| | 149 | |
| | 150 | == Building database == |
| | 151 | |
| | 152 | A model database is used for the parametrization of the building indoor model and the urban surface model. The database provides building physical parameters of the building envelope, geometry data and operational data (incl. user behavior, control strategies and technical building services). The only available building information is often the age of the building, its construction material of façade and coating, the façade and window area, and the cubature. Hence, the model database defines all building physical parameters and operational data based on those basic parameters according to a building typology ([#IWU18 Helbig et. al., 2018]). The model database contains four areas: // |
| | 153 | |
| | 154 | - The building description is based on geometry, fabric, window fraction and ventilation models. // |
| | 155 | - The user description is based on (stochastic) user models regarding window opening and use of solar control, and user profiles regarding attendance and internal heat gains. // |
| | 156 | - The person description is based on the metabolic rate and the clothing value. // |
| | 157 | - The HVAC energy supply system is simulated with simplified models based on characteristic line models (considering the applicable standards) for different air-conditioning concepts. The model database contains also operation strategies for the energy supply system. // |
| | 158 | |
| | 159 | The parametrization of the façade is separated in four different parts: |
| | 160 | - **Roof** |
| | 161 | - **Above Ground floor level façade** second floor, where normally residential areas take place |
| | 162 | - **Ground floor level façade** the first floor, where nonresidential areas like shops with store windows in residential buildings could be. This could reason for example a higher window surface, than in residential buildings. |
| | 163 | - **Ground plate** parameters integrated, algorithm not integrated in source code yet |
| | 164 | |
| | 165 | All of these parts are separated in four layers of different material. For façades and roof it´s possible to add an optional surface layer for greening (see [#figure2 figure 2]). |
| | 166 | |
| | 167 | [=#figure2][[Image(Mosaik_building_database_fig2.png,400px, border=1)]] |
| | 168 | |
| | 169 | Figure 2: structure of the building construction for parametization in PALM-4U |
| | 170 | |
| | 171 | The standard database contains six building types according to the German building topology ([#IWU18 Helbig et. al., 2018]), i.e. building age from the 1920s, 1970s and the 1990s for residential and non-residential buildings. Furthermore, there is a non-building type for bridges or car parks. The summer heat protection corresponds to the minimum requirements with regard to [#DIN4108-2 DIN 4108-2 (2013)]. Typical attendance and internal heat gains are taken from [#DIN18599 DIN V 18599 (2011)] and empirical values ([#Voss Voss et al., 2006]). |
| | 172 | |
| | 173 | === Parameterlist === |
| | 174 | |
| | 175 | || '''Building year''' || || || || ||before 1950||1950-2000||after 2000|| || |
| | 176 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 177 | || || || || || ''ISE typology'' || 1920er || 1970er || passive house || |
| | 178 | || || || || || on the base of ([#IWU18 Helbig et. al., 2018]) || MFH_B || MFH_F || RH_J || || |
| | 179 | || || || '''Parameter number [#sup1 (1)]''' || || || || || || || |
| | 180 | || '''GEOMETRIE''' || || 132 || height_storey || h[m] || 2.90 || 2.50 || 2.70 || height of the storey || |
| | 181 | || || || 133 || heigth_cei_con || d[m] || 0.20 || 0.20 || 0.20 || clear space for ventilation || |
| | 182 | || || || 1 agfl, 22gfl, 102 r || AF/AW || [m2/m2] || 0.18 || 0.25 || 0.29 || window fraction || |
| | 183 | || || || 0 agfl, 21 gfl, 89 r, 51 gp || AF/AW || [m2/m2] || 0.82 || 0.75 || 0.71 || wall fraction || |
| | 184 | || || || 2 agfl, 3 agflr, 23 gfl, 24 gflr || AF/AW || [m2/m2] || 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || green fraction || |
| | 185 | || || || 20 || gflh || [m] || 2.90 || 2.50 || 2.70 || ground floor level height || |
| | 186 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 187 | || '''GLOBAL PRARMAETERS''' || || 124 || eta_ve || WRG[-] || 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.80 || heat recovery || |
| | 188 | || || || 125 || factor_a || [m2/m2] || 3.00 || 3.50 || 2.50 || specific effective surface || |
| | 189 | || || || 126 || factor_c || [J/m2 K] || 260000.00 || 370000.00 || 165000.00 || inner heat storage capacity || |
| | 190 | || || || 127 || lambda_at || [m2/m2] || 4.50 || 4.50 || 4.50 || view factor || |
| | 191 | || || || 128 || phi_h_max || [W/m2] || 100.00 || 80.00 || 40.00 || max. spec. Heating capacity || |
| | 192 | || || || 129 || phi_c_max || [W/m2] || 0.00/-100.00 || 0.00/-120.00 || 0.00/-80.00 || max. spec. Cooling capacity (ZERO for residential buildings) || |
| | 193 | || || || || heating / cooling technology || || gas boiler / cooling unit || district heating / adsorption chiller || heatpump / thermal componing activation || |
| | 194 | || || || 134 || waste heat for heating || [W_wasteheat/W_netto_energy] || 0.10 || 0.00 || -2.00 || waste heat heating || |
| | 195 | || || || 135 || waste heat for cooling || [W_wasteheat/W_netto_energy] || 1.33 || 2.54 || 1.25 || waste heat cooling || |
| | 196 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 197 | || '''WINDOWS''' just glas without window frame || || || window type || || box type window || double-layer glazing || tripple-layer glazing || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 198 | || || || 121 || U-value for indoor model || U[W/m2K] || 2.90 || 1.70 || 0.80 || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 199 | || || || 120 || g-value for indoor model || g[-] || 0.80 || 0.70 || 0.60 || || |
| | 200 | || || Layer 1-4 || 17 agfl, 35 gfl, 114 r || transmissivity || tau[-] || 0.70 || 0.65 || 0.57 || || |
| | 201 | || || || || albedo || [-] || 0.12 || 0.15 || 0.18 || || |
| | 202 | || || || 40 agfl, 77 gfl, 115 r || albedo_type || [-] || 37 || 37 || 38 || specified in [wiki:doc/app/radiation_parameters radiation model] || |
| | 203 | || || || 119 || indoor model || FC[-] || 0.75 || 0.75 || 0.15 || [#DIN4108-2DIN 4108-2], reduced || |
| | 204 | || || || 49 || tc[thermal capacity] of surface || lambdaS[W/m2K] || 23.00 || 23.00 || 23.00 || 1 cm air || |
| | 205 | || || || 47 || hc [heat capacity] of surface || rho x cS[J/m2 K] || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || 1 cm air || |
| | 206 | || || || || shading type || || curtain, inside || curtain, inside || blinds, outside || || |
| | 207 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 208 | || || || 16 agfl, 33 gfl, 113 r || emissivity || epsilon[-] || 0.91 || 0.87 || 0.80 || just longwave radiation || |
| | 209 | || || || 67-70 gfl, 79-82 agfl, 103-106 r || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.02 || 0.03 || approximatly || |
| | 210 | || || || 86-87, 145 agfl, 74-76, 143 gfl, 110-112, 149 r || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.45 || 0.19 || 0.11 || || |
| | 211 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 2480.00 || 2480.00 || 2480.00 || || |
| | 212 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 700.00 || 700.00 || 700.00 || || |
| | 213 | || || || 71-73, 142 gfl, 83-85, 144 agfl, 107-109, 148 r || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1736000.00 || 1736000.00 || 1736000.00 || || |
| | 214 | || || || || || T1[s] || 1531.00 || 3643.00 || 14081.00 || || |
| | 215 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.26 || 0.11 || 0.06 || || |
| | 216 | || || || || || || || || || |
| | 217 | || || || || resulting U value [#sup3 (3)] || U[W/m2 K] || 2.90 || 1.70 || 0.80 || || |
| | 218 | || || || || || || || || || |
| | 219 | || '''FACADE''' || layer 1 (outside) || || material || || mortar plaster || mortar plaster || mortar plaster || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 220 | || || || 46 || tc[thermal capacity] of surface || lambdaS[W/m2K] || 23.00 || 23.00 || 23.00 || 1 cm air || |
| | 221 | || || || 45 || hc [heat capacity] of surface || rho x cS[J/m2 K] || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || 1 cm air || |
| | 222 | || || || 38 agfl, 66 gfl || albedo_type || [-] || 36 || 36 || 36 || specified in [wiki:doc/app/radiation_parameters radiation model] || |
| | 223 | || || || 14 agfl, 32 gfl || emissivity || epsilon[-] || 0.93 || 0.93 || 0.93 || emissivity only for facade in indoor model implemented as h_is || |
| | 224 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 225 | || || || 41 agfl, 62 gfl || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.02 || 0.02 || || |
| | 226 | || || || 9 agfl, 29 gfl || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.93 || 0.93 || 0.93 || || |
| | 227 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1900.00 || 1900.00 || 1900.00 || || |
| | 228 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 800.00 || 800.00 || 800.00 || || |
| | 229 | || || || 6 agfl, 26 gfl || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1520000.00 || 1520000.00 || 1520000.00 || || |
| | 230 | || || || || || T1[s] || 654.00 || 654.00 || 654.00 || || |
| | 231 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.61 || 0.61 || 0.61 || |
| | 232 | || || layer 2 || || material || || solid brick || thermal insulation || thermal insulation || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 233 | || || || 42 agfl, 63 gfl || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.18 || 0.06 || 0.20 || || |
| | 234 | || || || 10 agfl, 30 gfl || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.81 || 0.046 || 0.035 || || |
| | 235 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1800.00 || 120.00 || 120.00 || || |
| | 236 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 840.00 || 660.00 || 660.00 || || |
| | 237 | || || || 7 agfl, 27 gfl || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1512000.00 || 79200.00 || 79200.00 || || |
| | 238 | || || || || || T1[s] || 60480.00 || 6198.00 || 90514.00 || || |
| | 239 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.54 || 0.58 || 0.44 || || |
| | 240 | || || || || material || || solid brick || concrete || brick || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 241 | || || layer 3 || 43 agfl, 64 gfl || thick [thickness] || s[m] || 0.18 || 0.24 || 0.36 || || |
| | 242 | || || || 11 agfl, 31 gfl || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.81 || 2.10 || 0.68 || || |
| | 243 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1800.00 || 2400.00 || 1600.00 || || |
| | 244 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 840.00 || 880.00 || 840.00 || || |
| | 245 | || || || 8 agfl, 28 gfl || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1512000.00 || 2112000.00 || 1344000.00 || || |
| | 246 | || || || || || T1[s] || 60480.00 || 57929.00 || 256151.00 || || |
| | 247 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.54 || 0.99 || 0.51 || || |
| | 248 | || || layer 4 (inside) || || material || || gypsum plaster || gypsum plaster || gypsum plaster || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 249 | || || || 44 agfl, 65 gfl || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.02 || 0.02 || || |
| | 250 | || || || 137 agfl, 138 gfl || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.70 || 0.70 || 0.70 || || |
| | 251 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1400.00 || 1400.00 || 1400.00 || || |
| | 252 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 1090.00 || 1090.00 || 1090.00 || || |
| | 253 | || || || 136 agfl, 139 gfl || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1526000.00 || 1526000.00 || 1526000.00 || || |
| | 254 | || || || || || T1[s] || 872.00 || 872.00 || 872.00 || || |
| | 255 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.46 || 0.46 || 0.46 || || |
| | 256 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 257 | || || || || resulting U value [#sup3 (3)] || U[W/m2 K] || 1.57 || 0.62 || 0.16 || || |
| | 258 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 259 | || '''ROOF''' || layer 1 (outside) || || material || || roof tiles || bitumen || ground [#sup4 (4)] || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 260 | || || || 101 || albedo_type || [-] || 42 || 42 || 42 || specified in [wiki:doc/app/radiation_parameters radiation model] || |
| | 261 | || || || 100 || emissivity || epsilon[-] || 0.90 || 0.93 || 0.93 || || |
| | 262 | || || || 90 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.02 || 0.02 || || |
| | 263 | || || || 97 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.52 || 0.16 || 0.52 || || |
| | 264 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1800.00 || 1000.00 || 2040.00 || || |
| | 265 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 840.00 || 1700.00 || 1840.00 || || |
| | 266 | || || || 94 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1512000.00 || 1700000.00 || 3753600.00 || || |
| | 267 | || || || || || T1[s] || 1163.00 || 4250.00 || 2887.00 || || |
| | 268 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.34 || 0.09 || 0.14 || || |
| | 269 | || || layer 2 || || material || || wooden formwork || thermal insulation || wooden formwork || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 270 | || || || 91 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.04 || 0.15 || 0.04 || || |
| | 271 | || || || 98 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.12 || 0.046 || 0.12 || || |
| | 272 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 415.00 || 120.00 || 415.00 || || |
| | 273 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 1710.00 || 660.00 || 1,710.00 || || |
| | 274 | || || || 95 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 709650.00 || 79200.00 || 709650.00 || || |
| | 275 | || || || || || T1[s] || 9462 || 38739.00 || 9462.00 || || |
| | 276 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.17 || 0.58 || 0.17 || || |
| | 277 | || || layer 3 || || material || || planks || concrete || thermal insulation || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 278 | || || || 92 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.20 || 0.30 || || |
| | 279 | || || || 99 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.12 || 2.10 || 0.035 || || |
| | 280 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 415.00 || 2400.00 || 120.00 || || |
| | 281 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 1710.00 || 880.00 || 660.00 || || |
| | 282 | || || || 96 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 709650.00 || 2112000.00 || 79200.00 || || |
| | 283 | || || || || || T1[s] || 2366.00 || 40229.00 || 203657.00 || || |
| | 284 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.17 || 0.99 || 0.44 || || |
| | 285 | || || layer 4 (inside) || || material || || gypsum plast || gypsum plast || gypsum plast || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 286 | || || || 93 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.02 || 0.02 || 0.02 || || |
| | 287 | || || || 147 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.70 || 0.70 || 0.70 || || |
| | 288 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1400.00 || 1400.00 || 1400.00 || || |
| | 289 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 1090.00 || 1090.00 || 1090.00 || || |
| | 290 | || || || 146 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1526000.00 || 1526000.00 || 1526000.00 || || |
| | 291 | || || || || || T1[s] || 872.00 || 872.00 || 872.00 || || |
| | 292 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.46 || 0.46 || 0.46 || || |
| | 293 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 294 | || || || || resulting U value [#sup3 (3)] || U[W/m2 K] || 1.41 || 0.27 || 0.11 || || |
| | 295 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 296 | || '''GROUNDPLATE''' || layer 1 (outside) || || material || || solid brick || concrete || concrete || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 297 | || || || 52 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.18 || 0.20 || 0.20 || || |
| | 298 | || || || 59 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.52 || 2.10 || 2.10 || || |
| | 299 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1800.00 || 2400.00 || 2400.00 || || |
| | 300 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 840.00 || 880.00 || 880.00 || || |
| | 301 | || || || 56 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1512000.00 || 2112000.00 || 2112000.00 || || |
| | 302 | || || || || || T1[s] || 94209.00 || 40229.00 || 40229.00 || || |
| | 303 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.34 || 0.99 || 0.99 || || |
| | 304 | || || layer 2 || || material || || solid brick || thermal insulation || thermal insulation || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 305 | || || || 53 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.18 || 0.06 || 0.12 || || |
| | 306 | || || || 60 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.52 || 0.05 || 0.05 || || |
| | 307 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 1800.00 || 120.00 || 120.00 || || |
| | 308 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 840.00 || 660.00 || 660.00 || || |
| | 309 | || || || 57 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 1512000.00 || 79200.00 || 79200.00 || || |
| | 310 | || || || || || T1[s] || 94209.00 || 5702.00 || 22810.00 || || |
| | 311 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.34 || 0.63 || 0.63 || || |
| | 312 | || || layer 3 || || material || || screed || screed || screed || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 313 | || || || 54 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.06 || 0.06 || 0.06 || || |
| | 314 | || || || 61 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 2.10 || 2.10 || 2.10 || || |
| | 315 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 2400.00 || 2400.00 || 2400.00 || || |
| | 316 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 880.00 || 880.00 || 880.00 || || |
| | 317 | || || || 58 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 2112000.00 || 2112000.00 || 2112000.00 || || |
| | 318 | || || || || || T1[s] || 3621.00 || 3621.00 || 3621.00 || || |
| | 319 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.99 || 0.99 || 0.99 || || |
| | 320 | || || layer 4 (inside) || || material || || floor board || carpet || floor board || [#DIN4108-4 DIN 4108-4] || |
| | 321 | || || || 55 || thick [thickness] [#sup2 (2)] || s[m] || 0.03 || 0.02 || 0.03 || || |
| | 322 | || || || 141 || tc [thermal capacity] || lambda[W/m K] || 0.12 || 0.04 || 0.12 || || |
| | 323 | || || || || || rho[kg/m3] || 415.00 || 190.00 || 415.00 || || |
| | 324 | || || || || || c[J/kg K] || 1710.00 || 1880.00 || 1710.00 || || |
| | 325 | || || || 140 || hc [heat capacity] || rho x c[J/m3 K] || 709650.00 || 357200.00 || 709650.00 || || |
| | 326 | || || || || || T1[s] || 5322.00.00 || 3572.00 || 5322.00 || || |
| | 327 | || || || || || a[mm2/s] || 0.17 || 0.11 || 0.17 || || |
| | 328 | || || || || || || || || || || |
| | 329 | || || || || resulting U value [#sup3 (3)] || U[W/m2 K] || 1.12 || 0.67 || 0.37 || || |
| | 330 | || |
| | 331 | || '''GREEN''' || Surface || 4 r, 5 agfl, 25 gfl || LAI [Leaf area index] || LAI[m2/m2] || 1.50 || 1.50 || 1.50 || || |
| | 332 | || || || 39 agfl, 78 gfl, 117 r || albedo_type || [-] || 5 || 5 || 5 || specified in [wiki:doc/app/radiation_parameters radiation model]|| |
| | 333 | || || || 15 agfl, 34 gfl, 116 r || emissivity || epsilon[-] || 0.86 || 0.86 || 0.86 || || |
| | 334 | || || || 118 r || green type roof || [-] || 0 || 0 || 0 || || |
| | 335 | || || || 18 agfl, 36 gfl || z0 roughness || z0[m] || 0.001 || 0.001 || 0.001 || || |
| | 336 | || || || 19 agfl, 37 gfl || roughness heat/humidity || z0h/z0q[m] || 0.0001 || 0.0001 || 0.0001 || || |
| | 337 | || || || 50 || tc[thermal capacity] of green surface || lambdaS[W/m2K] || 10.00 || 10.00 || 10.00 || || |
| | 338 | || || || 48 || hc [heat capacity] of green surface || rho x cS[J/m2 K] || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || 20000.00 || || |
| | 339 | |
| | 340 | [=#sup1] (1) r=roof, agfl=about groundfloor level, gfl=groundfloor level, gp=groundplate |
| | 341 | |
| | 342 | [=#sup2] (2) thickness for layers are implemented kommulative (e.g. thickness_layer_2 = thickness_layer_1 + thickness_layer_2) |
| | 343 | |
| | 344 | [=#sup3] (3) against outside air calculated, dependend of modeling the earth temperature not to compare wih U-value after DIN 12831 |
| | 345 | |
| | 346 | [=#sup4] (4) same values like dry gravel |
| | 347 | |
| | 348 | === User behaviour === |
| | 349 | |
| | 350 | All parameters for user behavior is taken from [#DIN4108-2 DIN 4108-2]. |
| | 351 | |
| | 352 | ||= '''Parameter name''' =||= '''Parameter_number''' =||= '''residential''' =||= '''office''' =||= '''unit'''=||=''' description'''=|| |
| | 353 | || T,set (heating) || 13 || 20 || 20 ||°C || setpoint temperature for room in winter || |
| | 354 | || T,set (cooling) || 12 || 26 || 26 ||°C || setpoint temperature for room in summer || |
| | 355 | || || || || || || |
| | 356 | || qint_low [#sup5 (5)] || 131 || 4.2 || 3 ||W/m2 || internal heat without presence after [#sup6 schedule] || |
| | 357 | || qint_high [#sup5 (5)] || 130 || 0 || 7 || W/m2 || additional internal heat with presence after [#sup6 schedule] || |
| | 358 | || || || 100 || 142 || Wh/(m2 d) || || |
| | 359 | || air_change_low_summer [#sup5 (5)] || summer_pars in indoor model || 0.5 || 1 || l/h ||air change without presence after [#sup6 schedule] in summer || |
| | 360 | || air_change_high_summer [#sup5 (5)] || summer_pars in indoor model || 1.5 || 1 || l/h ||air change without presence after [#sup6 schedule] in summer || |
| | 361 | || || || || || || |
| | 362 | || air_change_low_winter [#sup5 (5)] || winter_pars in indoor model || 0.5 || 0.2 || l/h || air change without presence after [#sup6 schedule] in winter || |
| | 363 | || air_change_high_winter [#sup5 (5)] || winter_pars in indoor model || 0 || 0.8 || l/h || air change without presence after [#sup6 schedule] in winter || |
| | 364 | || || || || || || |
| | 365 | |
| | 366 | [=#sup5] (5) for total internal heat and total air change always = LOW + [#sup6 Schedule(0/1)]* HIGH |
| | 367 | [=#sup6] (6) presence in office buildings from 8:00 - 18:00 else no presence. presence in residental buildings 18:00 - 8:00 else no presence. |
| | 368 | |
| | 369 | == References == |
| | 370 | |
| | 371 | * [=#IWU18]'''A. Helbig, J. Baumüller, and M.J. Kerschgens'''. Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung, Springer-Verlag 2013. Institut für Wohnen und Umwelt IWU: Deutsche Gebäudetypologie, 2018 |
| | 372 | * [=#DIN4108-2]''' DIN 4108-2:2013-02 (2013)'''. Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings - Part 2: Minimum requirements to thermal insulation, Beuth-Verlag, Berlin, 2013 |
| | 373 | * [=#DIN18599]''' DIN V 18599:2011-12 (2011)'''. Energy efficiency of buildings - Calculation of the net, final and primary energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, Beuth-Verlag, Berlin, 2011 |
| | 374 | * [=#Voss]'''Voss et al.'''. Bürogebäude mit Zukunft, Solarpraxis, 2006. |
| | 375 | * [=#DIN4108-4]''' DIN 4108-4:2017-02 (2017)'''. Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings - Part 4: Hygrothermal design values, Beuth-Verlag, Berlin, 2017 |
| | 376 | |
