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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2190

Last change on this file since 2190 was 2153, checked in by lvollmer, 8 years ago
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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2153 2017-02-17 13:35:52Z raasch $
27	!
28	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
29	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
30	! Addition of a tip loss model
31	!
32	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
33	! Bugfix of pitch control
34	!
35	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
36	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
37	!
38	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
39	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
40	!
41	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
42	! Initial revision
43	!
44	!
45	! Description:
46	! ------------
47	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
48	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
49	!> (ADM-R).
50	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
51	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
52	!> yaw.
53	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
54	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
55	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
56	!> automatically).
57	!>
58	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
59	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
60	!> @todo Generate header information
61	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
62	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
63	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
64	!> @todo Include additional output variables
65	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
66	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
67	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
68	!
69	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
70	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
71
72	USE arrays_3d, &
73	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
74
75	USE constants
76
77	USE control_parameters, &
78	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
79
80	USE cpulog, &
81	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
82
83	USE grid_variables, &
84	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
85
86	USE indices, &
87	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
88	nzb, nzb_u_inner, nzb_v_inner, nzb_w_inner, nzt
89
90	USE kinds
91
92	USE pegrid
93
94
95	IMPLICIT NONE
96
97	PRIVATE
98
99	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
100
101	!
102	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
103
104	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
105	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
106
107	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
108	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
109	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
110	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
111
112	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
113	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
114	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
115	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
116	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
117	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
118
119	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
120	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
121	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
122	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
123	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
124	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
125	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
126	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
127	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
128	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
129	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
130
131	!
132	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
133	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
134
135	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
136	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
137	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg/m2]
138	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg/m2]
139	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
140	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
141	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
142	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
143	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
144	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
145	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
146	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
147	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
148	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
149
150
151	!
152	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
153
154	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
155	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
156	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
157
158	!
159	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
160	TYPE file_status
161	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
162	END TYPE file_status
163
164	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
165	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
166
167	!
168	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
169
170	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
171	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
172	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
173	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
174	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
175	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
176
177	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
178
179	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
180	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
181	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
182	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
183	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
184	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
185	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
186	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
187
188	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
189
190	!
191	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
192	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
193	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
194	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
195	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
196	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
197	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
198	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
199
200	!
201	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
204	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
206
207	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
208	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
209
210	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
211	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
212
213	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
215
216	!
217	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
218
219	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
220	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
221	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
222	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
223	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
224	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
225	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
226	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
227	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
228	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
229	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
230	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
231	!
232	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
233	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
234	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
235	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
236	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
237
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
246	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
249
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
251	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
252
253	!
254	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
261
262	!
263	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
267
268	!
269	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
273
274	!
275	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
279
280	!
281	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
285	!
286	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
288
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
298
299	!
300	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
301
302	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
303
304	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
305	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
306	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
307	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
308	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
309	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
310	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
311	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
312
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
318
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
320	!
321	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
322
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
325	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
328	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
330	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
333	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
334	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
335	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
336
337
338	SAVE
339
340
341	INTERFACE wtm_parin
342	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
343	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
344
345	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
346	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
347	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
348
349	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
350	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
351	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
352
353	INTERFACE wtm_init
354	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
355	END INTERFACE wtm_init
356
357	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
358	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
359	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
360
361	INTERFACE wtm_forces
362	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
363	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
364	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
365
366	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
367	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
368	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
369
370	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
371	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
372	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
373	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
374
375	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
376	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
377	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
378	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
379
380
381	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
382	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
383
384	CONTAINS
385
386
387	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
388	! Description:
389	! ------------
390	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
391	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
392	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
393
394
395	IMPLICIT NONE
396
397	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
398
399	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
400
401	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
402	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
403	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
404	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
405	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
406	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
407	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
408	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
409	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
410	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
411
412	!
413	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
414	REWIND ( 11 )
415	line = ' '
416	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
417	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
418	ENDDO
419	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
420
421	!
422	!-- Read user-defined namelist
423	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
424
425	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
426	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
427	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
428	ENDIF
429
430	!
431	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
432	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
433
434	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
435
436
437	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
438
439	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
440
441
442	IMPLICIT NONE
443
444	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
445	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
446	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
447	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
448	ENDIF
449
450	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) <= 0.0 ) ) THEN
451	message_string = 'omega_rot <= 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
452	'a value larger than zero'
453	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
454	ENDIF
455
456
457	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
458	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
459	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
460
461	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
462	'have to be given for each turbine.'
463	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
464
465	ENDIF
466
467
468	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
469
470
471	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
472	! Description:
473	! ------------
474	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
475	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
476	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
477
478
479	IMPLICIT NONE
480
481	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
482	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
483
484	!
485	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
486	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
487
488	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
489	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
490
491	nrings(:) = 0
492	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
493
494	!
495	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
496	delta_r_factor = segment_width
497	delta_t_factor = segment_length
498	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
499	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
500
501	DO inot = 1, nturbines
502	!
503	!-- Determine number of rings:
504	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
505
506	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
507
508	ENDDO
509
510	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
511
512	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
513	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
514
515	nsegs(:,:) = 0
516	nsegs_total(:) = 0
517
518
519	DO inot = 1, nturbines
520	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
521	!
522	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
523	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
524	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
525	delta_t_factor ) )
526	ENDDO
527	!
528	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
529	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
530
531	ENDDO
532
533	!
534	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
535	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
536
537	!!
538	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
539	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
540	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
541	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
542	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
543	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
544	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
545	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
546	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
547	! ENDIF
548
549
550	!
551	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
552	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
553	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
554	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
555	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
556	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
557	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
558	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
559	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
560
561	!
562	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
563	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
564	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
565	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
566	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
567	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
568	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
569	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
570
571	!
572	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
573	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
574	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
575	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
576	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
577	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
578	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
579
580	!
581	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
582	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
583	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
584	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
585	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
586	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
587	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
588	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
589	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
590	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
591	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
592
593	!
594	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
595	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
596	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
597	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
598	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
599	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
600	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
601
602	!
603	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
604	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
605	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
606	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
607
608	!
609	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
610	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
611	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
612	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
613	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
616	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
617	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
618
619	!
620	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
621	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
622	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
623	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
624	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
625	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
626	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
627
628	!
629	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
630	i_hub(:) = 0
631	i_smear(:) = 0
632	j_hub(:) = 0
633	j_smear(:) = 0
634	k_hub(:) = 0
635	k_smear(:) = 0
636
637	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
638	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
639
640	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
641	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
642	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
643	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
644	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
645	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
646	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
647
648	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
649	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
650	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
651
652	!
653	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
654	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
655	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
656	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
657	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
658	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
659	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
660	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
661	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
662	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
663	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
664
665	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
666	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
667	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
668	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
669	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
670	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
671
672	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
673	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
674	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
675	turb_cl_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
676	turb_cd_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
677
678	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
679	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
680	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
681	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
682	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
683	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
684	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
685	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
686
687	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
688	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
689	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
690	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
691	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
692	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
693
694
695	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
696
697
698	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
699	! Description:
700	! ------------
701	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
702	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
703	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
704
705
706	IMPLICIT NONE
707
708	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
709	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
710	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
711
712	!
713	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
714	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
715
716	!
717	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
718	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
719	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
720	!
721	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
722	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
723	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
724
725	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
726	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
727	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
728
729	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
730
731	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
732	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
733	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
734	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
735
736	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
737	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
738	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
739	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
740
741
742	IF ( speed_control) THEN
743
744	CALL wtm_speed_control
745
746	ENDIF
747
748	!
749	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
750	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
751	!-- (smearing of the forces)
752	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
753	!
754	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
755	!-- be calculated:
756
757	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
758	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
759	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
760	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
761	!
762	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
763	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
764	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
765	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
766	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
767	!
768	!-- Square of eps_min:
769	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
770	!
771	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
772	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
773	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
774	!
775	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
776	!-- function:
777	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
778
779	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
780	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
781
782	!
783	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
784	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
785
786
787	DO inot = 1, nturbines
788	!
789	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
790	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
791
792	!
793	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
794	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
795	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
796	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
797
798	!
799	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
800	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
801	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
802	!-- function of eps_min:
803	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
804	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
805	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
806
807	ENDDO
808
809	!
810	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
811	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
812	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
813	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
814	!
815	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
816	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
817
818	!
819	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
820	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
821	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
822
823	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
824
825	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
826
827
828	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
829	!
830	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
831	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
832	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
833	i = i_hub(inot)
834
835	!
836	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
837	!-- grid point indices):
838	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
839	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
840	!
841	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
842	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
843	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
844	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
845	!-- in grid box 1.
846	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
847	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
848
849	!
850	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
851	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
852	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
853	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
854
855	!
856	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
857	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
858	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
859
860	DO j = nys, nyn
861	!
862	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
863	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
864
865	DO k = nzb, nzt
866
867	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
868	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
869	!
870	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
871	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
872	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
873	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
874	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
875	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
876	turb_cd_tower(inot)
877	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
878	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
879	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
880	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
881	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
882	turb_cd_tower(inot)
883	!
884	!-- grid boxes inbetween
885	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
886	ELSE
887	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
888	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
889	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
890	ENDIF
891	!
892	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
893	ELSE
894	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
895	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
896	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
897	ENDIF
898	!
899	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
900	!-- are carried out:
901	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
902
903	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
904	!
905	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
906	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
907	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
908	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
909	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
910	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
911	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
912	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
913	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
914	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
915	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
916	!
917	!-- grid boxes inbetween
918	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
919	ELSE
920	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
921	ENDIF
922	!
923	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
924	ELSE
925	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
926	turb_cd_tower(inot)
927	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
928
929	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
930
931	ENDDO ! end loop over k
932
933	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
934
935	ENDDO ! end loop over j
936
937	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
938
939
940	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
941
942	!
943	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
944	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
945	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
946	!!
947	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
948	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
949	!!-- circle_points in the following):
950	!
951	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
952	!
953	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
954	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
955	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
956	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
957	!!
958	!!-- bottom intersection point
959	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
960	!!
961	!!-- top intersection point
962	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
963	! ELSE
964	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
965	! ENDIF
966	! ENDDO
967	!
968	!
969	! DO j = nys, nyn
970	!!
971	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
972	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
973	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
974	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
975	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
976	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
977	!!
978	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
979	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
980	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
981	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
982	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
983	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
984	!!
985	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
986	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
987	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
988	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
989	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
990	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
991	! dz_int = dz
992	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
993	!!
994	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
995	!!-- within the current grid box:
996	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
997	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
998	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
999	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1000	! ENDIF
1001	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1002	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1003	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1004	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1005	! ENDIF
1006	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1007	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1008	! ENDIF
1009	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1010	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1011	! ENDIF
1012	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1013	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1014	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1015	! ENDIF
1016	! ENDDO
1017	! ENDIF
1018	! ENDDO
1019	! ENDIF
1020	!
1021	! ENDDO
1022	!
1023	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1024
1025	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1026
1027	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1028	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1029
1030	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1031
1032	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1033
1034
1035	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1036	! Description:
1037	! ------------
1038	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1039	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1040	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1041	!
1042	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1043
1044
1045	IMPLICIT NONE
1046
1047	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1048	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1049
1050	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1051
1052	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1053
1054	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1055	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1056	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1057	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1058	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1059	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1060	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1061	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1062	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1063	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1064
1065	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1066	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1067	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1068
1069	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1070	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1071
1072	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1073	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1074	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1075	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1076	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1077
1078	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1079	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1080	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1081	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1082	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1083
1084	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1085
1086	!
1087	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1088	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1089
1090	OPEN ( 201, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1091
1092	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1093	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1094	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1095	ENDIF
1096	!
1097	!-- Read distribution table:
1098
1099	dlen = 0
1100
1101	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1102
1103	rloop3: DO
1104	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1105	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1106	dlen = dlen + 1
1107	ENDDO rloop3
1108
1109	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1110
1111	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1112	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1113	ENDDO
1114
1115	DO jj = 1,dlen
1116	READ ( 201, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1117	ENDDO
1118
1119	!
1120	!-- Read layout table:
1121
1122	dlen = 0
1123
1124	READ ( 201, '(3/)')
1125
1126	rloop1: DO
1127	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1128	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1129	dlen = dlen + 1
1130	ENDDO rloop1
1131
1132	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1133	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1134	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1135	ENDDO
1136	DO jj = 1, dlen
1137	READ ( 201, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1138	ENDDO
1139
1140	!
1141	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1142
1143	dlen = 0
1144
1145	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1146
1147	rloop2: DO
1148	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1149	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1150	dlen = dlen + 1
1151	ENDDO rloop2
1152
1153	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1154	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1155
1156	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1157	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1158	ENDDO
1159
1160	DO jj = 1,dlen
1161	READ ( 201, * ) read_cl_cd
1162	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1163	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1164	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1165	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1166	ENDDO
1167
1168	ENDDO
1169
1170	dlenbl = dlen
1171
1172	CLOSE ( 201 )
1173
1174	!
1175	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1176	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1177	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1178	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1179	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1180
1181	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1182	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1183	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1184	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1185
1186	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1187	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1188
1189
1190	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1191	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1192
1193
1194	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1195
1196	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1197
1198	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1199	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1200	ialpha = 1
1201
1202	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1203	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1204	ENDDO
1205	!
1206	!-- Find position in table
1207	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1208	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1209
1210	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1211	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1212	ENDIF
1213
1214	trow = lct(1)
1215	!
1216	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1217	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1218	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1219	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1220	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1221
1222	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1223	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1224	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1225	ENDIF
1226
1227	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1228	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1229	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1230	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1231	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1232	ELSE
1233	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1234	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1235	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1236	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1237	ENDIF
1238
1239	!
1240	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1241	!-- segments and angles of attack
1242
1243	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1244	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1245	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1246	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1247	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1248	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1249	( alpha_attack_i - &
1250	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1251	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1252	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1253	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1254	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1255	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1256	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1257	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1258	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1259	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1260	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1261	( alpha_attack_i - &
1262	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1263	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1264	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1265	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1266	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1267
1268	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1269
1270	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1271
1272	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1273
1274
1275	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1276	! Description:
1277	! ------------
1278	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1279	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1280	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1281	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1282
1283
1284	IMPLICIT NONE
1285
1286	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1287	!
1288	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1289	!-- the rotors
1290	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1291	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1292	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1293
1294	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1295	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1296	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1297
1298	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1299	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1300	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1301
1302	!
1303	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1304	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1305
1306	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1307	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1308	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1309	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1310	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1311	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1312	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1313	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1314	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1315	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1316	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1317	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1318	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1319	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1320	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1321	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1322	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1323	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1324	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1325	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1326	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1327	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1328	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1329	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1330
1331	!
1332	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1333	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1334	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1335	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1336	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1337
1338	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1339
1340
1341	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1342	! Description:
1343	! ------------
1344	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1345	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1346	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1347
1348
1349	IMPLICIT NONE
1350
1351	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1352
1353	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1354	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1355	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1356	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1357	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1358	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1359
1360	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1361	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1362
1363	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1364	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1365
1366	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1367
1368
1369	!
1370	! Variables for pitch control
1371	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1372	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1373
1374	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1375	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1376
1377	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1378
1379
1380	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1381
1382
1383	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1384
1385	!
1386	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1387	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1388	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1389	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1390	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1391	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1392	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1393	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1394	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1395	!
1396	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1397	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1398
1399	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1400	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1401	!
1402	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1403	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1404
1405	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1406	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1407	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1408	!
1409	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1410	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1411
1412	!
1413	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1414	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1415	!
1416	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1417	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1418	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1419	!
1420	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1421	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1422	!-- with y-axis):
1423	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1424	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1425	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1426
1427	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1428	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1429	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1430	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1431	re(3) = sin_rot
1432
1433	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1434	!
1435	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1436	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1437	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1438	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1439
1440	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1441	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1442	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1443	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1444	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1445
1446	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1447	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1448
1449	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1450	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1451
1452	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1453	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1454
1455	!
1456	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1457
1458	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1459	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1460	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1461	!
1462	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1463	!-- the current PE:
1464	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1465	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1466
1467	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1468	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1469	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1470	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1471	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1472	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1473	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1474	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1475	gg = dx * dy
1476
1477	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1478	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1479	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1480	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1481	) / gg
1482
1483	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1484	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1485	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1486	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1487	) / gg
1488
1489	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1490	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1491	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1492
1493	ELSE
1494	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1495	ENDIF
1496	ELSE
1497	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1498	ENDIF
1499
1500
1501	!
1502	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1503	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1504	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1505	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1506	!
1507	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1508	!-- the current PE:
1509	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1510	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1511
1512	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1513	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1514	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1515	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1516	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1517	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1518	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1519	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1520	gg = dx * dy
1521
1522	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1523	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1524	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1525	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1526	) / gg
1527
1528	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1529	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1530	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1531	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1532	) / gg
1533
1534	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1535	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1536	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1537
1538	ELSE
1539	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1540	ENDIF
1541	ELSE
1542	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1543	ENDIF
1544
1545
1546	!
1547	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1548	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1549	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1550	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1551	!
1552	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1553	!-- the current PE:
1554	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1555	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1556
1557	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1558	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1559	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1560	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1561	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1562	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1563	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1564	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1565	gg = dx * dy
1566
1567	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1568	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1569	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1570	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1571	) / gg
1572
1573	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1574	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1575	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1576	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1577	) / gg
1578
1579	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1580	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1581	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1582	ELSE
1583	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1584	ENDIF
1585	ELSE
1586	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1587	ENDIF
1588
1589	ENDDO
1590	ENDDO
1591
1592	ENDDO
1593
1594	!
1595	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1596	#if defined( __parallel )
1597	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1598	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1599	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1600	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1601	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1602	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1603	#else
1604	u_int = u_int_1_l
1605	v_int = v_int_1_l
1606	w_int = w_int_1_l
1607	#endif
1608
1609
1610	!
1611	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1612
1613	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1614	pit_loop: DO
1615
1616	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1617	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1618	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1619	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1620	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1621	ELSE
1622	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1623	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1624	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1625	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1626	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1627	ENDIF
1628	ENDIF
1629
1630	!
1631	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1632	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1633	!
1634	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1635	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1636	!
1637	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1638	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1639	!
1640	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1641	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1642	!-- with y-axis):
1643	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1644	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1645	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1646	!
1647	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1648	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1649	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1650	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1651	re(3) = sin_rot
1652
1653	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1654	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1655	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1656	rea(3) = cos_rot
1657
1658	!
1659	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1660	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1661	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1662	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1663	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1664	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1665	!
1666	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1667	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1668	!-- tilt:
1669	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1670	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1671	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1672	!
1673	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1674	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1675
1676	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1677
1678	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1679
1680	!
1681	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1682	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1683	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1684	!
1685	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1686	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1687	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1688	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1689	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1690	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1691	!
1692	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1693	!
1694	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1695	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1696	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1697	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1698	!
1699	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1700	!-- direction:
1701	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1702	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1703	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1704	!
1705	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1706	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1707
1708	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1709	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1710	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1711
1712	!
1713	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1714	!-- to the current radial position:
1715
1716	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1717	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1718
1719	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1720	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1721	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1722	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1723	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1724	ELSE
1725	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1726	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1727	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1728	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1729	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1730	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1731	ENDIF
1732
1733	!
1734	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1735	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1736	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1737	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1738	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1739	!
1740	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1741	!-- angle of attack:
1742	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1743	!
1744	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1745	!-- to angles given in degree:
1746	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1747	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1748	!
1749	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1750	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1751
1752	!
1753	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1754	!-- to the rotor:
1755	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1756	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1757	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1758
1759	!
1760	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1761	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1762	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1763	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1764
1765	!
1766	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1767	!-- the current radial position:
1768
1769	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1770	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1771	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1772	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1773	ELSE
1774	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1775	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1776	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1777	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1778	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1779	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1780	ENDIF
1781
1782	!
1783	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1784	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1785	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1786	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1787	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1788	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1789	!
1790	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1791	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1792	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1793	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1794	!
1795	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1796	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1797	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1798	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1799
1800	!
1801	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1802	!-- angles given in radian:
1803	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1804	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1805
1806	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1807
1808	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1809	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1810	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1811	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1812	!--
1813	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1814	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1815	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1816
1817	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1818
1819	END IF
1820	!
1821	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1822	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1823	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1824
1825	!
1826	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1827
1828	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1829	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1830
1831	!
1832	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1833	!-- for each ring segment:
1834	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1835	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1836	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1837
1838	!
1839	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1840	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1841	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1842	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1843	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1844	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1845	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1846	!
1847	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1848	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1849	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1850
1851	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1852	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1853
1854	!
1855	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1856	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1857	thrust_seg(rseg)
1858
1859
1860	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1861
1862	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1863
1864	!
1865	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1866	!-- each ring:
1867	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1868	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1869	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1870
1871
1872	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1873
1874
1875	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1876
1877
1878	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1879	!
1880	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1881
1882	!
1883	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1884	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1885	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1886	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1887	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1888	( inertia_rot + &
1889	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1890
1891	!
1892	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1893	!-- and rotor speed
1894	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1895
1896	ENDIF
1897
1898	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1899
1900	!
1901	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1902	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1903	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1904	!-- gain
1905	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1906	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1907	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1908	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1909	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1910	!
1911	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1912	CYCLE pit_loop
1913	ENDIF
1914
1915	!
1916	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1917	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1918	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1919	ENDIF
1920	EXIT pit_loop
1921	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1922
1923
1924	!
1925	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1926
1927	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1928	!
1929	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1930	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1931	THEN
1932	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1933	THEN
1934	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1935	ENDIF
1936	ENDIF
1937
1938	ENDIF
1939
1940
1941	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1942
1943	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1944
1945
1946	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1947	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1948	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1949	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1950	!
1951	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1952	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1953	!
1954	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1955	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1956	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1957	!-- consideration
1958	!
1959	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1960	!-- of the model domain:
1961	!
1962	!--
1963	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1964	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1965	eps_min ) / dx )
1966	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1967	eps_min ) / dy )
1968
1969	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1970	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1971	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1972	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1973	DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1974	k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1975	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1976	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1977	!
1978	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1979	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
1980	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1981	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1982	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1983	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1984	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1985	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1986	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1987	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1988	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1989
1990	!
1991	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
1992	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
1993	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
1994	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
1995	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
1996	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1997	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
1998	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
1999	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2000	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
2001	ENDIF
2002	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2003	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2004	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2005	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) *&
2006	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
2007	ENDIF
2008	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2009	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2010	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2011	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) *&
2012	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
2013	ENDIF
2014
2015	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2016	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2017
2018	!
2019	!-- Rotation of force components:
2020	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + &
2021	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2022	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2023	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1)
2024
2025	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + &
2026	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2027	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2028	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2)
2029
2030	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + &
2031	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2032	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2033	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3)
2034
2035	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2036	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2037	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2038
2039	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2040
2041	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2042
2043
2044	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2045	!
2046	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2047	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2048	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2049	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2050	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2051	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2052	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2053
2054	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2055	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2056	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2057	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2058	start_up = .FALSE.
2059	ENDIF
2060
2061	!
2062	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2063	!--
2064	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2065	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2066	!
2067	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2068	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2069	THEN
2070	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2071	THEN
2072
2073	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2074
2075	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2076	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2077	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2078	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2079	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2080
2081	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2082
2083	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2084
2085	ENDIF
2086	ENDIF
2087
2088	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2089
2090	!
2091	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2092	#if defined( __parallel )
2093	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2094	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2095	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2096	comm2d, ierr )
2097	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2098	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2099	#else
2100	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2101	wdir = wdir_l
2102	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2103
2104
2105	#endif
2106	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2107	!
2108	!-- Update rotor orientation
2109	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2110
2111	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2112
2113	END IF ! end of yaw control
2114
2115	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2116	!
2117	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2118	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2119	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2120	#if defined( __parallel )
2121	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2122	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2123	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2124	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2125	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2126	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2127	#else
2128	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2129	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2130	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2131	#endif
2132
2133	ENDIF
2134
2135	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2136
2137	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2138	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2139	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2140	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2141	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2142	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2143	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2144	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2145	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2146	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2147
2148	ELSE
2149
2150	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2151	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2152	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2153	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2154	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2155	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2156	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2157	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2158	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2159	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2160	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2161	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2162	ENDIF
2163	ENDIF
2164
2165	!-- Set open flag
2166	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2167	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2168
2169	ENDIF
2170
2171	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2172
2173	!
2174	!-- Formats
2175	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2176	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2177	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2178	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2179	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2180
2181	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2182	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2183
2184
2185	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2186
2187
2188	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2189	! Description:
2190	! ------------
2191	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2192	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2193	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2194
2195	USE constants
2196	USE kinds
2197
2198	IMPLICIT NONE
2199
2200	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2201	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2202	REAL(wp) :: missal
2203
2204	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2205
2206	!
2207	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2208	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2209	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2210	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2211	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2212	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2213	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2214	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2215	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2216	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2217	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2218	!
2219	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2220	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2221	!
2222	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2223	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2224	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2225	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2226	!
2227	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2228	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2229
2230	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2231	!
2232	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2233	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2234	!
2235	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2236	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2237	!
2238	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2239	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2240	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2241	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2242	ENDIF
2243	ENDIF
2244
2245	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2246
2247	!
2248	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2249	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2250	!-- than min_miss
2251
2252	ELSE
2253	!
2254	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2255	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2256	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2257	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2258	!
2259	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2260	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2261	!
2262	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2263	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2264	!
2265	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2266	!-- yaw direction is still right
2267	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2268	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2269	!
2270	!-- Continue yawing
2271	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2272	ELSE
2273	!
2274	!-- Stop yawing
2275	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2276	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2277	ENDIF
2278	ELSE
2279	!
2280	!-- Continue yawing
2281	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2282	ENDIF
2283
2284	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2285
2286	ENDIF
2287
2288	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2289
2290
2291	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2292	! Description:
2293	! ------------
2294	!> Initialization of the speed control
2295	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2296	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2297
2298
2299	IMPLICIT NONE
2300
2301	!
2302	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2303	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2304	!
2305	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2306	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2307	!
2308	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2309	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2310	!
2311	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2312	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2313	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2314	!
2315	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2316	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2317	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2318	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2319	!
2320	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2321	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2322	!
2323	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2324	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2325	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2326
2327	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2328
2329
2330	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2331	! Description:
2332	! ------------
2333	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2335	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2336
2337
2338	IMPLICIT NONE
2339
2340	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2341
2342
2343
2344	!
2345	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2346	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2347	!-- offshore system developement"
2348
2349	!
2350	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2351	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2352	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2353	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2354	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2355
2356	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2357	!
2358	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2359	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2360
2361	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2362	!
2363	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2364	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2365
2366	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2367	!
2368	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2369	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2370	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2371
2372	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2373	!
2374	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2375	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2376
2377	ELSE
2378	!
2379	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2380	!-- keep the power constant:
2381	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2382
2383	ENDIF
2384	!
2385	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2386	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2387	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2388	!
2389	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2390	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2391	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2392	!
2393	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2394	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2395
2396
2397	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2398
2399
2400	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2401	! Description:
2402	! ------------
2403	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2404	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2405	!> Call for all grid points
2406	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2407	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2408
2409
2410	IMPLICIT NONE
2411
2412	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2413	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2414	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2415	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2416
2417
2418	SELECT CASE ( component )
2419
2420	CASE ( 1 )
2421	!
2422	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2423	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2424	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2425	DO j = nysg, nyng
2426	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2427	!
2428	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2429	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2430	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2431	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2432	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2433
2434	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2435	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2436	ENDDO
2437	ENDDO
2438	ENDDO
2439	ENDIF
2440
2441	CASE ( 2 )
2442	!
2443	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2444	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2445	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2446	DO j = nysg, nyng
2447	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2448	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2449	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2450	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2451	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2452	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2453	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2454	ENDDO
2455	ENDDO
2456	ENDDO
2457	ENDIF
2458
2459	CASE ( 3 )
2460	!
2461	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2462	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2463	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2464	DO j = nysg, nyng
2465	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2466	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2467	ENDDO
2468	ENDDO
2469	ENDDO
2470	ENDIF
2471
2472
2473	CASE DEFAULT
2474
2475	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2476	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2477
2478	END SELECT
2479
2480
2481	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2482
2483
2484	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2485	! Description:
2486	! ------------
2487	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2488	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2489	!> Call for grid point i,j
2490	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2491	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2492
2493
2494	IMPLICIT NONE
2495
2496	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2497	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2498	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2499	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2500
2501	SELECT CASE ( component )
2502
2503	CASE ( 1 )
2504	!
2505	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2506	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2507
2508	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2509	!
2510	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2511	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2512	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2513	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2514	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2515	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2516	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2517	ENDDO
2518	ENDIF
2519
2520	CASE ( 2 )
2521	!
2522	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2523	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2524	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2525	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2526	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2527	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2528	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2529	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2530	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2531	ENDDO
2532	ENDIF
2533
2534	CASE ( 3 )
2535	!
2536	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2537	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2538	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2539	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2540	ENDDO
2541	ENDIF
2542
2543
2544	CASE DEFAULT
2545
2546	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2547	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2548
2549	END SELECT
2550
2551
2552	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2553
2554	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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