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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2554

Last change on this file since 2554 was 2553, checked in by Giersch, 7 years ago
Changed programming style and bugfixes
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 110.1 KB

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2009-2017 Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg
18	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! -----------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2553 2017-10-18 08:03:45Z raasch $
28	! Bugfix of vertical loop in wtm_tendencies to account for different turbine
29	! heights, bugfix of the interpolation of the u-component concerning the
30	! vertical index and further small adjustments of the programming style
31	!
32	! 2410 2017-09-06 08:16:30Z Giersch
33	! Revise error message PA0462
34	!
35	! 2349 2017-08-10 15:44:04Z Giersch
36	! Add parameter pitch_rate to namelist and revise/add error messages
37	!
38	! 2343 2017-08-08 11:28:43Z Giersch
39	! Unit correction in Doxygen comments
40	!
41	! 2323 2017-07-26 12:57:38Z Giersch
42	! Change unit number of file WTM_DATA from 201 to 90
43	!
44	! 2322 2017-07-26 08:30:28Z Giersch
45	! Bugfix of error message and assign error numbers
46	!
47	! 2257 2017-06-07 14:07:05Z witha
48	! Bugfix: turb_cl_tab and turb_cd_tab were set to zero before being allocated
49	!
50	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
51	!
52	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
53	! Adjustments to new topography concept
54	!
55	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
56	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
57	! Addition of a tip loss model
58	!
59	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
60	! Bugfix of pitch control
61	!
62	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
63	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
64	!
65	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
66	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
67	!
68	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
69	! Initial revision
70	!
71	!
72	! Description:
73	! ------------
74	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
75	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
76	!> (ADM-R).
77	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
78	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
79	!> yaw.
80	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
81	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
82	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
83	!> automatically).
84	!>
85	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
86	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
87	!> @todo Generate header information
88	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
89	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
90	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
91	!> @todo Include additional output variables
92	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
93	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
94	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
95	!
96	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
97	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
98
99	USE arrays_3d, &
100	ONLY: tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
101
102	USE constants, &
103	ONLY: pi
104
105	USE control_parameters, &
106	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
107
108	USE cpulog, &
109	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
110
111	USE grid_variables, &
112	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
113
114	USE indices, &
115	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
116	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
117
118	USE kinds
119
120	USE pegrid
121
122
123	IMPLICIT NONE
124
125	PRIVATE
126
127	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
128
129	!
130	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
131
132	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
133	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
134
135	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
136	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
137	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
138	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
139
140	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
141	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
142	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
143	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
144	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
145	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
146
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
148	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.9_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
149	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
150	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
151	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
152	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
153	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
154	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
155	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
156	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
157	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
158
159	!
160	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
161	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
162
163	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
164	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
165	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg*m2]
166	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg*m2]
167	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
168	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
169	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
170	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
171	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
172	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
173	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
174	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
175	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
176	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
177
178
179	!
180	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
181
182	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
183	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
184	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
185
186	!
187	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
188	TYPE file_status
189	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
190	END TYPE file_status
191
192	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
193	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
194
195	!
196	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
197
198	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
199	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
200	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
201	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
202	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
203	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
204
205	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
206
207	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
208	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
209	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
210	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
211	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
212	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
213	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
214	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
215
216	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
217
218	!
219	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
220	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
221	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
222	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
223	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
224	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
225	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
226	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
227
228	!
229	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
232	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
234
235	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
236	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
237
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
240
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
243
244	!
245	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
246
247	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
248	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
249	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
250	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
251	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
252	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
253	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
254	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
255	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
256	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
257	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
258	!
259	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
260	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
261	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
262	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
263	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
264
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
276
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
279
280	!
281	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
288
289	!
290	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
294
295	!
296	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
300
301	!
302	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
306
307	!
308	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
312	!
313	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
315
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
322	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
325
326	!
327	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
328
329	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
330
331	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
332	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
333	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
334	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
335	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
336	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
337	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
338	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
339
340	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
342	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
343	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
344	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
345
346	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
347	!
348	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
349
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
352	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
353	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
354	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
355	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
356	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
357	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
358	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
359	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
360	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
361	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
362	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
363
364
365	SAVE
366
367
368	INTERFACE wtm_parin
369	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
370	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
371
372	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
373	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
374	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
375
376	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
377	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
378	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
379
380	INTERFACE wtm_init
381	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
382	END INTERFACE wtm_init
383
384	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
385	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
386	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
387
388	INTERFACE wtm_forces
389	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
390	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
391
392	INTERFACE wtm_yawcontrol
393	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
394	END INTERFACE wtm_yawcontrol
395
396	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
397	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
398	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
399
400	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
401	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
402	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
403	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
404
405	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
406	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
407	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
408	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
409
410
411	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
412	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wind_turbine
413
414	CONTAINS
415
416
417	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
418	! Description:
419	! ------------
420	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
421	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
422	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
423
424
425	IMPLICIT NONE
426
427	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
428
429	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
430
431	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
432	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
433	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
434	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
435	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
436	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
437	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
438	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
439	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, pitch_rate, &
440	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
441
442	!
443	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
444	REWIND ( 11 )
445	line = ' '
446	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
447	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
448	ENDDO
449	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
450
451	!
452	!-- Read user-defined namelist
453	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
454
455	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
456	message_string = 'no wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST found: ' // &
457	'End of file has reached'
458	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0460', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
459	ELSEIF ( ierrn > 0 ) THEN
460	message_string = 'errors in wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST: ' // &
461	'some variables for steering may not be properly set'
462	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0466', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
463	ENDIF
464
465	!
466	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
467	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
468
469	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
470
471
472	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
473
474	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
475
476
477	IMPLICIT NONE
478
479	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
480	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
481	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
482	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0461', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
483	ENDIF
484
485	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) < 0.0 ) ) THEN
486	message_string = 'omega_rot < 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
487	'a value larger than or equal to zero'
488	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0462', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
489	ENDIF
490
491
492	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
493	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
494	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
495
496	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
497	'have to be given for each turbine.'
498	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0463', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
499
500	ENDIF
501
502
503	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
504
505
506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
507	! Description:
508	! ------------
509	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
510	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
511	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
512
513
514	IMPLICIT NONE
515
516	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
517	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
518
519	!
520	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
521	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
522
523	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
524	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
525
526	nrings(:) = 0
527	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
528
529	!
530	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
531	delta_r_factor = segment_width
532	delta_t_factor = segment_length
533	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
534
535	DO inot = 1, nturbines
536	!
537	!-- Determine number of rings:
538	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
539
540	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
541
542	ENDDO
543
544	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
545
546	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
547	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
548
549	nsegs(:,:) = 0
550	nsegs_total(:) = 0
551
552
553	DO inot = 1, nturbines
554	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
555	!
556	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
557	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
558	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
559	delta_t_factor ) )
560	ENDDO
561	!
562	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
563	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
564
565	ENDDO
566
567	!
568	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
569	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
570
571	!!
572	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
573	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
574	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
575	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
576	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
577	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
578	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
579	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
580	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
581	! ENDIF
582
583
584	!
585	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
586	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
587	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
588	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
589	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
590	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
591	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
592	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
593	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
594
595	!
596	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
597	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
598	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
599	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
600	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
601	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
602	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
603	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
604
605	!
606	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
607	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
608	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
609	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
610	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
611	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
612	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
613
614	!
615	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
616	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
617	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
618	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
619	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
620	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
621	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
622	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
623	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
624	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
625	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
626
627	!
628	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
629	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
630	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
631	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
632	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
633	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
634	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
635
636	!
637	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
638	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
639	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
640	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
641
642	!
643	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
644	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
645	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
646	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
647	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
648	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
649	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
650	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
651	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
652
653	!
654	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
655	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
656	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
657	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
658	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
659	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
660	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
661
662	!
663	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
664	i_hub(:) = 0
665	i_smear(:) = 0
666	j_hub(:) = 0
667	j_smear(:) = 0
668	k_hub(:) = 0
669	k_smear(:) = 0
670
671	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
672	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
673
674	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
675	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
676	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
677	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
678	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
679	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
680	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
681
682	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
683	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
684	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
685
686	!
687	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
688	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
689	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
690	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
691	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
692	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
693	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
694	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
695	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
696	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
697	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
698
699	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
700	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
701	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
702	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
703	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
704	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
705
706	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
707	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
708	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
709
710	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
711	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
712	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
713	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
714	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
715	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
716	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
717	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
718
719	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
720	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
721	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
722	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
723	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
724	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
725
726
727	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
728
729
730	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
731	! Description:
732	! ------------
733	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
734	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
735	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
736
737
738	IMPLICIT NONE
739
740	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
741	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
742	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
743
744	!
745	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
746	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
747
748	!
749	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
750	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
751	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
752	!
753	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
754	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
755	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
756
757	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
758	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
759	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
760
761	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
762
763	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
764	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
765	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
766	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
767
768	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
769	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
770	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
771	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
772
773
774	IF ( speed_control) THEN
775
776	CALL wtm_speed_control
777
778	ENDIF
779
780	!
781	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
782	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
783	!-- (smearing of the forces)
784	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
785	!
786	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
787	!-- be calculated:
788
789	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
790	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
791	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
792	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
793	!
794	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
795	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
796	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
797	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
798	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
799	!
800	!-- Square of eps_min:
801	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
802	!
803	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
804	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
805	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
806	!
807	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
808	!-- function:
809	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
810
811	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
812	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
813
814	!
815	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
816	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
817
818
819	DO inot = 1, nturbines
820	!
821	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
822	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
823
824	!
825	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
826	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
827	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
828	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
829
830	!
831	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
832	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
833	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
834	!-- function of eps_min:
835	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
836	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
837	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
838
839	ENDDO
840
841	!
842	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
843	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
844	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
845	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
846	!
847	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
848	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
849
850	!
851	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
852	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
853	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
854
855	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
856
857	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
858
859
860	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
861	!
862	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
863	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
864	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
865	i = i_hub(inot)
866
867	!
868	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
869	!-- grid point indices):
870	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
871	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
872	!
873	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
874	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
875	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
876	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
877	!-- in grid box 1.
878	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
879	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
880
881	!
882	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
883	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
884	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
885	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
886
887	!
888	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
889	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
890	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
891
892	DO j = nys, nyn
893	!
894	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
895	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
896
897	DO k = nzb, nzt
898
899	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
900	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
901	!
902	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
903	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
904	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
905	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
906	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
907	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
908	turb_cd_tower(inot)
909	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
910	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
911	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
912	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
913	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
914	turb_cd_tower(inot)
915	!
916	!-- grid boxes inbetween
917	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
918	ELSE
919	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
920	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
921	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
922	ENDIF
923	!
924	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
925	ELSE
926	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
927	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
928	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
929	ENDIF
930	!
931	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
932	!-- are carried out:
933	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
934
935	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
936	!
937	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
938	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
939	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
940	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
941	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
942	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
943	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
944	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
945	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
946	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
947	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
948	!
949	!-- grid boxes inbetween
950	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
951	ELSE
952	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
953	ENDIF
954	!
955	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
956	ELSE
957	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
958	turb_cd_tower(inot)
959	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
960
961	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
962
963	ENDDO ! end loop over k
964
965	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
966
967	ENDDO ! end loop over j
968
969	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
970
971
972	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
973
974	!
975	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
976	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
977	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
978	!!
979	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
980	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
981	!!-- circle_points in the following):
982	!
983	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
984	!
985	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
986	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
987	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
988	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
989	!!
990	!!-- bottom intersection point
991	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
992	!!
993	!!-- top intersection point
994	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
995	! ELSE
996	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
997	! ENDIF
998	! ENDDO
999	!
1000	!
1001	! DO j = nys, nyn
1002	!!
1003	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
1004	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
1005	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
1006	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
1007	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
1008	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1009	!!
1010	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
1011	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
1012	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
1013	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
1014	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
1015	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
1016	!!
1017	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
1018	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
1019	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
1020	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
1021	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
1022	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
1023	! dz_int = dz
1024	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
1025	!!
1026	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
1027	!!-- within the current grid box:
1028	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1029	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1030	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
1031	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1032	! ENDIF
1033	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1034	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1035	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1036	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1037	! ENDIF
1038	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1039	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1040	! ENDIF
1041	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1042	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1043	! ENDIF
1044	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1045	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1046	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1047	! ENDIF
1048	! ENDDO
1049	! ENDIF
1050	! ENDDO
1051	! ENDIF
1052	!
1053	! ENDDO
1054	!
1055	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1056
1057	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1058
1059	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1060	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1061
1062	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1063
1064	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1065
1066
1067	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1068	! Description:
1069	! ------------
1070	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1071	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1072	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1073	!
1074	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1075
1076
1077	IMPLICIT NONE
1078
1079	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1080	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1081
1082	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1083
1084	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1085
1086	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1087	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1088	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1089	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1090	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1091	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1092	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1093	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1094	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1095	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1096
1097	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1098	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1099	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1100
1101	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1102	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1103
1104	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1105	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1106	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1107	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1108	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1109
1110	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1111	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1112	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1113	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1114	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1115
1116	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1120	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1121
1122	OPEN ( 90, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1123
1124	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1125	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1126	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0464', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1127	ENDIF
1128	!
1129	!-- Read distribution table:
1130
1131	dlen = 0
1132
1133	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1134
1135	rloop3: DO
1136	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1137	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1138	dlen = dlen + 1
1139	ENDDO rloop3
1140
1141	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1142
1143	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1144	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1145	ENDDO
1146
1147	DO jj = 1,dlen
1148	READ ( 90, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1149	ENDDO
1150
1151	!
1152	!-- Read layout table:
1153
1154	dlen = 0
1155
1156	READ ( 90, '(3/)')
1157
1158	rloop1: DO
1159	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1160	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1161	dlen = dlen + 1
1162	ENDDO rloop1
1163
1164	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1165	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1166	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1167	ENDDO
1168	DO jj = 1, dlen
1169	READ ( 90, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1170	ENDDO
1171
1172	!
1173	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1174
1175	dlen = 0
1176
1177	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1178
1179	rloop2: DO
1180	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1181	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1182	dlen = dlen + 1
1183	ENDDO rloop2
1184
1185	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1186	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1187
1188	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1189	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1190	ENDDO
1191
1192	DO jj = 1,dlen
1193	READ ( 90, * ) read_cl_cd
1194	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1195	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1196	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1197	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1198	ENDDO
1199
1200	ENDDO
1201
1202	dlenbl = dlen
1203
1204	CLOSE ( 90 )
1205
1206	!
1207	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1208	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1209	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1210	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1211	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1212
1213	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1214	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1215	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1216	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1217
1218	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1219	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1220
1221
1222	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1223	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1224
1225
1226	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1227
1228	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1229
1230	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1231	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1232	ialpha = 1
1233
1234	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1235	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1236	ENDDO
1237	!
1238	!-- Find position in table
1239	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1240	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1241
1242	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1243	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1244	ENDIF
1245
1246	trow = lct(1)
1247	!
1248	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1249	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1250	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1251	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1252	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1253
1254	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1255	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1256	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1257	ENDIF
1258
1259	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1260	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1261	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1262	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1263	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1264	ELSE
1265	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1266	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1267	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1268	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1269	ENDIF
1270
1271	!
1272	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1273	!-- segments and angles of attack
1274
1275	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1276	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1277	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1278	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1279	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1280	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1281	( alpha_attack_i - &
1282	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1283	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1284	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1285	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1286	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1287	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1288	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1289	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1290	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1291	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1292	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1293	( alpha_attack_i - &
1294	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1295	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1296	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1297	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1298	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1299
1300	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1301
1302	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1303
1304	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1305
1306
1307	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1308	! Description:
1309	! ------------
1310	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1311	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1312	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1313	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1314
1315
1316	IMPLICIT NONE
1317
1318	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1319	!
1320	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1321	!-- the rotors
1322	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1323	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1324	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1325
1326	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1327	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1328	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1329
1330	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1331	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1332	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1333
1334	!
1335	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1336	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1337
1338	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1339	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1340	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1341	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1342	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1343	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1344	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1345	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1346	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1347	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1348	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1349	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1350	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1351	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1352	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1353	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1354	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1355	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1356	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1357	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1358	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1359	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1360	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1361	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1362
1363	!
1364	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1365	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1366	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1367	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1368	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1369
1370	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1371
1372
1373	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1374	! Description:
1375	! ------------
1376	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1377	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1378	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1379
1380
1381	IMPLICIT NONE
1382
1383	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1384
1385	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1386	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1387	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1388	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1389	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1390	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1391
1392	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
1393	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1394	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1395
1396	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1397	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1398
1399	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1400
1401
1402	!
1403	! Variables for pitch control
1404	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1405	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1406
1407	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1408	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1409
1410	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1411
1412
1413	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1414
1415
1416	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1417
1418	!
1419	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1420	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1421	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1422	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1423	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1424	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1425	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1426	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1427	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1428	!
1429	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1430	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1431
1432	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1433	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1434	!
1435	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1436	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1437
1438	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1439	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1440	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1441	!
1442	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1443	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1444
1445	!
1446	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1447	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1448	!
1449	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1450	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1451	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1452	!
1453	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1454	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1455	!-- with y-axis):
1456	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1457	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1458	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1459
1460	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1461	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1462	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1463	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1464	re(3) = sin_rot
1465
1466	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1467	!
1468	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1469	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1470	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1471	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1472
1473	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1474	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1475	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1476	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1477	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1478
1479	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1480	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1481
1482	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1483	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1484
1485	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1486	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1487
1488	!
1489	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1490
1491	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1492	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1493	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1494	!
1495	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1496	!-- the current PE:
1497	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1498	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1499
1500	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1501	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1502	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1503	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1504	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1505	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1506	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1507	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1508	gg = dx * dy
1509
1510	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1511	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1512	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1513	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1514	) / gg
1515
1516	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1517	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1518	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1519	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1520	) / gg
1521
1522	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1523	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1524	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1525
1526	ELSE
1527	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1528	ENDIF
1529	ELSE
1530	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1531	ENDIF
1532
1533
1534	!
1535	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1536	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1537	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1538	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1539	!
1540	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1541	!-- the current PE:
1542	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1543	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1544
1545	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1546	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1547	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1548	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1549	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1550	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1551	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1552	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1553	gg = dx * dy
1554
1555	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1556	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1557	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1558	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1559	) / gg
1560
1561	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1562	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1563	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1564	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1565	) / gg
1566
1567	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1568	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1569	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1570
1571	ELSE
1572	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1573	ENDIF
1574	ELSE
1575	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1576	ENDIF
1577
1578
1579	!
1580	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1581	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1582	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1583	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1584	!
1585	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1586	!-- the current PE:
1587	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1588	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1589
1590	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1591	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1592	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1593	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1594	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1595	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1596	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1597	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1598	gg = dx * dy
1599
1600	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1601	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1602	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1603	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1604	) / gg
1605
1606	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1607	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1608	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1609	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1610	) / gg
1611
1612	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1613	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1614	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1615	ELSE
1616	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1617	ENDIF
1618	ELSE
1619	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1620	ENDIF
1621
1622	ENDDO
1623	ENDDO
1624
1625	ENDDO
1626
1627	!
1628	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1629	#if defined( __parallel )
1630	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1631	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1632	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1633	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1634	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1635	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1636	#else
1637	u_int = u_int_1_l
1638	v_int = v_int_1_l
1639	w_int = w_int_1_l
1640	#endif
1641
1642
1643	!
1644	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1645
1646	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1647	pit_loop: DO
1648
1649	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1650	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1651	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1652	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1653	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1654	ELSE
1655	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1656	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1657	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1658	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1659	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1660	ENDIF
1661	ENDIF
1662
1663	!
1664	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1665	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1666	!
1667	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1668	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1669	!
1670	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1671	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1672	!
1673	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1674	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1675	!-- with y-axis):
1676	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1677	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1678	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1679	!
1680	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1681	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1682	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1683	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1684	re(3) = sin_rot
1685
1686	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1687	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1688	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1689	rea(3) = cos_rot
1690
1691	!
1692	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1693	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1694	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1695	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1696	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1697	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1698	!
1699	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1700	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1701	!-- tilt:
1702	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1703	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1704	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1705	!
1706	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1707	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1708
1709	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1710
1711	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1712
1713	!
1714	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1715	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1716	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1717	!
1718	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1719	!-- components perpendicular and parallel to the rotor area
1720	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1721	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1722	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1723	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1724	!
1725	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1726	!
1727	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1728	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1729	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1730	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1731	!
1732	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1733	!-- direction:
1734	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1735	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1736	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1737	!
1738	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1739	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1740
1741	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1742	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1743	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1744
1745	!
1746	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1747	!-- to the current radial position:
1748
1749	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1750	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1751
1752	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1753	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1754	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1755	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1756	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1757	ELSE
1758	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1759	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1760	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1761	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1762	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1763	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1764	ENDIF
1765
1766	!
1767	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1768	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1769	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1770	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1771	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1772	!
1773	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1774	!-- angle of attack:
1775	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1776	!
1777	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1778	!-- to angles given in degree:
1779	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1780	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1781	!
1782	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1783	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1784
1785	!
1786	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1787	!-- to the rotor:
1788	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1789	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1790	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1791
1792	!
1793	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1794	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1795	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1796	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1797
1798	!
1799	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1800	!-- the current radial position:
1801
1802	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1803	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1804	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1805	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1806	ELSE
1807	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1808	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1809	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1810	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1811	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1812	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1813	ENDIF
1814
1815	!
1816	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1817	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1818	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1819	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1820	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1821	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1822	!
1823	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1824	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1825	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1826	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1827	!
1828	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1829	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1830	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1831	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1832
1833	!
1834	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1835	!-- angles given in radian:
1836	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1837	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1838
1839	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1840
1841	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1842	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1843	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1844	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1845	!--
1846	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1847	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1848	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1849
1850	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1851
1852	END IF
1853	!
1854	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1855	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1856	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1857
1858	!
1859	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1860
1861	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1862	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1863
1864	!
1865	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1866	!-- for each ring segment:
1867	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1868	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1869	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1870
1871	!
1872	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1873	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1874	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1875	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1876	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1877	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1878	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1879	!
1880	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1881	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1882	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1883
1884	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1885	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1886
1887	!
1888	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1889	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1890	thrust_seg(rseg)
1891
1892
1893	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1894
1895	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1896
1897	!
1898	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1899	!-- each ring:
1900	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1901	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1902	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1903
1904
1905	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1906
1907
1908	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1909
1910
1911	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1912	!
1913	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1914
1915	!
1916	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1917	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1918	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1919	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1920	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1921	( inertia_rot + &
1922	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1923
1924	!
1925	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1926	!-- and rotor speed
1927	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1928
1929	ENDIF
1930
1931	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1932
1933	!
1934	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1935	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1936	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1937	!-- gain
1938	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1939	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1940	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1941	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1942	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1943	!
1944	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1945	CYCLE pit_loop
1946	ENDIF
1947
1948	!
1949	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1950	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1951	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1952	ENDIF
1953	EXIT pit_loop
1954	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1955
1956
1957	!
1958	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1959
1960	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1961	!
1962	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1963	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1964	THEN
1965	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1966	THEN
1967	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1968	ENDIF
1969	ENDIF
1970
1971	ENDIF
1972
1973
1974	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1975
1976	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1977
1978
1979	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1980	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1981	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1982	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1983	!
1984	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1985	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1986	!
1987	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1988	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1989	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1990	!-- consideration
1991	!
1992	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1993	!-- of the model domain:
1994	!
1995	!--
1996	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1997	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1998	eps_min ) / dx )
1999	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
2000	eps_min ) / dy )
2001
2002	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
2003	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
2004	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
2005	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
2006	! DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
2007	! k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
2008	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
2009	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
2010	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
2011	!
2012	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography
2013	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2014
2015	!
2016	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
2017	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
2018	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2019	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2020	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2021	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2022	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2023	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2024	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2025	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2026	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2027
2028	!
2029	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
2030	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
2031	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
2032	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
2033	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
2034	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2035	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
2036	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
2037	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2038	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor *&
2039	flag
2040	ENDIF
2041	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2042	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2043	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2044	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) * &
2045	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2046	flag
2047	ENDIF
2048	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2049	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2050	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2051	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) * &
2052	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2053	flag
2054	ENDIF
2055
2056	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2057	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2058
2059	!
2060	!-- Rotation of force components:
2061	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + ( &
2062	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2063	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2064	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1) &
2065	) * flag
2066
2067	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + ( &
2068	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2069	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2070	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2) &
2071	) * flag
2072
2073	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + ( &
2074	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2075	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2076	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3) &
2077	) * flag
2078
2079	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2080	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2081	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2082
2083	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2084
2085	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2086
2087
2088	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2089	!
2090	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2091	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2092	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2093	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2094	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2095	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2096	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2097
2098	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2099	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2100	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2101	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2102	start_up = .FALSE.
2103	ENDIF
2104
2105	!
2106	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2107	!--
2108	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2109	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2110	!
2111	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2112	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2113	THEN
2114	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2115	THEN
2116
2117	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2118
2119	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2120	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2121	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2122	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2123	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2124
2125	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2126
2127	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2128
2129	ENDIF
2130	ENDIF
2131
2132	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2133
2134	!
2135	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2136	#if defined( __parallel )
2137	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2138	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2139	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2140	comm2d, ierr )
2141	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2142	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2143	#else
2144	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2145	wdir = wdir_l
2146	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2147
2148
2149	#endif
2150	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2151	!
2152	!-- Update rotor orientation
2153	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2154
2155	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2156
2157	END IF ! end of yaw control
2158
2159	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2160	!
2161	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2162	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2163	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2164	#if defined( __parallel )
2165	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2166	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2167	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2168	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2169	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2170	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2171	#else
2172	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2173	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2174	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2175	#endif
2176
2177	ENDIF
2178
2179	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2180
2181	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2182	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2183	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2184	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2185	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2186	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2187	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2188	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2189	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2190	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2191
2192	ELSE
2193
2194	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2195	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2196	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2197	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2198	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2199	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2200	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2201	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2202	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2203	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2204	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2205	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2206	ENDIF
2207	ENDIF
2208
2209	!-- Set open flag
2210	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2211	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2212
2213	ENDIF
2214
2215	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2216
2217	!
2218	!-- Formats
2219	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2220	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2221	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2222	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2223	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2224
2225	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2226	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2227
2228
2229	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2230
2231
2232	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2233	! Description:
2234	! ------------
2235	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2236	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2237	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2238
2239	USE kinds
2240
2241	IMPLICIT NONE
2242
2243	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2244	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2245	REAL(wp) :: missal
2246
2247	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2248
2249	!
2250	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2251	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2252	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2253	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2254	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2255	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2256	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2257	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2258	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2259	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2260	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2261	!
2262	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2263	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2264	!
2265	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2266	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2267	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2268	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2269	!
2270	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2271	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2272
2273	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2274	!
2275	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2276	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2277	!
2278	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2279	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2280	!
2281	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2282	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2283	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2284	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2285	ENDIF
2286	ENDIF
2287
2288	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2289
2290	!
2291	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2292	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2293	!-- than min_miss
2294
2295	ELSE
2296	!
2297	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2298	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2299	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2300	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2301	!
2302	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2303	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2304	!
2305	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2306	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2307	!
2308	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2309	!-- yaw direction is still right
2310	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2311	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2312	!
2313	!-- Continue yawing
2314	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2315	ELSE
2316	!
2317	!-- Stop yawing
2318	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2319	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2320	ENDIF
2321	ELSE
2322	!
2323	!-- Continue yawing
2324	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2325	ENDIF
2326
2327	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2328
2329	ENDIF
2330
2331	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2332
2333
2334	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2335	! Description:
2336	! ------------
2337	!> Initialization of the speed control
2338	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2339	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2340
2341
2342	IMPLICIT NONE
2343
2344	!
2345	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2346	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2347	!
2348	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2349	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2350	!
2351	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2352	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2353	!
2354	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2355	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2356	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2357	!
2358	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2359	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2360	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2361	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2362	!
2363	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2364	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2365	!
2366	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2367	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2368	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2369
2370	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2371
2372
2373	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2374	! Description:
2375	! ------------
2376	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2377	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2378	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2379
2380
2381	IMPLICIT NONE
2382
2383	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2384
2385
2386
2387	!
2388	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2389	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2390	!-- offshore system developement"
2391
2392	!
2393	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2394	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2395	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2396	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2397	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2398
2399	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2400	!
2401	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2402	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2403
2404	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2405	!
2406	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2407	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2408
2409	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2410	!
2411	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2412	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2413	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2414
2415	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2416	!
2417	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2418	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2419
2420	ELSE
2421	!
2422	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2423	!-- keep the power constant:
2424	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2425
2426	ENDIF
2427	!
2428	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2429	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2430	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2431	!
2432	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2433	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2434	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2435	!
2436	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2437	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2438
2439
2440	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2441
2442
2443	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2444	! Description:
2445	! ------------
2446	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2447	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2448	!> Call for all grid points
2449	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2450	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2451
2452
2453	IMPLICIT NONE
2454
2455	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2456	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2457	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2458	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2459
2460
2461	SELECT CASE ( component )
2462
2463	CASE ( 1 )
2464	!
2465	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2466	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2467	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2468	DO j = nysg, nyng
2469	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2470	!
2471	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2472	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2473	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2474	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2475	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2476
2477	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2478	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2479	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2480	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2481	ENDDO
2482	ENDDO
2483	ENDDO
2484	ENDIF
2485
2486	CASE ( 2 )
2487	!
2488	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2489	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2490	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2491	DO j = nysg, nyng
2492	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2493	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2494	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2495	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2496	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2497	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2498	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2499	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2500	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2501	ENDDO
2502	ENDDO
2503	ENDDO
2504	ENDIF
2505
2506	CASE ( 3 )
2507	!
2508	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2509	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2510	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2511	DO j = nysg, nyng
2512	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2513	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2514	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2515	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2516	ENDDO
2517	ENDDO
2518	ENDDO
2519	ENDIF
2520
2521
2522	CASE DEFAULT
2523
2524	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2525	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2526
2527	END SELECT
2528
2529
2530	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2531
2532
2533	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2534	! Description:
2535	! ------------
2536	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2537	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2538	!> Call for grid point i,j
2539	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2540	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2541
2542
2543	IMPLICIT NONE
2544
2545	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2546	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2547	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2548	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2549
2550	SELECT CASE ( component )
2551
2552	CASE ( 1 )
2553	!
2554	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2555	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2556	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2557	!
2558	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2559	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2560	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2561	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2562	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2563	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2564	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2565	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2566	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2567	ENDDO
2568	ENDIF
2569
2570	CASE ( 2 )
2571	!
2572	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2573	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2574	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2575	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2576	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2577	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2578	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2579	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2580	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2581	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2582	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2583	ENDDO
2584	ENDIF
2585
2586	CASE ( 3 )
2587	!
2588	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2589	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2590	DO k = nzb+1, MAXVAL(k_hub) + MAXVAL(k_smear)
2591	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2592	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2593	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2594	ENDDO
2595	ENDIF
2596
2597
2598	CASE DEFAULT
2599
2600	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2601	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2602
2603	END SELECT
2604
2605
2606	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2607
2608	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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