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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2397

Last change on this file since 2397 was 2349, checked in by Giersch, 7 years ago
Add parameter ptich_rate to namelist and revise/add error messages
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 109.7 KB

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2009-2017 Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg
18	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! -----------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2349 2017-08-10 15:44:04Z suehring $
28	! Add parameter pitch_rate to namelist and revise/add error messages
29	!
30	! 2343 2017-08-08 11:28:43Z Giersch
31	! Unit correction in Doxygen comments
32	!
33	! 2323 2017-07-26 12:57:38Z Giersch
34	! Change unit number of file WTM_DATA from 201 to 90
35	!
36	! 2322 2017-07-26 08:30:28Z Giersch
37	! Bugfix of error message and assign error numbers
38	!
39	! 2257 2017-06-07 14:07:05Z witha
40	! Bugfix: turb_cl_tab and turb_cd_tab were set to zero before being allocated
41	!
42	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
43	!
44	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
45	! Adjustments to new topography concept
46	!
47	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
48	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
49	! Addition of a tip loss model
50	!
51	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
52	! Bugfix of pitch control
53	!
54	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
55	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
56	!
57	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
58	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
59	!
60	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
61	! Initial revision
62	!
63	!
64	! Description:
65	! ------------
66	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
67	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
68	!> (ADM-R).
69	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
70	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
71	!> yaw.
72	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
73	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
74	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
75	!> automatically).
76	!>
77	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
78	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
79	!> @todo Generate header information
80	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
81	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
82	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
83	!> @todo Include additional output variables
84	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
85	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
86	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
87	!
88	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
89	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
90
91	USE arrays_3d, &
92	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
93
94	USE constants
95
96	USE control_parameters, &
97	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
98
99	USE cpulog, &
100	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
101
102	USE grid_variables, &
103	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
104
105	USE indices, &
106	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
107	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
108
109	USE kinds
110
111	USE pegrid
112
113
114	IMPLICIT NONE
115
116	PRIVATE
117
118	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
119
120	!
121	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
122
123	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
124	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
125
126	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
127	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
128	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
129	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
130
131	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
132	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
133	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
134	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
135	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
136	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
137
138	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
139	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
140	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
141	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
142	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
145	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
146	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
148	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
149
150	!
151	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
152	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
153
154	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
155	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
156	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg*m2]
157	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg*m2]
158	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
159	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
160	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
161	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
162	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
163	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
164	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
165	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
166	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
167	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
168
169
170	!
171	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
172
173	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
174	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
175	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
176
177	!
178	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
179	TYPE file_status
180	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
181	END TYPE file_status
182
183	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
184	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
185
186	!
187	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
188
189	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
190	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
191	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
192	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
193	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
194	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
195
196	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
197
198	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
199	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
200	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
201	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
202	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
203	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
204	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
205	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
206
207	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
208
209	!
210	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
211	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
212	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
213	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
214	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
215	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
216	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
217	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
218
219	!
220	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
221	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
222	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
224	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
225
226	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
227	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
228
229	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
231
232	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
234
235	!
236	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
237
238	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
239	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
240	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
241	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
242	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
243	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
244	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
245	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
246	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
247	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
248	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
249	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
250	!
251	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
252	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
253	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
254	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
255	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
256
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
268
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
271
272	!
273	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
280
281	!
282	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
286
287	!
288	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
292
293	!
294	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
298
299	!
300	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
304	!
305	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
307
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
317
318	!
319	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
320
321	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
322
323	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
324	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
325	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
326	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
327	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
328	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
329	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
330	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
331
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
333	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
336	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
337
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
339	!
340	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
341
342	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
343	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
344	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
346	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
347	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
349	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
352	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
353	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
354	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
355
356
357	SAVE
358
359
360	INTERFACE wtm_parin
361	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
362	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
363
364	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
365	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
366	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
367
368	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
369	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
370	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
371
372	INTERFACE wtm_init
373	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
374	END INTERFACE wtm_init
375
376	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
377	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
378	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
379
380	INTERFACE wtm_forces
381	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
382	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
383	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
384
385	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
386	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
387	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
388
389	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
390	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
391	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
392	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
393
394	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
395	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
396	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
397	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
398
399
400	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
401	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
402
403	CONTAINS
404
405
406	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
407	! Description:
408	! ------------
409	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
410	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
411	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
412
413
414	IMPLICIT NONE
415
416	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
417
418	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
419
420	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
421	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
422	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
423	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
424	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
425	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
426	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
427	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
428	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, pitch_rate, &
429	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
430
431	!
432	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
433	REWIND ( 11 )
434	line = ' '
435	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
436	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
437	ENDDO
438	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
439
440	!
441	!-- Read user-defined namelist
442	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
443
444	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
445	message_string = 'no wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST found: ' // &
446	'End of file has reached'
447	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0460', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
448	ELSEIF ( ierrn > 0 ) THEN
449	message_string = 'errors in wind_turbine_par-NAMELIST: ' // &
450	'some variables for steering may not be properly set'
451	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0466', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
452	ENDIF
453
454	!
455	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
456	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
457
458	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
459
460
461	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
462
463	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
464
465
466	IMPLICIT NONE
467
468	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
469	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
470	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
471	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0461', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
472	ENDIF
473
474	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) < 0.0 ) ) THEN
475	message_string = 'omega_rot < 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
476	'a value larger than zero'
477	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0462', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
478	ENDIF
479
480
481	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
482	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
483	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
484
485	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
486	'have to be given for each turbine.'
487	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0463', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
488
489	ENDIF
490
491
492	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
493
494
495	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
496	! Description:
497	! ------------
498	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
500	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
501
502
503	IMPLICIT NONE
504
505	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
506	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
507
508	!
509	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
510	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
511
512	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
513	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
514
515	nrings(:) = 0
516	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
517
518	!
519	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
520	delta_r_factor = segment_width
521	delta_t_factor = segment_length
522	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
523	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
524
525	DO inot = 1, nturbines
526	!
527	!-- Determine number of rings:
528	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
529
530	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
531
532	ENDDO
533
534	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
535
536	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
537	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
538
539	nsegs(:,:) = 0
540	nsegs_total(:) = 0
541
542
543	DO inot = 1, nturbines
544	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
545	!
546	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
547	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
548	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
549	delta_t_factor ) )
550	ENDDO
551	!
552	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
553	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
554
555	ENDDO
556
557	!
558	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
559	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
560
561	!!
562	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
563	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
564	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
565	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
566	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
567	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
568	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
569	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
570	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
571	! ENDIF
572
573
574	!
575	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
576	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
577	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
578	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
579	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
580	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
581	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
582	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
583	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
584
585	!
586	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
587	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
588	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
589	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
590	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
591	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
592	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
593	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
594
595	!
596	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
597	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
598	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
599	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
600	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
601	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
602	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
603
604	!
605	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
606	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
607	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
608	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
609	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
610	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
611	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
612	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
613	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
614	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
615	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
616
617	!
618	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
619	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
620	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
621	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
622	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
623	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
624	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
625
626	!
627	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
628	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
629	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
630	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
631
632	!
633	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
634	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
635	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
636	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
637	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
638	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
639	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
640	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
641	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
642
643	!
644	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
645	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
646	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
647	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
648	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
649	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
650	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
651
652	!
653	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
654	i_hub(:) = 0
655	i_smear(:) = 0
656	j_hub(:) = 0
657	j_smear(:) = 0
658	k_hub(:) = 0
659	k_smear(:) = 0
660
661	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
662	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
663
664	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
665	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
666	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
667	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
668	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
669	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
670	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
671
672	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
673	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
674	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
675
676	!
677	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
678	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
679	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
680	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
681	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
682	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
683	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
684	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
685	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
686	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
687	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
688
689	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
690	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
691	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
692	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
693	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
694	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
695
696	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
697	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
698	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
699
700	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
701	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
702	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
703	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
704	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
705	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
706	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
707	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
708
709	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
710	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
711	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
712	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
713	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
714	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
715
716
717	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
718
719
720	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
721	! Description:
722	! ------------
723	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
724	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
725	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
726
727
728	IMPLICIT NONE
729
730	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
731	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
732	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
733
734	!
735	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
736	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
737
738	!
739	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
740	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
741	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
742	!
743	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
744	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
745	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
746
747	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
748	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
749	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
750
751	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
752
753	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
754	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
755	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
756	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
757
758	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
759	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
760	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
761	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
762
763
764	IF ( speed_control) THEN
765
766	CALL wtm_speed_control
767
768	ENDIF
769
770	!
771	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
772	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
773	!-- (smearing of the forces)
774	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
775	!
776	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
777	!-- be calculated:
778
779	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
780	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
781	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
782	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
783	!
784	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
785	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
786	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
787	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
788	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
789	!
790	!-- Square of eps_min:
791	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
792	!
793	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
794	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
795	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
796	!
797	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
798	!-- function:
799	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
800
801	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
802	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
803
804	!
805	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
806	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
807
808
809	DO inot = 1, nturbines
810	!
811	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
812	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
813
814	!
815	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
816	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
817	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
818	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
819
820	!
821	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
822	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
823	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
824	!-- function of eps_min:
825	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
826	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
827	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
828
829	ENDDO
830
831	!
832	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
833	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
834	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
835	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
836	!
837	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
838	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
839
840	!
841	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
842	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
843	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
844
845	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
846
847	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
848
849
850	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
851	!
852	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
853	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
854	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
855	i = i_hub(inot)
856
857	!
858	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
859	!-- grid point indices):
860	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
861	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
862	!
863	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
864	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
865	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
866	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
867	!-- in grid box 1.
868	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
869	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
870
871	!
872	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
873	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
874	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
875	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
876
877	!
878	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
879	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
880	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
881
882	DO j = nys, nyn
883	!
884	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
885	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
886
887	DO k = nzb, nzt
888
889	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
890	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
891	!
892	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
893	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
894	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
895	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
896	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
897	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
898	turb_cd_tower(inot)
899	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
900	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
901	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
902	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
903	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
904	turb_cd_tower(inot)
905	!
906	!-- grid boxes inbetween
907	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
908	ELSE
909	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
910	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
911	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
912	ENDIF
913	!
914	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
915	ELSE
916	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
917	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
918	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
919	ENDIF
920	!
921	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
922	!-- are carried out:
923	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
924
925	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
926	!
927	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
928	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
929	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
930	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
931	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
932	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
933	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
934	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
935	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
936	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
937	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
938	!
939	!-- grid boxes inbetween
940	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
941	ELSE
942	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
943	ENDIF
944	!
945	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
946	ELSE
947	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
948	turb_cd_tower(inot)
949	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
950
951	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
952
953	ENDDO ! end loop over k
954
955	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
956
957	ENDDO ! end loop over j
958
959	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
960
961
962	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
963
964	!
965	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
966	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
967	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
968	!!
969	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
970	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
971	!!-- circle_points in the following):
972	!
973	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
974	!
975	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
976	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
977	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
978	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
979	!!
980	!!-- bottom intersection point
981	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
982	!!
983	!!-- top intersection point
984	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
985	! ELSE
986	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
987	! ENDIF
988	! ENDDO
989	!
990	!
991	! DO j = nys, nyn
992	!!
993	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
994	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
995	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
996	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
997	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
998	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
999	!!
1000	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
1001	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
1002	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
1003	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
1004	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
1005	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
1006	!!
1007	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
1008	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
1009	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
1010	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
1011	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
1012	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
1013	! dz_int = dz
1014	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
1015	!!
1016	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
1017	!!-- within the current grid box:
1018	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1019	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1020	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
1021	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1022	! ENDIF
1023	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1024	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1025	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1026	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1027	! ENDIF
1028	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1029	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1030	! ENDIF
1031	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1032	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1033	! ENDIF
1034	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1035	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1036	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1037	! ENDIF
1038	! ENDDO
1039	! ENDIF
1040	! ENDDO
1041	! ENDIF
1042	!
1043	! ENDDO
1044	!
1045	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1046
1047	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1048
1049	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1050	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1051
1052	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1053
1054	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1055
1056
1057	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1058	! Description:
1059	! ------------
1060	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1061	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1062	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1063	!
1064	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1065
1066
1067	IMPLICIT NONE
1068
1069	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1070	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1071
1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1073
1074	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1075
1076	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1077	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1078	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1079	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1080	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1081	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1082	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1083	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1084	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1085	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1086
1087	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1088	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1089	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1090
1091	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1092	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1093
1094	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1095	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1096	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1097	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1098	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1099
1100	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1101	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1102	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1103	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1104	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1105
1106	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1107
1108	!
1109	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1110	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1111
1112	OPEN ( 90, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1113
1114	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1115	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1116	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0464', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1117	ENDIF
1118	!
1119	!-- Read distribution table:
1120
1121	dlen = 0
1122
1123	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1124
1125	rloop3: DO
1126	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1127	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1128	dlen = dlen + 1
1129	ENDDO rloop3
1130
1131	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1132
1133	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1134	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1135	ENDDO
1136
1137	DO jj = 1,dlen
1138	READ ( 90, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1139	ENDDO
1140
1141	!
1142	!-- Read layout table:
1143
1144	dlen = 0
1145
1146	READ ( 90, '(3/)')
1147
1148	rloop1: DO
1149	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1150	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1151	dlen = dlen + 1
1152	ENDDO rloop1
1153
1154	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1155	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1156	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1157	ENDDO
1158	DO jj = 1, dlen
1159	READ ( 90, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1160	ENDDO
1161
1162	!
1163	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1164
1165	dlen = 0
1166
1167	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1168
1169	rloop2: DO
1170	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1171	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1172	dlen = dlen + 1
1173	ENDDO rloop2
1174
1175	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1176	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1177
1178	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1179	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1180	ENDDO
1181
1182	DO jj = 1,dlen
1183	READ ( 90, * ) read_cl_cd
1184	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1185	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1186	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1187	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1188	ENDDO
1189
1190	ENDDO
1191
1192	dlenbl = dlen
1193
1194	CLOSE ( 90 )
1195
1196	!
1197	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1198	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1199	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1200	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1201	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1202
1203	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1204	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1205	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1206	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1207
1208	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1209	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1210
1211
1212	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1213	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1214
1215
1216	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1217
1218	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1219
1220	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1221	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1222	ialpha = 1
1223
1224	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1225	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1226	ENDDO
1227	!
1228	!-- Find position in table
1229	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1230	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1231
1232	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1233	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1234	ENDIF
1235
1236	trow = lct(1)
1237	!
1238	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1239	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1240	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1241	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1242	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1243
1244	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1245	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1246	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1247	ENDIF
1248
1249	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1250	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1251	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1252	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1253	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1254	ELSE
1255	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1256	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1257	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1258	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1259	ENDIF
1260
1261	!
1262	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1263	!-- segments and angles of attack
1264
1265	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1266	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1267	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1268	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1269	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1270	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1271	( alpha_attack_i - &
1272	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1273	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1274	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1275	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1276	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1277	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1278	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1279	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1280	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1281	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1282	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1283	( alpha_attack_i - &
1284	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1285	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1286	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1287	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1288	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1289
1290	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1291
1292	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1293
1294	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1295
1296
1297	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1298	! Description:
1299	! ------------
1300	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1301	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1302	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1303	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1304
1305
1306	IMPLICIT NONE
1307
1308	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1309	!
1310	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1311	!-- the rotors
1312	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1313	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1314	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1315
1316	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1317	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1318	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1319
1320	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1321	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1322	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1323
1324	!
1325	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1326	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1327
1328	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1329	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1330	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1331	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1332	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1333	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1334	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1335	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1336	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1337	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1338	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1339	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1340	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1341	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1342	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1343	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1344	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1345	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1346	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1347	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1348	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1349	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1350	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1351	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1352
1353	!
1354	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1355	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1356	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1357	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1358	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1359
1360	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1361
1362
1363	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1364	! Description:
1365	! ------------
1366	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1367	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1368	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1369
1370
1371	IMPLICIT NONE
1372
1373	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1374
1375	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1376	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1377	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1378	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1379	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1380	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1381
1382	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
1383	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1384	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1385
1386	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1387	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1388
1389	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1390
1391
1392	!
1393	! Variables for pitch control
1394	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1395	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1396
1397	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1398	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1399
1400	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1401
1402
1403	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1404
1405
1406	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1407
1408	!
1409	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1410	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1411	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1412	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1413	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1414	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1415	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1416	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1417	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1418	!
1419	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1420	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1421
1422	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1423	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1424	!
1425	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1426	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1427
1428	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1429	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1430	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1431	!
1432	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1433	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1434
1435	!
1436	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1437	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1438	!
1439	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1440	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1441	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1442	!
1443	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1444	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1445	!-- with y-axis):
1446	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1447	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1448	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1449
1450	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1451	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1452	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1453	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1454	re(3) = sin_rot
1455
1456	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1457	!
1458	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1459	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1460	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1461	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1462
1463	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1464	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1465	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1466	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1467	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1468
1469	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1470	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1471
1472	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1473	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1474
1475	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1476	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1477
1478	!
1479	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1480
1481	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1482	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1483	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1484	!
1485	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1486	!-- the current PE:
1487	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1488	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1489
1490	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1491	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1492	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1493	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1494	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1495	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1496	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1497	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1498	gg = dx * dy
1499
1500	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1501	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1502	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1503	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1504	) / gg
1505
1506	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1507	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1508	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1509	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1510	) / gg
1511
1512	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1513	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1514	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1515
1516	ELSE
1517	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1518	ENDIF
1519	ELSE
1520	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1521	ENDIF
1522
1523
1524	!
1525	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1526	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1527	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1528	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1529	!
1530	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1531	!-- the current PE:
1532	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1533	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1534
1535	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1536	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1537	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1538	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1539	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1540	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1541	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1542	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1543	gg = dx * dy
1544
1545	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1546	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1547	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1548	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1549	) / gg
1550
1551	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1552	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1553	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1554	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1555	) / gg
1556
1557	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1558	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1559	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1560
1561	ELSE
1562	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1563	ENDIF
1564	ELSE
1565	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1566	ENDIF
1567
1568
1569	!
1570	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1571	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1572	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1573	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1574	!
1575	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1576	!-- the current PE:
1577	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1578	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1579
1580	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1581	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1582	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1583	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1584	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1585	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1586	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1587	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1588	gg = dx * dy
1589
1590	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1591	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1592	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1593	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1594	) / gg
1595
1596	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1597	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1598	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1599	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1600	) / gg
1601
1602	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1603	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1604	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1605	ELSE
1606	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1607	ENDIF
1608	ELSE
1609	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1610	ENDIF
1611
1612	ENDDO
1613	ENDDO
1614
1615	ENDDO
1616
1617	!
1618	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1619	#if defined( __parallel )
1620	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1621	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1622	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1623	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1624	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1625	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1626	#else
1627	u_int = u_int_1_l
1628	v_int = v_int_1_l
1629	w_int = w_int_1_l
1630	#endif
1631
1632
1633	!
1634	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1635
1636	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1637	pit_loop: DO
1638
1639	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1640	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1641	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1642	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1643	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1644	ELSE
1645	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1646	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1647	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1648	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1649	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1650	ENDIF
1651	ENDIF
1652
1653	!
1654	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1655	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1656	!
1657	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1658	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1659	!
1660	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1661	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1662	!
1663	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1664	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1665	!-- with y-axis):
1666	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1667	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1668	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1669	!
1670	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1671	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1672	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1673	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1674	re(3) = sin_rot
1675
1676	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1677	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1678	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1679	rea(3) = cos_rot
1680
1681	!
1682	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1683	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1684	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1685	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1686	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1687	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1688	!
1689	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1690	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1691	!-- tilt:
1692	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1693	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1694	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1695	!
1696	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1697	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1698
1699	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1700
1701	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1702
1703	!
1704	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1705	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1706	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1707	!
1708	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1709	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1710	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1711	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1712	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1713	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1714	!
1715	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1716	!
1717	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1718	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1719	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1720	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1721	!
1722	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1723	!-- direction:
1724	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1725	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1726	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1727	!
1728	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1729	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1730
1731	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1732	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1733	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1734
1735	!
1736	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1737	!-- to the current radial position:
1738
1739	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1740	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1741
1742	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1743	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1744	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1745	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1746	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1747	ELSE
1748	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1749	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1750	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1751	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1752	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1753	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1754	ENDIF
1755
1756	!
1757	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1758	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1759	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1760	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1761	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1762	!
1763	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1764	!-- angle of attack:
1765	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1766	!
1767	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1768	!-- to angles given in degree:
1769	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1770	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1771	!
1772	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1773	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1774
1775	!
1776	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1777	!-- to the rotor:
1778	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1779	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1780	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1781
1782	!
1783	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1784	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1785	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1786	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1787
1788	!
1789	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1790	!-- the current radial position:
1791
1792	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1793	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1794	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1795	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1796	ELSE
1797	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1798	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1799	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1800	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1801	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1802	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1803	ENDIF
1804
1805	!
1806	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1807	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1808	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1809	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1810	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1811	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1812	!
1813	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1814	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1815	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1816	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1817	!
1818	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1819	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1820	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1821	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1822
1823	!
1824	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1825	!-- angles given in radian:
1826	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1827	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1828
1829	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1830
1831	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1832	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1833	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1834	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1835	!--
1836	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1837	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1838	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1839
1840	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1841
1842	END IF
1843	!
1844	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1845	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1846	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1847
1848	!
1849	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1850
1851	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1852	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1853
1854	!
1855	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1856	!-- for each ring segment:
1857	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1858	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1859	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1860
1861	!
1862	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1863	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1864	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1865	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1866	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1867	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1868	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1869	!
1870	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1871	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1872	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1873
1874	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1875	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1876
1877	!
1878	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1879	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1880	thrust_seg(rseg)
1881
1882
1883	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1884
1885	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1886
1887	!
1888	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1889	!-- each ring:
1890	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1891	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1892	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1893
1894
1895	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1896
1897
1898	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1899
1900
1901	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1902	!
1903	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1904
1905	!
1906	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1907	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1908	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1909	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1910	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1911	( inertia_rot + &
1912	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1913
1914	!
1915	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1916	!-- and rotor speed
1917	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1918
1919	ENDIF
1920
1921	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1922
1923	!
1924	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1925	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1926	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1927	!-- gain
1928	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1929	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1930	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1931	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1932	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1933	!
1934	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1935	CYCLE pit_loop
1936	ENDIF
1937
1938	!
1939	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1940	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1941	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1942	ENDIF
1943	EXIT pit_loop
1944	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1945
1946
1947	!
1948	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1949
1950	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1951	!
1952	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1953	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1954	THEN
1955	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1956	THEN
1957	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1958	ENDIF
1959	ENDIF
1960
1961	ENDIF
1962
1963
1964	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1965
1966	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1967
1968
1969	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1970	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1971	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1972	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1973	!
1974	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1975	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1976	!
1977	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1978	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1979	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1980	!-- consideration
1981	!
1982	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1983	!-- of the model domain:
1984	!
1985	!--
1986	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1987	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1988	eps_min ) / dx )
1989	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1990	eps_min ) / dy )
1991
1992	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1993	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1994	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1995	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1996	! DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1997	! k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1998	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1999	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
2000	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
2001	!
2002	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography
2003	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2004
2005	!
2006	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
2007	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
2008	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2009	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2010	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2011	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2012	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2013	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2014	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2015	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2016	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2017
2018	!
2019	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
2020	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
2021	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
2022	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
2023	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
2024	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2025	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
2026	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
2027	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2028	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor *&
2029	flag
2030	ENDIF
2031	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2032	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2033	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2034	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) * &
2035	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2036	flag
2037	ENDIF
2038	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2039	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2040	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2041	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) * &
2042	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2043	flag
2044	ENDIF
2045
2046	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2047	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2048
2049	!
2050	!-- Rotation of force components:
2051	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + ( &
2052	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2053	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2054	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1) &
2055	) * flag
2056
2057	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + ( &
2058	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2059	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2060	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2) &
2061	) * flag
2062
2063	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + ( &
2064	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2065	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2066	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3) &
2067	) * flag
2068
2069	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2070	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2071	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2072
2073	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2074
2075	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2076
2077
2078	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2079	!
2080	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2081	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2082	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2083	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2084	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2085	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2086	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2087
2088	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2089	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2090	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2091	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2092	start_up = .FALSE.
2093	ENDIF
2094
2095	!
2096	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2097	!--
2098	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2099	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2100	!
2101	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2102	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2103	THEN
2104	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2105	THEN
2106
2107	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2108
2109	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2110	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2111	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2112	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2113	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2114
2115	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2116
2117	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2118
2119	ENDIF
2120	ENDIF
2121
2122	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2123
2124	!
2125	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2126	#if defined( __parallel )
2127	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2128	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2129	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2130	comm2d, ierr )
2131	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2132	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2133	#else
2134	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2135	wdir = wdir_l
2136	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2137
2138
2139	#endif
2140	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2141	!
2142	!-- Update rotor orientation
2143	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2144
2145	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2146
2147	END IF ! end of yaw control
2148
2149	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2150	!
2151	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2152	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2153	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2154	#if defined( __parallel )
2155	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2156	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2157	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2158	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2159	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2160	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2161	#else
2162	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2163	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2164	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2165	#endif
2166
2167	ENDIF
2168
2169	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2170
2171	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2172	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2173	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2174	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2175	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2176	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2177	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2178	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2179	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2180	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2181
2182	ELSE
2183
2184	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2185	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2186	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2187	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2188	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2189	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2190	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2191	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2192	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2193	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2194	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2195	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2196	ENDIF
2197	ENDIF
2198
2199	!-- Set open flag
2200	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2201	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2202
2203	ENDIF
2204
2205	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2206
2207	!
2208	!-- Formats
2209	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2210	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2211	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2212	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2213	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2214
2215	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2216	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2217
2218
2219	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2220
2221
2222	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2223	! Description:
2224	! ------------
2225	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2226	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2227	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2228
2229	USE constants
2230	USE kinds
2231
2232	IMPLICIT NONE
2233
2234	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2235	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2236	REAL(wp) :: missal
2237
2238	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2239
2240	!
2241	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2242	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2243	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2244	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2245	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2246	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2247	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2248	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2249	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2250	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2251	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2252	!
2253	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2254	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2255	!
2256	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2257	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2258	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2259	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2260	!
2261	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2262	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2263
2264	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2265	!
2266	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2267	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2268	!
2269	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2270	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2271	!
2272	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2273	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2274	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2275	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2276	ENDIF
2277	ENDIF
2278
2279	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2280
2281	!
2282	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2283	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2284	!-- than min_miss
2285
2286	ELSE
2287	!
2288	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2289	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2290	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2291	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2292	!
2293	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2294	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2295	!
2296	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2297	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2298	!
2299	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2300	!-- yaw direction is still right
2301	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2302	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2303	!
2304	!-- Continue yawing
2305	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2306	ELSE
2307	!
2308	!-- Stop yawing
2309	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2310	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2311	ENDIF
2312	ELSE
2313	!
2314	!-- Continue yawing
2315	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2316	ENDIF
2317
2318	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2319
2320	ENDIF
2321
2322	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2323
2324
2325	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2326	! Description:
2327	! ------------
2328	!> Initialization of the speed control
2329	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2330	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2331
2332
2333	IMPLICIT NONE
2334
2335	!
2336	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2337	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2338	!
2339	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2340	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2341	!
2342	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2343	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2344	!
2345	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2346	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2347	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2348	!
2349	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2350	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2351	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2352	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2353	!
2354	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2355	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2356	!
2357	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2358	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2359	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2360
2361	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2362
2363
2364	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2365	! Description:
2366	! ------------
2367	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2368	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2369	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2370
2371
2372	IMPLICIT NONE
2373
2374	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2375
2376
2377
2378	!
2379	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2380	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2381	!-- offshore system developement"
2382
2383	!
2384	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2385	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2386	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2387	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2388	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2389
2390	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2391	!
2392	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2393	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2394
2395	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2396	!
2397	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2398	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2399
2400	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2401	!
2402	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2403	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2404	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2405
2406	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2407	!
2408	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2409	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2410
2411	ELSE
2412	!
2413	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2414	!-- keep the power constant:
2415	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2416
2417	ENDIF
2418	!
2419	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2420	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2421	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2422	!
2423	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2424	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2425	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2426	!
2427	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2428	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2429
2430
2431	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2432
2433
2434	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2435	! Description:
2436	! ------------
2437	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2438	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2439	!> Call for all grid points
2440	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2441	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2442
2443
2444	IMPLICIT NONE
2445
2446	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2447	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2448	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2449	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2450
2451
2452	SELECT CASE ( component )
2453
2454	CASE ( 1 )
2455	!
2456	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2457	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2458	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2459	DO j = nysg, nyng
2460	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2461	!
2462	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2463	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2464	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2465	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2466	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2467
2468	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2469	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2470	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2471	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2472	ENDDO
2473	ENDDO
2474	ENDDO
2475	ENDIF
2476
2477	CASE ( 2 )
2478	!
2479	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2480	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2481	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2482	DO j = nysg, nyng
2483	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2484	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2485	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2486	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2487	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2488	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2489	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2490	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2491	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2492	ENDDO
2493	ENDDO
2494	ENDDO
2495	ENDIF
2496
2497	CASE ( 3 )
2498	!
2499	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2500	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2501	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2502	DO j = nysg, nyng
2503	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2504	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2505	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2506	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2507	ENDDO
2508	ENDDO
2509	ENDDO
2510	ENDIF
2511
2512
2513	CASE DEFAULT
2514
2515	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2516	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2517
2518	END SELECT
2519
2520
2521	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2522
2523
2524	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2525	! Description:
2526	! ------------
2527	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2528	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2529	!> Call for grid point i,j
2530	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2531	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2532
2533
2534	IMPLICIT NONE
2535
2536	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2537	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2538	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2539	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2540
2541	SELECT CASE ( component )
2542
2543	CASE ( 1 )
2544	!
2545	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2546	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2547
2548	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2549	!
2550	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2551	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2552	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2553	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2554	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2555	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2556	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2557	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2558	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2559	ENDDO
2560	ENDIF
2561
2562	CASE ( 2 )
2563	!
2564	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2565	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2566	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2567	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2568	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2569	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2570	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2571	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2572	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2573	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2574	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2575	ENDDO
2576	ENDIF
2577
2578	CASE ( 3 )
2579	!
2580	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2581	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2582	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2583	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2584	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2585	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2586	ENDDO
2587	ENDIF
2588
2589
2590	CASE DEFAULT
2591
2592	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2593	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2594
2595	END SELECT
2596
2597
2598	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2599
2600	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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