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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2343

Last change on this file since 2343 was 2343, checked in by Giersch, 7 years ago
Unit correction in Doxygen comments
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 109.3 KB

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2009-2017 Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg
18	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! -----------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2343 2017-08-08 11:28:43Z Giersch $
28	! Unit correction in Doxygen comments
29	!
30	! 2323 2017-07-26 12:57:38Z Giersch
31	! Change unit number of file WTM_DATA from 201 to 90
32	!
33	! 2322 2017-07-26 08:30:28Z Giersch
34	! Bugfix of error message and assign error numbers
35	!
36	! 2257 2017-06-07 14:07:05Z witha
37	! Bugfix: turb_cl_tab and turb_cd_tab were set to zero before being allocated
38	!
39	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
40	!
41	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
42	! Adjustments to new topography concept
43	!
44	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
45	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
46	! Addition of a tip loss model
47	!
48	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
49	! Bugfix of pitch control
50	!
51	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
52	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
53	!
54	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
55	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
56	!
57	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
58	! Initial revision
59	!
60	!
61	! Description:
62	! ------------
63	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
64	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
65	!> (ADM-R).
66	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
67	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
68	!> yaw.
69	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
70	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
71	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
72	!> automatically).
73	!>
74	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
75	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
76	!> @todo Generate header information
77	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
78	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
79	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
80	!> @todo Include additional output variables
81	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
82	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
83	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
84	!
85	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
86	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
87
88	USE arrays_3d, &
89	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
90
91	USE constants
92
93	USE control_parameters, &
94	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
95
96	USE cpulog, &
97	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
98
99	USE grid_variables, &
100	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
101
102	USE indices, &
103	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
104	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
105
106	USE kinds
107
108	USE pegrid
109
110
111	IMPLICIT NONE
112
113	PRIVATE
114
115	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
116
117	!
118	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
119
120	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
121	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
122
123	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
124	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
125	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
126	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
127
128	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
129	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
130	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
131	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
132	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
133	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
134
135	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
136	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
137	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
138	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
139	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
140	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
141	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
142	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
145	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
146
147	!
148	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
149	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
150
151	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
152	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
153	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg*m2]
154	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg*m2]
155	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
156	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
157	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
158	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
159	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
160	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
161	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
162	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
163	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
164	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
165
166
167	!
168	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
169
170	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
171	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
172	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
173
174	!
175	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
176	TYPE file_status
177	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
178	END TYPE file_status
179
180	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
181	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
182
183	!
184	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
185
186	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
187	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
188	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
189	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
190	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
191	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
192
193	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
194
195	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
196	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
197	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
198	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
199	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
200	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
201	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
202	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
203
204	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
205
206	!
207	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
208	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
209	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
210	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
211	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
212	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
213	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
214	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
215
216	!
217	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
218	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
219	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
220	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
221	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
222
223	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
224	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
225
226	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
227	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
228
229	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
231
232	!
233	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
234
235	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
236	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
237	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
238	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
239	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
240	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
241	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
242	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
243	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
244	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
245	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
246	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
247	!
248	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
249	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
250	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
251	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
252	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
253
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
265
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
268
269	!
270	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
277
278	!
279	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
283
284	!
285	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
289
290	!
291	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
295
296	!
297	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
301	!
302	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
304
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
314
315	!
316	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
317
318	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
319
320	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
321	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
322	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
323	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
324	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
325	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
326	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
327	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
328
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
330	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
333	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
334
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
336	!
337	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
338
339	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
340	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
342	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
343	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
344	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
346	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
347	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
349	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
350	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
351	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
352
353
354	SAVE
355
356
357	INTERFACE wtm_parin
358	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
359	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
360
361	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
362	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
363	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
364
365	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
366	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
367	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
368
369	INTERFACE wtm_init
370	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
371	END INTERFACE wtm_init
372
373	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
374	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
375	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
376
377	INTERFACE wtm_forces
378	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
379	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
380	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
381
382	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
383	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
384	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
385
386	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
387	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
388	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
389	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
390
391	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
392	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
393	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
394	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
395
396
397	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
398	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
399
400	CONTAINS
401
402
403	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
404	! Description:
405	! ------------
406	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
407	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
408	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
409
410
411	IMPLICIT NONE
412
413	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
414
415	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
416
417	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
418	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
419	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
420	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
421	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
422	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
423	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
424	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
425	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
426	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
427
428	!
429	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
430	REWIND ( 11 )
431	line = ' '
432	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
433	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
434	ENDDO
435	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
436
437	!
438	!-- Read user-defined namelist
439	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
440
441	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
442	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
443	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0460', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
444	ENDIF
445
446	!
447	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
448	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
449
450	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
451
452
453	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
454
455	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
456
457
458	IMPLICIT NONE
459
460	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
461	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
462	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
463	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0461', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
464	ENDIF
465
466	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) < 0.0 ) ) THEN
467	message_string = 'omega_rot < 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
468	'a value larger than zero'
469	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0462', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
470	ENDIF
471
472
473	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
474	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
475	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
476
477	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
478	'have to be given for each turbine.'
479	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0463', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
480
481	ENDIF
482
483
484	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
485
486
487	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
488	! Description:
489	! ------------
490	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
491	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
492	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
493
494
495	IMPLICIT NONE
496
497	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
498	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
499
500	!
501	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
502	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
503
504	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
505	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
506
507	nrings(:) = 0
508	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
509
510	!
511	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
512	delta_r_factor = segment_width
513	delta_t_factor = segment_length
514	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
515	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
516
517	DO inot = 1, nturbines
518	!
519	!-- Determine number of rings:
520	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
521
522	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
523
524	ENDDO
525
526	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
527
528	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
529	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
530
531	nsegs(:,:) = 0
532	nsegs_total(:) = 0
533
534
535	DO inot = 1, nturbines
536	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
537	!
538	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
539	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
540	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
541	delta_t_factor ) )
542	ENDDO
543	!
544	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
545	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
546
547	ENDDO
548
549	!
550	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
551	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
552
553	!!
554	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
555	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
556	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
557	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
558	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
559	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
560	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
561	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
562	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
563	! ENDIF
564
565
566	!
567	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
568	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
569	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
570	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
571	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
572	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
573	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
574	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
575	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
576
577	!
578	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
579	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
580	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
581	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
582	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
583	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
584	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
585	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
586
587	!
588	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
589	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
590	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
591	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
592	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
593	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
594	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
595
596	!
597	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
598	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
599	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
600	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
601	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
602	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
603	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
604	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
605	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
606	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
607	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
608
609	!
610	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
611	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
612	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
613	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
614	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
615	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
616	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
617
618	!
619	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
620	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
621	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
622	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
623
624	!
625	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
626	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
627	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
628	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
629	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
630	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
631	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
632	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
633	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
634
635	!
636	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
637	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
638	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
639	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
640	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
641	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
642	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
643
644	!
645	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
646	i_hub(:) = 0
647	i_smear(:) = 0
648	j_hub(:) = 0
649	j_smear(:) = 0
650	k_hub(:) = 0
651	k_smear(:) = 0
652
653	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
654	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
655
656	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
657	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
658	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
659	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
660	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
661	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
662	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
663
664	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
665	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
666	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
667
668	!
669	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
670	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
671	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
672	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
673	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
674	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
675	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
676	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
677	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
678	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
679	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
680
681	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
682	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
683	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
684	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
685	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
686	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
687
688	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
689	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
690	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
691
692	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
693	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
694	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
695	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
696	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
697	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
698	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
699	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
700
701	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
702	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
703	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
704	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
705	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
706	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
707
708
709	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
710
711
712	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
713	! Description:
714	! ------------
715	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
716	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
717	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
718
719
720	IMPLICIT NONE
721
722	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
723	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
724	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
725
726	!
727	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
728	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
729
730	!
731	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
732	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
733	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
734	!
735	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
736	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
737	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
738
739	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
740	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
741	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
742
743	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
744
745	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
746	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
747	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
748	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
749
750	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
751	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
752	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
753	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
754
755
756	IF ( speed_control) THEN
757
758	CALL wtm_speed_control
759
760	ENDIF
761
762	!
763	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
764	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
765	!-- (smearing of the forces)
766	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
767	!
768	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
769	!-- be calculated:
770
771	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
772	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
773	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
774	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
775	!
776	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
777	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
778	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
779	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
780	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
781	!
782	!-- Square of eps_min:
783	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
784	!
785	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
786	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
787	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
788	!
789	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
790	!-- function:
791	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
792
793	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
794	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
795
796	!
797	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
798	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
799
800
801	DO inot = 1, nturbines
802	!
803	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
804	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
805
806	!
807	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
808	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
809	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
810	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
811
812	!
813	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
814	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
815	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
816	!-- function of eps_min:
817	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
818	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
819	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
820
821	ENDDO
822
823	!
824	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
825	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
826	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
827	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
828	!
829	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
830	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
831
832	!
833	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
834	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
835	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
836
837	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
838
839	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
840
841
842	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
843	!
844	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
845	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
846	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
847	i = i_hub(inot)
848
849	!
850	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
851	!-- grid point indices):
852	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
853	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
854	!
855	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
856	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
857	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
858	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
859	!-- in grid box 1.
860	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
861	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
862
863	!
864	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
865	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
866	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
867	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
868
869	!
870	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
871	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
872	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
873
874	DO j = nys, nyn
875	!
876	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
877	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
878
879	DO k = nzb, nzt
880
881	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
882	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
883	!
884	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
885	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
886	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
887	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
888	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
889	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
890	turb_cd_tower(inot)
891	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
892	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
893	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
894	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
895	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
896	turb_cd_tower(inot)
897	!
898	!-- grid boxes inbetween
899	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
900	ELSE
901	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
902	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
903	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
904	ENDIF
905	!
906	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
907	ELSE
908	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
909	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
910	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
911	ENDIF
912	!
913	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
914	!-- are carried out:
915	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
916
917	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
918	!
919	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
920	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
921	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
922	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
923	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
924	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
925	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
926	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
927	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
928	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
929	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
930	!
931	!-- grid boxes inbetween
932	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
933	ELSE
934	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
935	ENDIF
936	!
937	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
938	ELSE
939	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
940	turb_cd_tower(inot)
941	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
942
943	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
944
945	ENDDO ! end loop over k
946
947	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
948
949	ENDDO ! end loop over j
950
951	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
952
953
954	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
955
956	!
957	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
958	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
959	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
960	!!
961	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
962	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
963	!!-- circle_points in the following):
964	!
965	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
966	!
967	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
968	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
969	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
970	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
971	!!
972	!!-- bottom intersection point
973	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
974	!!
975	!!-- top intersection point
976	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
977	! ELSE
978	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
979	! ENDIF
980	! ENDDO
981	!
982	!
983	! DO j = nys, nyn
984	!!
985	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
986	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
987	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
988	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
989	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
990	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
991	!!
992	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
993	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
994	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
995	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
996	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
997	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
998	!!
999	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
1000	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
1001	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
1002	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
1003	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
1004	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
1005	! dz_int = dz
1006	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
1007	!!
1008	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
1009	!!-- within the current grid box:
1010	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1011	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1012	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
1013	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1014	! ENDIF
1015	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1016	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1017	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1018	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1019	! ENDIF
1020	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1021	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1022	! ENDIF
1023	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1024	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1025	! ENDIF
1026	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1027	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1028	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1029	! ENDIF
1030	! ENDDO
1031	! ENDIF
1032	! ENDDO
1033	! ENDIF
1034	!
1035	! ENDDO
1036	!
1037	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1038
1039	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1040
1041	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1042	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1043
1044	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1045
1046	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1047
1048
1049	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1050	! Description:
1051	! ------------
1052	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1053	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1054	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1055	!
1056	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1057
1058
1059	IMPLICIT NONE
1060
1061	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1062	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1063
1064	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1065
1066	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1067
1068	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1069	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1070	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1071	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1073	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1074	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1075	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1076	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1077	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1078
1079	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1080	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1081	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1082
1083	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1084	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1085
1086	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1087	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1088	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1089	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1090	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1091
1092	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1093	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1094	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1095	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1096	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1097
1098	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1099
1100	!
1101	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1102	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1103
1104	OPEN ( 90, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1105
1106	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1107	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1108	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0464', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1109	ENDIF
1110	!
1111	!-- Read distribution table:
1112
1113	dlen = 0
1114
1115	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1116
1117	rloop3: DO
1118	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1119	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1120	dlen = dlen + 1
1121	ENDDO rloop3
1122
1123	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1124
1125	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1126	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1127	ENDDO
1128
1129	DO jj = 1,dlen
1130	READ ( 90, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1131	ENDDO
1132
1133	!
1134	!-- Read layout table:
1135
1136	dlen = 0
1137
1138	READ ( 90, '(3/)')
1139
1140	rloop1: DO
1141	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1142	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1143	dlen = dlen + 1
1144	ENDDO rloop1
1145
1146	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1147	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1148	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1149	ENDDO
1150	DO jj = 1, dlen
1151	READ ( 90, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1152	ENDDO
1153
1154	!
1155	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1156
1157	dlen = 0
1158
1159	READ ( 90, '(3/)' )
1160
1161	rloop2: DO
1162	READ ( 90, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1163	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1164	dlen = dlen + 1
1165	ENDDO rloop2
1166
1167	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1168	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1169
1170	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1171	BACKSPACE ( 90, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1172	ENDDO
1173
1174	DO jj = 1,dlen
1175	READ ( 90, * ) read_cl_cd
1176	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1177	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1178	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1179	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1180	ENDDO
1181
1182	ENDDO
1183
1184	dlenbl = dlen
1185
1186	CLOSE ( 90 )
1187
1188	!
1189	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1190	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1191	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1192	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1193	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1194
1195	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1196	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1197	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1198	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1199
1200	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1201	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1202
1203
1204	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1205	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1206
1207
1208	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1209
1210	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1211
1212	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1213	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1214	ialpha = 1
1215
1216	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1217	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1218	ENDDO
1219	!
1220	!-- Find position in table
1221	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1222	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1223
1224	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1225	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1226	ENDIF
1227
1228	trow = lct(1)
1229	!
1230	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1231	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1232	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1233	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1234	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1235
1236	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1237	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1238	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1239	ENDIF
1240
1241	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1242	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1243	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1244	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1245	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1246	ELSE
1247	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1248	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1249	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1250	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1251	ENDIF
1252
1253	!
1254	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1255	!-- segments and angles of attack
1256
1257	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1258	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1259	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1260	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1261	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1262	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1263	( alpha_attack_i - &
1264	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1265	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1266	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1267	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1268	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1269	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1270	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1271	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1272	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1273	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1274	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1275	( alpha_attack_i - &
1276	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1277	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1278	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1279	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1280	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1281
1282	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1283
1284	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1285
1286	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1287
1288
1289	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1290	! Description:
1291	! ------------
1292	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1293	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1294	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1295	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1296
1297
1298	IMPLICIT NONE
1299
1300	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1301	!
1302	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1303	!-- the rotors
1304	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1305	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1306	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1307
1308	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1309	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1310	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1311
1312	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1313	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1314	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1315
1316	!
1317	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1318	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1319
1320	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1321	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1322	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1323	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1324	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1325	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1326	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1327	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1328	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1329	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1330	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1331	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1332	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1333	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1334	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1335	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1336	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1337	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1338	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1339	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1340	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1341	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1342	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1343	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1344
1345	!
1346	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1347	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1348	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1349	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1350	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1351
1352	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1353
1354
1355	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1356	! Description:
1357	! ------------
1358	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1359	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1360	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1361
1362
1363	IMPLICIT NONE
1364
1365	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1366
1367	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1368	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1369	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1370	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1371	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1372	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1373
1374	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
1375	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1376	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1377
1378	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1379	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1380
1381	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1382
1383
1384	!
1385	! Variables for pitch control
1386	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1387	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1388
1389	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1390	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1391
1392	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1393
1394
1395	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1396
1397
1398	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1399
1400	!
1401	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1402	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1403	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1404	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1405	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1406	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1407	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1408	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1409	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1410	!
1411	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1412	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1413
1414	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1415	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1416	!
1417	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1418	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1419
1420	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1421	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1422	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1423	!
1424	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1425	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1426
1427	!
1428	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1429	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1430	!
1431	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1432	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1433	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1434	!
1435	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1436	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1437	!-- with y-axis):
1438	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1439	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1440	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1441
1442	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1443	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1444	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1445	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1446	re(3) = sin_rot
1447
1448	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1449	!
1450	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1451	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1452	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1453	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1454
1455	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1456	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1457	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1458	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1459	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1460
1461	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1462	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1463
1464	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1465	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1466
1467	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1468	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1469
1470	!
1471	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1472
1473	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1474	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1475	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1476	!
1477	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1478	!-- the current PE:
1479	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1480	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1481
1482	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1483	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1484	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1485	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1486	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1487	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1488	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1489	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1490	gg = dx * dy
1491
1492	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1493	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1494	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1495	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1496	) / gg
1497
1498	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1499	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1500	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1501	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1502	) / gg
1503
1504	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1505	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1506	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1507
1508	ELSE
1509	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1510	ENDIF
1511	ELSE
1512	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1513	ENDIF
1514
1515
1516	!
1517	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1518	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1519	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1520	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1521	!
1522	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1523	!-- the current PE:
1524	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1525	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1526
1527	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1528	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1529	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1530	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1531	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1532	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1533	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1534	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1535	gg = dx * dy
1536
1537	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1538	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1539	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1540	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1541	) / gg
1542
1543	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1544	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1545	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1546	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1547	) / gg
1548
1549	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1550	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1551	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1552
1553	ELSE
1554	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1555	ENDIF
1556	ELSE
1557	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1558	ENDIF
1559
1560
1561	!
1562	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1563	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1564	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1565	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1566	!
1567	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1568	!-- the current PE:
1569	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1570	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1571
1572	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1573	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1574	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1575	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1576	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1577	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1578	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1579	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1580	gg = dx * dy
1581
1582	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1583	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1584	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1585	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1586	) / gg
1587
1588	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1589	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1590	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1591	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1592	) / gg
1593
1594	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1595	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1596	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1597	ELSE
1598	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1599	ENDIF
1600	ELSE
1601	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1602	ENDIF
1603
1604	ENDDO
1605	ENDDO
1606
1607	ENDDO
1608
1609	!
1610	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1611	#if defined( __parallel )
1612	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1613	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1614	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1615	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1616	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1617	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1618	#else
1619	u_int = u_int_1_l
1620	v_int = v_int_1_l
1621	w_int = w_int_1_l
1622	#endif
1623
1624
1625	!
1626	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1627
1628	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1629	pit_loop: DO
1630
1631	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1632	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1633	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1634	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1635	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1636	ELSE
1637	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1638	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1639	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1640	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1641	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1642	ENDIF
1643	ENDIF
1644
1645	!
1646	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1647	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1648	!
1649	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1650	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1651	!
1652	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1653	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1654	!
1655	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1656	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1657	!-- with y-axis):
1658	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1659	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1660	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1661	!
1662	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1663	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1664	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1665	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1666	re(3) = sin_rot
1667
1668	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1669	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1670	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1671	rea(3) = cos_rot
1672
1673	!
1674	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1675	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1676	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1677	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1678	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1679	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1680	!
1681	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1682	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1683	!-- tilt:
1684	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1685	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1686	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1687	!
1688	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1689	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1690
1691	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1692
1693	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1694
1695	!
1696	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1697	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1698	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1699	!
1700	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1701	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1702	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1703	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1704	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1705	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1706	!
1707	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1708	!
1709	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1710	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1711	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1712	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1713	!
1714	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1715	!-- direction:
1716	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1717	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1718	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1719	!
1720	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1721	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1722
1723	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1724	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1725	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1726
1727	!
1728	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1729	!-- to the current radial position:
1730
1731	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1732	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1733
1734	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1735	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1736	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1737	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1738	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1739	ELSE
1740	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1741	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1742	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1743	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1744	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1745	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1746	ENDIF
1747
1748	!
1749	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1750	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1751	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1752	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1753	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1754	!
1755	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1756	!-- angle of attack:
1757	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1758	!
1759	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1760	!-- to angles given in degree:
1761	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1762	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1763	!
1764	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1765	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1766
1767	!
1768	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1769	!-- to the rotor:
1770	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1771	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1772	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1773
1774	!
1775	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1776	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1777	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1778	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1779
1780	!
1781	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1782	!-- the current radial position:
1783
1784	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1785	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1786	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1787	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1788	ELSE
1789	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1790	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1791	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1792	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1793	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1794	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1795	ENDIF
1796
1797	!
1798	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1799	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1800	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1801	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1802	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1803	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1804	!
1805	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1806	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1807	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1808	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1809	!
1810	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1811	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1812	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1813	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1814
1815	!
1816	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1817	!-- angles given in radian:
1818	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1819	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1820
1821	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1822
1823	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1824	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1825	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1826	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1827	!--
1828	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1829	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1830	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1831
1832	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1833
1834	END IF
1835	!
1836	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1837	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1838	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1839
1840	!
1841	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1842
1843	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1844	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1845
1846	!
1847	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1848	!-- for each ring segment:
1849	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1850	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1851	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1852
1853	!
1854	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1855	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1856	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1857	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1858	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1859	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1860	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1861	!
1862	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1863	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1864	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1865
1866	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1867	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1868
1869	!
1870	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1871	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1872	thrust_seg(rseg)
1873
1874
1875	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1876
1877	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1881	!-- each ring:
1882	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1883	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1884	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1885
1886
1887	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1888
1889
1890	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1891
1892
1893	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1894	!
1895	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1896
1897	!
1898	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1899	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1900	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1901	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1902	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1903	( inertia_rot + &
1904	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1905
1906	!
1907	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1908	!-- and rotor speed
1909	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1910
1911	ENDIF
1912
1913	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1914
1915	!
1916	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1917	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1918	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1919	!-- gain
1920	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1921	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1922	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1923	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1924	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1925	!
1926	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1927	CYCLE pit_loop
1928	ENDIF
1929
1930	!
1931	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1932	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1933	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1934	ENDIF
1935	EXIT pit_loop
1936	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1937
1938
1939	!
1940	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1941
1942	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1943	!
1944	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1945	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1946	THEN
1947	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1948	THEN
1949	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1950	ENDIF
1951	ENDIF
1952
1953	ENDIF
1954
1955
1956	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1957
1958	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1959
1960
1961	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1962	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1963	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1964	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1965	!
1966	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1967	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1968	!
1969	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1970	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1971	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1972	!-- consideration
1973	!
1974	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1975	!-- of the model domain:
1976	!
1977	!--
1978	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1979	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1980	eps_min ) / dx )
1981	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1982	eps_min ) / dy )
1983
1984	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1985	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1986	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1987	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1988	! DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1989	! k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1990	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1991	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1992	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1993	!
1994	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography
1995	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1996
1997	!
1998	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1999	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
2000	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2001	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2002	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2003	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2004	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2005	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2006	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2007	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
2008	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
2009
2010	!
2011	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
2012	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
2013	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
2014	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
2015	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
2016	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2017	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
2018	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
2019	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2020	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor *&
2021	flag
2022	ENDIF
2023	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2024	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2025	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2026	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) * &
2027	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2028	flag
2029	ENDIF
2030	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2031	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2032	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2033	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) * &
2034	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2035	flag
2036	ENDIF
2037
2038	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2039	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2040
2041	!
2042	!-- Rotation of force components:
2043	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + ( &
2044	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2045	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2046	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1) &
2047	) * flag
2048
2049	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + ( &
2050	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2051	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2052	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2) &
2053	) * flag
2054
2055	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + ( &
2056	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2057	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2058	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3) &
2059	) * flag
2060
2061	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2062	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2063	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2064
2065	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2066
2067	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2068
2069
2070	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2071	!
2072	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2073	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2074	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2075	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2076	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2077	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2078	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2079
2080	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2081	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2082	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2083	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2084	start_up = .FALSE.
2085	ENDIF
2086
2087	!
2088	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2089	!--
2090	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2091	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2092	!
2093	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2094	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2095	THEN
2096	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2097	THEN
2098
2099	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2100
2101	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2102	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2103	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2104	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2105	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2106
2107	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2108
2109	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2110
2111	ENDIF
2112	ENDIF
2113
2114	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2115
2116	!
2117	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2118	#if defined( __parallel )
2119	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2120	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2121	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2122	comm2d, ierr )
2123	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2124	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2125	#else
2126	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2127	wdir = wdir_l
2128	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2129
2130
2131	#endif
2132	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2133	!
2134	!-- Update rotor orientation
2135	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2136
2137	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2138
2139	END IF ! end of yaw control
2140
2141	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2142	!
2143	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2144	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2145	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2146	#if defined( __parallel )
2147	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2148	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2149	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2150	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2151	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2152	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2153	#else
2154	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2155	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2156	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2157	#endif
2158
2159	ENDIF
2160
2161	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2162
2163	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2164	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2165	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2166	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2167	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2168	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2169	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2170	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2171	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2172	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2173
2174	ELSE
2175
2176	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2177	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2178	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2179	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2180	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2181	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2182	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2183	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2184	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2185	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2186	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2187	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2188	ENDIF
2189	ENDIF
2190
2191	!-- Set open flag
2192	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2193	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2194
2195	ENDIF
2196
2197	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2198
2199	!
2200	!-- Formats
2201	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2202	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2203	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2204	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2205	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2206
2207	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2208	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2209
2210
2211	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2212
2213
2214	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2215	! Description:
2216	! ------------
2217	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2218	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2219	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2220
2221	USE constants
2222	USE kinds
2223
2224	IMPLICIT NONE
2225
2226	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2227	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2228	REAL(wp) :: missal
2229
2230	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2231
2232	!
2233	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2234	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2235	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2236	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2237	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2238	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2239	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2240	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2241	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2242	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2243	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2244	!
2245	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2246	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2247	!
2248	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2249	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2250	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2251	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2252	!
2253	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2254	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2255
2256	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2257	!
2258	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2259	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2260	!
2261	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2262	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2263	!
2264	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2265	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2266	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2267	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2268	ENDIF
2269	ENDIF
2270
2271	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2272
2273	!
2274	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2275	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2276	!-- than min_miss
2277
2278	ELSE
2279	!
2280	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2281	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2282	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2283	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2284	!
2285	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2286	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2287	!
2288	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2289	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2290	!
2291	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2292	!-- yaw direction is still right
2293	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2294	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2295	!
2296	!-- Continue yawing
2297	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2298	ELSE
2299	!
2300	!-- Stop yawing
2301	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2302	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2303	ENDIF
2304	ELSE
2305	!
2306	!-- Continue yawing
2307	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2308	ENDIF
2309
2310	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2311
2312	ENDIF
2313
2314	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2315
2316
2317	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2318	! Description:
2319	! ------------
2320	!> Initialization of the speed control
2321	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2322	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2323
2324
2325	IMPLICIT NONE
2326
2327	!
2328	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2329	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2330	!
2331	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2332	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2333	!
2334	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2335	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2336	!
2337	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2338	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2339	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2340	!
2341	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2342	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2343	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2344	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2345	!
2346	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2347	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2348	!
2349	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2350	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2351	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2352
2353	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2354
2355
2356	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2357	! Description:
2358	! ------------
2359	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2360	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2361	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2362
2363
2364	IMPLICIT NONE
2365
2366	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2367
2368
2369
2370	!
2371	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2372	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2373	!-- offshore system developement"
2374
2375	!
2376	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2377	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2378	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2379	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2380	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2381
2382	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2383	!
2384	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2385	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2386
2387	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2388	!
2389	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2390	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2391
2392	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2393	!
2394	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2395	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2396	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2397
2398	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2399	!
2400	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2401	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2402
2403	ELSE
2404	!
2405	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2406	!-- keep the power constant:
2407	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2408
2409	ENDIF
2410	!
2411	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2412	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2413	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2414	!
2415	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2416	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2417	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2418	!
2419	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2420	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2421
2422
2423	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2424
2425
2426	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2427	! Description:
2428	! ------------
2429	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2430	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2431	!> Call for all grid points
2432	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2433	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2434
2435
2436	IMPLICIT NONE
2437
2438	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2439	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2440	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2441	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2442
2443
2444	SELECT CASE ( component )
2445
2446	CASE ( 1 )
2447	!
2448	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2449	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2450	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2451	DO j = nysg, nyng
2452	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2453	!
2454	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2455	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2456	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2457	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2458	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2459
2460	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2461	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2462	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2463	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2464	ENDDO
2465	ENDDO
2466	ENDDO
2467	ENDIF
2468
2469	CASE ( 2 )
2470	!
2471	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2472	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2473	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2474	DO j = nysg, nyng
2475	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2476	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2477	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2478	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2479	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2480	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2481	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2482	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2483	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2484	ENDDO
2485	ENDDO
2486	ENDDO
2487	ENDIF
2488
2489	CASE ( 3 )
2490	!
2491	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2492	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2493	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2494	DO j = nysg, nyng
2495	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2496	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2497	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2498	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2499	ENDDO
2500	ENDDO
2501	ENDDO
2502	ENDIF
2503
2504
2505	CASE DEFAULT
2506
2507	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2508	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2509
2510	END SELECT
2511
2512
2513	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2514
2515
2516	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2517	! Description:
2518	! ------------
2519	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2520	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2521	!> Call for grid point i,j
2522	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2523	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2524
2525
2526	IMPLICIT NONE
2527
2528	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2529	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2530	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2531	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2532
2533	SELECT CASE ( component )
2534
2535	CASE ( 1 )
2536	!
2537	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2538	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2539
2540	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2541	!
2542	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2543	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2544	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2545	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2546	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2547	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2548	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2549	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2550	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2551	ENDDO
2552	ENDIF
2553
2554	CASE ( 2 )
2555	!
2556	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2557	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2558	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2559	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2560	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2561	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2562	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2563	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2564	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2565	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2566	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2567	ENDDO
2568	ENDIF
2569
2570	CASE ( 3 )
2571	!
2572	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2573	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2574	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2575	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2576	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2577	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2578	ENDDO
2579	ENDIF
2580
2581
2582	CASE DEFAULT
2583
2584	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2585	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2586
2587	END SELECT
2588
2589
2590	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2591
2592	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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