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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/init_grid.f90 @ 4572

Last change on this file since 4572 was 4564, checked in by raasch, 4 years ago
Vertical nesting method of Huq et al. (2019) removed
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 118.1 KB

Rev	Line
[1682]	1	!> @file init_grid.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1036]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[4360]	17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[2000]	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	19	!
[254]	20	! Current revisions:
[1]	21	! -----------------
[2233]	22	!
[4110]	23	!
[2233]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: init_grid.f90 4564 2020-06-12 14:03:36Z gronemeier $
[4564]	27	! Vertical nesting method of Huq et al. (2019) removed
	28	!
	29	! 4543 2020-05-20 14:12:22Z gronemeier
[4543]	30	! Remove non-required check for canyon height
	31	!
	32	! 4507 2020-04-22 18:21:45Z gronemeier
[4507]	33	! update origin_z with shifting height of orography (oro_min)
	34	!
	35	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
[4457]	36	! use statement for exchange horiz added,
	37	! bugfix for call of exchange horiz 2d
	38	!
	39	! 4444 2020-03-05 15:59:50Z raasch
[4444]	40	! bugfix: cpp-directives for serial mode added
	41	!
	42	! 4414 2020-02-19 20:16:04Z suehring
[4414]	43	! - Remove deprecated topography arrays nzb_s_inner, nzb_u_inner, etc.
	44	! - Move initialization of boundary conditions and multigrid into an extra
	45	! module interface.
	46	!
	47	! 4386 2020-01-27 15:07:30Z Giersch
[4386]	48	! Allocation statements, comments, naming of variables revised and _wp added to
	49	! real type values
	50	!
	51	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
[4356]	52	! Revise error messages for generic tunnel setup.
	53	!
	54	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
[4346]	55	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
	56	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
	57	!
	58	! 4340 2019-12-16 08:17:03Z Giersch
[4340]	59	! Topography closed channel flow with symmetric boundaries implemented
	60	!
	61	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
[4329]	62	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
	63	!
	64	! 4328 2019-12-09 18:53:04Z suehring
[4328]	65	! Minor change in nzb_max computation. Commentation added.
	66	!
	67	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
[4314]	68	! Set additional topography flag 4 to mark topography grid points emerged
	69	! from the filtering process.
	70	!
	71	! 4294 2019-11-13 18:34:16Z suehring
[4294]	72	! Bugfix, always set bit 5 and 6 of wall_flags, indicating terrain- and
	73	! building surfaces in all cases, in order to enable terrain-following output
	74	! also when no land- or urban-surface model is applied.
	75	!
	76	! 4265 2019-10-15 16:16:24Z suehring
[4265]	77	! Bugfix for last commit, exchange oro_max variable only when it is allocated
	78	! (not necessarily the case when topography is input from ASCII file).
	79	!
	80	! 4245 2019-09-30 08:40:37Z pavelkrc
[4245]	81	! Store oro_max (building z-offset) in 2D for building surfaces
	82	!
	83	! 4189 2019-08-26 16:19:38Z suehring
[4189]	84	! - Add check for proper setting of namelist parameter topography
	85	! - Set flag to indicate land surfaces in case no topography is provided
	86	!
	87	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
[4182]	88	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
	89	!
	90	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
[4168]	91	! Pre-calculate topography top index and store it on an array (replaces former
	92	! functions get_topography_top_index)
	93	!
	94	! 4159 2019-08-15 13:31:35Z suehring
[4159]	95	! Revision of topography processing. This was not consistent between 2D and 3D
	96	! buildings.
	97	!
	98	! 4144 2019-08-06 09:11:47Z raasch
[4144]	99	! relational operators .EQ., .NE., etc. replaced by ==, /=, etc.
	100	!
	101	! 4115 2019-07-24 12:50:49Z suehring
[4115]	102	! Bugfix in setting near-surface flag 24, inidicating wall-bounded grid points
	103	!
	104	! 4110 2019-07-22 17:05:21Z suehring
[4110]	105	! - Separate initialization of advection flags for momentum and scalars.
	106	! - Change subroutine interface for ws_init_flags_scalar to pass boundary flags
	107	!
	108	! 4109 2019-07-22 17:00:34Z suehring
[3927]	109	! Fix bad commit
	110	!
	111	! 3926 2019-04-23 12:56:42Z suehring
[3925]	112	! Minor bugfix in building mapping when all building IDs in the model domain
	113	! are missing
	114	!
	115	! 3857 2019-04-03 13:00:16Z knoop
[3855]	116	! In projection of non-building 3D objects onto numerical grid remove
	117	! dependency on building_type
	118	!
	119	! 3763 2019-02-25 17:33:49Z suehring
[3763]	120	! Replace work-around for ghost point exchange of 1-byte arrays with specific
	121	! routine as already done in other routines
	122	!
	123	! 3761 2019-02-25 15:31:42Z raasch
[3761]	124	! unused variables removed
	125	!
	126	! 3661 2019-01-08 18:22:50Z suehring
[3661]	127	! Remove setting of nzb_max to nzt at non-cyclic boundary PEs, instead,
	128	! order degradation of advection scheme is handeled directly in advec_ws
	129	!
	130	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3538]	131	! Comment added
[2716]	132	!
[4182]	133	! Revision 1.1 1997/08/11 06:17:45 raasch
	134	! Initial revision (Testversion)
	135	!
	136	!
[1]	137	! Description:
[2696]	138	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	139	!> Creating grid depending constants
[2696]	140	!> @todo: Rearrange topo flag list
	141	!> @todo: reference 3D buildings on top of orography is not tested and may need
	142	!> further improvement for steep slopes
	143	!> @todo: Use more advanced setting of building type at filled holes
[1]	144	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	145	SUBROUTINE init_grid
[1]	146
[1320]	147	USE arrays_3d, &
[3857]	148	ONLY: dd2zu, ddzu, ddzu_pres, ddzw, dzu, dzw, x, xu, y, yv, zu, zw
[4414]	149
[1353]	150	USE control_parameters, &
[4414]	151	ONLY: constant_flux_layer, dz, dz_max, dz_stretch_factor, &
[3065]	152	dz_stretch_factor_array, dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_level_end,&
	153	dz_stretch_level_end_index, dz_stretch_level_start_index, &
[3241]	154	dz_stretch_level_start, ibc_uv_b, message_string, &
[4414]	155	number_stretch_level_end, &
	156	number_stretch_level_start, &
	157	ocean_mode, &
	158	psolver, &
	159	symmetry_flag, &
	160	topography, &
	161	use_surface_fluxes
	162
[1320]	163	USE grid_variables, &
[2232]	164	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2, dx, dx2, dy, dy2, zu_s_inner, zw_w_inner
[4414]	165
[1320]	166	USE indices, &
[4414]	167	ONLY: nbgp, &
	168	nx, &
	169	nxl, &
	170	nxlg, &
	171	nxr, &
	172	nxrg, &
	173	ny, &
	174	nyn, &
	175	nyng, &
	176	nys, &
	177	nysg, &
	178	nz, &
	179	nzb, &
	180	nzb_diff, &
	181	nzb_max, &
	182	nzt, &
	183	topo_top_ind, &
	184	topo_min_level
	185
[1320]	186	USE kinds
[2696]	187
[1]	188	USE pegrid
	189
	190	IMPLICIT NONE
	191
[3182]	192	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
	193	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	194	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
	195	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_top !< topography top index on local PE
	196	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
	197	INTEGER(iwp) :: number_dz !< number of user-specified dz values
	198	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_max !< vertical grid index of maximum topography height
	199	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_min !< vertical grid index of minimum topography height
[1]	200
[2696]	201	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
[2232]	202
[3065]	203	REAL(wp) :: dz_level_end !< distance between calculated height level for u/v-grid and user-specified end level for stretching
[1886]	204	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretched !< stretched vertical grid spacing
[3065]	205
	206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: min_dz_stretch_level_end !< Array that contains all minimum heights where the stretching can end
[861]	207
[1]	208
	209	!
[709]	210	!-- Calculation of horizontal array bounds including ghost layers
[667]	211	nxlg = nxl - nbgp
	212	nxrg = nxr + nbgp
	213	nysg = nys - nbgp
	214	nyng = nyn + nbgp
[709]	215
[667]	216	!
[1]	217	!-- Allocate grid arrays
[4386]	218	ALLOCATE( x(0:nx) )
	219	ALLOCATE( xu(0:nx) )
	220
[3857]	221	DO i = 0, nx
	222	xu(i) = i * dx
	223	x(i) = i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx
	224	ENDDO
	225
[4386]	226	ALLOCATE( y(0:ny) )
	227	ALLOCATE( yv(0:ny) )
	228
[3857]	229	DO j = 0, ny
	230	yv(j) = j * dy
	231	y(j) = j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy
	232	ENDDO
	233
[4386]	234	ALLOCATE( ddzu(1:nzt+1) )
	235	ALLOCATE( ddzw(1:nzt+1) )
	236	ALLOCATE( dd2zu(1:nzt) )
	237	ALLOCATE( dzu(1:nzt+1) )
	238	ALLOCATE( dzw(1:nzt+1) )
	239	ALLOCATE( zu(nzb:nzt+1) )
	240	ALLOCATE( zw(nzb:nzt+1) )
[1]	241
	242	!
[4386]	243	!-- For constructing an appropriate grid, the vertical grid spacing dz has to
	244	!-- be specified with a non-negative value in the parameter file
[3065]	245	IF ( dz(1) == -1.0_wp ) THEN
[254]	246	message_string = 'missing dz'
	247	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0200', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[3065]	248	ELSEIF ( dz(1) <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	249	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'dz=',dz(1),' <= 0.0'
[254]	250	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0201', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	251	ENDIF
[94]	252
[1]	253	!
[3065]	254	!-- Initialize dz_stretch_level_start with the value of dz_stretch_level
	255	!-- if it was set by the user
	256	IF ( dz_stretch_level /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	257	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = dz_stretch_level
	258	ENDIF
	259
	260	!
	261	!-- Determine number of dz values and stretching levels specified by the
	262	!-- user to allow right controlling of the stretching mechanism and to
[3139]	263	!-- perform error checks. The additional requirement that dz /= dz_max
	264	!-- for counting number of user-specified dz values is necessary. Otherwise
	265	!-- restarts would abort if the old stretching mechanism with dz_stretch_level
	266	!-- is used (Attention: The user is not allowed to specify a dz value equal
	267	!-- to the default of dz_max = 999.0).
	268	number_dz = COUNT( dz /= -1.0_wp .AND. dz /= dz_max)
[3065]	269	number_stretch_level_start = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_start /= &
	270	-9999999.9_wp )
	271	number_stretch_level_end = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_end /= &
	272	9999999.9_wp )
	273
	274	!
[4386]	275	!-- The number of specified end levels +1 has to be the same as the number
[3065]	276	!-- of specified dz values
	277	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
[4386]	278	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', &
	279	number_dz, 'has to be the same as& ', &
	280	'the number of values for ', &
	281	'dz_stretch_level_end + 1 = ', &
[3065]	282	number_stretch_level_end+1
	283	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0156', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	284	ENDIF
	285
	286	!
[4386]	287	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one less than
	288	!-- the number of specified dz values
	289	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start + 1 .AND. &
[3065]	290	number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start ) THEN
[4386]	291	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', &
	292	number_dz, 'has to be the same as or one ', &
	293	'more than& the number of values for ', &
	294	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', &
[3065]	295	number_stretch_level_start
	296	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0211', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	297	ENDIF
	298
[4386]	299	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one more than
	300	!-- the number of specified end levels
	301	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 .AND. &
[3065]	302	number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end ) THEN
[4386]	303	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for ', &
	304	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', &
	305	dz_stretch_level_start, 'has to be the ', &
	306	'same or one more than& the number of ', &
	307	'values for dz_stretch_level_end = ', &
[3065]	308	number_stretch_level_end
	309	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0216', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	310	ENDIF
	311
	312	!
	313	!-- Initialize dz for the free atmosphere with the value of dz_max
	314	IF ( dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) == -1.0_wp .AND. &
	315	number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
	316	dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) = dz_max
	317	ENDIF
	318
	319	!
	320	!-- Initialize the stretching factor if (infinitely) stretching in the free
	321	!-- atmosphere is desired (dz_stretch_level_end was not specified for the
	322	!-- free atmosphere)
	323	IF ( number_stretch_level_start == number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
	324	dz_stretch_factor_array(number_stretch_level_start) = &
	325	dz_stretch_factor
	326	ENDIF
	327
	328	!
	329	!-- Allocation of arrays for stretching
	330	ALLOCATE( min_dz_stretch_level_end(number_stretch_level_start) )
[3066]	331
[3065]	332	!
[4386]	333	!-- Define the vertical grid levels. Start with atmosphere branch
[3294]	334	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
[3065]	335
[94]	336	!
[3065]	337	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth
[4386]	338	!-- transition between two different grid spacings. The number 4 is an
	339	!-- empirical value
[3065]	340	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
	341	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) + &
	342	4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
	343	ENDDO
	344
[3066]	345	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) > &
	346	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
[4386]	347	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be larger ' // &
[3065]	348	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
	349	'dz_stretch_level_start + 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '//&
	350	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
	351	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	352	ENDIF
	353
	354	!
[4386]	355	!-- Stretching must not be applied within the surface layer
[3065]	356	!-- (first two grid points). For the default case dz_stretch_level_start
	357	!-- is negative. Therefore the absolut value is checked here.
[4386]	358	IF ( ANY( ABS( dz_stretch_level_start ) <= dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
	359	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ',&
[3065]	360	'larger than ', dz(1) * 1.5
	361	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	362	ENDIF
	363
	364	!
	365	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore
[4386]	366	!-- user-specified values are mapped to the next lowest level. The
	367	!-- calculation of the first level is realized differently just because of
	368	!-- historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized
	369	!-- in a way that results don't change if the old parameters
	370	!-- dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and dz_max are used)
[3065]	371	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
	372	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) - &
	373	dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
	374	* dz(1) + dz(1)/2.0
	375	ENDIF
	376
	377	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
	378	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
	379	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / &
	380	dz(n) ) * dz(n)
	381	ENDDO
	382	ENDIF
	383
	384	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
	385	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
	386	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / &
	387	dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
	388	ENDDO
	389	ENDIF
[4386]	390
[3065]	391	!
	392	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
	393	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
	394	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
	395	ENDIF
	396
	397	!
[94]	398	!-- Grid for atmosphere with surface at z=0 (k=0, w-grid).
[3065]	399	!-- First compute the u- and v-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v
	400	!-- the first u/v- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
[843]	401	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the
[4386]	402	!-- surface layer. In case of symmetric boundaries (closed channel flow),
[4340]	403	!-- the first grid point is always at z=0.
	404	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 .OR. ibc_uv_b == 2 .OR. &
	405	topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
[1353]	406	zu(0) = 0.0_wp
[667]	407	ELSE
[3065]	408	zu(0) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
[667]	409	ENDIF
[3065]	410
	411	zu(1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
	412
	413	!
	414	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid
	415	!-- stretching in several heights.
	416	n = 1
	417	dz_stretch_level_start_index = nzt+1
	418	dz_stretch_level_end_index = nzt+1
	419	dz_stretched = dz(1)
[1]	420
[3065]	421	!-- The default value of dz_stretch_level_start is negative, thus the first
[4386]	422	!-- condition is true even if no stretching shall be applied. Hence, the
	423	!-- second condition is also necessary.
[4340]	424	DO k = 2, nzt+1-symmetry_flag
[3065]	425	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) <= zu(k-1) .AND. &
	426	dz_stretch_level_start(n) /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	427	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
	428
	429	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
	430	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
	431	ELSE
	432	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
	433	ENDIF
	434
	435	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == nzt+1 ) &
	436	dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k-1
	437
[94]	438	ENDIF
[3065]	439
[94]	440	zu(k) = zu(k-1) + dz_stretched
[3065]	441
	442	!
	443	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
	444	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
	445
	446	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
	447	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
	448	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
	449	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
	450	n = n + 1
	451	ENDIF
[94]	452	ENDDO
[4340]	453
	454	!
	455	!-- If a closed channel flow is simulated, make sure that grid structure is
	456	!-- the same for both bottom and top boundary. (Hint: Using a different dz
	457	!-- at the bottom and at the top makes no sense due to symmetric boundaries
	458	!-- where dz should be equal. Therefore, different dz at the bottom and top
	459	!-- causes an abort (see check_parameters).)
	460	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
	461	zu(nzt+1) = zu(nzt) + dz(1) * 0.5_wp
	462	ENDIF
[1]	463
	464	!
[94]	465	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
[843]	466	!-- corresponding u-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the
	467	!-- ground the first u- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
[4340]	468	!-- Per default, the top w-level is extrapolated linearly. In case of
	469	!-- a closed channel flow, zu(nzt+1) and zw(nzt) must be set explicitely.
	470	!-- (Hint: Using a different dz at the bottom and at the top makes no sense
	471	!-- due to symmetric boundaries where dz should be equal. Therefore,
	472	!-- different dz at the bottom and top causes an abort (see
	473	!-- check_parameters).)
[1353]	474	zw(0) = 0.0_wp
[4340]	475	DO k = 1, nzt-symmetry_flag
[1353]	476	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
[94]	477	ENDDO
[4340]	478	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
	479	zw(nzt) = zw(nzt-1) + dz(1)
	480	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + dz(1)
	481	ELSE
	482	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + 2.0_wp * ( zu(nzt+1) - zw(nzt) )
	483	ENDIF
[1]	484
[4386]	485	ELSE !ocean branch
[3065]	486
[1]	487	!
[3065]	488	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth
[4386]	489	!-- transition between two different grid spacings. The number 4 is an
	490	!-- empirical value
[3065]	491	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
	492	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) - &
	493	4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
	494	ENDDO
	495
[3066]	496	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end (1:number_stretch_level_start) < &
	497	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
[4386]	498	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be less ' // &
[3065]	499	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
	500	'dz_stretch_level_start - 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '//&
	501	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
	502	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	503	ENDIF
	504
	505	!
[3068]	506	!-- Stretching must not be applied close to the surface (last two grid
	507	!-- points). For the default case dz_stretch_level_start is negative.
[4386]	508	IF ( ANY( dz_stretch_level_start >= - dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
	509	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ',&
	510	'less than ', -dz(1) * 1.5
[3065]	511	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	512	ENDIF
	513
	514	!
	515	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore
[4386]	516	!-- user-specified values are mapped to the next highest level. The
	517	!-- calculation of the first level is realized differently just because of
	518	!-- historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized
	519	!-- in a way that results don't change if the old parameters
	520	!-- dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and dz_max are used)
[3065]	521	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
	522	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) + &
	523	dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
	524	* dz(1) - dz(1)/2.0
	525	ENDIF
	526
	527	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
	528	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
	529	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / &
	530	dz(n) ) * dz(n)
	531	ENDDO
	532	ENDIF
	533
	534	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
	535	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
	536	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / &
	537	dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
	538	ENDDO
	539	ENDIF
	540
	541	!
	542	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
	543	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
	544	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
	545	ENDIF
	546
	547	!
[843]	548	!-- Grid for ocean with free water surface is at k=nzt (w-grid).
	549	!-- In case of neumann bc at the ground the first first u-level (k=0) lies
	550	!-- below the first w-level (k=0). In case of dirichlet bc the first u- and
	551	!-- w-level are defined at same height, but staggered from the second level.
[4386]	552	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the surface layer.
[3065]	553	!-- z values are negative starting from z=0 (surface)
	554	zu(nzt+1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
	555	zu(nzt) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
[94]	556
[3065]	557	!
	558	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid
	559	!-- stretching in several heights.
	560	n = 1
	561	dz_stretch_level_start_index = 0
	562	dz_stretch_level_end_index = 0
	563	dz_stretched = dz(1)
	564
[94]	565	DO k = nzt-1, 0, -1
[3065]	566
	567	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) >= zu(k+1) ) THEN
	568	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
	569
	570	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
	571	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
	572	ELSE
	573	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
	574	ENDIF
	575
	576	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == 0 ) &
	577	dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k+1
	578
	579	ENDIF
	580
	581	zu(k) = zu(k+1) - dz_stretched
	582
[1418]	583	!
[3065]	584	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
	585	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
	586
	587	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
	588	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
	589	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
	590	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
	591	n = n + 1
[94]	592	ENDIF
	593	ENDDO
[3065]	594
[94]	595	!
	596	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
[843]	597	!-- corresponding u-levels, except in case of dirichlet bc for u and v
	598	!-- at the ground. In this case the first u- and w-level are defined at
	599	!-- same height. The top w-level (nzt+1) is not used but set for
	600	!-- consistency, since w and all scalar variables are defined up tp nzt+1.
[3065]	601	zw(nzt+1) = dz(1)
[1353]	602	zw(nzt) = 0.0_wp
[94]	603	DO k = 0, nzt
[1353]	604	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
[94]	605	ENDDO
	606
[843]	607	!
	608	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u- and w-level are defined
	609	!-- at same height.
	610	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 ) THEN
	611	zu(0) = zw(0)
	612	ENDIF
	613
[4386]	614	ENDIF !End of defining the vertical grid levels
[94]	615
	616	!
[1]	617	!-- Compute grid lengths.
	618	DO k = 1, nzt+1
	619	dzu(k) = zu(k) - zu(k-1)
[1353]	620	ddzu(k) = 1.0_wp / dzu(k)
[1]	621	dzw(k) = zw(k) - zw(k-1)
[1353]	622	ddzw(k) = 1.0_wp / dzw(k)
[1]	623	ENDDO
	624
	625	DO k = 1, nzt
[1353]	626	dd2zu(k) = 1.0_wp / ( dzu(k) + dzu(k+1) )
[1]	627	ENDDO
[667]	628
	629	!
[709]	630	!-- The FFT- SOR-pressure solvers assume grid spacings of a staggered grid
	631	!-- everywhere. For the actual grid, the grid spacing at the lowest level
	632	!-- is only dz/2, but should be dz. Therefore, an additional array
	633	!-- containing with appropriate grid information is created for these
	634	!-- solvers.
[1575]	635	IF ( psolver(1:9) /= 'multigrid' ) THEN
[667]	636	ALLOCATE( ddzu_pres(1:nzt+1) )
	637	ddzu_pres = ddzu
[864]	638	ddzu_pres(1) = ddzu_pres(2) ! change for lowest level
[1]	639	ENDIF
	640
	641	!
	642	!-- Compute the reciprocal values of the horizontal grid lengths.
[1353]	643	ddx = 1.0_wp / dx
	644	ddy = 1.0_wp / dy
[1]	645	dx2 = dx * dx
	646	dy2 = dy * dy
[1353]	647	ddx2 = 1.0_wp / dx2
	648	ddy2 = 1.0_wp / dy2
[1]	649
	650	!
[2696]	651	!-- Allocate 3D array to set topography
	652	ALLOCATE( topo(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	653	topo = 0
	654	!
[4386]	655	!-- Initialize topography by generic topography or read topography from file.
[2696]	656	CALL init_topo( topo )
	657	!
	658	!-- Set flags to mask topography on the grid.
[4414]	659	CALL set_topo_flags( topo )
[2696]	660
	661	!
	662	!-- Determine the maximum level of topography. It is used for
	663	!-- steering the degradation of order of the applied advection scheme,
[4328]	664	!-- as well in the lpm.
[2696]	665	k_top = 0
	666	DO i = nxl, nxr
	667	DO j = nys, nyn
	668	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
[4109]	669	k_top = MAX( k_top, MERGE( k, 0, .NOT. BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) )
[2696]	670	ENDDO
	671	ENDDO
[1]	672	ENDDO
[2696]	673	#if defined( __parallel )
[4328]	674	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( k_top, nzb_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
[2696]	675	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
	676	#else
[4328]	677	nzb_max = k_top
[2696]	678	#endif
[1]	679	!
[4328]	680	!-- Increment nzb_max by 1 in order to allow for proper diverengence correction.
	681	!-- Further, in case topography extents up to the model top, limit to nzt.
	682	nzb_max = MIN( nzb_max+1, nzt )
	683	!
[2968]	684	!-- Determine minimum index of topography. Usually, this will be nzb. In case
	685	!-- there is elevated topography, however, the lowest topography will be higher.
	686	!-- This index is e.g. used to calculate mean first-grid point atmosphere
	687	!-- temperature, surface pressure and density, etc. .
	688	topo_min_level = 0
	689	#if defined( __parallel )
[4168]	690	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), &
[2968]	691	topo_min_level, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MIN, comm2d, ierr )
	692	#else
[4168]	693	topo_min_level = MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
[2968]	694	#endif
[3182]	695
[2696]	696	!
[2968]	697	!-- Check topography for consistency with model domain. Therefore, use
	698	!-- maximum and minium topography-top indices. Note, minimum topography top
	699	!-- index is already calculated.
[2696]	700	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
	701	#if defined( __parallel )
[4168]	702	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), &
[3182]	703	nzb_local_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	704	#else
[4168]	705	nzb_local_max = MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
[2696]	706	#endif
[2968]	707	nzb_local_min = topo_min_level
[2696]	708	!
	709	!-- Consistency checks
	710	IF ( nzb_local_min < 0 .OR. nzb_local_max > nz + 1 ) THEN
	711	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'nzb_local values are outside the', &
[3045]	712	' model domain', &
[3046]	713	'&MINVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_min, &
	714	'&MAXVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_max
[2696]	715	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0210', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	716	ENDIF
	717	ENDIF
[1]	718	!
[19]	719	!-- Define vertical gridpoint from (or to) which on the usual finite difference
[1]	720	!-- form (which does not use surface fluxes) is applied
[1691]	721	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[1]	722	nzb_diff = nzb + 2
	723	ELSE
	724	nzb_diff = nzb + 1
	725	ENDIF
	726
[4414]	727	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
[2696]	728	!
[4414]	729	!-- Allocate and set the arrays containing the topography height (for output
	730	!-- reasons only).
	731	IF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn /= ny ) THEN
	732	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn), &
	733	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn) )
	734	ELSEIF ( nxr /= nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
	735	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1), &
	736	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1) )
	737	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
	738	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1), &
	739	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1) )
	740	ELSE
	741	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn), &
	742	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn) )
[2696]	743	ENDIF
[1]	744
[4414]	745	zu_s_inner = 0.0_wp
	746	zw_w_inner = 0.0_wp
[1]	747	!
[4414]	748	!-- Determine local topography height on scalar and w-grid. Note, setting
	749	!-- lateral boundary values is not necessary, realized via wall_flags_static_0
	750	!-- array. Further, please note that loop bounds are different from
	751	!-- nxl to nxr and nys to nyn on south and right model boundary, hence,
	752	!-- use intrinsic lbound and ubound functions to infer array bounds.
	753	DO i = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1)
	754	DO j = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2)
[2696]	755	!
[4414]	756	!-- Topography height on scalar grid. Therefore, determine index of
	757	!-- upward-facing surface element on scalar grid.
	758	zu_s_inner(i,j) = zu(topo_top_ind(j,i,0))
[2696]	759	!
[4414]	760	!-- Topography height on w grid. Therefore, determine index of
	761	!-- upward-facing surface element on w grid.
	762	zw_w_inner(i,j) = zw(topo_top_ind(j,i,3))
	763	ENDDO
[2696]	764	ENDDO
	765	ENDIF
[4444]	766
[2696]	767	END SUBROUTINE init_grid
	768
[3065]	769
[2696]	770	! Description:
	771	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[3065]	772	!> Calculation of the stretching factor through an iterative method. Ideas were
	773	!> taken from the paper "Regional stretched grid generation and its application
	774	!> to the NCAR RegCM (1999)". Normally, no analytic solution exists because the
	775	!> system of equations has two variables (r,l) but four requirements
	776	!> (l=integer, r=[0,88;1,2], Eq(6), Eq(5) starting from index j=1) which
	777	!> results into an overdetermined system.
	778	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	779	SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor( number_end )
	780
	781	USE control_parameters, &
[3241]	782	ONLY: dz, dz_stretch_factor_array, &
[3065]	783	dz_stretch_level_end, dz_stretch_level_start, message_string
	784
	785	USE kinds
	786
	787	IMPLICIT NONE
	788
	789	INTEGER(iwp) :: iterations !< number of iterations until stretch_factor_lower/upper_limit is reached
	790	INTEGER(iwp) :: l_rounded !< after l_rounded grid levels dz(n) is strechted to dz(n+1) with stretch_factor_2
	791	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
	792
	793	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: number_end !< number of user-specified end levels for stretching
	794
	795	REAL(wp) :: delta_l !< absolute difference between l and l_rounded
	796	REAL(wp) :: delta_stretch_factor !< absolute difference between stretch_factor_1 and stretch_factor_2
	797	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_new !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the next iteration (should be as small as possible)
	798	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_old !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the last iteration
	799	REAL(wp) :: distance !< distance between dz_stretch_level_start and dz_stretch_level_end (stretching region)
	800	REAL(wp) :: l !< value that fulfil Eq. (5) in the paper mentioned above together with stretch_factor_1 exactly
	801	REAL(wp) :: numerator !< numerator of the quotient
	802	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_1 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (5) togehter with l exactly
	803	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_2 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (6) togehter with l_rounded exactly
	804
[3068]	805	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretch_factor_array_2(9) = 1.08_wp !< Array that contains all stretch_factor_2 that belongs to stretch_factor_1
	806
[4386]	807	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_interval = 1.0E-06_wp !< interval for sampling possible stretching factors
	808	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_lower_limit = 0.88_wp !< lowest possible stretching factor
	809	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_upper_limit = 1.12_wp !< highest possible stretching factor
[3065]	810
	811
[3068]	812	l = 0
	813	DO n = 1, number_end
	814
	815	iterations = 1
[4386]	816	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp
	817	stretch_factor_2 = 1.0_wp
	818	delta_total_old = 1.0_wp
[3065]	819
[4386]	820	!
	821	!-- First branch for stretching from rough to fine
[3068]	822	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
	823	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 >= stretch_factor_lower_limit )
	824
[4386]	825	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp - iterations * stretch_factor_interval
	826	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - &
	827	dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
	828	numerator = distance*stretch_factor_1/dz(n) + &
[3068]	829	stretch_factor_1 - distance/dz(n)
	830
[4386]	831	IF ( numerator > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	832	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
[3068]	833	l_rounded = NINT( l )
	834	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
	835	ENDIF
	836
	837	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
	838
[4386]	839	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - &
	840	stretch_factor_2 ) / &
[3068]	841	stretch_factor_2
	842
	843	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
[3065]	844
	845	!
[4386]	846	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching
	847	!-- procedure ends as close as possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
	848	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is
	849	!-- equal to dz(n+1) after l_rounded grid levels.
[3068]	850	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
	851	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
	852	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
	853	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
	854	ENDIF
	855
	856	iterations = iterations + 1
	857
	858	ENDDO
[4386]	859
	860	!
	861	!-- Second branch for stretching from fine to rough
[3068]	862	ELSEIF ( dz(n) < dz(n+1) ) THEN
	863	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 <= stretch_factor_upper_limit )
	864
[4386]	865	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp + iterations * stretch_factor_interval
	866	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - &
[3068]	867	dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
[4386]	868	numerator = distance*stretch_factor_1/dz(n) + &
[3068]	869	stretch_factor_1 - distance/dz(n)
	870
[4386]	871	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
[3068]	872	l_rounded = NINT( l )
	873	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
	874
	875	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
[3065]	876
[4386]	877	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - &
	878	stretch_factor_2 ) / &
[3068]	879	stretch_factor_2
	880
	881	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
	882
[3065]	883	!
[4386]	884	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching
	885	!-- procedure ends as close as possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
	886	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is
	887	!-- equal to dz(n+1) after l_rounded grid levels.
[3068]	888	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
	889	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
	890	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
	891	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
	892	ENDIF
[3065]	893
[3068]	894	iterations = iterations + 1
	895	ENDDO
	896
	897	ELSE
	898	message_string= 'Two adjacent values of dz must be different'
	899	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0228', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	900
	901	ENDIF
	902
	903	!
	904	!-- Check if also the second stretching factor fits into the allowed
	905	!-- interval. If not, print a warning for the user.
	906	IF ( dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) < stretch_factor_lower_limit .OR. &
	907	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) > stretch_factor_upper_limit ) THEN
	908	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'stretch_factor_2 = ', &
	909	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n), ' which is',&
	910	' responsible for exactly reaching& dz =',&
	911	dz(n+1), 'after a specific amount of', &
	912	' grid levels& exceeds the upper', &
	913	' limit =', stretch_factor_upper_limit, &
	914	' &or lower limit = ', &
	915	stretch_factor_lower_limit
	916	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0499', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
	917
	918	ENDIF
	919	ENDDO
[3065]	920
	921	END SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor
	922
	923
	924	! Description:
	925	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	926	!> Set temporary topography flags and reference buildings on top of underlying
	927	!> orography.
	928	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	929	SUBROUTINE process_topography( topo_3d )
	930
	931	USE arrays_3d, &
[2747]	932	ONLY: zu, zw
[2696]	933
	934	USE control_parameters, &
[4507]	935	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, ocean_mode
[2696]	936
[4457]	937	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	938	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int, exchange_horiz_2d
	939
[2696]	940	USE indices, &
	941	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, &
	942	nzt
	943
	944	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
[4507]	945	ONLY: buildings_f, building_id_f, building_type_f, &
	946	init_model, &
	947	input_pids_static, &
[2696]	948	terrain_height_f
	949
	950	USE kinds
	951
	952	USE pegrid
	953
	954	IMPLICIT NONE
	955
[2867]	956	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
	957	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
	958	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction with respect to numeric grid
	959	INTEGER(iwp) :: k2 !< running index along z-direction with respect to netcdf grid
	960	INTEGER(iwp) :: nr !< index variable indication maximum terrain height for respective building ID
	961	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_build !< counter for number of buildings
	962	INTEGER(iwp) :: topo_top_index !< orography top index, used to map 3D buildings onto terrain
[2696]	963
[4444]	964	#if defined( __parallel )
[2696]	965	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displace_dum !< displacements of start addresses, used for MPI_ALLGATHERV
[4444]	966	#endif
[2696]	967	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids !< building IDs on entire model domain
	968	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final !< building IDs on entire model domain, multiple occurences are sorted out
	969	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final_tmp !< temporary array used for resizing
	970	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l !< building IDs on local subdomain
	971	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l_tmp !< temporary array used to resize array of building IDs
	972
	973	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings !< number of buildings with different ID on entire model domain
	974	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings_l !< number of buildings with different ID on local subdomain
	975
	976	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
	977
	978	REAL(wp) :: ocean_offset !< offset to consider inverse vertical coordinate at topography definition
[3103]	979	REAL(wp) :: oro_min = 0.0_wp !< minimum terrain height in entire model domain, used to reference terrain to zero
[2696]	980	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id
	981	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max_l !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id, on local subdomain
	982
	983	!
[4507]	984	!-- Reference lowest terrain height to zero. This ensures that first,
	985	!-- non-required gird levels (those which lie entirely below the minimum
	986	!-- orography) are avoided, and second, that also negative orography can be used
	987	!-- within the input file.
	988	!-- Please note, in case of a nested run, the global minimum from all parent and
	989	!-- childs need to be remove to avoid steep edges at the child-domain boundaries.
[3103]	990	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
[4159]	991
[3200]	992	#if defined( __parallel )
[3103]	993	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var ), oro_min, 1, &
	994	MPI_REAL, MPI_MIN, MPI_COMM_WORLD, ierr )
[3200]	995	#else
	996	oro_min = MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var )
	997	#endif
[3103]	998	terrain_height_f%var = terrain_height_f%var - oro_min
[4507]	999	!
	1000	!-- Update reference height used within output files
	1001	init_model%origin_z = init_model%origin_z + oro_min
	1002
[3103]	1003	ENDIF
	1004
	1005	!
[2696]	1006	!-- In the following, buildings and orography are further preprocessed
	1007	!-- before they are mapped on the LES grid.
	1008	!-- Buildings are mapped on top of the orography by maintaining the roof
	1009	!-- shape of the building. This can be achieved by referencing building on
	1010	!-- top of the maximum terrain height within the area occupied by the
	1011	!-- respective building. As buildings and terrain height are defined PE-wise,
	1012	!-- parallelization of this referencing is required (a building can be
	1013	!-- distributed between different PEs).
	1014	!-- In a first step, determine the number of buildings with different
	1015	!-- building id on each PE. In a next step, all building ids are gathered
	1016	!-- into one array which is present to all PEs. For each building ID,
	1017	!-- the maximum terrain height occupied by the respective building is
	1018	!-- computed and distributed to each PE.
	1019	!-- Finally, for each building id and its respective reference orography,
	1020	!-- builidings are mapped on top.
	1021	!--
	1022	!-- First, pre-set topography flags, bit 1 indicates orography, bit 2
	1023	!-- buildings
	1024	!-- classify the respective surfaces.
	1025	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
	1026	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
	1027	!
[3051]	1028	!-- In order to map topography on PALM grid also in case of ocean simulations,
	1029	!-- pre-calculate an offset value.
[3294]	1030	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
[3051]	1031	!
[2696]	1032	!-- Reference buildings on top of orography. This is not necessary
	1033	!-- if topography is read from ASCII file as no distinction between buildings
	1034	!-- and terrain height can be made. Moreover, this is also not necessary if
	1035	!-- urban-surface and land-surface model are used at the same time.
[2897]	1036	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
	1037
	1038	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
	1039	num_buildings_l = 0
	1040	num_buildings = 0
[2696]	1041	!
[3925]	1042	!-- Allocate at least one element for building ids and give it an inital
	1043	!-- negative value that will be overwritten later. This, however, is
	1044	!-- necessary in case there all IDs in the model domain are fill values.
[2897]	1045	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1) )
[3925]	1046	build_ids_l = -1
[2897]	1047	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1048	DO j = nys, nyn
	1049	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1050	IF ( num_buildings_l(myid) > 0 ) THEN
[4144]	1051	IF ( ANY( building_id_f%var(j,i) == build_ids_l ) ) &
[2897]	1052	THEN
	1053	CYCLE
	1054	ELSE
	1055	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
[2696]	1056	!
	1057	!-- Resize array with different local building ids
	1058	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp(1:SIZE(build_ids_l)) )
	1059	build_ids_l_tmp = build_ids_l
	1060	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l )
	1061	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)) )
	1062	build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1) = &
	1063	build_ids_l_tmp(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1)
	1064	build_ids_l(num_buildings_l(myid)) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
	1065	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp )
	1066	ENDIF
	1067	!
[2897]	1068	!-- First occuring building id on PE
	1069	ELSE
	1070	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
	1071	build_ids_l(1) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
	1072	ENDIF
[2696]	1073	ENDIF
[2897]	1074	ENDDO
[2696]	1075	ENDDO
	1076	!
[2897]	1077	!-- Determine number of different building ids for the entire domain
[2696]	1078	#if defined( __parallel )
[2897]	1079	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_buildings_l, num_buildings, numprocs, &
	1080	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	1081	#else
[2897]	1082	num_buildings = num_buildings_l
[2696]	1083	#endif
	1084	!
[2897]	1085	!-- Gather all buildings ids on each PEs.
	1086	!-- First, allocate array encompassing all building ids in model domain.
	1087	ALLOCATE( build_ids(1:SUM(num_buildings)) )
[2696]	1088	#if defined( __parallel )
	1089	!
[2897]	1090	!-- Allocate array for displacements.
	1091	!-- As each PE may has a different number of buildings, so that
	1092	!-- the block sizes send by each PE may not be equal. Hence,
	1093	!-- information about the respective displacement is required, indicating
	1094	!-- the respective adress where each MPI-task writes into the receive
	1095	!-- buffer array
	1096	ALLOCATE( displace_dum(0:numprocs-1) )
	1097	displace_dum(0) = 0
	1098	DO i = 1, numprocs-1
	1099	displace_dum(i) = displace_dum(i-1) + num_buildings(i-1)
	1100	ENDDO
[2696]	1101
[2897]	1102	CALL MPI_ALLGATHERV( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)), &
	1103	num_buildings(myid), &
	1104	MPI_INTEGER, &
	1105	build_ids, &
	1106	num_buildings, &
	1107	displace_dum, &
	1108	MPI_INTEGER, &
	1109	comm2d, ierr )
[2696]	1110
[2897]	1111	DEALLOCATE( displace_dum )
[2696]	1112
	1113	#else
[2897]	1114	build_ids = build_ids_l
[2696]	1115	#endif
	1116
	1117	!
[2897]	1118	!-- Note, in parallel mode building ids can occure mutliple times, as
	1119	!-- each PE has send its own ids. Therefore, sort out building ids which
	1120	!-- appear more than one time.
	1121	num_build = 0
	1122	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids)
[2696]	1123
[2897]	1124	IF ( ALLOCATED(build_ids_final) ) THEN
[4144]	1125	IF ( ANY( build_ids(nr) == build_ids_final ) ) THEN
[2897]	1126	CYCLE
	1127	ELSE
	1128	num_build = num_build + 1
	1129	!
	1130	!-- Resize
	1131	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build) )
	1132	build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final(1:num_build-1)
	1133	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
	1134	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
	1135	build_ids_final(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1)
	1136	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
	1137	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp )
	1138	ENDIF
[2696]	1139	ELSE
	1140	num_build = num_build + 1
	1141	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
	1142	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
[2897]	1143	ENDIF
	1144	ENDDO
[2696]	1145
	1146	!
[3051]	1147	!-- Determine maximumum terrain height occupied by the respective
	1148	!-- building and temporalily store on oro_max
[2897]	1149	ALLOCATE( oro_max_l(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
	1150	ALLOCATE( oro_max(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
	1151	oro_max_l = 0.0_wp
[2696]	1152
[2897]	1153	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
[4159]	1154	oro_max_l(nr) = MAXVAL( &
	1155	MERGE( terrain_height_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr), &
	1156	0.0_wp, &
	1157	building_id_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) == &
[2897]	1158	build_ids_final(nr) ) )
	1159	ENDDO
[2696]	1160
	1161	#if defined( __parallel )
[2897]	1162	IF ( SIZE(build_ids_final) >= 1 ) THEN
[4159]	1163	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( oro_max_l, oro_max, SIZE( oro_max ), MPI_REAL,&
[2897]	1164	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
	1165	ENDIF
[2696]	1166	#else
[2897]	1167	oro_max = oro_max_l
[2696]	1168	#endif
[3051]	1169	!
	1170	!-- Finally, determine discrete grid height of maximum orography occupied
[4159]	1171	!-- by a building. Use all-or-nothing approach, i.e. if terrain
	1172	!-- exceeds the scalar level the grid box is fully terrain and the
	1173	!-- maximum terrain is set to the zw level.
	1174	!-- terrain or
[3051]	1175	oro_max_l = 0.0
	1176	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
	1177	DO k = nzb, nzt
	1178	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) &
[3142]	1179	oro_max_l(nr) = zw(k) - ocean_offset
[3051]	1180	ENDDO
[3142]	1181	oro_max(nr) = oro_max_l(nr)
[3051]	1182	ENDDO
[2897]	1183	ENDIF
[2696]	1184	!
[4245]	1185	!-- Allocate array for storing terrain height under buildings
	1186	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
	1187	ALLOCATE( buildings_f%oro_max(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1188	buildings_f%oro_max = buildings_f%fill1
	1189	END IF
	1190	!
[2867]	1191	!-- Map orography as well as buildings onto grid.
[2696]	1192	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1193	DO j = nys, nyn
[2867]	1194	topo_top_index = 0
[3142]	1195	!
	1196	!-- Obtain index in global building_id array
	1197	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
	1198	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1199	!
	1200	!-- Determine index where maximum terrain height occupied by
	1201	!-- the respective building height is stored.
	1202	nr = MINLOC( ABS( build_ids_final - &
	1203	building_id_f%var(j,i) ), DIM = 1 )
[4245]	1204	!
	1205	!-- Save grid-indexed oro_max
	1206	buildings_f%oro_max(j,i) = oro_max(nr)
[3142]	1207	ENDIF
	1208	ENDIF
[2696]	1209	DO k = nzb, nzt
	1210	!
	1211	!-- In a first step, if grid point is below or equal the given
	1212	!-- terrain height, grid point is flagged to be of type natural.
	1213	!-- Please note, in case there is also a building which is lower
	1214	!-- than the vertical grid spacing, initialization of surface
	1215	!-- attributes will not be correct as given surface information
	1216	!-- will not be in accordance to the classified grid points.
[4159]	1217	!-- Hence, in this case, also a building flag.
[2747]	1218	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= terrain_height_f%var(j,i) ) THEN
[4189]	1219	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
	1220	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1221	topo_top_index = k ! topo_top_index + 1
[2696]	1222	ENDIF
	1223	!
	1224	!-- Set building grid points. Here, only consider 2D buildings.
	1225	!-- 3D buildings require separate treatment.
[2897]	1226	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
[4159]	1227	!
	1228	!-- Fill-up the terrain to the level of maximum orography
	1229	!-- within the building-covered area.
	1230	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1231	!
	1232	!-- Note, oro_max is always on zw level
	1233	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset < oro_max(nr) ) THEN
[2696]	1234	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4159]	1235	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1236	ELSEIF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= &
	1237	oro_max(nr) + buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
	1238	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[2696]	1239	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1240	ENDIF
	1241	ENDIF
	1242	ENDIF
	1243	ENDDO
	1244	!
[4159]	1245	!-- Special treatment for non grid-resolved buildings. This case,
	1246	!-- the uppermost terrain grid point is flagged as building as well
	1247	!-- well, even though no building exists at all. However, the
	1248	!-- surface element will be identified as urban-surface and the
	1249	!-- input data provided by the drivers is consistent to the surface
	1250	!-- classification. Else, all non grid-resolved buildings would vanish
	1251	!-- and identified as terrain grid points, which, however, won't be
	1252	!-- consistent with the input data.
	1253	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
	1254	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1255	DO k = nzb, nzt
	1256	IF( zw(k) - ocean_offset == oro_max(nr) ) THEN
	1257	IF ( buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) <= zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) THEN
	1258	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1259	ENDIF
	1260	ENDIF
	1261	ENDDO
	1262	ENDIF
	1263	ENDIF
	1264	!
[2696]	1265	!-- Map 3D buildings onto terrain height.
[2867]	1266	!-- In case of any slopes, map building on top of maximum terrain
	1267	!-- height covered by the building. In other words, extend
	1268	!-- building down to the respective local terrain-surface height.
[2897]	1269	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 2 ) THEN
[2696]	1270	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
	1271	!
[3051]	1272	!-- Extend building down to the terrain surface, i.e. fill-up
	1273	!-- surface irregularities below a building. Note, oro_max
	1274	!-- is already a discrete height according to the all-or-nothing
	1275	!-- approach, i.e. grid box is either topography or atmosphere,
	1276	!-- terrain top is defined at upper bound of the grid box.
	1277	!-- Hence, check for zw in this case.
[3115]	1278	!-- Note, do this only for buildings which are surface mounted,
	1279	!-- i.e. building types 1-6. Below bridges, which are represented
	1280	!-- exclusively by building type 7, terrain shape should be
	1281	!-- maintained.
[3855]	1282	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
	1283	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
	1284	DO k = topo_top_index + 1, nzt + 1
[4159]	1285	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) THEN
[3855]	1286	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4159]	1287	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
[3855]	1288	ENDIF
	1289	ENDDO
	1290	!
	1291	!-- After surface irregularities are smoothen, determine
	1292	!-- lower start index where building starts.
	1293	DO k = nzb, nzt
[4159]	1294	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) &
[3855]	1295	topo_top_index = k
	1296	ENDDO
	1297	ENDIF
[3115]	1298	ENDIF
[3051]	1299	!
	1300	!-- Finally, map building on top.
[2867]	1301	k2 = 0
	1302	DO k = topo_top_index, nzt + 1
[2796]	1303	IF ( k2 <= buildings_f%nz-1 ) THEN
[2696]	1304	IF ( buildings_f%var_3d(k2,j,i) == 1 ) THEN
	1305	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
	1306	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1307	ENDIF
	1308	ENDIF
	1309	k2 = k2 + 1
	1310	ENDDO
	1311	ENDIF
	1312	ENDIF
	1313	ENDDO
	1314	ENDDO
	1315	!
[4265]	1316	!-- Horizontal exchange the oro_max array, which is required to for
	1317	!-- initialization of building-surface properties.
	1318	IF ( ALLOCATED( buildings_f%oro_max ) ) THEN
[4457]	1319	CALL exchange_horiz_2d( buildings_f%oro_max(:,:) )
[4265]	1320	ENDIF
[4245]	1321	!
[2696]	1322	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays required for processing and reading data
	1323	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max )
	1324	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max_l ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max_l )
	1325	IF ( ALLOCATED( build_ids_final ) ) DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
	1326	!
	1327	!-- Topography input via ASCII format.
	1328	ELSE
[3294]	1329	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
[4159]	1330	!
	1331	!-- Initialize topography bit 0 (indicates obstacle) everywhere to zero
	1332	!-- and clear all grid points at nzb, where alway a surface is defined.
	1333	!-- Further, set also bit 1 (indicates terrain) at nzb, which is further
	1334	!-- used for masked data output and further processing. Note, in the
	1335	!-- ASCII case no distinction is made between buildings and terrain,
	1336	!-- so that setting of bit 1 and 2 at the same time has no effect.
[2696]	1337	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
	1338	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
[4159]	1339	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 1 )
[2696]	1340	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1341	DO j = nys, nyn
	1342	DO k = nzb, nzt
[3538]	1343	!
	1344	!-- Flag topography for all grid points which are below
	1345	!-- the local topography height.
	1346	!-- Note, each topography is flagged as building.
[2747]	1347	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
[4189]	1348	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
	1349	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) !indicates building
[2696]	1350	ENDIF
	1351	ENDDO
	1352	ENDDO
	1353	ENDDO
	1354	ENDIF
	1355
	1356	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	1357
	1358	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1359	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
	1360	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
	1361	ENDIF
	1362
	1363	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1364	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
	1365	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
	1366	ENDIF
	1367
	1368	END SUBROUTINE process_topography
	1369
	1370
	1371	! Description:
	1372	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1373	!> Filter topography, i.e. fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
	1374	!> Such holes are suspected to lead to velocity blow-ups as continuity
	1375	!> equation on discrete grid cannot be fulfilled in such case.
	1376	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1377	SUBROUTINE filter_topography( topo_3d )
	1378
	1379	USE control_parameters, &
	1380	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, message_string
	1381
[4457]	1382	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1383	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int, exchange_horiz_2d_byte, exchange_horiz_2d_int
	1384
[2696]	1385	USE indices, &
	1386	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt
	1387
	1388	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
	1389	ONLY: building_id_f, building_type_f
	1390
	1391	USE pegrid
	1392
	1393	IMPLICIT NONE
	1394
[2893]	1395	LOGICAL :: filled = .FALSE. !< flag indicating if holes were filled
	1396
[2696]	1397	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
	1398	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
	1399	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction
	1400	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point
	1401	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole_l !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point on local PE
	1402	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_wall !< number of surrounding vertical walls for a single grid point
	1403
[2955]	1404	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_tmp !< temporary 3D-topography used to fill holes
	1405	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< 3D-topography array merging buildings and orography
[2696]	1406	!
	1407	!-- Before checking for holes, set lateral boundary conditions for
	1408	!-- topography. After hole-filling, boundary conditions must be set again.
	1409	!-- Several iterations are performed, in order to fill holes which might
	1410	!-- emerge by the filling-algorithm itself.
	1411	ALLOCATE( topo_tmp(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1412	topo_tmp = 0
	1413
	1414	num_hole = 99999
	1415	DO WHILE ( num_hole > 0 )
	1416
	1417	num_hole = 0
	1418	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2955]	1419	!
	1420	!-- Exchange also building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte
	1421	!-- variable.
	1422	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
	1423	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[3763]	1424	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
	1425	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[2696]	1426
	1427	topo_tmp = topo_3d
	1428	!
	1429	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, assume lateral boundary to be
	1430	!-- a solid wall. Thus, intermediate spaces of one grid point between
	1431	!-- boundary and some topographic structure will be filled.
	1432	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1433	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,-1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,0,:), 0 )
	1434	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_tmp(:,ny+1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,ny,:), 0 )
	1435	ENDIF
	1436
	1437	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1438	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,:,-1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,0), 0 )
	1439	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_tmp(:,:,nx+1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,nx), 0 )
	1440	ENDIF
	1441
	1442	num_hole_l = 0
	1443	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1444	DO j = nys, nyn
	1445	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	1446	IF ( BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
	1447	num_wall = 0
	1448	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
	1449	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1450	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
	1451	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1452	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
	1453	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1454	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
	1455	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1456	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	1457	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1458	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	1459	num_wall = num_wall + 1
	1460
	1461	IF ( num_wall >= 4 ) THEN
	1462	num_hole_l = num_hole_l + 1
	1463	!
[4314]	1464	!-- Clear flag 0 and set special flag ( bit 4) to indicate
[2696]	1465	!-- that new topography point is a result of filtering process.
	1466	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
[4314]	1467	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 4 )
[2696]	1468	!
	1469	!-- If filled grid point is occupied by a building, classify
	1470	!-- it as building grid point.
	1471	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
	1472	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= &
	1473	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1474	building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
	1475	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1476	building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
	1477	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1478	building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
	1479	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
	1480	building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
	1481	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1482	!
	1483	!-- Set flag indicating building surfaces
	1484	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
	1485	!
	1486	!-- Set building_type and ID at this position if not
	1487	!-- already set. This is required for proper
	1488	!-- initialization of urban-surface energy balance
	1489	!-- solver.
	1490	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) == &
	1491	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1492
	1493	IF ( building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
	1494	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1495	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
	1496	building_type_f%var(j+1,i)
	1497	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
	1498	building_id_f%var(j+1,i)
	1499	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
	1500	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1501	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
	1502	building_type_f%var(j-1,i)
	1503	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
	1504	building_id_f%var(j-1,i)
	1505	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
	1506	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1507	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
	1508	building_type_f%var(j,i+1)
	1509	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
	1510	building_id_f%var(j,i+1)
	1511	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
	1512	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
	1513	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
	1514	building_type_f%var(j,i-1)
	1515	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
	1516	building_id_f%var(j,i-1)
	1517	ENDIF
	1518	ENDIF
	1519	ENDIF
	1520	ENDIF
	1521	!
	1522	!-- If filled grid point is already classified as building
	1523	!-- everything is fine, else classify this grid point as
	1524	!-- natural type grid point. This case, values for the
	1525	!-- surface type are already set.
	1526	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) ) THEN
	1527	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
	1528	ENDIF
	1529	ENDIF
	1530	ENDIF
	1531	ENDDO
	1532	ENDDO
	1533	ENDDO
	1534	!
	1535	!-- Count the total number of holes, required for informative message.
	1536	#if defined( __parallel )
	1537	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_hole_l, num_hole, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, &
	1538	comm2d, ierr )
	1539	#else
	1540	num_hole = num_hole_l
	1541	#endif
[2893]	1542	IF ( num_hole > 0 .AND. .NOT. filled ) filled = .TRUE.
[2696]	1543
[2893]	1544	ENDDO
[2696]	1545	!
[2893]	1546	!-- Create an informative message if any holes were filled.
	1547	IF ( filled ) THEN
	1548	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Topography was filtered, i.e. holes ' // &
	1549	'resolved by only one grid point ' // &
	1550	'were filled during initialization.'
	1551	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0430', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
	1552	ENDIF
[2696]	1553
	1554	DEALLOCATE( topo_tmp )
	1555	!
	1556	!-- Finally, exchange topo_3d array again and if necessary set Neumann boundary
	1557	!-- condition in case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries.
	1558	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	1559
	1560	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1561	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
	1562	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
	1563	ENDIF
	1564
	1565	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1566	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
	1567	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
	1568	ENDIF
[2955]	1569	!
	1570	!-- Exchange building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte variable.
	1571	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
	1572	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[3763]	1573	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
	1574	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
[2696]	1575
	1576	END SUBROUTINE filter_topography
	1577
	1578
	1579	! Description:
	1580	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1581	!> Reads topography information from file or sets generic topography. Moreover,
	1582	!> all topography-relevant topography arrays are initialized, and grid flags
	1583	!> are set.
	1584	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1585	SUBROUTINE init_topo( topo )
	1586
	1587	USE arrays_3d, &
	1588	ONLY: zw
	1589
	1590	USE control_parameters, &
	1591	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, &
	1592	building_length_y, building_wall_left, building_wall_south, &
	1593	canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, canyon_wall_south, &
	1594	canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, dp_level_ind_b, dz, &
[3241]	1595	message_string, topography, topography_grid_convention, &
[2696]	1596	tunnel_height, tunnel_length, tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, &
	1597	tunnel_wall_depth
	1598
[4457]	1599	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	1600	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
	1601
[2696]	1602	USE grid_variables, &
	1603	ONLY: dx, dy
	1604
	1605	USE indices, &
	1606	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
	1607	nzb, nzt
	1608
	1609	USE kinds
[4189]	1610
	1611	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
	1612	ONLY: buildings_f, terrain_height_f
[2696]	1613
	1614	USE pegrid
	1615
	1616	IMPLICIT NONE
	1617
[4386]	1618	INTEGER(iwp) :: bh !< temporary vertical index of building height
	1619	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_bx !< grid point number of building size along x
	1620	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_by !< grid point number of building size along y
	1621	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_bwall !< index for left building wall
	1622	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_bwall !< index for right building wall
	1623	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_bwall !< index for north building wall
	1624	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_bwall !< index for south building wall
	1625	INTEGER(iwp) :: ch !< temporary vertical index for canyon height
	1626	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cx !< grid point number of canyon size along x
	1627	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cy !< grid point number of canyon size along y
	1628	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_cwall !< index for left canyon wall
	1629	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_cwall !< index for right canyon wall
	1630	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_cwall !< index for north canyon wall
	1631	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_cwall !< index for south canyon wall
	1632	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
	1633	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	1634	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
	1635	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_in !< heavyside function to model inner tunnel surface
	1636	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_out !< heavyside function to model outer tunnel surface
	1637	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in x
	1638	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in x
	1639	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in y
	1640	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in y
	1641	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in x
	1642	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in x
	1643	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in y
	1644	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in y
	1645	INTEGER(iwp) :: td !< tunnel wall depth
	1646	INTEGER(iwp) :: th !< height of outer tunnel wall
[2696]	1647
	1648	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
	1649	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
	1650	!
[4189]	1651	!-- Check for correct setting of the namelist parameter topography. If
	1652	!-- topography information is read from file but topography = 'flat',
[4386]	1653	!-- initialization does not work properly.
[4189]	1654	IF ( ( buildings_f%from_file .OR. terrain_height_f%from_file ) .AND. &
	1655	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
	1656	message_string = 'If topography information is provided (via ' // &
	1657	'Netcdf or ASCII input) topography = ' // &
	1658	'"read_from_file" is required.'
	1659	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0437', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1660	ENDIF
	1661	!
[1]	1662	!-- Set outer and inner index arrays for non-flat topography.
	1663	!-- Here consistency checks concerning domain size and periodicity are
	1664	!-- necessary.
	1665	!-- Within this SELECT CASE structure only nzb_local is initialized
	1666	!-- individually depending on the chosen topography type, all other index
	1667	!-- arrays are initialized further below.
	1668	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( topography ) )
	1669
	1670	CASE ( 'flat' )
[2696]	1671	!
[2232]	1672	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
[4340]	1673	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:), 0 )
	1674
	1675	CASE ( 'closed_channel' )
	1676	!
	1677	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
	1678	topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:), 0 )
[1]	1679
	1680	CASE ( 'single_building' )
	1681	!
	1682	!-- Single rectangular building, by default centered in the middle of the
	1683	!-- total domain
[4386]	1684	ngp_bx = NINT( building_length_x / dx )
	1685	ngp_by = NINT( building_length_y / dy )
[2232]	1686	bh = MINLOC( ABS( zw - building_height ), 1 ) - 1
	1687	IF ( ABS( zw(bh) - building_height ) == &
[1675]	1688	ABS( zw(bh+1) - building_height ) ) bh = bh + 1
[1322]	1689	IF ( building_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1690	building_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_bx ) / 2 * dx
[1]	1691	ENDIF
[4386]	1692	index_left_bwall = NINT( building_wall_left / dx )
	1693	index_right_bwall = index_left_bwall + ngp_bx
[1]	1694
[1322]	1695	IF ( building_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1696	building_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_by ) / 2 * dy
[1]	1697	ENDIF
[4386]	1698	index_south_bwall = NINT( building_wall_south / dy )
	1699	index_north_bwall = index_south_bwall + ngp_by
[1]	1700
	1701	!
	1702	!-- Building size has to meet some requirements
[4386]	1703	IF ( ( index_left_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_bwall > nx-1 ) .OR. &
	1704	( index_right_bwall < index_left_bwall+3 ) .OR. &
	1705	( index_south_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_north_bwall > ny-1 ) .OR.&
	1706	( index_north_bwall < index_south_bwall+3 ) ) THEN
[274]	1707	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent building parameters:', &
[4386]	1708	'&index_left_bwall=', index_left_bwall, &
	1709	'index_right_bwall=', index_right_bwall, &
	1710	'index_south_bwall=', index_south_bwall, &
	1711	'index_north_bwall=', index_north_bwall, &
	1712	'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
[254]	1713	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0203', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	1714	ENDIF
	1715
[2696]	1716	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[2892]	1717	nzb_local = 0
[1]	1718	!
[1968]	1719	!-- Define the building.
[4386]	1720	IF ( index_left_bwall <= nxr .AND. index_right_bwall >= nxl .AND. &
	1721	index_south_bwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_bwall >= nys ) &
	1722	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_bwall):MIN(nyn,index_north_bwall), &
	1723	MAX(nxl,index_left_bwall):MIN(nxr,index_right_bwall)) = bh
[2232]	1724	!
[2696]	1725	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
	1726	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1727	DO j = nys, nyn
	1728	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
	1729	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1730	ENDDO
	1731	ENDDO
[2696]	1732
	1733	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
[2232]	1734
[2696]	1735	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	1736	!
	1737	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
	1738	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
	1739	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1740	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
	1741	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1742	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	1743	ENDDO
	1744	ENDIF
	1745	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
	1746	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1747	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1748	ENDDO
	1749	ENDIF
	1750	ENDIF
	1751	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1752	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
	1753	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1754	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
	1755	ENDDO
	1756	ENDIF
	1757	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	1758	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1759	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
	1760	ENDDO
	1761	ENDIF
	1762	ENDIF
[2232]	1763
[240]	1764	CASE ( 'single_street_canyon' )
	1765	!
	1766	!-- Single quasi-2D street canyon of infinite length in x or y direction.
	1767	!-- The canyon is centered in the other direction by default.
[1322]	1768	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[240]	1769	!
	1770	!-- Street canyon in y direction
[4386]	1771	ngp_cx = NINT( canyon_width_x / dx )
[1322]	1772	IF ( canyon_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1773	canyon_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_cx ) / 2 * dx
[240]	1774	ENDIF
[4386]	1775	index_left_cwall= NINT( canyon_wall_left / dx )
	1776	index_right_cwall= index_left_cwall+ ngp_cx
[1322]	1777	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[240]	1778	!
	1779	!-- Street canyon in x direction
[4386]	1780	ngp_cy = NINT( canyon_width_y / dy )
[1322]	1781	IF ( canyon_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1782	canyon_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_cy ) / 2 * dy
[240]	1783	ENDIF
[4386]	1784	index_south_cwall = NINT( canyon_wall_south / dy )
	1785	index_north_cwall = index_south_cwall + ngp_cy
[2696]	1786
[240]	1787	ELSE
[254]	1788
	1789	message_string = 'no street canyon width given'
	1790	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0204', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1791
[240]	1792	ENDIF
	1793
[2232]	1794	ch = MINLOC( ABS( zw - canyon_height ), 1 ) - 1
	1795	IF ( ABS( zw(ch) - canyon_height ) == &
[1675]	1796	ABS( zw(ch+1) - canyon_height ) ) ch = ch + 1
[240]	1797	dp_level_ind_b = ch
	1798	!
	1799	!-- Street canyon size has to meet some requirements
[1322]	1800	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1801	IF ( ( index_left_cwall< 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_cwall> nx-1 ) .OR.&
[4543]	1802	( ngp_cx < 3 ) ) THEN
[1353]	1803	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
[4386]	1804	'&index_left_cwall=', index_left_cwall, &
	1805	' index_right_cwall=', index_right_cwall, &
	1806	' ngp_cx=', ngp_cx, &
[3045]	1807	' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
[254]	1808	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0205', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1809	ENDIF
[1322]	1810	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1811	IF ( ( index_south_cwall < 1 ) .OR. &
[4543]	1812	( index_north_cwall > ny-1 ) .OR. ( ngp_cy < 3 ) ) THEN
[1353]	1813	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
[4386]	1814	'&index_south_cwall=', index_south_cwall, &
	1815	' index_north_cwall=', index_north_cwall, &
	1816	' ngp_cy=', ngp_cy, &
[3045]	1817	' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
[254]	1818	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0206', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1819	ENDIF
	1820	ENDIF
[1353]	1821	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
	1822	canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1823	message_string = 'inconsistent canyon parameters:' // &
[3046]	1824	'&street canyon can only be oriented' // &
[3045]	1825	' either in x- or in y-direction'
[254]	1826	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[240]	1827	ENDIF
	1828
[2696]	1829	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[240]	1830	nzb_local = ch
[1322]	1831	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1832	IF ( index_left_cwall<= nxr .AND. index_right_cwall>= nxl ) &
	1833	nzb_local(:,MAX(nxl,index_left_cwall+1):MIN(nxr,index_right_cwall-1)) = 0
[1322]	1834	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[4386]	1835	IF ( index_south_cwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_cwall >= nys ) &
	1836	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_cwall+1):MIN(nyn,index_north_cwall-1),:) = 0
[240]	1837	ENDIF
[2232]	1838	!
[2696]	1839	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
	1840	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1841	DO j = nys, nyn
	1842	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
	1843	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1844	ENDDO
	1845	ENDDO
[2696]	1846	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
[1994]	1847
[2696]	1848	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	1849	!
	1850	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
	1851	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
	1852	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	1853	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
	1854	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1855	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	1856	ENDDO
	1857	ENDIF
	1858	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
	1859	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1860	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	1861	ENDDO
	1862	ENDIF
	1863	ENDIF
	1864	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	1865	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
	1866	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1867	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
	1868	ENDDO
	1869	ENDIF
	1870	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	1871	DO i = 1, nbgp
	1872	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
	1873	ENDDO
	1874	ENDIF
	1875	ENDIF
[2232]	1876
	1877	CASE ( 'tunnel' )
	1878
	1879	!
	1880	!-- Tunnel height
	1881	IF ( tunnel_height == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1882	th = zw( INT( 0.2 * nz) )
	1883	ELSE
	1884	th = tunnel_height
	1885	ENDIF
	1886	!
	1887	!-- Tunnel-wall depth
[2696]	1888	IF ( tunnel_wall_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[3065]	1889	td = MAX ( dx, dy, dz(1) )
[2232]	1890	ELSE
	1891	td = tunnel_wall_depth
	1892	ENDIF
	1893	!
	1894	!-- Check for tunnel width
	1895	IF ( tunnel_width_x == 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
	1896	tunnel_width_y == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1897	message_string = 'No tunnel width is given. '
[2274]	1898	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0280', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1899	ENDIF
	1900	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
	1901	tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1902	message_string = 'Inconsistent tunnel parameters:' // &
	1903	'tunnel can only be oriented' // &
	1904	'either in x- or in y-direction.'
[2274]	1905	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0281', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1906	ENDIF
	1907	!
[4356]	1908	!-- Check for too small tunnel width in x- and y-direction
	1909	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
	1910	tunnel_width_x - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dx ) THEN
	1911	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too small'
	1912	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0175', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1913	ENDIF
	1914	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
	1915	tunnel_width_y - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dy ) THEN
	1916	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too small'
	1917	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0455', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1918	ENDIF
	1919	!
	1920	!-- Check for too large tunnel width.
	1921	!-- Tunnel axis along y.
[2232]	1922	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1923	IF ( tunnel_width_x > ( nx + 1 ) * dx ) THEN
[4356]	1924	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too large'
[2274]	1925	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0282', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1926	ENDIF
	1927
	1928	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
	1929	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
	1930	txs_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - &
	1931	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
	1932	txe_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + &
[2696]	1933	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
[2232]	1934
	1935	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1936	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1937	tys_in = tys_out
	1938	tye_in = tye_out
	1939	ENDIF
	1940	!
[4356]	1941	!-- Tunnel axis along x.
[2232]	1942	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1943	IF ( tunnel_width_y > ( ny + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
[4356]	1944	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too large'
[2274]	1945	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0456', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2232]	1946	ENDIF
	1947
	1948	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1949	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
	1950	txs_in = txs_out
	1951	txe_in = txe_out
	1952
	1953	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
	1954	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
	1955	tys_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - &
[2696]	1956	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
[2232]	1957	tye_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + &
	1958	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
	1959	ENDIF
	1960
[2696]	1961	topo = 0
[2232]	1962	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1963	DO j = nys, nyn
	1964	!
	1965	!-- Use heaviside function to model outer tunnel surface
	1966	hv_out = th * 0.5_wp * &
	1967	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1968	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
	1969
	1970	hv_out = hv_out * 0.5_wp * &
	1971	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1972	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
[2696]	1973	!
[2232]	1974	!-- Use heaviside function to model inner tunnel surface
	1975	hv_in = ( th - td ) * 0.5_wp * &
	1976	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1977	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
	1978
	1979	hv_in = hv_in * 0.5_wp * &
	1980	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
	1981	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
	1982	!
	1983	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions without any tunnel surface
	1984	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2696]	1985	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1986	!
	1987	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions with tunnel surfaces
	1988	ELSE
	1989	DO k = nzb + 1, nzt + 1
	1990	!
	1991	!-- Inner tunnel
	1992	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == th ) THEN
	1993	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	1994	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1995	ELSE
[2696]	1996	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	1997	ENDIF
	1998	ENDIF
	1999	!
	2000	!-- Lateral tunnel walls
	2001	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == td ) THEN
	2002	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_in ) THEN
[2696]	2003	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2004	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_in .AND. zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	2005	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2006	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_out ) THEN
[2696]	2007	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2008	ENDIF
	2009	ENDIF
	2010	ENDDO
	2011	ENDIF
	2012	ENDDO
	2013	ENDDO
	2014
[2696]	2015	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2823]	2016	!
	2017	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
	2018	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
	2019	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
	2020	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
	2021	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2022	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	2023	ENDDO
	2024	ENDIF
	2025	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
	2026	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2027	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	2028	ENDDO
	2029	ENDIF
	2030	ENDIF
	2031	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
	2032	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
	2033	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2034	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
	2035	ENDDO
	2036	ENDIF
	2037	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	2038	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2039	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
	2040	ENDDO
	2041	ENDIF
	2042	ENDIF
[2232]	2043
[1]	2044	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
	2045	!
[2696]	2046	!-- Note, topography information have been already read.
	2047	!-- If required, further process topography, i.e. reference buildings on
	2048	!-- top of orography and set temporary 3D topography array, which is
	2049	!-- used later to set grid flags. Calling of this rouinte is also
	2050	!-- required in case of ASCII input, even though no distinction between
	2051	!-- terrain- and building height is made in this case.
	2052	CALL process_topography( topo )
[1968]	2053	!
[2696]	2054	!-- Filter holes resolved by only one grid-point
	2055	CALL filter_topography( topo )
[1968]	2056	!
[2696]	2057	!-- Exchange ghost-points, as well as add cyclic or Neumann boundary
	2058	!-- conditions.
	2059	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2060	!
[4314]	2061	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for topography on all ghost layers
[1968]	2062	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
[2550]	2063	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
[2696]	2064	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2065	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
	2066	ENDDO
[2550]	2067	ENDIF
[2696]	2068	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
	2069	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2070	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
	2071	ENDDO
	2072	ENDIF
[1942]	2073	ENDIF
[1910]	2074
[1968]	2075	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
[2550]	2076	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
[2696]	2077	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2078	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
[2232]	2079	ENDDO
[2696]	2080	ENDIF
	2081	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	2082	DO i = 1, nbgp
	2083	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
	2084	ENDDO
	2085	ENDIF
[2232]	2086	ENDIF
	2087
[667]	2088
[1]	2089	CASE DEFAULT
[2696]	2090	!
[1]	2091	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter topography
[217]	2092	!-- contains a wrong character string or if the user has defined a special
[1]	2093	!-- case in the user interface. There, the subroutine user_init_grid
	2094	!-- checks which of these two conditions applies.
[2696]	2095	CALL user_init_grid( topo )
	2096	CALL filter_topography( topo )
[1]	2097
	2098	END SELECT
	2099	!
	2100	!-- Consistency checks and index array initialization are only required for
[2696]	2101	!-- non-flat topography.
[1]	2102	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
	2103	!
[2232]	2104	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to
	2105	!-- define the topography grid has been set correctly, or whether the default
	2106	!-- is applicable. If this is not possible, abort.
	2107	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
[4340]	2108	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'closed_channel' .AND. &
	2109	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
[2232]	2110	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
	2111	TRIM( topography ) /= 'tunnel' .AND. &
	2112	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file') THEN
	2113	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid
[3045]	2114	!-- for the four standard cases 'single_building',
	2115	!-- 'single_street_canyon', 'tunnel' and 'read_from_file'
[2232]	2116	!-- defined in init_grid.
	2117	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
[2696]	2118	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
[3046]	2119	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
[3045]	2120	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ''tunnel'' ', &
[4340]	2121	'''single_street_canyon'', ''closed_channel'' & or ', &
	2122	'''read_from_file''.', &
[3046]	2123	'& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
[2232]	2124	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	2125	ELSE
	2126	!-- The default value is applicable here.
	2127	!-- Set convention according to topography.
	2128	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
	2129	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
	2130	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
	2131	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' .OR. &
	2132	TRIM( topography ) == 'tunnel') THEN
	2133	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
	2134	ENDIF
	2135	ENDIF
	2136	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
	2137	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
	2138	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
[2696]	2139	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
[3046]	2140	'not recognized.& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
[2232]	2141	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	2142	ENDIF
[1]	2143
[2169]	2144
[217]	2145	IF ( topography_grid_convention == 'cell_edge' ) THEN
[134]	2146	!
[217]	2147	!-- The array nzb_local as defined using the 'cell_edge' convention
	2148	!-- describes the actual total size of topography which is defined at the
	2149	!-- cell edges where u=0 on the topography walls in x-direction and v=0
	2150	!-- on the topography walls in y-direction. However, PALM uses individual
	2151	!-- arrays nzb_u\|v\|w\|s_inner\|outer that are based on nzb_s_inner.
	2152	!-- Therefore, the extent of topography in nzb_local is now reduced by
	2153	!-- 1dx at the E topography walls and by 1dy at the N topography walls
[1968]	2154	!-- to form the basis for nzb_s_inner.
	2155	!-- Note, the reverse memory access (i-j instead of j-i) is absolutely
	2156	!-- required at this point.
	2157	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
	2158	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
[2232]	2159	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[2696]	2160	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
	2161	BTEST( topo(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
	2162	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2163	ENDDO
	2164	ENDDO
	2165	ENDDO
[2696]	2166	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2167
	2168	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
	2169	DO j = nys-1, nyn
	2170	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[2696]	2171	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
	2172	BTEST( topo(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
	2173	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2174	ENDDO
	2175	ENDDO
	2176	ENDDO
[2696]	2177	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2178
[217]	2179	ENDIF
[2696]	2180	ENDIF
[2232]	2181
[1]	2182
[2696]	2183	END SUBROUTINE init_topo
[1]	2184
[2696]	2185	SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags(topo)
[1]	2186
[2696]	2187	USE control_parameters, &
[4294]	2188	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, constant_flux_layer, &
	2189	scalar_advec, topography, use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
[1]	2190
[4457]	2191	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
	2192	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
	2193
[2696]	2194	USE indices, &
[3241]	2195	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, &
[4346]	2196	nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_static_0, wall_flags_total_0
[1]	2197
[2696]	2198	USE kinds
[1]	2199
[2696]	2200	IMPLICIT NONE
[1804]	2201
[2696]	2202	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
[4168]	2203	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< integer bit position of topgraphy masking array
[2696]	2204	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
	2205	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
[1]	2206
[2696]	2207	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
[2232]	2208
[4329]	2209	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_static_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2210	wall_flags_static_0 = 0
[2232]	2211	!
[2696]	2212	!-- Set-up topography flags. First, set flags only for s, u, v and w-grid.
	2213	!-- Further special flags will be set in following loops.
[2232]	2214	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2215	DO j = nys, nyn
	2216	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2217	!
	2218	!-- scalar grid
[4340]	2219	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2220	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 0 )
[2232]	2221	!
[2696]	2222	!-- u grid
[4340]	2223	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2224	BTEST( topo(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2225	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 1 )
[2696]	2226	!
[2232]	2227	!-- v grid
[4340]	2228	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2229	BTEST( topo(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2230	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 2 )
[2696]	2231
[2232]	2232	ENDDO
[1]	2233
[2232]	2234	DO k = nzb, nzt
[1]	2235	!
[2232]	2236	!-- w grid
[4340]	2237	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2238	BTEST( topo(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
[4329]	2239	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 3 )
[2232]	2240	ENDDO
[4340]	2241
	2242	IF ( topography /= 'closed_channel' ) THEN
	2243	wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i), 3 )
	2244	ENDIF
[2232]	2245
	2246	ENDDO
	2247	ENDDO
[2696]	2248
[4329]	2249	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[4346]	2250
[1]	2251	!
[4115]	2252	!-- Set outer array for scalars to mask near-surface grid points. Note, on
	2253	!-- basis of flag 24 futher flags will be derived which are used to control
	2254	!-- production of subgrid TKE production near walls.
[4346]	2255
	2256	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_total_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2257	wall_flags_total_0 = 0
	2258
[2696]	2259	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2260	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	2261	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4346]	2262	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
[2232]	2263	ENDDO
	2264	ENDDO
	2265	ENDDO
[4346]	2266
	2267	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	2268
	2269	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2270	DO j = nys, nyn
	2271	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2272	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2273	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2274	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2275	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2276	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2277	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2278	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
	2279	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
	2280	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 )
	2281	ENDDO
	2282	ENDDO
	2283	ENDDO
[1]	2284	!
[2232]	2285	!-- Set further special flags
	2286	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2287	DO j = nys, nyn
	2288	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[1]	2289	!
[2232]	2290	!-- scalar grid, former nzb_diff_s_inner.
	2291	!-- Note, use this flag also to mask topography in diffusion_u and
	2292	!-- diffusion_v along the vertical direction. In case of
	2293	!-- use_surface_fluxes, fluxes are calculated via MOST, else, simple
	2294	!-- gradient approach is applied. Please note, in case of u- and v-
	2295	!-- diffuison, a small error is made at edges (on the east side for u,
	2296	!-- at the north side for v), since topography on scalar grid point
	2297	!-- is used instead of topography on u/v-grid. As number of topography grid
	2298	!-- points on uv-grid is different than s-grid, different number of
	2299	!-- surface elements would be required. In order to avoid this,
	2300	!-- treat edges (u(k,j,i+1)) simply by a gradient approach, i.e. these
	2301	!-- points are not masked within diffusion_u. Tests had shown that the
	2302	!-- effect on the flow is negligible.
	2303	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4346]	2304	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2305	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
[2232]	2306	ELSE
[4346]	2307	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
[2232]	2308	ENDIF
[1]	2309
[2232]	2310	ENDDO
	2311	!
	2312	!-- Special flag to control vertical diffusion at model top - former
	2313	!-- nzt_diff
[4346]	2314	wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 9 )
[2232]	2315	IF ( use_top_fluxes ) &
[4346]	2316	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBCLR( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 9 )
[1]	2317
[2696]	2318
[2232]	2319	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	2320	!
	2321	!-- Special flag on u grid, former nzb_u_inner + 1, required
	2322	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
	2323	!-- topography, as well as initialize u with zero one grid point outside
	2324	!-- of topography.
[4346]	2325	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2326	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2327	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
	2328	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 20 )
[2232]	2329	!
	2330	!-- Special flag on v grid, former nzb_v_inner + 1, required
	2331	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
	2332	!-- topography, as well as initialize v with zero one grid point outside
	2333	!-- of topography.
[4346]	2334	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2335	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2336	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
	2337	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 21 )
[2232]	2338	!
	2339	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner+1. Used for
	2340	!-- lpm_sgs_tke
[4346]	2341	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2342	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2343	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2344	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 25 )
[2232]	2345	!
	2346	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
	2347	!-- in production_e
	2348	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4346]	2349	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
	2350	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
	2351	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2352	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
[2232]	2353	ELSE
[4346]	2354	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2355	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
[1]	2356	ENDIF
[2232]	2357	!
	2358	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
	2359	!-- in production_e
	2360	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4346]	2361	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2362	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2363	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2364	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
[2232]	2365	ELSE
[4346]	2366	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2367	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
[2232]	2368	ENDIF
	2369	ENDDO
	2370	!
	2371	!-- Flags indicating downward facing walls
[4340]	2372	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
[2232]	2373	!
	2374	!-- Scalar grid
[4346]	2375	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2376	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2377	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 )
[2232]	2378	!
	2379	!-- Downward facing wall on u grid
[4346]	2380	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2381	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
	2382	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 15 )
[2232]	2383	!
	2384	!-- Downward facing wall on v grid
[4346]	2385	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2386	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
	2387	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 17 )
[2232]	2388	!
	2389	!-- Downward facing wall on w grid
[4346]	2390	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
	2391	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) ) &
	2392	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 19 )
[2232]	2393	ENDDO
	2394	!
	2395	!-- Flags indicating upward facing walls
	2396	DO k = nzb, nzt
	2397	!
	2398	!-- Upward facing wall on scalar grid
[4346]	2399	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2400	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2401	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 )
[2232]	2402	!
	2403	!-- Upward facing wall on u grid
[4346]	2404	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
	2405	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
	2406	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 14 )
[1]	2407
[2696]	2408	!
[2232]	2409	!-- Upward facing wall on v grid
[4346]	2410	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
	2411	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
	2412	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 16 )
[2696]	2413
[2232]	2414	!
	2415	!-- Upward facing wall on w grid
[4346]	2416	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
	2417	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 3 ) ) &
	2418	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 18 )
[2232]	2419	!
	2420	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner
[4346]	2421	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
	2422	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 ) .OR. &
	2423	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 ) ) &
	2424	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 )
[2232]	2425	!
	2426	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_inner - 1, required for
	2427	!-- flow_statistics
	2428	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
[4346]	2429	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
	2430	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
	2431	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
[2232]	2432	ELSE
[4346]	2433	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 ) ) &
	2434	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
[1]	2435	ENDIF
[2696]	2436
[1]	2437
[2232]	2438	ENDDO
[4346]	2439	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 22 )
	2440	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 23 )
[4109]	2441	!
	2442	!-- Set flags indicating that topography is close by in horizontal
	2443	!-- direction, i.e. flags that infold the topography. These will be used
	2444	!-- to set advection flags for passive scalars, where due to large
	2445	!-- gradients near buildings stationary numerical oscillations can produce
	2446	!-- unrealistically high concentrations. This is only necessary if
	2447	!-- WS-scheme is applied for scalar advection. Note, these flags will be
	2448	!-- only used for passive scalars such as chemical species or aerosols.
	2449	IF ( scalar_advec == 'ws-scheme' ) THEN
	2450	DO k = nzb, nzt
[4346]	2451	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. ( &
	2452	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-1), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2453	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-2), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2454	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2455	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+1), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2456	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+2), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2457	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2458	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2459	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2460	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2461	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2462	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
	2463	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) &
	2464	) ) &
	2465	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 31 )
[4109]	2466
	2467	ENDDO
	2468	ENDIF
[2232]	2469	ENDDO
	2470	ENDDO
	2471	!
[2696]	2472	!-- Finally, set identification flags indicating natural terrain or buildings.
[4189]	2473	!-- Natural terrain grid points. Information on the type of the surface is
	2474	!-- stored in bit 1 of 3D Integer array topo. However, this bit is only set
	2475	!-- when topography is read from file. In order to run the land-surface model
	2476	!-- also without topography information, set bit 1 explicitely in this case.
[4294]	2477	!--
	2478	!-- Natural terrain grid points
	2479	!-- If no topography is initialized, the land-surface is at k = nzb.
	2480	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
[4329]	2481	wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:), 5 )
[4294]	2482	ELSE
	2483	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2484	DO j = nys, nyn
	2485	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[4189]	2486	!
[4294]	2487	!-- Natural terrain grid point
	2488	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
[4329]	2489	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 5 )
[2696]	2490	ENDDO
	2491	ENDDO
[4294]	2492	ENDDO
[2696]	2493	ENDIF
	2494	!
	2495	!-- Building grid points.
[4294]	2496	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2497	DO j = nys, nyn
	2498	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2499	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
[4329]	2500	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 6 )
[2696]	2501	ENDDO
	2502	ENDDO
[4294]	2503	ENDDO
[2696]	2504	!
[4314]	2505	!-- Set flag 4, indicating new topography grid points due to filtering.
	2506	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2507	DO j = nys, nyn
	2508	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2509	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 4 ) ) &
[4329]	2510	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 4 )
[4314]	2511	ENDDO
	2512	ENDDO
	2513	ENDDO
[4346]	2514
	2515	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
	2516
	2517	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2518	DO j = nys, nyn
	2519	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	2520	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
	2521	ENDDO
	2522	ENDDO
	2523	ENDDO
[4314]	2524	!
[2232]	2525	!-- Exchange ghost points for wall flags
[4346]	2526	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
[2232]	2527	!
	2528	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
	2529	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
	2530	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
[2696]	2531	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
	2532	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2533	wall_flags_total_0(:,nys-i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nys,:)
[2696]	2534	ENDDO
	2535	ENDIF
	2536	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
	2537	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2538	wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn+i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn,:)
[2696]	2539	ENDDO
	2540	ENDIF
[2232]	2541	ENDIF
	2542	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
[2696]	2543	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
	2544	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2545	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl-i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl)
[2696]	2546	ENDDO
[2232]	2547	ENDIF
[2696]	2548	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
	2549	DO i = 1, nbgp
[4346]	2550	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr+i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr)
[2232]	2551	ENDDO
[2696]	2552	ENDIF
[2232]	2553	ENDIF
[4168]	2554	!
	2555	!-- Pre-calculate topography top indices (former get_topography_top_index
	2556	!-- function)
	2557	ALLOCATE( topo_top_ind(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg,0:4) )
	2558	!
	2559	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar grid
	2560	ibit = 12
	2561	topo_top_ind(:,:,0) = MAXLOC( &
	2562	MERGE( 1, 0, &
[4346]	2563	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
[4168]	2564	), DIM = 1 &
	2565	) - 1
	2566	!
	2567	!-- Uppermost topography index on u grid
	2568	ibit = 14
	2569	topo_top_ind(:,:,1) = MAXLOC( &
	2570	MERGE( 1, 0, &
[4346]	2571	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
[4168]	2572	), DIM = 1 &
	2573	) - 1
	2574	!
	2575	!-- Uppermost topography index on v grid
	2576	ibit = 16
	2577	topo_top_ind(:,:,2) = MAXLOC( &
	2578	MERGE( 1, 0, &
[4346]	2579	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
[4168]	2580	), DIM = 1 &
	2581	) - 1
	2582	!
	2583	!-- Uppermost topography index on w grid
	2584	ibit = 18
	2585	topo_top_ind(:,:,3) = MAXLOC( &
	2586	MERGE( 1, 0, &
[4346]	2587	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
[4168]	2588	), DIM = 1 &
	2589	) - 1
	2590	!
	2591	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar outer grid
	2592	ibit = 24
	2593	topo_top_ind(:,:,4) = MAXLOC( &
	2594	MERGE( 1, 0, &
[4346]	2595	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
[4168]	2596	), DIM = 1 &
[4414]	2597	) - 1
	2598
[2696]	2599	END SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags

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