	706	zw_w_inner = 0.0_wp
[1]	707	!
[4648]	708	!-- Determine local topography height on scalar and w-grid. Note, setting lateral boundary values
	709	!-- is not necessary, realized via wall_flags_static_0 array. Further, please note that loop
	710	!-- bounds are different from nxl to nxr and nys to nyn on south and right model boundary, hence,
[4414]	711	!-- use intrinsic lbound and ubound functions to infer array bounds.
	712	DO i = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1)
	713	DO j = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2)
[2696]	714	!
[4648]	715	!-- Topography height on scalar grid. Therefore, determine index of upward-facing surface
	716	!-- element on scalar grid.
[4414]	717	zu_s_inner(i,j) = zu(topo_top_ind(j,i,0))
[2696]	718	!
[4648]	719	!-- Topography height on w grid. Therefore, determine index of upward-facing surface
	720	!-- element on w grid.
[4414]	721	zw_w_inner(i,j) = zw(topo_top_ind(j,i,3))
	722	ENDDO
[2696]	723	ENDDO
	724	ENDIF
[4444]	725
[2696]	726	END SUBROUTINE init_grid
	727
[3065]	728
[2696]	729	! Description:
[4648]	730	! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	731	!> Calculation of the stretching factor through an iterative method. Ideas were taken from the paper
	732	!> "Regional stretched grid generation and its application to the NCAR RegCM (1999)". Normally, no
	733	!> analytic solution exists because the system of equations has two variables (r,l) but four
	734	!> requirements (l=integer, r=[0,88;1,2], Eq(6), Eq(5) starting from index j=1) which results into
	735	!> an overdetermined system.
	736	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[3065]	737	SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor( number_end )
[4648]	738
	739	USE control_parameters, &
	740	ONLY: dz, dz_stretch_factor_array, dz_stretch_level_end, dz_stretch_level_start, &
	741	message_string
	742
[3065]	743	USE kinds
[4648]	744
[3065]	745	IMPLICIT NONE
[4648]	746
	747	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_interval = 1.0E-06_wp !< interval for sampling possible stretching factors
	748	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_lower_limit = 0.88_wp !< lowest possible stretching factor
	749	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_upper_limit = 1.12_wp !< highest possible stretching factor
	750
	751	INTEGER(iwp) :: iterations !< number of iterations until stretch_factor_lower/upper_limit is reached
	752	INTEGER(iwp) :: l_rounded !< after l_rounded grid levels dz(n) is strechted to dz(n+1) with stretch_factor_2
[3065]	753	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
[4648]	754
[3065]	755	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: number_end !< number of user-specified end levels for stretching
[4648]	756
[3065]	757	REAL(wp) :: delta_l !< absolute difference between l and l_rounded
	758	REAL(wp) :: delta_stretch_factor !< absolute difference between stretch_factor_1 and stretch_factor_2
[4648]	759	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_new !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the next iteration (should be as small as
	760	!< possible)
	761	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_old !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the last iteration
[3065]	762	REAL(wp) :: distance !< distance between dz_stretch_level_start and dz_stretch_level_end (stretching region)
[4648]	763	REAL(wp) :: l !< value that fulfil Eq. (5) in the paper mentioned above together with stretch_factor_1
	764	!< exactly
[3065]	765	REAL(wp) :: numerator !< numerator of the quotient
	766	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_1 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (5) togehter with l exactly
	767	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_2 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (6) togehter with l_rounded exactly
[4648]	768
	769	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretch_factor_array_2(9) = 1.08_wp !< Array that contains all stretch_factor_2 that belongs to
	770	!< stretch_factor_1
	771
	772
[3068]	773	l = 0
	774	DO n = 1, number_end
[4648]	775
[3068]	776	iterations = 1
[4648]	777	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp
[4386]	778	stretch_factor_2 = 1.0_wp
	779	delta_total_old = 1.0_wp
[4648]	780
[4386]	781	!
	782	!-- First branch for stretching from rough to fine
[4648]	783	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
	784	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 >= stretch_factor_lower_limit )
	785
[4386]	786	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp - iterations * stretch_factor_interval
[4648]	787	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
	788	numerator = distance * stretch_factor_1 / dz(n) + stretch_factor_1 - distance / dz(n)
	789
	790	IF ( numerator > 0.0_wp ) THEN
[4386]	791	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
[3068]	792	l_rounded = NINT( l )
	793	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
	794	ENDIF
[4648]	795
[3068]	796	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
[4648]	797
	798	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - stretch_factor_2 ) / stretch_factor_2
	799
[3068]	800	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
[3065]	801
	802	!
[4648]	803	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching procedure ends as close as
	804	!-- possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
	805	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is equal to dz(n+1) after
	806	!-- l_rounded grid levels.
	807	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
[3068]	808	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
	809	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
	810	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
	811	ENDIF
[4648]	812
[3068]	813	iterations = iterations + 1
[4648]	814
[3068]	815	ENDDO
[4386]	816
	817	!
	818	!-- Second branch for stretching from fine to rough
[4648]	819	ELSEIF ( dz(n) < dz(n+1) ) THEN
[3068]	820	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 <= stretch_factor_upper_limit )
[4648]	821
[4386]	822	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp + iterations * stretch_factor_interval
[4648]	823	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
	824	numerator = distance * stretch_factor_1 / dz(n) + stretch_factor_1 - distance / dz(n)
	825
[4386]	826	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
[3068]	827	l_rounded = NINT( l )
	828	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
[4648]	829
[3068]	830	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
[3065]	831
[4648]	832	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - stretch_factor_2 ) / stretch_factor_2
	833
[3068]	834	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
[4648]	835
[3065]	836	!
[4648]	837	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching procedure ends as close as
	838	!-- possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
	839	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is equal to dz(n+1) after
	840	!-- l_rounded grid levels.
	841	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
[3068]	842	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
	843	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
	844	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
	845	ENDIF
[4648]	846
[3068]	847	iterations = iterations + 1
	848	ENDDO
[4648]	849
[3068]	850	ELSE
	851	message_string= 'Two adjacent values of dz must be different'
	852	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0228', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[4648]	853
[3068]	854	ENDIF
	855
	856	!
[4648]	857	!-- Check if also the second stretching factor fits into the allowed interval. If not, print a
	858	!-- warning for the user.
	859	IF ( dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) < stretch_factor_lower_limit .OR. &
	860	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) > stretch_factor_upper_limit ) THEN
	861	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'stretch_factor_2 = ', dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n), &
	862	' which is', ' responsible for exactly reaching& dz =', &
	863	dz(n+1), 'after a specific amount of', &
	864	' grid levels& exceeds the upper', &
	865	' limit =', stretch_factor_upper_limit, &
	866	' &or lower limit = ', stretch_factor_lower_limit
[3068]	867	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0499', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
[4648]	868
[3068]	869	ENDIF
	870	ENDDO
[4648]	871
[3065]	872	END SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor
[4648]	873
	874
[3065]	875	! Description:
[4648]	876	! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	877	!> Set temporary topography flags and reference buildings on top of underlying orography.
	878	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	879	SUBROUTINE process_topography( topo_3d )
	880
[4648]	881	USE arrays_3d, &
[2747]	882	ONLY: zu, zw
[2696]	883
[4648]	884	USE control_parameters, &
[4507]	885	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, ocean_mode
[2696]	886
[4648]	887	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	888	ONLY: exchange_horiz_2d, exchange_horiz_int
[4457]	889
[4648]	890	USE indices, &
	891	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt
[2696]	892
[4648]	893	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
	894	ONLY: buildings_f, building_id_f, building_type_f, &
	895	init_model, &
	896	input_pids_static, &
[2696]	897	terrain_height_f
	898
	899	USE kinds
	900
	901	USE pegrid
	902
	903	IMPLICIT NONE
	904
[2867]	905	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
	906	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
	907	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction with respect to numeric grid
	908	INTEGER(iwp) :: k2 !< running index along z-direction with respect to netcdf grid
	909	INTEGER(iwp) :: nr !< index variable indication maximum terrain height for respective building ID
	910	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_build !< counter for number of buildings
	911	INTEGER(iwp) :: topo_top_index !< orography top index, used to map 3D buildings onto terrain
[2696]	912
[4444]	913	#if defined( __parallel )
[2696]	914	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displace_dum !< displacements of start addresses, used for MPI_ALLGATHERV
[4444]	915	#endif
[2696]	916	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids !< building IDs on entire model domain
[4648]	917	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final !< building IDs on entire model domain, multiple occurences are
	918	!< sorted out
[2696]	919	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final_tmp !< temporary array used for resizing
	920	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l !< building IDs on local subdomain
	921	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l_tmp !< temporary array used to resize array of building IDs
	922
	923	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings !< number of buildings with different ID on entire model domain
	924	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings_l !< number of buildings with different ID on local subdomain
	925
[4648]	926	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting
	927	!< "outer"-flags
[2696]	928
[4648]	929	REAL(wp) :: ocean_offset !< offset to consider inverse vertical coordinate at topography
	930	!< definition
	931	REAL(wp) :: oro_min = 0.0_wp !< minimum terrain height in entire model domain, used to reference
	932	!< terrain to zero
[2696]	933	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id
[4648]	934	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max_l !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id,
	935	!< on local subdomain
[2696]	936
	937	!
[4648]	938	!-- Reference lowest terrain height to zero. This ensures that first, non-required gird levels
	939	!-- (those which lie entirely below the minimum orography) are avoided, and second, that also
	940	!-- negative orography can be used within the input file.
	941	!-- Please note, in case of a nested run, the global minimum from all parent and childs needs to be
	942	!-- removed to avoid steep edges at the child-domain boundaries.
[3103]	943	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
[4648]	944
	945	#if defined( __parallel )
	946	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var ), oro_min, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MIN, &
	947	MPI_COMM_WORLD, ierr )
[3200]	948	#else
	949	oro_min = MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var )
	950	#endif
[3103]	951	terrain_height_f%var = terrain_height_f%var - oro_min
[4507]	952	!
	953	!-- Update reference height used within output files
	954	init_model%origin_z = init_model%origin_z + oro_min
[4691]	955	!
	956	!-- ASCII topography branch. In this case, in contrast to the static driver input, topography is
	957	!-- assumed to be building; thus the minimum building height is substracted from the building array.
	958	ELSE
	959	#if defined( __parallel )
	960	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( buildings_f%var_2d ), oro_min, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MIN, &
	961	MPI_COMM_WORLD, ierr )
	962	#else
	963	oro_min = MINVAL( buildings_f%var_2d )
	964	#endif
	965	buildings_f%var_2d = buildings_f%var_2d - oro_min
	966	!
	967	!-- Update reference height used within output files
	968	init_model%origin_z = init_model%origin_z + oro_min
[4648]	969	ENDIF
	970
[3103]	971	!
[4648]	972	!-- In the following, buildings and orography are further preprocessed before they are mapped on the
	973	!-- LES grid.
	974	!-- Buildings are mapped on top of the orography by maintaining the roof shape of the building. This
	975	!-- can be achieved by referencing building on top of the maximum terrain height within the area
	976	!-- occupied by the respective building. As buildings and terrain height are defined PE-wise,
	977	!-- parallelization of this referencing is required (a building can be distributed between different
	978	!-- PEs).
	979	!-- In a first step, determine the number of buildings with different building id on each PE. In a
	980	!-- next step, all building ids are gathered into one array which is present to all PEs. For each
	981	!-- building ID, the maximum terrain height occupied by the respective building is computed and
	982	!-- distributed to each PE.
	983	!-- Finally, for each building id and its respective reference orography, builidings are mapped on
	984	!-- top.
	985	!--
	986	!-- First, pre-set topography flags, bit 1 indicates orography, bit 2 buildings classify the
	987	!-- respective surfaces.
[2696]	988	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
	989	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
	990	!
[4648]	991	!-- In order to map topography on PALM grid also in case of ocean simulations, pre-calculate an
	992	!-- offset value.
[3294]	993	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
[3051]	994	!
[4648]	995	!-- Reference buildings on top of orography. This is not necessary if topography is read from ASCII
	996	!-- file as no distinction between buildings and terrain height can be made. Moreover, this is also
	997	!-- not necessary if urban-surface and land-surface model are used at the same time.
[2897]	998	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
	999
[4648]	1000	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
[2897]	1001	num_buildings_l = 0
	1002	num_buildings = 0
[2696]	1003	!
[4648]	1004	!-- Allocate at least one element for building ids and give it an inital negative value that
	1005	!-- will be overwritten later. This, however, is necessary in case there all IDs in the model
	1006	!-- domain are fill values.
[2897]	1007	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1) )
[4648]	1008	build_ids_l = -1
[2897]	1009	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1010	DO j = nys, nyn
	1011	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1012	IF ( num_buildings_l(myid) > 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1013	IF ( ANY( building_id_f%var(j,i) == build_ids_l ) ) THEN
[2897]	1014	CYCLE
	1015	ELSE
	1016	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
[2696]	1017	!
	1018	!-- Resize array with different local building ids
	1019	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp(1:SIZE(build_ids_l)) )
	1020	build_ids_l_tmp = build_ids_l
	1021	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l )
	1022	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)) )
[4648]	1023	build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1) = &
	1024	build_ids_l_tmp(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1)
[2696]	1025	build_ids_l(num_buildings_l(myid)) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
	1026	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp )
	1027	ENDIF
	1028	!
[4648]	1029	!-- First occuring building id on PE
	1030	ELSE
[2897]	1031	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
	1032	build_ids_l(1) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
	1033	ENDIF
[2696]	1034	ENDIF
[2897]	1035	ENDDO
[2696]	1036	ENDDO
	1037	!
[4648]	1038	!-- Determine number of different building ids for the entire domain
	1039	#if defined( __parallel )
	1040	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_buildings_l, num_buildings, numprocs, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, &
	1041	comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	1042	#else
[2897]	1043	num_buildings = num_buildings_l
[2696]	1044	#endif
	1045	!
[4648]	1046	!-- Gather all buildings ids on each PEs.
	1047	!-- First, allocate array encompassing all building ids in model domain.
[2897]	1048	ALLOCATE( build_ids(1:SUM(num_buildings)) )
[4648]	1049	#if defined( __parallel )
[2696]	1050	!
[4648]	1051	!-- Allocate array for displacements.
	1052	!-- As each PE may has a different number of buildings, so that the block sizes send by each
	1053	!-- PE may not be equal. Hence, information about the respective displacement is required,
	1054	!-- indicating the respective adress where each MPI-task writes into the receive buffer array.
[2897]	1055	ALLOCATE( displace_dum(0:numprocs-1) )
	1056	displace_dum(0) = 0
	1057	DO i = 1, numprocs-1
	1058	displace_dum(i) = displace_dum(i-1) + num_buildings(i-1)
	1059	ENDDO
[2696]	1060
[4648]	1061	CALL MPI_ALLGATHERV( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)), num_buildings(myid), &
	1062	MPI_INTEGER, build_ids, num_buildings, displace_dum, MPI_INTEGER, &
	1063	comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	1064
[2897]	1065	DEALLOCATE( displace_dum )
[2696]	1066
	1067	#else
[2897]	1068	build_ids = build_ids_l
[2696]	1069	#endif
	1070
	1071	!
[4648]	1072	!-- Note, in parallel mode building ids can occure mutliple times, as each PE has send its own
	1073	!-- ids. Therefore, sort out building ids which appear more than one time.
[2897]	1074	num_build = 0
	1075	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids)
[2696]	1076
[2897]	1077	IF ( ALLOCATED(build_ids_final) ) THEN
[4144]	1078	IF ( ANY( build_ids(nr) == build_ids_final ) ) THEN
[2897]	1079	CYCLE
	1080	ELSE
	1081	num_build = num_build + 1
	1082	!
	1083	!-- Resize
	1084	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build) )
	1085	build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final(1:num_build-1)
	1086	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
	1087	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
	1088	build_ids_final(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1)
	1089	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
	1090	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp )
[4648]	1091	ENDIF
[2696]	1092	ELSE
	1093	num_build = num_build + 1
	1094	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
	1095	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
[2897]	1096	ENDIF
	1097	ENDDO
[2696]	1098
	1099	!
[4648]	1100	!-- Determine maximumum terrain height occupied by the respective building and temporalily
	1101	!-- store on oro_max.
[2897]	1102	ALLOCATE( oro_max_l(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
	1103	ALLOCATE( oro_max(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
	1104	oro_max_l = 0.0_wp
[2696]	1105
[2897]	1106	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
[4648]	1107	oro_max_l(nr) = MAXVAL( MERGE( terrain_height_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr), &
	1108	0.0_wp, &
	1109	building_id_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) == &
	1110	build_ids_final(nr) ) )
[2897]	1111	ENDDO
[4648]	1112
	1113	#if defined( __parallel )
	1114	IF ( SIZE(build_ids_final) >= 1 ) THEN
	1115	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( oro_max_l, oro_max, SIZE( oro_max ), MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, comm2d, &
	1116	ierr )
[2897]	1117	ENDIF
[2696]	1118	#else
[2897]	1119	oro_max = oro_max_l
[2696]	1120	#endif
[3051]	1121	!
[4648]	1122	!-- Finally, determine discrete grid height of maximum orography occupied by a building. Use
	1123	!-- all-or-nothing approach, i.e. if terrain exceeds the scalar level the grid box is fully
	1124	!-- terrain and the maximum terrain is set to the zw level.
	1125	!-- terrain or
[3051]	1126	oro_max_l = 0.0
	1127	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
	1128	DO k = nzb, nzt
[4648]	1129	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) oro_max_l(nr) = zw(k) - ocean_offset
[3051]	1130	ENDDO
[3142]	1131	oro_max(nr) = oro_max_l(nr)
[3051]	1132	ENDDO
[2897]	1133	ENDIF
[2696]	1134	!
[4245]	1135	!-- Allocate array for storing terrain height under buildings
	1136	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
	1137	ALLOCATE( buildings_f%oro_max(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1138	buildings_f%oro_max = buildings_f%fill1
	1139	END IF
	1140	!
[4648]	1141	!-- Map orography as well as buildings onto grid.
[2696]	1142	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1143	DO j = nys, nyn
[2867]	1144	topo_top_index = 0
[3142]	1145	!
	1146	!-- Obtain index in global building_id array
	1147	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
	1148	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1149	!
[4648]	1150	!-- Determine index where maximum terrain height occupied by the respective building
	1151	!-- height is stored.
	1152	nr = MINLOC( ABS( build_ids_final - building_id_f%var(j,i) ), DIM=1 )
[4245]	1153	!
	1154	!-- Save grid-indexed oro_max
	1155	buildings_f%oro_max(j,i) = oro_max(nr)
[3142]	1156	ENDIF
	1157	ENDIF
[2696]	1158	DO k = nzb, nzt
	1159	!
[4648]	1160	!-- In a first step, if grid point is below or equal the given terrain height, grid
	1161	!-- point is flagged to be of type natural.
	1162	!-- Please note, in case there is also a building which is lower than the vertical grid
	1163	!-- spacing, initialization of surface attributes will not be correct as given surface
	1164	!-- information will not be in accordance to the classified grid points.
[4159]	1165	!-- Hence, in this case, also a building flag.
[2747]	1166	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= terrain_height_f%var(j,i) ) THEN
[4189]	1167	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
	1168	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1169	topo_top_index = k ! topo_top_index + 1
[2696]	1170	ENDIF
	1171	!
[4648]	1172	!-- Set building grid points. Here, only consider 2D buildings.
	1173	!-- 3D buildings require separate treatment.
[2897]	1174	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
[4159]	1175	!
[4648]	1176	!-- Fill-up the terrain to the level of maximum orography within the building-covered
	1177	!-- area.
[4159]	1178	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1179	!
[4648]	1180	!-- Note, oro_max is always on zw level
[4159]	1181	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset < oro_max(nr) ) THEN
[2696]	1182	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4159]	1183	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
[4648]	1184	ELSEIF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) + buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
[4159]	1185	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[2696]	1186	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1187	ENDIF
	1188	ENDIF
	1189	ENDIF
	1190	ENDDO
	1191	!
[4648]	1192	!-- Special treatment for non grid-resolved buildings. This case, the uppermost terrain
	1193	!-- grid point is flagged as building as well, even though no building exists at all.
	1194	!-- However, the surface element will be identified as urban-surface and the input data
	1195	!-- provided by the drivers is consistent to the surface classification. Else, all non
	1196	!-- grid-resolved buildings would vanish and identified as terrain grid points, which,
	1197	!-- however, won't be consistent with the input data.
[4159]	1198	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
	1199	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1200	DO k = nzb, nzt
	1201	IF( zw(k) - ocean_offset == oro_max(nr) ) THEN
	1202	IF ( buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) <= zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) THEN
	1203	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1204	ENDIF
	1205	ENDIF
	1206	ENDDO
	1207	ENDIF
	1208	ENDIF
	1209	!
[4648]	1210	!-- Map 3D buildings onto terrain height.
	1211	!-- In case of any slopes, map building on top of maximum terrain height covered by the
	1212	!-- building. In other words, extend building down to the respective local terrain-surface
	1213	!-- height.
[2897]	1214	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 2 ) THEN
[2696]	1215	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1216	!
[4648]	1217	!-- Extend building down to the terrain surface, i.e. fill-up surface irregularities
	1218	!-- below a building. Note, oro_max is already a discrete height according to the
	1219	!-- all-or-nothing approach, i.e. grid box is either topography or atmosphere,
[3051]	1220	!-- terrain top is defined at upper bound of the grid box.
[4648]	1221	!-- Hence, check for zw in this case.
	1222	!-- Note, do this only for buildings which are surface mounted, i.e. building types
	1223	!-- 1-6. Below bridges, which are represented exclusively by building type 7, terrain
	1224	!-- shape should be maintained.
[3855]	1225	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
	1226	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
[4648]	1227	DO k = topo_top_index + 1, nzt + 1
[4159]	1228	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) THEN
[3855]	1229	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4159]	1230	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
[3855]	1231	ENDIF
[4648]	1232	ENDDO
	1233	!
	1234	!-- After surface irregularities are smoothen, determine lower start index
	1235	!-- where building starts.
[3855]	1236	DO k = nzb, nzt
[4648]	1237	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) topo_top_index = k
[3855]	1238	ENDDO
	1239	ENDIF
[3115]	1240	ENDIF
[3051]	1241	!
	1242	!-- Finally, map building on top.
[2867]	1243	k2 = 0
	1244	DO k = topo_top_index, nzt + 1
[2796]	1245	IF ( k2 <= buildings_f%nz-1 ) THEN
[2696]	1246	IF ( buildings_f%var_3d(k2,j,i) == 1 ) THEN
	1247	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
	1248	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1249	ENDIF
	1250	ENDIF
	1251	k2 = k2 + 1
	1252	ENDDO
	1253	ENDIF
	1254	ENDIF
	1255	ENDDO
	1256	ENDDO
	1257	!
[4648]	1258	!-- Horizontal exchange the oro_max array, which is required to for initialization of
	1259	!-- building-surface properties.
[4265]	1260	IF ( ALLOCATED( buildings_f%oro_max ) ) THEN
[4457]	1261	CALL exchange_horiz_2d( buildings_f%oro_max(:,:) )
[4265]	1262	ENDIF
[4245]	1263	!
[2696]	1264	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays required for processing and reading data
	1265	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max )
	1266	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max_l ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max_l )
	1267	IF ( ALLOCATED( build_ids_final ) ) DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
	1268	!
[4648]	1269	!-- Topography input via ASCII format.
[2696]	1270	ELSE
[3294]	1271	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
[4159]	1272	!
[4648]	1273	!-- Initialize topography bit 0 (indicates obstacle) everywhere to zero and clear all grid points
	1274	!-- at nzb, where alway a surface is defined.
	1275	!-- Further, set also bit 1 (indicates terrain) at nzb, which is further used for masked data
	1276	!-- output and further processing. Note, in the ASCII case no distinction is made between
	1277	!-- buildings and terrain, so that setting of bit 1 and 2 at the same time has no effect.
[2696]	1278	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
	1279	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
[4159]	1280	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 1 )
[2696]	1281	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1282	DO j = nys, nyn
	1283	DO k = nzb, nzt
[3538]	1284	!
[4648]	1285	!-- Flag topography for all grid points which are below the local topography height.
	1286	!-- Note, each topography is flagged as building (bit 2) as well as terrain (bit 1) in
	1287	!-- order to employ urban-surface as well as land-surface model.
[2747]	1288	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
[4189]	1289	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4630]	1290	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1291	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
[2696]	1292	ENDIF
	1293	ENDDO
	1294	ENDDO
	1295	ENDDO
	1296	ENDIF
	1297
	1298	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	1299
	1300	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1301	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
	1302	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
	1303	ENDIF
	1304
	1305	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1306	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
[4648]	1307	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
[2696]	1308	ENDIF
	1309
	1310	END SUBROUTINE process_topography
	1311
	1312
	1313	! Description:
[4648]	1314	! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1315	!> Filter topography, i.e. fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
	1316	!> Such holes are suspected to lead to velocity blow-ups as continuity equation on discrete grid
	1317	!> cannot be fulfilled in such case.
	1318	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	1319	SUBROUTINE filter_topography( topo_3d )
	1320
[4648]	1321	USE control_parameters, &
[2696]	1322	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, message_string
	1323
[4648]	1324	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
[4457]	1325	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int, exchange_horiz_2d_byte, exchange_horiz_2d_int
	1326
[4648]	1327	USE indices, &
[2696]	1328	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt
	1329
[4648]	1330	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
	1331	ONLY: building_id_f, building_type_f
[2696]	1332
	1333	USE pegrid
	1334
	1335	IMPLICIT NONE
	1336
	1337	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
	1338	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
	1339	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction
[4648]	1340	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point
	1341	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole_l !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point on local PE
[2696]	1342	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_wall !< number of surrounding vertical walls for a single grid point
	1343
[2955]	1344	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_tmp !< temporary 3D-topography used to fill holes
[4648]	1345	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< 3D-topography array merging buildings and
	1346	!< orography
	1347
	1348	LOGICAL :: filled = .FALSE. !< flag indicating if holes were filled
	1349
[2696]	1350	!
[4648]	1351	!-- Before checking for holes, set lateral boundary conditions for
[2696]	1352	!-- topography. After hole-filling, boundary conditions must be set again.
[4648]	1353	!-- Several iterations are performed, in order to fill holes which might
[2696]	1354	!-- emerge by the filling-algorithm itself.
	1355	ALLOCATE( topo_tmp(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1356	topo_tmp = 0
	1357
	1358	num_hole = 99999
[4648]	1359	DO WHILE ( num_hole > 0 )
[2696]	1360
[4648]	1361	num_hole = 0
[2696]	1362	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2955]	1363	!
[4648]	1364	!-- Exchange also building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte variable.
	1365	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
[2955]	1366	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[4648]	1367	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
[3763]	1368	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[2696]	1369
	1370	topo_tmp = topo_3d
	1371	!
[4648]	1372	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, assume lateral boundary to be a solid wall. Thus,
	1373	!-- intermediate spaces of one grid point between boundary and some topographic structure will be
	1374	!-- filled.
[2696]	1375	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1376	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,-1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,0,:), 0 )
	1377	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_tmp(:,ny+1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,ny,:), 0 )
	1378	ENDIF
	1379
	1380	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1381	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,:,-1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,0), 0 )
[4648]	1382	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_tmp(:,:,nx+1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,nx), 0 )
[2696]	1383	ENDIF
	1384
	1385	num_hole_l = 0
	1386	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1387	DO j = nys, nyn
	1388	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	1389	IF ( BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
	1390	num_wall = 0
[4648]	1391	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1392	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1393	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1394	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1395	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1396	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) num_wall = num_wall + 1
[2696]	1397
	1398	IF ( num_wall >= 4 ) THEN
	1399	num_hole_l = num_hole_l + 1
	1400	!
[4648]	1401	!-- Clear flag 0 and set special flag ( bit 4) to indicate that new topography
	1402	!-- point is a result of filtering process.
[2696]	1403	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4314]	1404	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 4 )
[2696]	1405	!
[4648]	1406	!-- If filled grid point is occupied by a building, classify it as building grid
	1407	!-- point.
[2696]	1408	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
[4648]	1409	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1410	building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1411	building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1412	building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1413	building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= building_type_f%fill ) THEN
[2696]	1414	!
	1415	!-- Set flag indicating building surfaces
	1416	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1417	!
[4648]	1418	!-- Set building_type and ID at this position if not already set. This is
	1419	!-- required for proper initialization of urban-surface energy balance
[2696]	1420	!-- solver.
[4648]	1421	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) == building_type_f%fill ) THEN
[2696]	1422
[4648]	1423	IF ( building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1424	building_type_f%var(j,i) = building_type_f%var(j+1,i)
	1425	building_id_f%var(j,i) = building_id_f%var(j+1,i)
	1426	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1427	building_type_f%var(j,i) = building_type_f%var(j-1,i)
	1428	building_id_f%var(j,i) = building_id_f%var(j-1,i)
	1429	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1430	building_type_f%var(j,i) = building_type_f%var(j,i+1)
	1431	building_id_f%var(j,i) = building_id_f%var(j,i+1)
	1432	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1433	building_type_f%var(j,i) = building_type_f%var(j,i-1)
	1434	building_id_f%var(j,i) = building_id_f%var(j,i-1)
[2696]	1435	ENDIF
	1436	ENDIF
	1437	ENDIF
	1438	ENDIF
	1439	!
[4648]	1440	!-- If filled grid point is already classified as building everything is fine,
	1441	!-- else classify this grid point as natural type grid point. This case, values
	1442	!-- for the surface type are already set.
[2696]	1443	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) ) THEN
	1444	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1445	ENDIF
	1446	ENDIF
	1447	ENDIF
	1448	ENDDO
	1449	ENDDO
	1450	ENDDO
	1451	!
	1452	!-- Count the total number of holes, required for informative message.
	1453	#if defined( __parallel )
[4648]	1454	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_hole_l, num_hole, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	1455	#else
	1456	num_hole = num_hole_l
[4648]	1457	#endif
[2893]	1458	IF ( num_hole > 0 .AND. .NOT. filled ) filled = .TRUE.
[2696]	1459
[2893]	1460	ENDDO
[2696]	1461	!
[2893]	1462	!-- Create an informative message if any holes were filled.
	1463	IF ( filled ) THEN
[4648]	1464	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Topography was filtered, i.e. holes ' // &
	1465	'resolved by only one grid point ' // &
[2893]	1466	'were filled during initialization.'
	1467	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0430', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
	1468	ENDIF
[2696]	1469
	1470	DEALLOCATE( topo_tmp )
	1471	!
[4648]	1472	!-- Finally, exchange topo_3d array again and if necessary set Neumann boundary condition in case of
	1473	!-- non-cyclic lateral boundaries.
[2696]	1474	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	1475
	1476	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1477	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
	1478	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
	1479	ENDIF
	1480
	1481	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1482	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
[4648]	1483	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
[2696]	1484	ENDIF
[2955]	1485	!
	1486	!-- Exchange building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte variable.
[4648]	1487	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
[2955]	1488	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[4648]	1489	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
[3763]	1490	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[2696]	1491
	1492	END SUBROUTINE filter_topography
	1493
	1494
	1495	! Description:
[4648]	1496	! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1497	!> Reads topography information from file or sets generic topography. Moreover, all
	1498	!> topography-relevant topography arrays are initialized, and grid flags are set.
	1499	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	1500	SUBROUTINE init_topo( topo )
	1501
[4648]	1502	USE arrays_3d, &
[2696]	1503	ONLY: zw
[4648]	1504
	1505	USE control_parameters, &
	1506	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, building_length_y, &
	1507	building_wall_left, building_wall_south, canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, &
	1508	canyon_wall_south, canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, dp_level_ind_b, dz, &
	1509	message_string, topography, topography_grid_convention, tunnel_height, &
	1510	tunnel_length, tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, tunnel_wall_depth
	1511
	1512	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
[4457]	1513	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
	1514
[4648]	1515	USE grid_variables, &
[2696]	1516	ONLY: dx, dy
[4648]	1517
	1518	USE indices, &
	1519	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, nzb, nzt
	1520
[2696]	1521	USE kinds
	1522
[4648]	1523	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
	1524	ONLY: buildings_f, terrain_height_f
	1525
[2696]	1526	USE pegrid
	1527
	1528	IMPLICIT NONE
	1529
[4386]	1530	INTEGER(iwp) :: bh !< temporary vertical index of building height
[4648]	1531	INTEGER(iwp) :: ch !< temporary vertical index for canyon height
	1532	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_in !< heavyside function to model inner tunnel surface
	1533	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
[4386]	1534	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_bwall !< index for left building wall
[4648]	1535	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_bwall !< index for north building wall
[4386]	1536	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_bwall !< index for right building wall
	1537	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_bwall !< index for south building wall
	1538	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_cwall !< index for left canyon wall
[4648]	1539	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_cwall !< index for north canyon wall
[4386]	1540	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_cwall !< index for right canyon wall
	1541	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_cwall !< index for south canyon wall
	1542	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	1543	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
[4648]	1544	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_bx !< grid point number of building size along x
	1545	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_by !< grid point number of building size along y
	1546	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cx !< grid point number of canyon size along x
	1547	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cy !< grid point number of canyon size along y
	1548	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_out !< heavyside function to model outer tunnel surface
	1549	INTEGER(iwp) :: td !< tunnel wall depth
	1550	INTEGER(iwp) :: th !< height of outer tunnel wall
	1551	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in x
[4386]	1552	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in x
[4648]	1553	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in x
[4386]	1554	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in x
[4648]	1555	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in y
[4386]	1556	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in y
[4648]	1557	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in y
[4386]	1558	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in y
[2696]	1559
	1560	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
[4648]	1561	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting
	1562	!< "outer"-flags
[2696]	1563	!
[4648]	1564	!-- Check for correct setting of the namelist parameter topography. If topography information is
	1565	!-- read from file but topography = 'flat', initialization does not work properly.
	1566	IF ( ( buildings_f%from_file .OR. terrain_height_f%from_file ) .AND. &
[4189]	1567	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
[4648]	1568	message_string = 'If topography information is provided (via ' // &
	1569	'Netcdf or ASCII input) topography = ' // &
[4189]	1570	'"read_from_file" is required.'
[4648]	1571	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0437', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[4189]	1572	ENDIF
	1573	!
[1]	1574	!-- Set outer and inner index arrays for non-flat topography.
[4648]	1575	!-- Here consistency checks concerning domain size and periodicity are necessary.
	1576	!-- Within this SELECT CASE structure only nzb_local is initialized individually depending on the
	1577	!-- chosen topography type, all other index arrays are initialized further below.
[1]	1578	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( topography ) )
	1579
	1580	CASE ( 'flat' )
[4648]	1581	!
[2232]	1582	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
[4340]	1583	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:), 0 )
[4648]	1584
[4340]	1585	CASE ( 'closed_channel' )
[4648]	1586	!
[4340]	1587	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
[4648]	1588	topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:), 0 )
[1]	1589
	1590	CASE ( 'single_building' )
	1591	!
	1592	!-- Single rectangular building, by default centered in the middle of the
	1593	!-- total domain
[4386]	1594	ngp_bx = NINT( building_length_x / dx )
	1595	ngp_by = NINT( building_length_y / dy )
[2232]	1596	bh = MINLOC( ABS( zw - building_height ), 1 ) - 1
[4648]	1597	IF ( ABS( zw(bh) - building_height ) == ABS( zw(bh+1) - building_height ) ) bh = bh + 1
[1322]	1598	IF ( building_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1599	building_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_bx ) / 2 * dx
[1]	1600	ENDIF
[4386]	1601	index_left_bwall = NINT( building_wall_left / dx )
	1602	index_right_bwall = index_left_bwall + ngp_bx
[1]	1603
[1322]	1604	IF ( building_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1605	building_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_by ) / 2 * dy
[1]	1606	ENDIF
[4386]	1607	index_south_bwall = NINT( building_wall_south / dy )
	1608	index_north_bwall = index_south_bwall + ngp_by
[1]	1609
	1610	!
	1611	!-- Building size has to meet some requirements
[4648]	1612	IF ( ( index_left_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_bwall > nx-1 ) .OR. &
	1613	( index_right_bwall < index_left_bwall+3 ) .OR. &
	1614	( index_south_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_north_bwall > ny-1 ) .OR. &
[4386]	1615	( index_north_bwall < index_south_bwall+3 ) ) THEN
[4648]	1616	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent building parameters:', &
	1617	'&index_left_bwall=', index_left_bwall, &
	1618	'index_right_bwall=', index_right_bwall, &
	1619	'index_south_bwall=', index_south_bwall, &
	1620	'index_north_bwall=', index_north_bwall, &
[4386]	1621	'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
[254]	1622	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0203', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	1623	ENDIF
	1624
[2696]	1625	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[2892]	1626	nzb_local = 0
[1]	1627	!
[4648]	1628	!-- Define the building.
	1629	IF ( index_left_bwall <= nxr .AND. index_right_bwall >= nxl .AND. &
	1630	index_south_bwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_bwall >= nys ) &
	1631	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_bwall):MIN(nyn,index_north_bwall), &
[4386]	1632	MAX(nxl,index_left_bwall):MIN(nxr,index_right_bwall)) = bh
[2232]	1633	!
[2696]	1634	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
	1635	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1636	DO j = nys, nyn
[4648]	1637	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1638	ENDDO
	1639	ENDDO
[4648]	1640
[2696]	1641	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
[2232]	1642
[2696]	1643	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	1644	!
[4648]	1645	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumannb oundary conditions
	1646	!-- for topography.
[2823]	1647	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1648	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1649	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2823]	1650	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	1651	ENDDO
	1652	ENDIF
	1653	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	1654	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2823]	1655	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1656	ENDDO
	1657	ENDIF
	1658	ENDIF
	1659	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1660	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1661	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2823]	1662	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
	1663	ENDDO
	1664	ENDIF
[4648]	1665	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	1666	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1667	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
[2823]	1668	ENDDO
[4648]	1669	ENDIF
[2823]	1670	ENDIF
[2232]	1671
[240]	1672	CASE ( 'single_street_canyon' )
	1673	!
	1674	!-- Single quasi-2D street canyon of infinite length in x or y direction.
	1675	!-- The canyon is centered in the other direction by default.
[1322]	1676	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[240]	1677	!
	1678	!-- Street canyon in y direction
[4386]	1679	ngp_cx = NINT( canyon_width_x / dx )
[1322]	1680	IF ( canyon_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1681	canyon_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_cx ) / 2 * dx
[240]	1682	ENDIF
[4386]	1683	index_left_cwall= NINT( canyon_wall_left / dx )
	1684	index_right_cwall= index_left_cwall+ ngp_cx
[1322]	1685	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[240]	1686	!
	1687	!-- Street canyon in x direction
[4386]	1688	ngp_cy = NINT( canyon_width_y / dy )
[1322]	1689	IF ( canyon_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1690	canyon_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_cy ) / 2 * dy
[240]	1691	ENDIF
[4386]	1692	index_south_cwall = NINT( canyon_wall_south / dy )
	1693	index_north_cwall = index_south_cwall + ngp_cy
[4648]	1694
[240]	1695	ELSE
[4648]	1696
[254]	1697	message_string = 'no street canyon width given'
	1698	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0204', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[4648]	1699
[240]	1700	ENDIF
	1701
[2232]	1702	ch = MINLOC( ABS( zw - canyon_height ), 1 ) - 1
[4648]	1703	IF ( ABS( zw(ch) - canyon_height ) == ABS( zw(ch+1) - canyon_height ) ) ch = ch + 1
[240]	1704	dp_level_ind_b = ch
	1705	!
	1706	!-- Street canyon size has to meet some requirements
[1322]	1707	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4648]	1708	IF ( ( index_left_cwall< 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_cwall> nx-1 ) .OR. &
[4543]	1709	( ngp_cx < 3 ) ) THEN
[4648]	1710	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
	1711	'&index_left_cwall=', index_left_cwall, &
	1712	' index_right_cwall=', index_right_cwall, &
	1713	' ngp_cx=', ngp_cx, ' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
	1714	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0205', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1715	ENDIF
[1322]	1716	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4648]	1717	IF ( ( index_south_cwall < 1 ) .OR. &
	1718	( index_north_cwall > ny-1 ) .OR. ( ngp_cy < 3 ) ) THEN
	1719	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
	1720	'&index_south_cwall=', index_south_cwall, &
	1721	' index_north_cwall=', index_north_cwall, &
	1722	' ngp_cy=', ngp_cy, ' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
	1723	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0206', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1724	ENDIF
	1725	ENDIF
[4648]	1726	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1727	message_string = 'inconsistent canyon parameters:' // &
	1728	'&street canyon can only be oriented' // &
[3045]	1729	' either in x- or in y-direction'
[254]	1730	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1731	ENDIF
	1732
[2696]	1733	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[240]	1734	nzb_local = ch
[1322]	1735	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4648]	1736	IF ( index_left_cwall<= nxr .AND. index_right_cwall>= nxl ) &
[4386]	1737	nzb_local(:,MAX(nxl,index_left_cwall+1):MIN(nxr,index_right_cwall-1)) = 0
[1322]	1738	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4648]	1739	IF ( index_south_cwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_cwall >= nys ) &
[4386]	1740	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_cwall+1):MIN(nyn,index_north_cwall-1),:) = 0
[240]	1741	ENDIF
[2232]	1742	!
[2696]	1743	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
	1744	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1745	DO j = nys, nyn
[4648]	1746	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1747	ENDDO
	1748	ENDDO
[2696]	1749	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
[1994]	1750
[2696]	1751	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	1752	!
[4648]	1753	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann boundary conditions
	1754	!-- for topography.
[2823]	1755	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1756	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1757	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1758	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
[2823]	1759	ENDDO
	1760	ENDIF
	1761	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	1762	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2823]	1763	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1764	ENDDO
	1765	ENDIF
	1766	ENDIF
	1767	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1768	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1769	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1770	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
[2823]	1771	ENDDO
	1772	ENDIF
[4648]	1773	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	1774	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1775	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
[2823]	1776	ENDDO
[4648]	1777	ENDIF
[2823]	1778	ENDIF
[2232]	1779
	1780	CASE ( 'tunnel' )
	1781
	1782	!
	1783	!-- Tunnel height
	1784	IF ( tunnel_height == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1785	th = zw( INT( 0.2 * nz) )
	1786	ELSE
	1787	th = tunnel_height
	1788	ENDIF
	1789	!
	1790	!-- Tunnel-wall depth
[4648]	1791	IF ( tunnel_wall_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[3065]	1792	td = MAX ( dx, dy, dz(1) )
[2232]	1793	ELSE
	1794	td = tunnel_wall_depth
	1795	ENDIF
	1796	!
	1797	!-- Check for tunnel width
[4648]	1798	IF ( tunnel_width_x == 9999999.9_wp .AND. tunnel_width_y == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[2232]	1799	message_string = 'No tunnel width is given. '
[2274]	1800	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0280', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1801	ENDIF
[4648]	1802	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1803	message_string = 'Inconsistent tunnel parameters:' // &
	1804	'tunnel can only be oriented' // &
[2232]	1805	'either in x- or in y-direction.'
[2274]	1806	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0281', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1807	ENDIF
	1808	!
[4356]	1809	!-- Check for too small tunnel width in x- and y-direction
[4648]	1810	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
[4356]	1811	tunnel_width_x - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dx ) THEN
	1812	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too small'
	1813	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0175', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1814	ENDIF
[4648]	1815	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
[4356]	1816	tunnel_width_y - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dy ) THEN
	1817	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too small'
	1818	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0455', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1819	ENDIF
	1820	!
[4648]	1821	!-- Check for too large tunnel width.
[4356]	1822	!-- Tunnel axis along y.
[2232]	1823	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1824	IF ( tunnel_width_x > ( nx + 1 ) * dx ) THEN
[4356]	1825	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too large'
[2274]	1826	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0282', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1827	ENDIF
	1828
	1829	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
	1830	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
[4648]	1831	txs_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - ( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
	1832	txe_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + ( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
[2232]	1833
	1834	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1835	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1836	tys_in = tys_out
	1837	tye_in = tye_out
	1838	ENDIF
	1839	!
[4356]	1840	!-- Tunnel axis along x.
[2232]	1841	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1842	IF ( tunnel_width_y > ( ny + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
[4356]	1843	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too large'
[2274]	1844	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0456', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1845	ENDIF
	1846
	1847	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1848	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1849	txs_in = txs_out
	1850	txe_in = txe_out
	1851
	1852	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
	1853	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
[4648]	1854	tys_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - ( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
	1855	tye_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + ( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
[2232]	1856	ENDIF
	1857
[2696]	1858	topo = 0
[2232]	1859	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1860	DO j = nys, nyn
	1861	!
	1862	!-- Use heaviside function to model outer tunnel surface
[4648]	1863	hv_out = th * 0.5_wp * ( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1864	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
[2232]	1865
[4648]	1866	hv_out = hv_out * 0.5_wp * ( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1867	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
	1868	!
[2232]	1869	!-- Use heaviside function to model inner tunnel surface
[4648]	1870	hv_in = ( th - td ) * 0.5_wp * ( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1871	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
[2232]	1872
[4648]	1873	hv_in = hv_in * 0.5_wp * ( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1874	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
[2232]	1875	!
	1876	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions without any tunnel surface
	1877	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2696]	1878	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1879	!
	1880	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions with tunnel surfaces
	1881	ELSE
	1882	DO k = nzb + 1, nzt + 1
	1883	!
	1884	!-- Inner tunnel
	1885	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == th ) THEN
	1886	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	1887	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1888	ELSE
[2696]	1889	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1890	ENDIF
	1891	ENDIF
	1892	!
	1893	!-- Lateral tunnel walls
	1894	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == td ) THEN
[4648]	1895	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_in ) THEN
[2696]	1896	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[4648]	1897	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_in .AND. zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	1898	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[4648]	1899	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	1900	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1901	ENDIF
	1902	ENDIF
	1903	ENDDO
	1904	ENDIF
	1905	ENDDO
	1906	ENDDO
	1907
[2696]	1908	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	1909	!
[4648]	1910	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann boundary conditions
	1911	!-- for topography.
[2823]	1912	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1913	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1914	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1915	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
[2823]	1916	ENDDO
	1917	ENDIF
	1918	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	1919	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2823]	1920	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1921	ENDDO
	1922	ENDIF
	1923	ENDIF
	1924	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1925	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1926	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1927	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
[2823]	1928	ENDDO
	1929	ENDIF
[4648]	1930	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	1931	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1932	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
[2823]	1933	ENDDO
[4648]	1934	ENDIF
[2823]	1935	ENDIF
[2232]	1936
[1]	1937	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
	1938	!
[4648]	1939	!-- Note, topography information have been already read.
	1940	!-- If required, further process topography, i.e. reference buildings on top of orography and
	1941	!-- set temporary 3D topography array, which is used later to set grid flags. Calling of this
	1942	!-- rouinte is also required in case of ASCII input, even though no distinction between
	1943	!-- terrain- and building height is made in this case.
[2696]	1944	CALL process_topography( topo )
[1968]	1945	!
[2696]	1946	!-- Filter holes resolved by only one grid-point
	1947	CALL filter_topography( topo )
[1968]	1948	!
[4648]	1949	!-- Exchange ghost-points, as well as add cyclic or Neumann boundary conditions.
[2696]	1950	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	1951	!
[4314]	1952	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for topography on all ghost layers
[1968]	1953	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
[2550]	1954	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1955	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2696]	1956	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	1957	ENDDO
[2550]	1958	ENDIF
[2696]	1959	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	1960	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2696]	1961	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1962	ENDDO
	1963	ENDIF
[1942]	1964	ENDIF
[1910]	1965
[1968]	1966	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
[2550]	1967	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	1968	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2696]	1969	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
[2232]	1970	ENDDO
[2696]	1971	ENDIF
	1972	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
[4648]	1973	DO i = 1, nbgp
[2696]	1974	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
	1975	ENDDO
	1976	ENDIF
[2232]	1977	ENDIF
	1978
[667]	1979
[1]	1980	CASE DEFAULT
[4648]	1981	!
	1982	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter topography contains a wrong character
	1983	!-- string or if the user has defined a special case in the user interface. There, the
	1984	!-- subroutine user_init_grid checks which of these two conditions applies.
[2696]	1985	CALL user_init_grid( topo )
	1986	CALL filter_topography( topo )
[1]	1987
	1988	END SELECT
	1989	!
[4648]	1990	!-- Consistency checks and index array initialization are only required for non-flat topography.
[1]	1991	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
	1992	!
[4648]	1993	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to define the topography
	1994	!-- grid has been set correctly, or whether the default is applicable. If this is not possible,
	1995	!-- abort.
[2232]	1996	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
[4648]	1997	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'closed_channel' .AND. &
	1998	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
	1999	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
	2000	TRIM( topography ) /= 'tunnel' .AND. &
[2232]	2001	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file') THEN
[4648]	2002	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid for the four
	2003	!-- standard cases 'single_building', 'single_street_canyon', 'tunnel' and 'read_from_file'
[2232]	2004	!-- defined in init_grid.
[4648]	2005	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
	2006	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
	2007	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ''tunnel'' ', &
	2008	'''single_street_canyon'', ''closed_channel'' & or ', &
	2009	'''read_from_file''.', &
	2010	'& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
[2232]	2011	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	2012	ELSE
	2013	!-- The default value is applicable here.
	2014	!-- Set convention according to topography.
[4648]	2015	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
[2232]	2016	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
	2017	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
[4648]	2018	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' .OR. &
[2232]	2019	TRIM( topography ) == 'tunnel') THEN
	2020	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
	2021	ENDIF
	2022	ENDIF
[4648]	2023	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
[2232]	2024	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
[4648]	2025	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
	2026	'not recognized.& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
[2232]	2027	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	2028	ENDIF
[1]	2029
[2169]	2030
[217]	2031	IF ( topography_grid_convention == 'cell_edge' ) THEN
[4648]	2032	!
	2033	!-- The array nzb_local as defined using the 'cell_edge' convention
	2034	!-- describes the actual total size of topography which is defined at the
	2035	!-- cell edges where u=0 on the topography walls in x-direction and v=0
[217]	2036	!-- on the topography walls in y-direction. However, PALM uses individual
	2037	!-- arrays nzb_u\|v\|w\|s_inner\|outer that are based on nzb_s_inner.
[4648]	2038	!-- Therefore, the extent of topography in nzb_local is now reduced by
	2039	!-- 1dx at the E topography walls and by 1dy at the N topography walls
	2040	!-- to form the basis for nzb_s_inner.
[1968]	2041	!-- Note, the reverse memory access (i-j instead of j-i) is absolutely
	2042	!-- required at this point.
	2043	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
	2044	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
[2232]	2045	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2046	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. BTEST( topo(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
[2696]	2047	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2048	ENDDO
	2049	ENDDO
[4648]	2050	ENDDO
[2696]	2051	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2052
	2053	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
	2054	DO j = nys-1, nyn
	2055	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2056	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. BTEST( topo(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
[2696]	2057	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2058	ENDDO
	2059	ENDDO
[4648]	2060	ENDDO
[2696]	2061	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[4648]	2062
[217]	2063	ENDIF
[2696]	2064	ENDIF
[2232]	2065
[1]	2066
[2696]	2067	END SUBROUTINE init_topo
[1]	2068
[2696]	2069	SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags(topo)
[1]	2070
[4648]	2071	USE control_parameters, &
	2072	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, constant_flux_layer, scalar_advec, topography, &
	2073	use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
[1]	2074
[4648]	2075	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
[4457]	2076	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
	2077
[4648]	2078	USE indices, &
	2079	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, &
	2080	wall_flags_static_0, wall_flags_total_0
[1]	2081
[2696]	2082	USE kinds
[1]	2083
[2696]	2084	IMPLICIT NONE
[1804]	2085
[2696]	2086	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
[4168]	2087	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< integer bit position of topgraphy masking array
[2696]	2088	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	2089	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
[1]	2090
[4648]	2091	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting
	2092	!< "outer"-flags
[2232]	2093
[4329]	2094	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_static_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2095	wall_flags_static_0 = 0
[2232]	2096	!
[2696]	2097	!-- Set-up topography flags. First, set flags only for s, u, v and w-grid.
[4648]	2098	!-- Further special flags will be set in following loops.
[2232]	2099	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2100	DO j = nys, nyn
	2101	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2102	!
	2103	!-- scalar grid
[4648]	2104	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2105	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2106	!
[2696]	2107	!-- u grid
[4648]	2108	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. BTEST( topo(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2109	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 1 )
[2696]	2110	!
[2232]	2111	!-- v grid
[4648]	2112	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. BTEST( topo(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2113	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 2 )
[2696]	2114
[2232]	2115	ENDDO
[1]	2116
[2232]	2117	DO k = nzb, nzt
[1]	2118	!
[2232]	2119	!-- w grid
[4648]	2120	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. BTEST( topo(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2121	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 3 )
[2232]	2122	ENDDO
[4648]	2123
	2124	IF ( topography /= 'closed_channel' ) THEN
[4340]	2125	wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i), 3 )
	2126	ENDIF
[2232]	2127
	2128	ENDDO
	2129	ENDDO
[2696]	2130
[4329]	2131	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[4346]	2132
[1]	2133	!
[4648]	2134	!-- Set outer array for scalars to mask near-surface grid points. Note, on basis of flag 24 futher
	2135	!-- flags will be derived which are used to control production of subgrid TKE production near walls.
	2136
[4346]	2137	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_total_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2138	wall_flags_total_0 = 0
[4648]	2139
[2696]	2140	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2141	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2142	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4346]	2143	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
[2232]	2144	ENDDO
	2145	ENDDO
	2146	ENDDO
[4648]	2147
[4346]	2148	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[4648]	2149
[4346]	2150	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2151	DO j = nys, nyn
	2152	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2153	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2154	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2155	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2156	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2157	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2158	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2159	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2160	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2161	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 )
	2162	ENDDO
	2163	ENDDO
	2164	ENDDO
[1]	2165	!
[2232]	2166	!-- Set further special flags
	2167	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2168	DO j = nys, nyn
	2169	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[1]	2170	!
[2232]	2171	!-- scalar grid, former nzb_diff_s_inner.
[4648]	2172	!-- Note, use this flag also to mask topography in diffusion_u and diffusion_v along the
	2173	!-- vertical direction. In case of use_surface_fluxes, fluxes are calculated via MOST,
	2174	!-- else, simple gradient approach is applied. Please note, in case of u- and v-diffuison,
	2175	!-- a small error is made at edges (on the east side for u, at the north side for v), since
	2176	!-- topography on scalar grid point is used instead of topography on u/v-grid. As number of
	2177	!-- topography grid points on uv-grid is different than s-grid, different number of surface
	2178	!-- elements would be required. In order to avoid this, treat edges (u(k,j,i+1)) simply by
	2179	!-- a gradient approach, i.e. these points are not masked within diffusion_u. Tests had
	2180	!-- shown that the effect on the flow is negligible.
[2232]	2181	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4648]	2182	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2183	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
[2232]	2184	ELSE
[4346]	2185	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
[2232]	2186	ENDIF
[1]	2187
[2232]	2188	ENDDO
	2189	!
[4648]	2190	!-- Special flag to control vertical diffusion at model top - former nzt_diff
[4346]	2191	wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 9 )
[2232]	2192	IF ( use_top_fluxes ) &
[4346]	2193	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBCLR( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 9 )
[1]	2194
[2696]	2195
[2232]	2196	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	2197	!
[4648]	2198	!-- Special flag on u grid, former nzb_u_inner + 1, required for disturb_field and
	2199	!-- initialization. Do not disturb directly at topography, as well as initialize u with
	2200	!-- zero one grid point outside of topography.
	2201	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2202	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2203	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
[4346]	2204	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 20 )
[2232]	2205	!
[4648]	2206	!-- Special flag on v grid, former nzb_v_inner + 1, required for disturb_field and
	2207	!-- initialization. Do not disturb directly at topography, as well as initialize v with
	2208	!-- zero one grid point outside of topography.
	2209	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2210	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2211	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
[4346]	2212	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 21 )
[2232]	2213	!
[4648]	2214	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner+1. Used for lpm_sgs_tke
	2215	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2216	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2217	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2218	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 25 )
[2232]	2219	!
[4648]	2220	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in in production_e
[2232]	2221	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4648]	2222	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
	2223	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
	2224	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2225	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
[2232]	2226	ELSE
[4648]	2227	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2228	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
[1]	2229	ENDIF
[2232]	2230	!
[4648]	2231	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
[2232]	2232	!-- in production_e
	2233	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4648]	2234	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2235	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2236	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2237	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
[2232]	2238	ELSE
[4648]	2239	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2240	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
[2232]	2241	ENDIF
	2242	ENDDO
	2243	!
	2244	!-- Flags indicating downward facing walls
[4340]	2245	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
[2232]	2246	!
	2247	!-- Scalar grid
[4648]	2248	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2249	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2250	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 )
[2232]	2251	!
	2252	!-- Downward facing wall on u grid
[4648]	2253	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2254	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
[4346]	2255	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 15 )
[2232]	2256	!
	2257	!-- Downward facing wall on v grid
[4648]	2258	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2259	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
[4346]	2260	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 17 )
[2232]	2261	!
	2262	!-- Downward facing wall on w grid
[4648]	2263	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
	2264	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) ) &
[4346]	2265	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 19 )
[2232]	2266	ENDDO
	2267	!
	2268	!-- Flags indicating upward facing walls
	2269	DO k = nzb, nzt
	2270	!
	2271	!-- Upward facing wall on scalar grid
[4648]	2272	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2273	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2274	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 )
[2232]	2275	!
	2276	!-- Upward facing wall on u grid
[4648]	2277	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2278	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
[4346]	2279	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 14 )
[1]	2280
[4648]	2281	!
[2232]	2282	!-- Upward facing wall on v grid
[4648]	2283	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2284	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
[4346]	2285	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 16 )
[4648]	2286
[2232]	2287	!
	2288	!-- Upward facing wall on w grid
[4648]	2289	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
	2290	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 3 ) ) &
[4346]	2291	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 18 )
[2232]	2292	!
	2293	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner
[4648]	2294	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
	2295	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 ) .OR. &
	2296	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 ) ) &
[4346]	2297	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 )
[2232]	2298	!
[4648]	2299	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_inner - 1, required for
[2232]	2300	!-- flow_statistics
	2301	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4648]	2302	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2303	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4346]	2304	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
[2232]	2305	ELSE
[4648]	2306	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 ) ) &
[4346]	2307	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
[1]	2308	ENDIF
	2309
[4648]	2310
[2232]	2311	ENDDO
[4346]	2312	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 22 )
	2313	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 23 )
[4109]	2314	!
[4648]	2315	!-- Set flags indicating that topography is close by in horizontal direction, i.e. flags that
	2316	!-- infold the topography. These will be used to set advection flags for passive scalars,
	2317	!-- where due to large gradients near buildings stationary numerical oscillations can produce
	2318	!-- unrealistically high concentrations. This is only necessary if WS-scheme is applied for
	2319	!-- scalar advection. Note, these flags will be only used for passive scalars such as chemical
	2320	!-- species or aerosols.
[4109]	2321	IF ( scalar_advec == 'ws-scheme' ) THEN
	2322	DO k = nzb, nzt
[4648]	2323	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. ( &
	2324	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-1), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2325	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-2), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2326	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2327	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+1), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2328	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+2), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2329	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2330	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2331	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2332	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2333	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2334	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR. &
	2335	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) &
	2336	) &
	2337	) &
[4346]	2338	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 31 )
[4109]	2339	ENDDO
	2340	ENDIF
[2232]	2341	ENDDO
	2342	ENDDO
	2343	!
[2696]	2344	!-- Finally, set identification flags indicating natural terrain or buildings.
[4648]	2345	!-- Natural terrain grid points. Information on the type of the surface is stored in bit 1 of
	2346	!-- 3D Integer array topo. However, this bit is only set when topography is read from file. In order
	2347	!-- to run the land-surface model also without topography information, set bit 1 explicitely in this
	2348	!-- case.
	2349	!--
[4294]	2350	!-- Natural terrain grid points
	2351	!-- If no topography is initialized, the land-surface is at k = nzb.
	2352	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
[4329]	2353	wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:), 5 )
[4294]	2354	ELSE
	2355	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2356	DO j = nys, nyn
	2357	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2358	!
[4294]	2359	!-- Natural terrain grid point
[4648]	2360	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
[4329]	2361	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 5 )
[2696]	2362	ENDDO
	2363	ENDDO
[4294]	2364	ENDDO
[2696]	2365	ENDIF
	2366	!
	2367	!-- Building grid points.
[4294]	2368	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2369	DO j = nys, nyn
	2370	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2371	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
[4329]	2372	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 6 )
[2696]	2373	ENDDO
	2374	ENDDO
[4294]	2375	ENDDO
[2696]	2376	!
[4314]	2377	!-- Set flag 4, indicating new topography grid points due to filtering.
	2378	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2379	DO j = nys, nyn
	2380	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4648]	2381	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 4 ) ) &
[4329]	2382	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 4 )
[4314]	2383	ENDDO
	2384	ENDDO
	2385	ENDDO
[4648]	2386
[4346]	2387	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[4648]	2388
[4346]	2389	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2390	DO j = nys, nyn
	2391	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2392	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
	2393	ENDDO
	2394	ENDDO
	2395	ENDDO
[4314]	2396	!
[2232]	2397	!-- Exchange ghost points for wall flags
[4346]	2398	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2399	!
[4648]	2400	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann boundary conditions for
	2401	!-- topography.
[2232]	2402	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
[2696]	2403	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	2404	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2405	wall_flags_total_0(:,nys-i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nys,:)
[2696]	2406	ENDDO
	2407	ENDIF
	2408	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
[4648]	2409	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2410	wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn+i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn,:)
[2696]	2411	ENDDO
	2412	ENDIF
[2232]	2413	ENDIF
	2414	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
[2696]	2415	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[4648]	2416	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2417	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl-i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl)
[2696]	2418	ENDDO
[2232]	2419	ENDIF
[4648]	2420	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	2421	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2422	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr+i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr)
[2232]	2423	ENDDO
[4648]	2424	ENDIF
[2232]	2425	ENDIF
[4168]	2426	!
[4648]	2427	!-- Pre-calculate topography top indices (former get_topography_top_index
[4168]	2428	!-- function)
[4653]	2429	ALLOCATE( topo_top_ind(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg,0:5) )
[4168]	2430	!
	2431	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar grid
	2432	ibit = 12
[4648]	2433	topo_top_ind(:,:,0) = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) ), DIM=1 ) &
	2434	- 1
[4168]	2435	!
[4648]	2436	!-- Uppermost topography index on u grid
[4168]	2437	ibit = 14
[4648]	2438	topo_top_ind(:,:,1) = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) ), DIM=1 ) &
	2439	- 1
[4168]	2440	!
[4648]	2441	!-- Uppermost topography index on v grid
[4168]	2442	ibit = 16
[4648]	2443	topo_top_ind(:,:,2) = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) ), DIM=1 ) &
	2444	- 1
[4168]	2445	!
	2446	!-- Uppermost topography index on w grid
	2447	ibit = 18
[4648]	2448	topo_top_ind(:,:,3) = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) ), DIM=1 ) &
	2449	- 1
[4168]	2450	!
	2451	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar outer grid
	2452	ibit = 24
[4648]	2453	topo_top_ind(:,:,4) = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) ), DIM=1 ) &
	2454	- 1
[4653]	2455	!
	2456	!-- Uppermost topography index including full-3D geometry
	2457	ibit = 12
	2458	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2459	WHERE( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,:,:), ibit ) ) topo_top_ind(:,:,5) = k
	2460	ENDDO
[4414]	2461
[2696]	2462	END SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags

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