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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2492

Last change on this file since 2492 was 2410, checked in by Giersch, 7 years ago
Revise error message PA0462 and change lclocal to lcmuk in testsuite
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 109.8 KB

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2009-2017 Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg
18	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! -----------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2410 2017-09-06 08:16:30Z raasch $
28	! Revise error message PA0462
29	!
30	! 2349 2017-08-10 15:44:04Z Giersch
31	! Add parameter pitch_rate to namelist and revise/add error messages
32	!
33	! 2343 2017-08-08 11:28:43Z Giersch
34	! Unit correction in Doxygen comments
35	!
36	! 2323 2017-07-26 12:57:38Z Giersch
37	! Change unit number of file WTM_DATA from 201 to 90
38	!
39	! 2322 2017-07-26 08:30:28Z Giersch
40	! Bugfix of error message and assign error numbers
41	!
42	! 2257 2017-06-07 14:07:05Z witha
43	! Bugfix: turb_cl_tab and turb_cd_tab were set to zero before being allocated
44	!
45	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
46	!
47	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
48	! Adjustments to new topography concept
49	!
50	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
51	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
52	! Addition of a tip loss model
53	!
54	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
55	! Bugfix of pitch control
56	!
57	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
58	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
59	!
60	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
61	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
62	!
63	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
64	! Initial revision
65	!
66	!
67	! Description:
68	! ------------
69	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
70	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
71	!> (ADM-R).
72	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
73	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
74	!> yaw.
75	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
76	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
77	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
78	!> automatically).
79	!>
80	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
81	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
82	!> @todo Generate header information
83	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
84	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
85	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
86	!> @todo Include additional output variables
87	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
88	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
89	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
90	!
91	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
92	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
93
94	USE arrays_3d, &
95	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
96
97	USE constants
98
99	USE control_parameters, &
100	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
101
102	USE cpulog, &
103	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
104
105	USE grid_variables, &
106	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
107
108	USE indices, &
109	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
110	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
111
112	USE kinds
113
114	USE pegrid
115
116
117	IMPLICIT NONE
118
119	PRIVATE
120
121	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
122
123	!
124	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
125
126	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
127	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
128
129	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
130	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
131	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
132	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
133
134	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
135	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
136	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
137	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
138	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
139	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
140
141	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
142	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
145	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
146	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
148	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
149	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
150	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
151	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
152
153	!
154	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
155	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
156
157	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
158	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
159	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg*m2]
160	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg*m2]
161	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
162	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
163	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
164	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
165	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
166	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
167	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
168	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
169	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
170	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
171
172
173	!
174	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
175
176	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
177	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
178	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
179
180	!
181	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
182	TYPE file_status
183	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
184	END TYPE file_status
185
186	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
187	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
188
189	!
190	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
191
192	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
193	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
194	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
195	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
196	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
197	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
198
199	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
200
201	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
202	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
203	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
204	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
205	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
206	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
207	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
208	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
209
210	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
211
212	!
213	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
214	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
215	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
216	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
217	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
218	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
219	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
220	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
221
222	!
223	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
224	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
225	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
226	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
227	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
228
229	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
230	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
231
232	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
234
235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
237
238	!
239	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
240
241	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
242	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
243	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
244	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
245	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
246	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
247	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
248	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
249	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
250	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
251	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
252	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
253	!
254	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
255	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
256	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
257	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
258	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
259
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
271
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
274
275	!
276	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
283
284	!
285	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
289
290	!
291	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
295
296	!
297	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
301
302	!
303	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
307	!
308	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
310
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
320
321	!
322	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
323
324	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
325
326	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
327	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
328	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
329	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
330	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
331	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
332	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
333	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
334
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
336	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
337	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
339	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
340
341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
342	!
343	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
344
345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
346	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
347	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
349	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
352	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
353	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
354	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
355	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
356	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
357	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
358
359
360	SAVE
361
362
363	INTERFACE wtm_parin
364	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
365	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
366
367	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
368	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
369	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
370
371	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
372	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
373	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
374
375	INTERFACE wtm_init
376	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
377	END INTERFACE wtm_init
378
379	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
380	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
381	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
382
383	INTERFACE wtm_forces
384	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
385	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
386	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
387
388	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
389	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
390	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
391
392	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
393	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
394	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
395	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
396
397	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
398	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
399	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
400	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
401
402
403	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
404	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
405
406	CONTAINS
407
408
409	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
410	! Description:
411	! ------------
412	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
413	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
414	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
415
416
417	IMPLICIT NONE
418
419	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
420
421	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
422
423	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
424	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
425	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
426	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
427	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
428	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
429	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
430	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
431	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, pitch_rate, &
432	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
433
434	!
435	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
436	REWIND ( 11 )
437	line = ' '
438	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
439	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
440	ENDDO
441	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
442
443	!
444	!-- Read user-defined namelist
445	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
446
447	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
448	message_string = 'no wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST found: ' // &
449	'End of file has reached'
450	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0460', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
451	ELSEIF ( ierrn > 0 ) THEN
452	message_string = 'errors in wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST: ' // &
453	'some variables for steering may not be properly set'
454	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0466', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
455	ENDIF
456
457	!
458	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
459	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
460
461	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
462
463
464	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
465
466	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
467
468
469	IMPLICIT NONE
470
471	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
472	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
473	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
474	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0461', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
475	ENDIF
476
477	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) < 0.0 ) ) THEN
478	message_string = 'omega_rot < 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
479	'a value larger than or equal to zero'
480	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0462', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
481	ENDIF
482
483
484	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
485	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
486	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
487
488	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
489	'have to be given for each turbine.'
490	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0463', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
491
492	ENDIF
493
494
495	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
496
497
498	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
499	! Description:
500	! ------------
501	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
502	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
503	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
504
505
506	IMPLICIT NONE
507
508	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
509	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
510
511	!
512	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
513	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
514
515	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
516	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
517
518	nrings(:) = 0
519	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
520
521	!
522	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
523	delta_r_factor = segment_width
524	delta_t_factor = segment_length
525	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
526	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
527
528	DO inot = 1, nturbines
529	!
530	!-- Determine number of rings:
531	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
532
533	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
534
535	ENDDO
536
537	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
538
539	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
540	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
541
542	nsegs(:,:) = 0
543	nsegs_total(:) = 0
544
545
546	DO inot = 1, nturbines
547	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
548	!
549	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
550	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
551	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
552	delta_t_factor ) )
553	ENDDO
554	!
555	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
556	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
557
558	ENDDO
559
560	!
561	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
562	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
563
564	!!
565	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
566	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
567	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
568	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
569	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
570	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
571	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
572	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
573	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
574	! ENDIF
575
576
577	!
578	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
579	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
580	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
581	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
582	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
583	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
584	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
585	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
586	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
587
588	!
589	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
590	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
591	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
592	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
593	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
594	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
595	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
596	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
597
598	!
599	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
600	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
601	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
602	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
603	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
604	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
605	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
606
607	!
608	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
609	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
610	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
611	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
612	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
613	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
614	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
615	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
616	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
617	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
618	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
619
620	!
621	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
622	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
623	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
624	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
625	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
626	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
627	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
628
629	!
630	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
631	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
632	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
633	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
634
635	!
636	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
637	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
638	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
639	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
640	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
641	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
642	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
643	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
644	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
645
646	!
647	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
648	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
649	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
650	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
651	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
652	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
653	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
654
655	!
656	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
657	i_hub(:) = 0
658	i_smear(:) = 0
659	j_hub(:) = 0
660	j_smear(:) = 0
661	k_hub(:) = 0
662	k_smear(:) = 0
663
664	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
665	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
666
667	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
668	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
669	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
670	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
671	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
672	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
673	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
674
675	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
676	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
677	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
678
679	!
680	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
681	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
682	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
683	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
684	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
685	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
686	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
687	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
688	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
689	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
690	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
691
692	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
693	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
694	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
695	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
696	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
697	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
698
699	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
700	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
701	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
702
703	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
704	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
705	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
706	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
707	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
708	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
709	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
710	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
711
712	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
713	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
714	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
715	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
716	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
717	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
718
719
720	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
721
722
723	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
724	! Description:
725	! ------------
726	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
727	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
728	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
729
730
731	IMPLICIT NONE
732
733	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
734	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
735	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
736
737	!
738	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
739	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
740
741	!
742	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
743	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
744	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
745	!
746	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
747	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
748	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
749
750	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
751	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
752	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
753
754	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
755
756	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
757	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
758	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
759	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
760
761	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
762	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
763	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
764	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
765
766
767	IF ( speed_control) THEN
768
769	CALL wtm_speed_control
770
771	ENDIF
772
773	!
774	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
775	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
776	!-- (smearing of the forces)
777	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
778	!
779	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
780	!-- be calculated:
781
782	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
783	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
784	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
785	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
786	!
787	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
788	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
789	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
790	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
791	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
792	!
793	!-- Square of eps_min:
794	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
795	!
796	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
797	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
798	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
799	!
800	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
801	!-- function:
802	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
803
804	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
805	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
806
807	!
808	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
809	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
810
811
812	DO inot = 1, nturbines
813	!
814	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
815	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
816
817	!
818	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
819	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
820	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
821	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
822
823	!
824	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
825	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
826	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
827	!-- function of eps_min:
828	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
829	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
830	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
831
832	ENDDO
833
834	!
835	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
836	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
837	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
838	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
839	!
840	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
841	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
842
843	!
844	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
845	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
846	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
847
848	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
849
850	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
851
852
853	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
854	!
855	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
856	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
857	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
858	i = i_hub(inot)
859
860	!
861	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
862	!-- grid point indices):
863	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
864	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
865	!
866	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
867	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
868	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
869	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
870	!-- in grid box 1.
871	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
872	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
873
874	!
875	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
876	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
877	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
878	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
879
880	!
881	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
882	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
883	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
884
885	DO j = nys, nyn
886	!
887	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
888	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
889
890	DO k = nzb, nzt
891
892	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
893	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
894	!
895	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
896	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
897	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
898	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
899	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
900	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
901	turb_cd_tower(inot)
902	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
903	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
904	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
905	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
906	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
907	turb_cd_tower(inot)
908	!
909	!-- grid boxes inbetween
910	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
911	ELSE
912	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
913	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
914	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
915	ENDIF
916	!
917	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
918	ELSE
919	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
920	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
921	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
922	ENDIF
923	!
924	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
925	!-- are carried out:
926	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
927
928	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
929	!
930	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
931	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
932	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
933	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
934	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
935	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
936	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
937	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
938	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
939	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
940	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
941	!
942	!-- grid boxes inbetween
943	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
944	ELSE
945	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
946	ENDIF
947	!
948	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
949	ELSE
950	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
951	turb_cd_tower(inot)
952	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
953
954	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
955
956	ENDDO ! end loop over k
957
958	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
959
960	ENDDO ! end loop over j
961
962	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
963
964
965	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
966
967	!
968	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
969	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
970	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
971	!!
972	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
973	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
974	!!-- circle_points in the following):
975	!
976	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
977	!
978	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
979	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
980	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
981	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
982	!!
983	!!-- bottom intersection point
984	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
985	!!
986	!!-- top intersection point
987	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
988	! ELSE
989	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
990	! ENDIF
991	! ENDDO
992	!
993	!
994	! DO j = nys, nyn
995	!!
996	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
997	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
998	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
999	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
1000	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
1001	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1002	!!
1003	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
1004	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
1005	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
1006	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
1007	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
1008	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
1009	!!
1010	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
1011	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
1012	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
1013	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
1014	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
1015	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
1016	! dz_int = dz
1017	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
1018	!!
1019	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
1020	!!-- within the current grid box:
1021	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1022	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1023	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
1024	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1025	! ENDIF
1026	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1027	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1028	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1029	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1030	! ENDIF
1031	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1032	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1033	! ENDIF
1034	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1035	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1036	! ENDIF
1037	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1038	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1039	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1040	! ENDIF
1041	! ENDDO
1042	! ENDIF
1043	! ENDDO
1044	! ENDIF
1045	!
1046	! ENDDO
1047	!
1048	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1049
1050	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1051
1052	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1053	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1054
1055	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1056
1057	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1058
1059
1060	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1061	! Description:
1062	! ------------
1063	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1064	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1065	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1066	!
1067	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1068
1069
1070	IMPLICIT NONE
1071
1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1073	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1074
1075	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1076
1077	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1078
1079	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1080	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1081	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1082	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1083	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1084	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1085	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1086	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1087	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1088	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1089
1090	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1091	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1092	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1093
1094	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1095	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1096
1097	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1098	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1099	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1100	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1101	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1102
1103	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1104	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1105	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1106	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1107	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1108
1109	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1110
1111	!
1112	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1113	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1114
1115	OPEN ( 90, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1116
1117	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1118	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1119	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0464', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1120	ENDIF
1121	!
1122	!-- Read distribution table:
1123
1124	dlen = 0
1125
1126	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1127
1128	rloop3: DO
1129	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1130	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1131	dlen = dlen + 1
1132	ENDDO rloop3
1133
1134	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1135
1136	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1137	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1138	ENDDO
1139
1140	DO jj = 1,dlen
1141	READ ( 90, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1142	ENDDO
1143
1144	!
1145	!-- Read layout table:
1146
1147	dlen = 0
1148
1149	READ ( 90, '(3/)')
1150
1151	rloop1: DO
1152	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1153	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1154	dlen = dlen + 1
1155	ENDDO rloop1
1156
1157	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1158	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1159	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1160	ENDDO
1161	DO jj = 1, dlen
1162	READ ( 90, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1163	ENDDO
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1167
1168	dlen = 0
1169
1170	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1171
1172	rloop2: DO
1173	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1174	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1175	dlen = dlen + 1
1176	ENDDO rloop2
1177
1178	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1179	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1180
1181	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1182	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1183	ENDDO
1184
1185	DO jj = 1,dlen
1186	READ ( 90, * ) read_cl_cd
1187	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1188	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1189	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1190	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1191	ENDDO
1192
1193	ENDDO
1194
1195	dlenbl = dlen
1196
1197	CLOSE ( 90 )
1198
1199	!
1200	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1201	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1202	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1203	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1204	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1205
1206	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1207	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1208	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1209	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1210
1211	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1212	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1213
1214
1215	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1216	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1217
1218
1219	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1220
1221	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1222
1223	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1224	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1225	ialpha = 1
1226
1227	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1228	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1229	ENDDO
1230	!
1231	!-- Find position in table
1232	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1233	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1234
1235	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1236	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1237	ENDIF
1238
1239	trow = lct(1)
1240	!
1241	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1242	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1243	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1244	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1245	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1246
1247	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1248	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1249	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1250	ENDIF
1251
1252	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1253	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1254	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1255	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1256	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1257	ELSE
1258	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1259	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1260	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1261	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1262	ENDIF
1263
1264	!
1265	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1266	!-- segments and angles of attack
1267
1268	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1269	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1270	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1271	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1272	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1273	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1274	( alpha_attack_i - &
1275	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1276	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1277	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1278	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1279	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1280	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1281	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1282	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1283	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1284	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1285	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1286	( alpha_attack_i - &
1287	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1288	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1289	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1290	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1291	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1292
1293	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1294
1295	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1296
1297	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1298
1299
1300	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1301	! Description:
1302	! ------------
1303	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1304	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1305	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1306	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1307
1308
1309	IMPLICIT NONE
1310
1311	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1312	!
1313	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1314	!-- the rotors
1315	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1316	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1317	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1318
1319	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1320	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1321	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1322
1323	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1324	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1325	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1329	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1330
1331	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1332	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1333	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1334	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1335	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1336	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1337	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1338	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1339	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1340	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1341	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1342	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1343	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1344	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1345	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1346	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1347	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1348	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1349	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1350	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1351	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1352	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1353	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1354	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1355
1356	!
1357	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1358	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1359	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1360	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1361	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1362
1363	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1364
1365
1366	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1367	! Description:
1368	! ------------
1369	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1370	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1371	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1372
1373
1374	IMPLICIT NONE
1375
1376	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1377
1378	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1379	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1380	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1381	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1382	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1383	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1384
1385	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
1386	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1387	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1388
1389	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1390	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1391
1392	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1393
1394
1395	!
1396	! Variables for pitch control
1397	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1398	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1399
1400	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1401	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1402
1403	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1404
1405
1406	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1407
1408
1409	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1410
1411	!
1412	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1413	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1414	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1415	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1416	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1417	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1418	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1419	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1420	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1421	!
1422	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1423	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1424
1425	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1426	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1427	!
1428	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1429	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1430
1431	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1432	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1433	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1434	!
1435	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1436	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1437
1438	!
1439	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1440	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1441	!
1442	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1443	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1444	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1445	!
1446	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1447	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1448	!-- with y-axis):
1449	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1450	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1451	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1452
1453	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1454	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1455	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1456	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1457	re(3) = sin_rot
1458
1459	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1460	!
1461	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1462	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1463	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1464	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1465
1466	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1467	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1468	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1469	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1470	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1471
1472	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1473	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1474
1475	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1476	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1477
1478	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1479	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1480
1481	!
1482	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1483
1484	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1485	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1486	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1487	!
1488	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1489	!-- the current PE:
1490	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1491	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1492
1493	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1494	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1495	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1496	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1497	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1498	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1499	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1500	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1501	gg = dx * dy
1502
1503	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1504	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1505	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1506	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1507	) / gg
1508
1509	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1510	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1511	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1512	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1513	) / gg
1514
1515	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1516	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1517	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1518
1519	ELSE
1520	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1521	ENDIF
1522	ELSE
1523	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1524	ENDIF
1525
1526
1527	!
1528	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1529	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1530	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1531	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1532	!
1533	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1534	!-- the current PE:
1535	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1536	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1537
1538	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1539	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1540	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1541	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1542	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1543	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1544	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1545	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1546	gg = dx * dy
1547
1548	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1549	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1550	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1551	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1552	) / gg
1553
1554	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1555	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1556	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1557	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1558	) / gg
1559
1560	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1561	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1562	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1563
1564	ELSE
1565	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1566	ENDIF
1567	ELSE
1568	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1569	ENDIF
1570
1571
1572	!
1573	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1574	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1575	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1576	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1577	!
1578	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1579	!-- the current PE:
1580	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1581	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1582
1583	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1584	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1585	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1586	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1587	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1588	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1589	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1590	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1591	gg = dx * dy
1592
1593	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1594	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1595	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1596	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1597	) / gg
1598
1599	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1600	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1601	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1602	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1603	) / gg
1604
1605	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1606	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1607	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1608	ELSE
1609	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1610	ENDIF
1611	ELSE
1612	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1613	ENDIF
1614
1615	ENDDO
1616	ENDDO
1617
1618	ENDDO
1619
1620	!
1621	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1622	#if defined( __parallel )
1623	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1624	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1625	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1626	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1627	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1628	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1629	#else
1630	u_int = u_int_1_l
1631	v_int = v_int_1_l
1632	w_int = w_int_1_l
1633	#endif
1634
1635
1636	!
1637	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1638
1639	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1640	pit_loop: DO
1641
1642	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1643	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1644	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1645	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1646	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1647	ELSE
1648	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1649	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1650	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1651	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1652	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1653	ENDIF
1654	ENDIF
1655
1656	!
1657	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1658	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1659	!
1660	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1661	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1662	!
1663	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1664	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1665	!
1666	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1667	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1668	!-- with y-axis):
1669	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1670	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1671	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1672	!
1673	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1674	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1675	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1676	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1677	re(3) = sin_rot
1678
1679	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1680	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1681	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1682	rea(3) = cos_rot
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1686	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1687	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1688	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1689	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1690	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1691	!
1692	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1693	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1694	!-- tilt:
1695	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1696	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1697	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1698	!
1699	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1700	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1701
1702	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1703
1704	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1705
1706	!
1707	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1708	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1709	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1710	!
1711	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1712	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1713	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1714	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1715	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1716	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1717	!
1718	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1719	!
1720	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1721	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1722	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1723	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1724	!
1725	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1726	!-- direction:
1727	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1728	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1729	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1730	!
1731	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1732	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1733
1734	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1735	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1736	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1737
1738	!
1739	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1740	!-- to the current radial position:
1741
1742	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1743	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1744
1745	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1746	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1747	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1748	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1749	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1750	ELSE
1751	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1752	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1753	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1754	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1755	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1756	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1757	ENDIF
1758
1759	!
1760	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1761	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1762	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1763	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1764	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1765	!
1766	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1767	!-- angle of attack:
1768	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1769	!
1770	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1771	!-- to angles given in degree:
1772	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1773	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1774	!
1775	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1776	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1777
1778	!
1779	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1780	!-- to the rotor:
1781	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1782	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1783	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1784
1785	!
1786	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1787	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1788	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1789	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1790
1791	!
1792	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1793	!-- the current radial position:
1794
1795	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1796	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1797	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1798	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1799	ELSE
1800	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1801	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1802	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1803	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1804	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1805	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1806	ENDIF
1807
1808	!
1809	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1810	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1811	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1812	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1813	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1814	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1815	!
1816	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1817	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1818	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1819	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1820	!
1821	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1822	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1823	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1824	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1825
1826	!
1827	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1828	!-- angles given in radian:
1829	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1830	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1831
1832	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1833
1834	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1835	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1836	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1837	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1838	!--
1839	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1840	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1841	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1842
1843	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1844
1845	END IF
1846	!
1847	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1848	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1849	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1850
1851	!
1852	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1853
1854	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1855	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1856
1857	!
1858	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1859	!-- for each ring segment:
1860	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1861	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1862	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1863
1864	!
1865	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1866	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1867	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1868	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1869	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1870	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1871	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1872	!
1873	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1874	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1875	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1876
1877	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1878	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1879
1880	!
1881	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1882	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1883	thrust_seg(rseg)
1884
1885
1886	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1887
1888	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1889
1890	!
1891	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1892	!-- each ring:
1893	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1894	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1895	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1896
1897
1898	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1899
1900
1901	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1902
1903
1904	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1905	!
1906	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1907
1908	!
1909	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1910	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1911	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1912	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1913	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1914	( inertia_rot + &
1915	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1916
1917	!
1918	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1919	!-- and rotor speed
1920	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1921
1922	ENDIF
1923
1924	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1925
1926	!
1927	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1928	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1929	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1930	!-- gain
1931	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1932	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1933	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1934	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1935	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1936	!
1937	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1938	CYCLE pit_loop
1939	ENDIF
1940
1941	!
1942	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1943	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1944	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1945	ENDIF
1946	EXIT pit_loop
1947	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1948
1949
1950	!
1951	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1952
1953	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1954	!
1955	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1956	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1957	THEN
1958	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1959	THEN
1960	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1961	ENDIF
1962	ENDIF
1963
1964	ENDIF
1965
1966
1967	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1968
1969	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1970
1971
1972	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1973	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1974	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1975	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1976	!
1977	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1978	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1979	!
1980	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1981	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1982	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1983	!-- consideration
1984	!
1985	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1986	!-- of the model domain:
1987	!
1988	!--
1989	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1990	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1991	eps_min ) / dx )
1992	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1993	eps_min ) / dy )
1994
1995	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1996	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1997	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1998	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1999	! DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
2000	! k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
2001	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
2002	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
2003	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
2004	!
2005	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography
2006	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2007
2008	!
2009	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
2010	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
2011	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2012	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2013	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2014	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2015	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2016	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2017	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2018	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2019	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2020
2021	!
2022	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
2023	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
2024	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
2025	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
2026	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
2027	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2028	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
2029	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
2030	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2031	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor *&
2032	flag
2033	ENDIF
2034	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2035	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2036	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2037	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) * &
2038	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2039	flag
2040	ENDIF
2041	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2042	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2043	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2044	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) * &
2045	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2046	flag
2047	ENDIF
2048
2049	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2050	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2051
2052	!
2053	!-- Rotation of force components:
2054	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + ( &
2055	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2056	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2057	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1) &
2058	) * flag
2059
2060	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + ( &
2061	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2062	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2063	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2) &
2064	) * flag
2065
2066	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + ( &
2067	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2068	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2069	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3) &
2070	) * flag
2071
2072	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2073	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2074	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2075
2076	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2077
2078	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2079
2080
2081	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2082	!
2083	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2084	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2085	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2086	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2087	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2088	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2089	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2090
2091	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2092	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2093	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2094	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2095	start_up = .FALSE.
2096	ENDIF
2097
2098	!
2099	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2100	!--
2101	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2102	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2103	!
2104	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2105	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2106	THEN
2107	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2108	THEN
2109
2110	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2111
2112	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2113	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2114	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2115	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2116	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2117
2118	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2119
2120	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2121
2122	ENDIF
2123	ENDIF
2124
2125	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2126
2127	!
2128	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2129	#if defined( __parallel )
2130	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2131	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2132	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2133	comm2d, ierr )
2134	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2135	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2136	#else
2137	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2138	wdir = wdir_l
2139	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2140
2141
2142	#endif
2143	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2144	!
2145	!-- Update rotor orientation
2146	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2147
2148	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2149
2150	END IF ! end of yaw control
2151
2152	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2153	!
2154	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2155	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2156	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2157	#if defined( __parallel )
2158	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2159	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2160	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2161	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2162	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2163	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2164	#else
2165	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2166	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2167	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2168	#endif
2169
2170	ENDIF
2171
2172	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2173
2174	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2175	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2176	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2177	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2178	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2179	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2180	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2181	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2182	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2183	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2184
2185	ELSE
2186
2187	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2188	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2189	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2190	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2191	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2192	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2193	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2194	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2195	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2196	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2197	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2198	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2199	ENDIF
2200	ENDIF
2201
2202	!-- Set open flag
2203	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2204	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2205
2206	ENDIF
2207
2208	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2209
2210	!
2211	!-- Formats
2212	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2213	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2214	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2215	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2216	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2217
2218	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2219	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2220
2221
2222	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2223
2224
2225	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2226	! Description:
2227	! ------------
2228	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2229	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2230	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2231
2232	USE constants
2233	USE kinds
2234
2235	IMPLICIT NONE
2236
2237	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2238	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2239	REAL(wp) :: missal
2240
2241	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2242
2243	!
2244	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2245	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2246	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2247	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2248	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2249	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2250	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2251	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2252	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2253	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2254	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2255	!
2256	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2257	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2258	!
2259	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2260	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2261	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2262	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2263	!
2264	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2265	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2266
2267	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2268	!
2269	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2270	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2271	!
2272	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2273	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2274	!
2275	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2276	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2277	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2278	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2279	ENDIF
2280	ENDIF
2281
2282	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2283
2284	!
2285	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2286	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2287	!-- than min_miss
2288
2289	ELSE
2290	!
2291	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2292	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2293	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2294	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2295	!
2296	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2297	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2298	!
2299	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2300	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2301	!
2302	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2303	!-- yaw direction is still right
2304	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2305	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2306	!
2307	!-- Continue yawing
2308	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2309	ELSE
2310	!
2311	!-- Stop yawing
2312	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2313	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2314	ENDIF
2315	ELSE
2316	!
2317	!-- Continue yawing
2318	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2319	ENDIF
2320
2321	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2322
2323	ENDIF
2324
2325	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2326
2327
2328	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2329	! Description:
2330	! ------------
2331	!> Initialization of the speed control
2332	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2333	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2334
2335
2336	IMPLICIT NONE
2337
2338	!
2339	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2340	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2341	!
2342	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2343	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2344	!
2345	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2346	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2347	!
2348	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2349	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2350	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2351	!
2352	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2353	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2354	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2355	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2356	!
2357	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2358	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2359	!
2360	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2361	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2362	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2363
2364	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2365
2366
2367	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2368	! Description:
2369	! ------------
2370	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2371	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2372	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2373
2374
2375	IMPLICIT NONE
2376
2377	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2378
2379
2380
2381	!
2382	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2383	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2384	!-- offshore system developement"
2385
2386	!
2387	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2388	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2389	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2390	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2391	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2392
2393	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2394	!
2395	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2396	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2397
2398	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2399	!
2400	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2401	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2402
2403	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2404	!
2405	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2406	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2407	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2408
2409	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2410	!
2411	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2412	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2413
2414	ELSE
2415	!
2416	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2417	!-- keep the power constant:
2418	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2419
2420	ENDIF
2421	!
2422	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2423	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2424	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2425	!
2426	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2427	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2428	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2429	!
2430	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2431	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2432
2433
2434	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2435
2436
2437	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2438	! Description:
2439	! ------------
2440	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2441	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2442	!> Call for all grid points
2443	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2444	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2445
2446
2447	IMPLICIT NONE
2448
2449	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2450	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2451	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2452	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2453
2454
2455	SELECT CASE ( component )
2456
2457	CASE ( 1 )
2458	!
2459	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2460	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2461	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2462	DO j = nysg, nyng
2463	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2464	!
2465	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2466	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2467	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2468	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2469	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2470
2471	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2472	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2473	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2474	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2475	ENDDO
2476	ENDDO
2477	ENDDO
2478	ENDIF
2479
2480	CASE ( 2 )
2481	!
2482	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2483	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2484	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2485	DO j = nysg, nyng
2486	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2487	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2488	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2489	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2490	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2491	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2492	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2493	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2494	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2495	ENDDO
2496	ENDDO
2497	ENDDO
2498	ENDIF
2499
2500	CASE ( 3 )
2501	!
2502	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2503	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2504	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2505	DO j = nysg, nyng
2506	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2507	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2508	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2509	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2510	ENDDO
2511	ENDDO
2512	ENDDO
2513	ENDIF
2514
2515
2516	CASE DEFAULT
2517
2518	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2519	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2520
2521	END SELECT
2522
2523
2524	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2525
2526
2527	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2528	! Description:
2529	! ------------
2530	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2531	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2532	!> Call for grid point i,j
2533	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2534	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2535
2536
2537	IMPLICIT NONE
2538
2539	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2540	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2541	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2542	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2543
2544	SELECT CASE ( component )
2545
2546	CASE ( 1 )
2547	!
2548	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2549	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2550
2551	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2552	!
2553	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2554	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2555	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2556	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2557	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2558	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2559	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2560	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2561	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2562	ENDDO
2563	ENDIF
2564
2565	CASE ( 2 )
2566	!
2567	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2568	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2569	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2570	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2571	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2572	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2573	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2574	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2575	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2576	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2577	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2578	ENDDO
2579	ENDIF
2580
2581	CASE ( 3 )
2582	!
2583	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2584	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2585	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2586	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2587	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2588	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2589	ENDDO
2590	ENDIF
2591
2592
2593	CASE DEFAULT
2594
2595	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2596	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2597
2598	END SELECT
2599
2600
2601	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2602
2603	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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