| 10 | | PALM is an advanced and modern meteorological model system for atmospheric and oceanic boundary-layer flows. It has been developed as a turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulation (LES) model that is especially designed for performing on massively parallel computer architectures. Since PALM 5.0, the model is shipped along with several PALM-4U (PALM for urban applications, read: ''PALM for you'') components that allow to employ the model for various urban applications ranging from the meso- to the microscale. |
| | 10 | PALM is an advanced and state-of-the-art meteorological modeling system for atmospheric and oceanic boundary layer flows. |
| | 11 | It was developed as a turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulation (LES) model specifically designed to run on massively parallel computer architectures. Meanwhile, turbulence closure based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations has been added so that PALM can run not only in turbulence-resolving mode (i.e., LES) but also in RANS mode, in which the entire turbulence spectrum is parameterized. |
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| | 13 | Due to the extensive extensions to the model, PALM is no longer an abbreviation, but rather the name in its own right. It describes the PALM model system, which consists of the PALM model core and the PALM-4U components. These components are shipped along PALM and allow to employ the model for various urban applications ranging from the meso- to the microscale. |
