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67	67	where ''φ ∈ {q, s}'' and ''c'',,φ,, is a user-defined scalar exchange coefficient. ''φ'',,c,0,, and ''φ'' are the scalar concentrations at a leaf surface and in the surrounding air volume, respectively. This approach is based on the assumption that the scalar sink/source strength depends on the concentration gradient between the leaf surface and the surrounding air (e.g., [#watanabe2004 Watanabe, 2004]).
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	69	[[Image(Table6.png,600px,border=1)]]
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69	71	== Recent applications ==
70	72	PALM simulations with the embedded canopy model were recently performed by [#kanani2014 Kanani et al. (2014c)] to study the flow adjustment downstream of a transition from an unforested (clearing) to a forested surface patch. In this study the LES results were validated against multidimensional field and wind-tunnel data. In the high-resolution follow-up study of [#kanani2014b Kanani-Sühring and Raasch (2015)], a detailed analysis of the turbulent scalar transport within the canopy layer was successfully performed for the first time by means of LES. Figure 11 shows exemplarily the flow at a forest edge, where an internal boundary layer developed above the forest due to the extended drag of the canopy. See also associated animations in [#kanani2014c Kanani et al. (2014a], [#kanani2014d b]).