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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/urban_surface_mod.f90 @ 2020

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1	!> @file urban_surface_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2015-2016 Czech Technical University in Prague
18	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
19	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! ------------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: urban_surface_mod.f90 2012 2016-09-19 17:31:38Z hellstea $
28	!
29	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
30	! Major reformatting according to PALM coding standard (comments, blanks,
31	! alphabetical ordering, etc.),
32	! removed debug_prints,
33	! removed auxiliary SUBROUTINE get_usm_info, instead, USM flag urban_surface is
34	! defined in MODULE control_parameters (modules.f90) to avoid circular
35	! dependencies,
36	! renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, as meaning of quantity changed.
37	!
38	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
39	! Initial revision
40	!
41	!
42	! Description:
43	! ------------
44	! 2016/6/9 - Initial version of the USM (Urban Surface Model)
45	! authors: Jaroslav Resler, Pavel Krc (CTU in Prague, ICS AS in Prague)
46	! with contributions: Michal Belda, Nina Benesova, Ondrej Vlcek
47	! partly inspired by PALM LSM (B. Maronga)
48	! parameterizations of Ra checked with TUF3D (E. S. Krayenhoff)
49	!> Module for Urban Surface Model (USM)
50	!> The module includes:
51	!> 1. radiation model with direct/diffuse radiation, shading, reflections
52	!> and integration with plant canopy
53	!> 2. wall and wall surface model
54	!> 3. surface layer energy balance
55	!> 4. anthropogenic heat (only from transportation so far)
56	!> 5. necessary auxiliary subroutines (reading inputs, writing outputs,
57	!> restart simulations, ...)
58	!> It also make use of standard radiation and integrates it into
59	!> urban surface model.
60	!>
61	!> Further work:
62	!> -------------
63	!> 1. Reduce number of shape view factors by merging factors for distant surfaces
64	!> under shallow angles. Idea: Iteratively select the smallest shape view
65	!> factor by value (among all sources and targets) which has a similarly
66	!> oriented source neighbor (or near enough) SVF and merge them by adding
67	!> value of the smaller SVF to the larger one and deleting the smaller one.
68	!> This will allow for better scaling at higher resolutions.
69	!>
70	!> 2. Remove global arrays surfouts, surfoutl and only keep track of radiosity
71	!> from surfaces that are visible from local surfaces (i.e. there is a SVF
72	!> where target is local). To do that, radiosity will be exchanged after each
73	!> reflection step using MPI_Alltoall instead of current MPI_Allgather.
74	!>
75	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
76	MODULE urban_surface_mod
77
78	USE arrays_3d, &
79	ONLY: zu, pt, pt_1, pt_2, p, ol, shf, ts, us, u, v, w, hyp, tend
80
81	USE cloud_parameters, &
82	ONLY: cp, r_d
83
84	USE constants, &
85	ONLY: pi
86
87	USE control_parameters, &
88	ONLY: dz, topography, dt_3d, intermediate_timestep_count, &
89	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
90	simulated_time, end_time, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
91	coupling_char, io_blocks, io_group, message_string, &
92	time_since_reference_point, surface_pressure, &
93	g, pt_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, &
94	time_do3d, dt_do3d, average_count_3d, urban_surface
95
96	USE cpulog, &
97	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point, log_point_s
98
99	USE grid_variables, &
100	ONLY: dx, dy, ddx, ddy, ddx2, ddy2
101
102	USE indices, &
103	ONLY: nx, ny, nnx, nny, nnz, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, &
104	nysg, nzb_s_inner, nzb_s_outer, nzb, nzt, nbgp
105
106	USE, INTRINSIC :: iso_c_binding
107
108	USE kinds
109
110	USE pegrid
111
112	USE plant_canopy_model_mod, &
113	ONLY: plant_canopy, pch_index, &
114	pc_heating_rate, lad_s
115
116	USE radiation_model_mod, &
117	ONLY: radiation, calc_zenith, zenith, day_init, time_utc_init, &
118	rad_net, rad_sw_in, rad_lw_in, rad_sw_out, rad_lw_out, &
119	sigma_sb, sun_direction, sun_dir_lat, sun_dir_lon, &
120	force_radiation_call
121
122	USE statistics, &
123	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
124
125
126
127	IMPLICIT NONE
128
129	!-- configuration parameters (they can be setup in PALM config)
130	LOGICAL :: split_diffusion_radiation = .TRUE. !< split direct and diffusion dw radiation
131	!< (.F. in case the radiation model already does it)
132	LOGICAL :: usm_energy_balance_land = .TRUE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the energy balance is calculated for land and roofs
133	LOGICAL :: usm_energy_balance_wall = .TRUE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the energy balance is calculated for land and roofs
134	LOGICAL :: usm_material_model = .TRUE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the model of heat in materials is used
135	LOGICAL :: usm_anthropogenic_heat = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the anthropogenic heat sources (e.g.transportation) are used
136	LOGICAL :: force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE. !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
137	LOGICAL :: mrt_factors = .FALSE. !< whether to generate MRT factor files during init
138	LOGICAL :: write_svf_on_init = .FALSE.
139	LOGICAL :: read_svf_on_init = .FALSE.
140	LOGICAL :: usm_lad_rma = .TRUE. !< use MPI RMA to access LAD for raytracing (instead of global array)
141
142	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrefsteps = 0 !< number of reflection steps to perform
143
144	INTEGER(iwp) :: land_category = 2 !< default category for land surface
145	INTEGER(iwp) :: wall_category = 2 !< default category for wall surface over pedestrian zone
146	INTEGER(iwp) :: pedestrant_category = 2 !< default category for wall surface in pedestrian zone
147	INTEGER(iwp) :: roof_category = 2 !< default category for root surface
148	REAL(wp) :: roof_height_limit = 4._wp !< height for distinguish between land surfaces and roofs
149
150	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient (a.k.a. alpha)
151	REAL(wp) :: ra_horiz_coef = 5.0_wp !< mysterious coefficient for correction of overestimation
152	!< of r_a for horizontal surfaces -> TODO
153
154	!-- parameters of urban surface model
155	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: usm_version_len = 10 !< length of identification string of usm version
156	CHARACTER(usm_version_len), PARAMETER :: usm_version = 'USM v. 1.0' !< identification of version of binary svf and restart files
157	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: svf_code_len = 15 !< length of code for verification of the end of svf file
158	CHARACTER(svf_code_len), PARAMETER :: svf_code = '* end svf *' !< code for verification of the end of svf file
159	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzu !< number of layers of urban surface (will be calculated)
160	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzub,nzut !< bottom and top layer of urban surface (will be calculated)
161	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzut_free = 3 !< number of free layers in urban surface layer above top of buildings
162	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ndsvf = 2 !< number of dimensions of real values in SVF
163	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ndcsf = 2 !< number of dimensions of real values in CSF
164	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: kdcsf = 4 !< number of dimensions of integer values in CSF
165	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: id = 1 !< position of d-index in surfl and surf
166	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iz = 2 !< position of k-index in surfl and surf
167	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iy = 3 !< position of j-index in surfl and surf
168	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ix = 4 !< position of i-index in surfl and surf
169	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iroof = 0 !< 0 - index of ground or roof
170	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: isouth = 1 !< 1 - index of south facing wall
171	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: inorth = 2 !< 2 - index of north facing wall
172	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iwest = 3 !< 3 - index of west facing wall
173	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ieast = 4 !< 4 - index of east facing wall
174	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: isky = 5 !< 5 - index of top border of the urban surface layer ("urban sky")
175	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: inorthb = 6 !< 6 - index of free north border of the domain (south facing)
176	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: isouthb = 7 !< 7 - index of north south border of the domain (north facing)
177	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ieastb = 8 !< 8 - index of east border of the domain (west facing)
178	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iwestb = 9 !< 9 - index of wast border of the domain (east facing)
179	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:9), PARAMETER :: idir = (/0,0,0,-1,1,0,0,0,-1,1/) !< surface normal direction x indices
180	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:9), PARAMETER :: jdir = (/0,-1,1,0,0,0,-1,1,0,0/) !< surface normal direction y indices
181	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:9), PARAMETER :: kdir = (/1,0,0,0,0,-1,0,0,0,0/) !< surface normal direction z indices
182	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:4) :: ddxy2 !< 1/dx^2 or 1/dy^2 (in surface normal direction)
183	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:4,6:9) :: ijdb !< start and end of the local domain border coordinates (set in code)
184	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(6:9) :: isborder !< is PE on the border of the domain in four corresponding directions
185	!< parameter but set in the code
186
187	!-- indices and sizes of urban surface model
188	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfl !< coordinates of i-th local surface in local grid - surfl[:,k] = [d, z, y, x]
189	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: surf !< coordinates of i-th surface in grid - surf[:,k] = [d, z, y, x]
190	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsurfl !< number of all surfaces in local processor
191	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsurfs !< array of number of all surfaces in individual processors
192	INTEGER(iwp) :: startsky !< start index of block of sky
193	INTEGER(iwp) :: endsky !< end index of block of sky
194	INTEGER(iwp) :: nskys !< number of sky surfaces in local processor
195	INTEGER(iwp) :: startland !< start index of block of land and roof surfaces
196	INTEGER(iwp) :: endland !< end index of block of land and roof surfaces
197	INTEGER(iwp) :: nlands !< number of land and roof surfaces in local processor
198	INTEGER(iwp) :: startwall !< start index of block of wall surfaces
199	INTEGER(iwp) :: endwall !< end index of block of wall surfaces
200	INTEGER(iwp) :: nwalls !< number of wall surfaces in local processor
201	INTEGER(iwp) :: startenergy !< start index of block of real surfaces (land, walls and roofs)
202	INTEGER(iwp) :: endenergy !< end index of block of real surfaces (land, walls and roofs)
203	INTEGER(iwp) :: nenergy !< number of real surfaces in local processor
204	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsurf !< global number of surfaces in index array of surfaces (nsurf = Î£proc nsurfs)
205	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfstart !< starts of blocks of surfaces for individual processors in array surf
206	!< respective block for particular processor is surfstart[iproc]+1 : surfstart[iproc+1]
207	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsvfl !< number of svf (excluding csf) for local processor
208	INTEGER(iwp) :: ncsfl !< no. of csf in local processor
209	!< needed only during calc_svf but must be here because it is
210	!< shared between subroutines usm_calc_svf and usm_raytrace
211	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsvfcsfl !< sum of svf+csf for local processor
212
213
214	!-- type for calculation of svf
215	TYPE t_svf
216	INTEGER(iwp) :: isurflt !<
217	INTEGER(iwp) :: isurfs !<
218	REAL(wp) :: rsvf !<
219	REAL(wp) :: rtransp !<
220	END TYPE
221
222	!-- type for calculation of csf
223	TYPE t_csf
224	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
225	INTEGER(iwp) :: itx !<
226	INTEGER(iwp) :: ity !<
227	INTEGER(iwp) :: itz !<
228	INTEGER(iwp) :: isurfs !<
229	REAL(wp) :: rsvf !<
230	REAL(wp) :: rtransp !<
231	END TYPE
232
233	!-- arrays for calculation of svf and csf
234	TYPE(t_svf), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: asvf !< pointer to growing svc array
235	TYPE(t_csf), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: acsf !< pointer to growing csf array
236	TYPE(t_svf), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: asvf1, asvf2 !< realizations of svf array
237	TYPE(t_csf), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: acsf1, acsf2 !< realizations of csf array
238	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsvfla !< dimmension of array allocated for storage of svf in local processor
239	INTEGER(iwp) :: ncsfla !< dimmension of array allocated for storage of csf in local processor
240	INTEGER(iwp) :: msvf, mcsf !< mod for swapping the growing array
241	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: gasize = 10000 !< initial size of growing arrays
242
243	!-- arrays storing the values of USM
244	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: svfsurf !< svfsurf[:,isvf] = index of source and target surface for svf[isvf]
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: svf !< array of shape view factors+direct irradiation factors
246	!< for individual local surfaces and plant canopy sinks
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfins !< array of sw radiation falling to local surface after i-th reflection
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinl !< array of lw radiation for local surface after i-th reflection
249
250	!< Inward radiation is also valid for virtual surfaces (radiation leaving domain)
251	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinsw !< array of sw radiation falling to local surface including radiation from reflections
252	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinlw !< array of lw radiation falling to local surface including radiation from reflections
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinswdir !< array of direct sw radiation falling to local surface
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinswdif !< array of diffuse sw radiation from sky and model boundary falling to local surface
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinlwdif !< array of diffuse lw radiation from sky and model boundary falling to local surface
256
257	!< Outward radiation is only valid for nonvirtual surfaces
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutsl !< array of reflected sw radiation for local surface in i-th reflection
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutll !< array of reflected + emitted lw radiation for local surface in i-th reflection
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfouts !< array of reflected sw radiation for all surfaces in i-th reflection
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutl !< array of reflected + emitted lw radiation for all surfaces in i-th reflection
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutsw !< array of total sw radiation outgoing from nonvirtual surfaces surfaces after all reflection
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutlw !< array of total lw radiation outgoing from nonvirtual surfaces surfaces after all reflection
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfhf !< array of total radiation flux incoming to minus outgoing from local surface
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: rad_net_l !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
266
267	!-- arrays for time averages
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: rad_net_av !< average of rad_net_l
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinsw_av !< average of sw radiation falling to local surface including radiation from reflections
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinlw_av !< average of lw radiation falling to local surface including radiation from reflections
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinswdir_av !< average of direct sw radiation falling to local surface
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinswdif_av !< average of diffuse sw radiation from sky and model boundary falling to local surface
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinlwdif_av !< average of diffuse lw radiation from sky and model boundary falling to local surface
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinswref_av !< average of sw radiation falling to surface from reflections
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfinlwref_av !< average of lw radiation falling to surface from reflections
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutsw_av !< average of total sw radiation outgoing from nonvirtual surfaces surfaces after all reflection
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfoutlw_av !< average of total lw radiation outgoing from nonvirtual surfaces surfaces after all reflection
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surfhf_av !< average of total radiation flux incoming to minus outgoing from local surface
279
280	!-- block variables needed for calculation of the plant canopy model inside the urban surface model
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcbl !< z,y,x coordinates of i-th local plant canopy box pcbl[:,i] = [z, y, x]
282	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: gridpcbl !< index of local pcb[z,y,x]
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcbinsw !< array of absorbed sw radiation for local plant canopy box
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcbinlw !< array of absorbed lw radiation for local plant canopy box
285	INTEGER(iwp) :: npcbl !< number of the plant canopy gridboxes in local processor
286	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch !< heights of the plant canopy
287	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pct !< top layer of the plant canopy
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: usm_lad !< subset of lad_s within urban surface, transformed to plain Z coordinate
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: usm_lad_g !< usm_lad globalized (used to avoid MPI RMA calls in raytracing)
290	REAL(wp) :: prototype_lad !< prototype leaf area density for computing effective optical depth
291	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzterr, plantt !< temporary global arrays for raytracing
292
293	!-- radiation related arrays (it should be better in interface of radiation module of PALM
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rad_sw_in_dir !< direct sw radiation
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rad_sw_in_diff !< diffusion sw radiation
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rad_lw_in_diff !< diffusion lw radiation
297
298	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
299	!-- anthropogenic heat sources
300	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: aheat !< daily average of anthropogenic heat (W/m2)
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: aheatprof !< diurnal profile of anthropogenic heat
303
304	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
305	!-- wall surface model
306	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
307	!-- wall surface model constants
308	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_wall = 0 !< inner side of the wall model (to be switched)
309	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzt_wall = 3 !< outer side of the wall model (to be switched)
310	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzw = 4 !< number of wall layers (fixed for now)
311
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_wall:nzt_wall) :: zwn_default = (/0.0242_wp, 0.0969_wp, 0.346_wp, 1.0_wp /)
313	!< normalized soil, wall and roof layer depths (m/m)
314
315	REAL(wp) :: wall_inner_temperature = 296.0_wp !< temperature of the inner wall surface (~23 degrees C) (K)
316	REAL(wp) :: roof_inner_temperature = 296.0_wp !< temperature of the inner roof surface (~23 degrees C) (K)
317	REAL(wp) :: soil_inner_temperature = 283.0_wp !< temperature of the deep soil (~10 degrees C) (K)
318
319	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
320	!-- surface and material model variables for walls, ground, roofs
321	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
322	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surface_types !< array of types of wall parameters
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zwn !< normalized wall layer depths (m)
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: ddz_wall !< 1/dz_wall
325	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: ddz_wall_stag !< 1/dz_wall_stag
326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dz_wall !< wall grid spacing (center-center)
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dz_wall_stag !< wall grid spacing (edge-edge)
328	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: zw !< wall layer depths (m)
329
330	#if defined( __nopointer )
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surf !< wall surface temperature (K)
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surf_p !< progn. wall surface temperature (K)
333	#else
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: t_surf
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: t_surf_p
336
337	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surf_1
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surf_2
339	#endif
340	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surf_av !< average of wall surface temperature (K)
341
342	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
343	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m !< surface temperature tendency (K)
344
345	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
346	!-- Energy balance variables
347	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
348	!-- parameters of the land, roof and wall surfaces
349	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: isroof_surf !< is the surface the part of a roof
350	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: albedo_surf !< albedo of the surface
351	!-- parameters of the wall surfaces
352	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: c_surface !< heat capacity of the wall surface skin ( J mâ2 Kâ1 )
353	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: emiss_surf !< emissivity of the wall surface
354	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lambda_surf !< heat conductivity Î»S between air and surface ( W mâ2 Kâ1 )
355
356	!-- parameters of the walls material
357	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thickness_wall !< thickness of the wall, roof and soil layers
358	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rho_c_wall !< volumetric heat capacity of the material ( J m-3 K-1 ) (= 2.19E6)
359	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lambda_h !< heat conductivity Î»T of the material ( W m-1 K-1 )
360	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: roughness_wall !< roughness relative to concrete
361
362	!-- output wall heat flux arrays
363	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: wshf !< kinematic wall heat flux of sensible heat (needed for diffusion_s!<)
364	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: wshf_eb !< wall heat flux of sensible heat in wall normal direction
365	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: wshf_eb_av !< average of wshf_eb
366	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: wghf_eb !< wall ground heat flux
367	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: wghf_eb_av !< average of wghf_eb
368
369	#if defined( __nopointer )
370	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_wall !< Wall temperature (K)
371	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_wall_av !< Average of t_wall
372	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_wall_p !< Prog. wall temperature (K)
373	#else
374	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_wall, t_wall_p
375	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_wall_av, t_wall_1, t_wall_2
376	#endif
377
378	!-- Wall temporal tendencies for time stepping
379	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_wall_m !< t_wall prognostic array
380
381	!-- Surface and material parameters classes (surface_type)
382	!-- albedo, emissivity, lambda_surf, roughness, thickness, volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity
383	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_surface_types !< number of the wall type categories
384	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: n_surface_params = 8 !< number of parameters for each type of the wall
385	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ialbedo = 1 !< albedo of the surface
386	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: iemiss = 2 !< emissivity of the surface
387	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ilambdas = 3 !< heat conductivity Î»S between air and surface ( W mâ2 Kâ1 )
388	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: irough = 4 !< roughness relative to concrete
389	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: icsurf = 5 !< Surface skin layer heat capacity (J mâ2 Kâ1 )
390	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ithick = 6 !< thickness of the surface (wall, roof, land) ( m )
391	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: irhoC = 7 !< volumetric heat capacity rho*C of the material ( J mâ3 Kâ1 )
392	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: ilambdah = 8 !< thermal conductivity Î»H of the wall (W mâ1 Kâ1 )
393	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surface_type_names !< names of wall types (used only for reports)
394	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: surface_type_codes !< codes of wall types
395	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: surface_params !< parameters of wall types
396
397	CHARACTER(len=*), PARAMETER :: svf_file_name='usm_svf'
398
399	!-- interfaces of subroutines accessed from outside of this module
400	INTERFACE usm_check_data_output
401	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_check_data_output
402	END INTERFACE usm_check_data_output
403
404	INTERFACE usm_check_parameters
405	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_check_parameters
406	END INTERFACE usm_check_parameters
407
408	INTERFACE usm_data_output_3d
409	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_data_output_3d
410	END INTERFACE usm_data_output_3d
411
412	INTERFACE usm_define_netcdf_grid
413	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_define_netcdf_grid
414	END INTERFACE usm_define_netcdf_grid
415
416	INTERFACE usm_init_urban_surface
417	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_init_urban_surface
418	END INTERFACE usm_init_urban_surface
419
420	INTERFACE usm_material_heat_model
421	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_material_heat_model
422	END INTERFACE usm_material_heat_model
423
424	INTERFACE usm_parin
425	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_parin
426	END INTERFACE usm_parin
427
428	INTERFACE usm_radiation
429	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_radiation
430	END INTERFACE usm_radiation
431
432	INTERFACE usm_read_restart_data
433	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_read_restart_data
434	END INTERFACE usm_read_restart_data
435
436	INTERFACE usm_surface_energy_balance
437	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_surface_energy_balance
438	END INTERFACE usm_surface_energy_balance
439
440	INTERFACE usm_swap_timelevel
441	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_swap_timelevel
442	END INTERFACE usm_swap_timelevel
443
444	INTERFACE usm_wall_heat_flux
445	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_wall_heat_flux
446	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_wall_heat_flux_ij
447	END INTERFACE usm_wall_heat_flux
448
449	INTERFACE usm_write_restart_data
450	MODULE PROCEDURE usm_write_restart_data
451	END INTERFACE usm_write_restart_data
452
453	SAVE
454
455	PRIVATE
456
457	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
458	PUBLIC split_diffusion_radiation, &
459	usm_anthropogenic_heat, usm_material_model, mrt_factors, &
460	usm_check_parameters, &
461	usm_energy_balance_land, usm_energy_balance_wall, nrefsteps, &
462	usm_init_urban_surface, usm_radiation, usm_read_restart_data, &
463	usm_wall_heat_flux, &
464	usm_surface_energy_balance, usm_material_heat_model, &
465	usm_swap_timelevel, usm_check_data_output, usm_average_3d_data, &
466	usm_data_output_3d, usm_define_netcdf_grid, usm_parin, &
467	usm_write_restart_data, &
468	nzub, nzut, ra_horiz_coef, usm_lad_rma, &
469	land_category, pedestrant_category, wall_category, roof_category, &
470	write_svf_on_init, read_svf_on_init
471
472
473	CONTAINS
474
475
476	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
477	! Description:
478	! ------------
479	!> This subroutine creates the necessary indices of the urban surfaces
480	!> and plant canopy and it allocates the needed arrays for USM
481	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
482	SUBROUTINE usm_allocate_urban_surface
483
484	IMPLICIT NONE
485
486	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, d, l, ir, jr, ids
487	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzubl, nzutl, isurf, ipcgb
488	INTEGER :: procid
489
490
491
492
493	!-- auxiliary vars
494	ddxy2 = (/ddy2,ddy2,ddx2,ddx2/) !< 1/dx^2 or 1/dy^2 (in surface normal direction)
495
496	CALL location_message( '', .TRUE. )
497	CALL location_message( ' allocation of needed arrays', .TRUE. )
498	!-- find nzub, nzut, nzu
499	nzubl = minval(nzb_s_inner(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr))
500	nzutl = maxval(nzb_s_inner(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr))
501	nzubl = max(nzubl,nzb)
502
503	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
504	!-- allocate needed arrays
505	ALLOCATE( pct(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
506	ALLOCATE( pch(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
507
508	!-- calculate plant canopy height
509	npcbl = 0
510	pct = 0.0_wp
511	pch = 0.0_wp
512	DO i = nxl, nxr
513	DO j = nys, nyn
514	DO k = nzt+1, 0, -1
515	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
516	!-- we are at the top of the pcs
517	pct(j,i) = k + nzb_s_inner(j,i)
518	pch(j,i) = k
519	npcbl = npcbl + pch(j,i)
520	EXIT
521	ENDIF
522	ENDDO
523	ENDDO
524	ENDDO
525
526	nzutl = max(nzutl, maxval(pct))
527	!-- code of plant canopy model uses parameter pch_index
528	!-- we need to setup it here to right value
529	!-- (pch_index, lad_s and other arrays in PCM are defined flat)
530	pch_index = maxval(pch)
531
532	prototype_lad = maxval(lad_s) * .9_wp !< better be *1.0 if lad is either 0 or maxval(lad) everywhere
533	IF ( prototype_lad <= 0._wp ) prototype_lad = .3_wp
534	!WRITE(message_string, '(a,f6.3)') 'Precomputing effective box optical ' &
535	! // 'depth using prototype leaf area density = ', prototype_lad
536	!CALL message('usm_init_urban_surface', 'PA0520', 0, 0, -1, 6, 0)
537	ENDIF
538
539	nzutl = min(nzutl+nzut_free, nzt)
540
541	#if defined( __parallel )
542	CALL MPI_AllReduce(nzubl,nzub,1,MPI_INTEGER,MPI_MIN,comm2d,ierr);
543	CALL MPI_AllReduce(nzutl,nzut,1,MPI_INTEGER,MPI_MAX,comm2d,ierr);
544	#else
545	nzub = nzubl
546	nzut = nzutl
547	#endif
548
549	!-- global number of urban layers
550	nzu = nzut - nzub + 1
551
552	!-- allocate urban surfaces grid
553	!-- calc number of surfaces in local proc
554	CALL location_message( ' calculation of indices for surfaces', .TRUE. )
555	nsurfl = 0
556	!-- calculate land surface and roof
557	startland = nsurfl+1
558	nsurfl = nsurfl+(nxr-nxl+1)*(nyn-nys+1)
559	endland = nsurfl
560	nlands = endland-startland+1
561
562	!-- calculation of the walls
563	startwall = nsurfl+1
564	DO i = nxl, nxr
565	DO j = nys, nyn
566	!-- test for walls
567	!-- (we don't use array flags because it isn't calculated in case of masking_method=.T.)
568	DO ids = 1, 4 !-- four wall directions
569	jr = min(max(j-jdir(ids),0),ny)
570	ir = min(max(i-idir(ids),0),nx)
571	nsurfl = nsurfl + max(0, nzb_s_inner(jr,ir)-nzb_s_inner(j,i))
572	ENDDO
573	ENDDO
574	ENDDO
575	endwall = nsurfl
576	nwalls = endwall-startwall+1
577
578	!-- range of energy balance surfaces
579	nenergy = 0
580	IF ( usm_energy_balance_land ) THEN
581	startenergy = startland
582	nenergy = nenergy + nlands
583	ELSE
584	startenergy = startwall
585	ENDIF
586	IF ( usm_energy_balance_wall ) THEN
587	endenergy = endwall
588	nenergy = nenergy + nwalls
589	ELSE
590	endenergy = endland
591	ENDIF
592
593	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
594	!-- block of virtual surfaces
595	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
596	!-- calculate sky surfaces
597	startsky = nsurfl+1
598	nsurfl = nsurfl+(nxr-nxl+1)*(nyn-nys+1)
599	endsky = nsurfl
600	nskys = endsky-startsky+1
601
602	!-- border flags
603	#if defined( __parallel )
604	isborder = (/ north_border_pe, south_border_pe, right_border_pe, left_border_pe /)
605	#else
606	isborder = (/.TRUE.,.TRUE.,.TRUE.,.TRUE./)
607	#endif
608	!-- fill array of the limits of the local domain borders
609	ijdb = RESHAPE( (/ nxl,nxr,nyn,nyn,nxl,nxr,nys,nys,nxr,nxr,nys,nyn,nxl,nxl,nys,nyn /), (/4, 4/) )
610	!-- calulation of the free borders of the domain
611	DO ids = 6,9
612	IF ( isborder(ids) ) THEN
613	!-- free border of the domain in direction ids
614	DO i = ijdb(1,ids), ijdb(2,ids)
615	DO j = ijdb(3,ids), ijdb(4,ids)
616	k = nzut - max(nzb_s_inner(j,i), nzb_s_inner(j-jdir(ids),i-idir(ids)))
617	nsurfl = nsurfl + k
618	ENDDO
619	ENDDO
620	ENDIF
621	ENDDO
622
623	!-- fill gridpcbl and pcbl
624	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
625	ALLOCATE( pcbl(iz:ix, 1:npcbl) )
626	ALLOCATE( gridpcbl(nzub:nzut,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
627	gridpcbl(:,:,:) = 0
628	ipcgb = 0
629	DO i = nxl, nxr
630	DO j = nys, nyn
631	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1, pct(j,i)
632	ipcgb = ipcgb + 1
633	gridpcbl(k,j,i) = ipcgb
634	pcbl(:,ipcgb) = (/ k, j, i /)
635	ENDDO
636	ENDDO
637	ENDDO
638
639	ALLOCATE( pcbinsw( 1:npcbl ) )
640	ALLOCATE( pcbinlw( 1:npcbl ) )
641	ENDIF
642
643	!-- fill surfl
644	ALLOCATE(surfl(4,nsurfl))
645	isurf = 0
646
647	!-- add land surfaces or roofs
648	DO i = nxl, nxr
649	DO j = nys, nyn
650	isurf = isurf + 1
651	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1
652	surfl(:,isurf) = (/iroof,k,j,i/)
653	ENDDO
654	ENDDO
655
656	!-- add walls
657	DO i = nxl, nxr
658	DO j = nys, nyn
659	DO ids = 1, 4 !> four wall directions
660	jr = min(max(j-jdir(ids),0),ny)
661	ir = min(max(i-idir(ids),0),nx)
662	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1, nzb_s_inner(jr,ir)
663	isurf = isurf + 1
664	surfl(:,isurf) = (/ids,k,j,i/)
665	ENDDO
666	ENDDO
667	ENDDO
668	ENDDO
669
670	!-- add sky
671	DO i = nxl, nxr
672	DO j = nys, nyn
673	isurf = isurf + 1
674	k = nzut
675	surfl(:,isurf) = (/isky,k,j,i/)
676	ENDDO
677	ENDDO
678
679	!-- calulation of the free borders of the domain
680	DO ids = 6,9
681	IF ( isborder(ids) ) THEN
682	!-- free border of the domain in direction ids
683	DO i = ijdb(1,ids), ijdb(2,ids)
684	DO j = ijdb(3,ids), ijdb(4,ids)
685	DO k = max(nzb_s_inner(j,i),nzb_s_inner(j-jdir(ids),i-idir(ids)))+1, nzut
686	isurf = isurf + 1
687	surfl(:,isurf) = (/ids,k,j,i/)
688	ENDDO
689	ENDDO
690	ENDDO
691	ENDIF
692	ENDDO
693
694	!-- global array surf of indices of surfaces and displacement index array surfstart
695	ALLOCATE(nsurfs(0:numprocs-1))
696
697	#if defined( __parallel )
698	CALL MPI_Allgather(nsurfl,1,MPI_INTEGER,nsurfs,1,MPI_INTEGER,comm2d,ierr)
699	#else
700	nsurfs(0) = nsurfl
701	#endif
702	ALLOCATE(surfstart(0:numprocs))
703	k = 0
704	DO i=0,numprocs-1
705	surfstart(i) = k
706	k = k+nsurfs(i)
707	ENDDO
708	surfstart(numprocs) = k
709	nsurf = k
710	ALLOCATE(surf(4,nsurf))
711
712	#if defined( __parallel )
713	CALL MPI_AllGatherv(surfl, nsurfl4, MPI_INTEGER, surf, nsurfs4, surfstart*4, MPI_INTEGER, comm2d, ierr)
714	#else
715	surf = surfl
716	#endif
717
718	!--
719	!-- allocation of the arrays for direct and diffusion radiation
720	CALL location_message( ' allocation of radiation arrays', .TRUE. )
721	!-- rad_sw_in, rad_lw_in are computed in radiation model,
722	!-- splitting of direct and diffusion part is done
723	!-- in usm_calc_diffusion_radiation for now
724	ALLOCATE( rad_sw_in_dir(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
725	ALLOCATE( rad_sw_in_diff(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
726	ALLOCATE( rad_lw_in_diff(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
727
728	!-- allocate radiation arrays
729	ALLOCATE( surfins(nsurfl) )
730	ALLOCATE( surfinl(nsurfl) )
731	ALLOCATE( surfinsw(nsurfl) )
732	ALLOCATE( surfinlw(nsurfl) )
733	ALLOCATE( surfinswdir(nsurfl) )
734	ALLOCATE( surfinswdif(nsurfl) )
735	ALLOCATE( surfinlwdif(nsurfl) )
736	ALLOCATE( surfoutsl(startenergy:endenergy) )
737	ALLOCATE( surfoutll(startenergy:endenergy) )
738	ALLOCATE( surfoutsw(startenergy:endenergy) )
739	ALLOCATE( surfoutlw(startenergy:endenergy) )
740	ALLOCATE( surfouts(nsurf) ) !TODO: global surfaces without virtual
741	ALLOCATE( surfoutl(nsurf) ) !TODO: global surfaces without virtual
742	ALLOCATE( surfhf(startenergy:endenergy) )
743	ALLOCATE( rad_net_l(startenergy:endenergy) )
744
745	!-- Wall surface model
746	!-- allocate arrays for wall surface model and define pointers
747
748	!-- allocate array of wall types and wall parameters
749	ALLOCATE ( surface_types(startenergy:endenergy) )
750
751	!-- broadband albedo of the land, roof and wall surface
752	!-- for domain border and sky set artifically to 1.0
753	!-- what allows us to calculate heat flux leaving over
754	!-- side and top borders of the domain
755	ALLOCATE ( albedo_surf(nsurfl) )
756	albedo_surf = 1.0_wp
757
758	!-- wall and roof surface parameters
759	ALLOCATE ( isroof_surf(startenergy:endenergy) )
760	ALLOCATE ( emiss_surf(startenergy:endenergy) )
761	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surf(startenergy:endenergy) )
762	ALLOCATE ( c_surface(startenergy:endenergy) )
763	ALLOCATE ( roughness_wall(startenergy:endenergy) )
764
765	!-- allocate wall and roof material parameters
766	ALLOCATE ( thickness_wall(startenergy:endenergy) )
767	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,startenergy:endenergy) )
768	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,startenergy:endenergy) )
769
770	!-- allocate wall and roof layers sizes
771	ALLOCATE ( zwn(nzb_wall:nzt_wall) )
772	ALLOCATE ( dz_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1, startenergy:endenergy) )
773	ALLOCATE ( ddz_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1, startenergy:endenergy) )
774	ALLOCATE ( dz_wall_stag(nzb_wall:nzt_wall, startenergy:endenergy) )
775	ALLOCATE ( ddz_wall_stag(nzb_wall:nzt_wall, startenergy:endenergy) )
776	ALLOCATE ( zw(nzb_wall:nzt_wall, startenergy:endenergy) )
777
778	!-- allocate wall and roof temperature arrays
779	#if defined( __nopointer )
780	ALLOCATE ( t_surf(startenergy:endenergy) )
781	ALLOCATE ( t_surf_p(startenergy:endenergy) )
782	ALLOCATE ( t_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
783	ALLOCATE ( t_wall_p(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
784	#else
785	ALLOCATE ( t_surf_1(startenergy:endenergy) )
786	ALLOCATE ( t_surf_2(startenergy:endenergy) )
787	ALLOCATE ( t_wall_1(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
788	ALLOCATE ( t_wall_2(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
789
790	!-- initial assignment of the pointers
791	t_wall => t_wall_1; t_wall_p => t_wall_2
792	t_surf => t_surf_1; t_surf_p => t_surf_2
793	#endif
794
795	!-- allocate intermediate timestep arrays
796	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(startenergy:endenergy) )
797	ALLOCATE ( tt_wall_m(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
798
799	!-- allocate wall heat flux output array
800	ALLOCATE ( wshf(startwall:endwall) )
801	ALLOCATE ( wshf_eb(startenergy:endenergy) )
802	ALLOCATE ( wghf_eb(startenergy:endenergy) )
803
804	!-- set inital values for prognostic quantities
805	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
806	tt_wall_m = 0.0_wp
807
808	wshf = 0.0_wp
809	wshf_eb = 0.0_wp
810	wghf_eb = 0.0_wp
811
812	END SUBROUTINE usm_allocate_urban_surface
813
814
815
816	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
817	! Description:
818	! ------------
819	!> Sum up and time-average urban surface output quantities as well as allocate
820	!> the array necessary for storing the average.
821	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
822	SUBROUTINE usm_average_3d_data( mode, variable )
823
824	IMPLICIT NONE
825
826	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(IN) :: mode
827	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(IN) :: variable
828
829	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, ids, iwl,istat
830	CHARACTER (len=20) :: var, surfid
831	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nd = 5
832	CHARACTER(len=6), DIMENSION(0:nd-1), PARAMETER :: dirname = (/ '_roof ', '_south', '_north', '_west ', '_east ' /)
833
834	!-- find the real name of the variable
835	var = TRIM(variable)
836	DO i = 0, nd-1
837	k = len(TRIM(var))
838	j = len(TRIM(dirname(i)))
839	IF ( var(k-j+1:k) == dirname(i) ) THEN
840	ids = i
841	var = var(:k-j)
842	EXIT
843	ENDIF
844	ENDDO
845	IF ( ids == -1 ) THEN
846	var = TRIM(variable)
847	ENDIF
848	IF ( var(1:11) == 'usm_t_wall_' .AND. len(TRIM(var)) >= 12 ) THEN
849	!-- wall layers
850	READ(var(12:12), '(I1)', iostat=istat ) iwl
851	IF ( istat == 0 .AND. iwl >= nzb_wall .AND. iwl <= nzt_wall ) THEN
852	var = var(1:10)
853	ELSE
854	!-- wrong wall layer index
855	RETURN
856	ENDIF
857	ENDIF
858
859	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
860
861	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
862
863	CASE ( 'usm_radnet' )
864	!-- array of complete radiation balance
865	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(rad_net_av) ) THEN
866	ALLOCATE( rad_net_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
867	rad_net_av = 0.0_wp
868	ENDIF
869
870	CASE ( 'usm_rad_insw' )
871	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
872	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinsw_av) ) THEN
873	ALLOCATE( surfinsw_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
874	surfinsw_av = 0.0_wp
875	ENDIF
876
877	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlw' )
878	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
879	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinlw_av) ) THEN
880	ALLOCATE( surfinlw_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
881	surfinlw_av = 0.0_wp
882	ENDIF
883
884	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdir' )
885	!-- array of direct sw radiation falling to surface from sun
886	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinswdir_av) ) THEN
887	ALLOCATE( surfinswdir_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
888	surfinswdir_av = 0.0_wp
889	ENDIF
890
891	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdif' )
892	!-- array of difusion sw radiation falling to surface from sky and borders of the domain
893	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinswdif_av) ) THEN
894	ALLOCATE( surfinswdif_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
895	surfinswdif_av = 0.0_wp
896	ENDIF
897
898	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswref' )
899	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface from reflections
900	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinswref_av) ) THEN
901	ALLOCATE( surfinswref_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
902	surfinswref_av = 0.0_wp
903	ENDIF
904
905	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwdif' )
906	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
907	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinlwdif_av) ) THEN
908	ALLOCATE( surfinlwdif_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
909	surfinlwdif_av = 0.0_wp
910	ENDIF
911
912	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwref' )
913	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface from reflections
914	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfinlwref_av) ) THEN
915	ALLOCATE( surfinlwref_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
916	surfinlwref_av = 0.0_wp
917	ENDIF
918
919	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outsw' )
920	!-- array of sw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
921	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfoutsw_av) ) THEN
922	ALLOCATE( surfoutsw_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
923	surfoutsw_av = 0.0_wp
924	ENDIF
925
926	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outlw' )
927	!-- array of lw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
928	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfoutlw_av) ) THEN
929	ALLOCATE( surfoutlw_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
930	surfoutlw_av = 0.0_wp
931	ENDIF
932
933	CASE ( 'usm_rad_hf' )
934	!-- array of heat flux from radiation for surfaces after i-th reflection
935	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(surfhf_av) ) THEN
936	ALLOCATE( surfhf_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
937	surfhf_av = 0.0_wp
938	ENDIF
939
940	CASE ( 'usm_wshf' )
941	!-- array of sensible heat flux from surfaces
942	!-- land surfaces
943	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(wshf_eb_av) ) THEN
944	ALLOCATE( wshf_eb_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
945	wshf_eb_av = 0.0_wp
946	ENDIF
947
948	CASE ( 'usm_wghf' )
949	!-- array of heat flux from ground (wall, roof, land)
950	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(wghf_eb_av) ) THEN
951	ALLOCATE( wghf_eb_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
952	wghf_eb_av = 0.0_wp
953	ENDIF
954
955	CASE ( 'usm_t_surf' )
956	!-- surface temperature for surfaces
957	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(t_surf_av) ) THEN
958	ALLOCATE( t_surf_av(startenergy:endenergy) )
959	t_surf_av = 0.0_wp
960	ENDIF
961
962	CASE ( 'usm_t_wall' )
963	!-- wall temperature for iwl layer of walls and land
964	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(t_wall_av) ) THEN
965	ALLOCATE( t_wall_av(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,startenergy:endenergy) )
966	t_wall_av = 0.0_wp
967	ENDIF
968
969	CASE DEFAULT
970	CONTINUE
971
972	END SELECT
973
974	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
975
976	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
977
978	CASE ( 'usm_radnet' )
979	!-- array of complete radiation balance
980	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
981	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
982	rad_net_av(l) = rad_net_av(l) + rad_net_l(l)
983	ENDIF
984	ENDDO
985
986	CASE ( 'usm_rad_insw' )
987	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
988	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
989	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
990	surfinsw_av(l) = surfinsw_av(l) + surfinsw(l)
991	ENDIF
992	ENDDO
993
994	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlw' )
995	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
996	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
997	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
998	surfinlw_av(l) = surfinlw_av(l) + surfinlw(l)
999	ENDIF
1000	ENDDO
1001
1002	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdir' )
1003	!-- array of direct sw radiation falling to surface from sun
1004	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1005	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1006	surfinswdir_av(l) = surfinswdir_av(l) + surfinswdir(l)
1007	ENDIF
1008	ENDDO
1009
1010	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdif' )
1011	!-- array of difusion sw radiation falling to surface from sky and borders of the domain
1012	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1013	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1014	surfinswdif_av(l) = surfinswdif_av(l) + surfinswdif(l)
1015	ENDIF
1016	ENDDO
1017
1018	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswref' )
1019	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface from reflections
1020	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1021	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1022	surfinswref_av(l) = surfinswref_av(l) + surfinsw(l) - &
1023	surfinswdir(l) - surfinswdif(l)
1024	ENDIF
1025	ENDDO
1026
1027	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwdif' )
1028	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
1029	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1030	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1031	surfinlwdif_av(l) = surfinlwdif_av(l) + surfinlwdif(l)
1032	ENDIF
1033	ENDDO
1034
1035	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwref' )
1036	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface from reflections
1037	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1038	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1039	surfinlwref_av(l) = surfinlwref_av(l) + &
1040	surfinlw(l) - surfinlwdif(l)
1041	ENDIF
1042	ENDDO
1043
1044	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outsw' )
1045	!-- array of sw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
1046	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1047	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1048	surfoutsw_av(l) = surfoutsw_av(l) + surfoutsw(l)
1049	ENDIF
1050	ENDDO
1051
1052	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outlw' )
1053	!-- array of lw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
1054	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1055	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1056	surfoutlw_av(l) = surfoutlw_av(l) + surfoutlw(l)
1057	ENDIF
1058	ENDDO
1059
1060	CASE ( 'usm_rad_hf' )
1061	!-- array of heat flux from radiation for surfaces after i-th reflection
1062	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1063	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1064	surfhf_av(l) = surfhf_av(l) + surfhf(l)
1065	ENDIF
1066	ENDDO
1067
1068	CASE ( 'usm_wshf' )
1069	!-- array of sensible heat flux from surfaces (land, roof, wall)
1070	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1071	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1072	wshf_eb_av(l) = wshf_eb_av(l) + wshf_eb(l)
1073	ENDIF
1074	ENDDO
1075
1076	CASE ( 'usm_wghf' )
1077	!-- array of heat flux from ground (wall, roof, land)
1078	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1079	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1080	wghf_eb_av(l) = wghf_eb_av(l) + wghf_eb(l)
1081	ENDIF
1082	ENDDO
1083
1084	CASE ( 'usm_t_surf' )
1085	!-- surface temperature for surfaces
1086	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1087	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1088	t_surf_av(l) = t_surf_av(l) + t_surf(l)
1089	ENDIF
1090	ENDDO
1091
1092	CASE ( 'usm_t_wall' )
1093	!-- wall temperature for iwl layer of walls and land
1094	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1095	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1096	t_wall_av(iwl, l) = t_wall_av(iwl,l) + t_wall(iwl, l)
1097	ENDIF
1098	ENDDO
1099
1100	CASE DEFAULT
1101	CONTINUE
1102
1103	END SELECT
1104
1105	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
1106
1107	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
1108
1109	CASE ( 'usm_radnet' )
1110	!-- array of complete radiation balance
1111	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1112	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1113	rad_net_av(l) = rad_net_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1114	ENDIF
1115	ENDDO
1116
1117	CASE ( 'usm_rad_insw' )
1118	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
1119	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1120	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1121	surfinsw_av(l) = surfinsw_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1122	ENDIF
1123	ENDDO
1124
1125	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlw' )
1126	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
1127	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1128	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1129	surfinlw_av(l) = surfinlw_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1130	ENDIF
1131	ENDDO
1132
1133	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdir' )
1134	!-- array of direct sw radiation falling to surface from sun
1135	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1136	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1137	surfinswdir_av(l) = surfinswdir_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1138	ENDIF
1139	ENDDO
1140
1141	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdif' )
1142	!-- array of difusion sw radiation falling to surface from sky and borders of the domain
1143	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1144	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1145	surfinswdif_av(l) = surfinswdif_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1146	ENDIF
1147	ENDDO
1148
1149	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswref' )
1150	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface from reflections
1151	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1152	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1153	surfinswref_av(l) = surfinswref_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1154	ENDIF
1155	ENDDO
1156
1157	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwdif' )
1158	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
1159	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1160	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1161	surfinlwdif_av(l) = surfinlwdif_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1162	ENDIF
1163	ENDDO
1164
1165	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwref' )
1166	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface from reflections
1167	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1168	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1169	surfinlwref_av(l) = surfinlwref_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1170	ENDIF
1171	ENDDO
1172
1173	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outsw' )
1174	!-- array of sw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
1175	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1176	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1177	surfoutsw_av(l) = surfoutsw_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1178	ENDIF
1179	ENDDO
1180
1181	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outlw' )
1182	!-- array of lw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
1183	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1184	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1185	surfoutlw_av(l) = surfoutlw_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1186	ENDIF
1187	ENDDO
1188
1189	CASE ( 'usm_rad_hf' )
1190	!-- array of heat flux from radiation for surfaces after i-th reflection
1191	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1192	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1193	surfhf_av(l) = surfhf_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1194	ENDIF
1195	ENDDO
1196
1197	CASE ( 'usm_wshf' )
1198	!-- array of sensible heat flux from surfaces (land, roof, wall)
1199	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1200	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1201	wshf_eb_av(l) = wshf_eb_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1202	ENDIF
1203	ENDDO
1204
1205	CASE ( 'usm_wghf' )
1206	!-- array of heat flux from ground (wall, roof, land)
1207	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1208	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1209	wghf_eb_av(l) = wghf_eb_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1210	ENDIF
1211	ENDDO
1212
1213	CASE ( 'usm_t_surf' )
1214	!-- surface temperature for surfaces
1215	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1216	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1217	t_surf_av(l) = t_surf_av(l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1218	ENDIF
1219	ENDDO
1220
1221	CASE ( 'usm_t_wall' )
1222	!-- wall temperature for iwl layer of walls and land
1223	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
1224	IF ( surfl(id,l) == ids ) THEN
1225	t_wall_av(iwl, l) = t_wall_av(iwl,l) / REAL( average_count_3d, kind=wp )
1226	ENDIF
1227	ENDDO
1228
1229	END SELECT
1230
1231	ENDIF
1232
1233	END SUBROUTINE usm_average_3d_data
1234
1235
1236	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1237	!> Calculates radiation absorbed by box with given size and LAD.
1238	!>
1239	!> Simulates resol**2 rays (by equally spacing a bounding horizontal square
1240	!> conatining all possible rays that would cross the box) and calculates
1241	!> average transparency per ray. Returns fraction of absorbed radiation flux
1242	!> and area for which this fraction is effective.
1243	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1244	PURE SUBROUTINE usm_box_absorb(boxsize, resol, dens, uvec, area, absorb)
1245	IMPLICIT NONE
1246
1247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3), INTENT(in) :: &
1248	boxsize, & !< z, y, x size of box in m
1249	uvec !< z, y, x unit vector of incoming flux
1250	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: &
1251	resol !< No. of rays in x and y dimensions
1252	REAL(wp), INTENT(in) :: &
1253	dens !< box density (e.g. Leaf Area Density)
1254	REAL(wp), INTENT(out) :: &
1255	area, & !< horizontal area for flux absorbtion
1256	absorb !< fraction of absorbed flux
1257	REAL(wp) :: &
1258	xshift, yshift, &
1259	xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, &
1260	xorig, yorig, &
1261	dx1, dy1, dz1, dx2, dy2, dz2, &
1262	crdist, &
1263	transp
1264	INTEGER(iwp) :: &
1265	i, j
1266
1267	xshift = uvec(3) / uvec(1) * boxsize(1)
1268	xmin = min(0._wp, -xshift)
1269	xmax = boxsize(3) + max(0._wp, -xshift)
1270	yshift = uvec(2) / uvec(1) * boxsize(1)
1271	ymin = min(0._wp, -yshift)
1272	ymax = boxsize(2) + max(0._wp, -yshift)
1273
1274	transp = 0._wp
1275	DO i = 1, resol
1276	xorig = xmin + (xmax-xmin) * (i-.5_wp) / resol
1277	DO j = 1, resol
1278	yorig = ymin + (ymax-ymin) * (j-.5_wp) / resol
1279
1280	dz1 = 0._wp
1281	dz2 = boxsize(1)/uvec(1)
1282
1283	IF ( uvec(2) > 0._wp ) THEN
1284	dy1 = -yorig / uvec(2) !< crossing with y=0
1285	dy2 = (boxsize(2)-yorig) / uvec(2) !< crossing with y=boxsize(2)
1286	ELSE IF ( uvec(2) < 0._wp ) THEN
1287	dy1 = (boxsize(2)-yorig) / uvec(2) !< crossing with y=boxsize(2)
1288	dy2 = -yorig / uvec(2) !< crossing with y=0
1289	ELSE !uvec(2)==0
1290	dy1 = -huge(1._wp)
1291	dy2 = huge(1._wp)
1292	ENDIF
1293
1294	IF ( uvec(3) > 0._wp ) THEN
1295	dx1 = -xorig / uvec(3) !< crossing with x=0
1296	dx2 = (boxsize(3)-xorig) / uvec(3) !< crossing with x=boxsize(3)
1297	ELSE IF ( uvec(3) < 0._wp ) THEN
1298	dx1 = (boxsize(3)-xorig) / uvec(3) !< crossing with x=boxsize(3)
1299	dx2 = -xorig / uvec(3) !< crossing with x=0
1300	ELSE !uvec(1)==0
1301	dx1 = -huge(1._wp)
1302	dx2 = huge(1._wp)
1303	ENDIF
1304
1305	crdist = max(0._wp, (min(dz2, dy2, dx2) - max(dz1, dy1, dx1)))
1306	transp = transp + exp(-ext_coef * dens * crdist)
1307	ENDDO
1308	ENDDO
1309	transp = transp / resol**2
1310	area = (boxsize(3)+xshift)*(boxsize(2)+yshift)
1311	absorb = 1._wp - transp
1312
1313	END SUBROUTINE usm_box_absorb
1314
1315
1316	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1317	! Description:
1318	! ------------
1319	!> This subroutine splits direct and diffusion dw radiation
1320	!> It sould not be called in case the radiation model already does it
1321	!> It follows <CITATION>
1322	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1323	SUBROUTINE usm_calc_diffusion_radiation
1324
1325	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sol_const = 1367.0_wp !< solar conbstant
1326	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: lowest_solarUp = 0.1_wp !< limit the sun elevation to protect stability of the calculation
1327	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j
1328	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: year_seconds = 86400._wp * 365._wp
1329	REAL(wp) :: year_angle !< angle
1330	REAL(wp) :: etr !< extraterestrial radiation
1331	REAL(wp) :: corrected_solarUp !< corrected solar up radiation
1332	REAL(wp) :: horizontalETR !< horizontal extraterestrial radiation
1333	REAL(wp) :: clearnessIndex !< clearness index
1334	REAL(wp) :: diff_frac !< diffusion fraction of the radiation
1335
1336
1337	!-- Calculate current day and time based on the initial values and simulation time
1338	year_angle = ((day_init*86400) + time_utc_init+time_since_reference_point) &
1339	/ year_seconds * 2.0_wp * pi
1340
1341	etr = sol_const * (1.00011_wp + &
1342	0.034221_wp * cos(year_angle) + &
1343	0.001280_wp * sin(year_angle) + &
1344	0.000719_wp * cos(2.0_wp * year_angle) + &
1345	0.000077_wp * sin(2.0_wp * year_angle))
1346
1347	!--
1348	!-- Under a very low angle, we keep extraterestrial radiation at
1349	!-- the last small value, therefore the clearness index will be pushed
1350	!-- towards 0 while keeping full continuity.
1351	!--
1352	IF ( zenith(0) <= lowest_solarUp ) THEN
1353	corrected_solarUp = lowest_solarUp
1354	ELSE
1355	corrected_solarUp = zenith(0)
1356	ENDIF
1357
1358	horizontalETR = etr * corrected_solarUp
1359
1360	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1361	DO j = nysg, nyng
1362	clearnessIndex = rad_sw_in(0,j,i) / horizontalETR
1363	diff_frac = 1.0_wp / (1.0_wp + exp(-5.0033_wp + 8.6025_wp * clearnessIndex))
1364	rad_sw_in_diff(j,i) = rad_sw_in(0,j,i) * diff_frac
1365	rad_sw_in_dir(j,i) = rad_sw_in(0,j,i) * (1.0_wp - diff_frac)
1366	rad_lw_in_diff(j,i) = rad_lw_in(0,j,i)
1367	ENDDO
1368	ENDDO
1369
1370	END SUBROUTINE usm_calc_diffusion_radiation
1371
1372
1373	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1374	! Description:
1375	! ------------
1376	!> Calculates shape view factors SVF and plant sink canopy factors PSCF
1377	!> !!!!!DESCRIPTION!!!!!!!!!!
1378	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1379	SUBROUTINE usm_calc_svf
1380
1381	IMPLICIT NONE
1382
1383	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, d, ip, jp
1384	INTEGER(iwp) :: isvf, ksvf, icsf, kcsf, npcsfl, isvf_surflt, imrtt, imrtf
1385	INTEGER(iwp) :: sd, td, ioln, iproc
1386	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:9) :: facearea
1387	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzterrl, planthl
1388	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: csflt, pcsflt
1389	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: kcsflt,kpcsflt
1390	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: icsflt,dcsflt,ipcsflt,dpcsflt
1391	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: uv
1392	LOGICAL :: visible
1393	REAL(wp) :: sz, sy, sx, tz, ty, tx, transparency, rirrf, sqdist, svfsum
1394	!REAL(wp) :: rsvf
1395	INTEGER(iwp) :: isurflt, isurfs, isurflt_prev
1396	INTEGER(iwp) :: itx, ity, itz
1397	CHARACTER(len=7) :: pid_char = ''
1398	INTEGER(iwp) :: win_lad, minfo
1399	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: lad_s_rma !< fortran pointer, but lower bounds are 1
1400	TYPE(c_ptr) :: lad_s_rma_p !< allocated c pointer
1401	INTEGER(kind=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: size_lad_rma
1402
1403	!-- calculation of the SVF
1404	CALL location_message( ' calculation of SVF and CSF', .TRUE. )
1405
1406	!-- precalculate face areas for different face directions using normal vector
1407	DO d = 0, 9
1408	facearea(d) = 1._wp
1409	IF ( idir(d) == 0 ) facearea(d) = facearea(d) * dx
1410	IF ( jdir(d) == 0 ) facearea(d) = facearea(d) * dy
1411	IF ( kdir(d) == 0 ) facearea(d) = facearea(d) * dz
1412	ENDDO
1413
1414	!-- initialize variables and temporary arrays for calculation of svf and csf
1415	nsvfl = 0
1416	ncsfl = 0
1417	nsvfla = gasize
1418	msvf = 1
1419	ALLOCATE( asvf1(nsvfla) )
1420	asvf => asvf1
1421	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
1422	ncsfla = gasize
1423	mcsf = 1
1424	ALLOCATE( acsf1(ncsfla) )
1425	acsf => acsf1
1426	ENDIF
1427
1428	!-- initialize temporary terrain and plant canopy height arrays (global 2D array!)
1429	ALLOCATE( nzterr(0:(nx+1)*(ny+1)-1) )
1430	#if defined( __parallel )
1431	ALLOCATE( nzterrl(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1432	nzterrl = nzb_s_inner(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr)
1433	CALL MPI_AllGather( nzterrl, nnx*nny, MPI_INTEGER, &
1434	nzterr, nnx*nny, MPI_INTEGER, comm2d, ierr )
1435	DEALLOCATE(nzterrl)
1436	#else
1437	nzterr = RESHAPE( nzb_s_inner(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr), (/(nx+1)*(ny+1)/) )
1438	#endif
1439	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
1440	ALLOCATE( plantt(0:(nx+1)*(ny+1)-1) )
1441	#if defined( __parallel )
1442	ALLOCATE( planthl(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1443	planthl = pch(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr)
1444
1445	CALL MPI_AllGather( planthl, nnx*nny, MPI_INTEGER, &
1446	plantt, nnx*nny, MPI_INTEGER, comm2d, ierr )
1447	DEALLOCATE(planthl)
1448
1449	IF ( usm_lad_rma ) THEN
1450	CALL MPI_Info_create(minfo, ierr)
1451	CALL MPI_Info_set(minfo, 'accumulate_ordering', '', ierr)
1452	CALL MPI_Info_set(minfo, 'accumulate_ops', 'same_op', ierr)
1453	CALL MPI_Info_set(minfo, 'same_size', 'true', ierr)
1454	CALL MPI_Info_set(minfo, 'same_disp_unit', 'true', ierr)
1455
1456	!-- Allocate and initialize the MPI RMA window
1457	!-- must be in accordance with allocation of lad_s in plant_canopy_model
1458	!-- optimization of memory should be done
1459	!-- Argument X of function c_sizeof(X) needs arbitrary REAL(wp) value, set to 1.0_wp for now
1460	size_lad_rma = c_sizeof(1.0_wp)nnxnny*nzu
1461	CALL MPI_Win_allocate(size_lad_rma, c_sizeof(1.0_wp), minfo, comm2d, &
1462	lad_s_rma_p, win_lad, ierr)
1463	CALL c_f_pointer(lad_s_rma_p, lad_s_rma, (/ nzu, nny, nnx /))
1464	usm_lad(nzub:, nys:, nxl:) => lad_s_rma(:,:,:)
1465	ELSE
1466	ALLOCATE(usm_lad(nzub:nzut, nys:nyn, nxl:nxr))
1467	ENDIF
1468	#else
1469	plantt = RESHAPE( pct(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr), (/(nx+1)*(ny+1)/) )
1470	ALLOCATE(usm_lad(nzub:nzut, nys:nyn, nxl:nxr))
1471	#endif
1472	usm_lad(:,:,:) = 0._wp
1473	DO i = nxl, nxr
1474	DO j = nys, nyn
1475	k = nzb_s_inner(j, i)
1476	usm_lad(k:nzut, j, i) = lad_s(0:nzut-k, j, i)
1477	ENDDO
1478	ENDDO
1479
1480	#if defined( __parallel )
1481	IF ( usm_lad_rma ) THEN
1482	CALL MPI_Info_free(minfo, ierr)
1483	CALL MPI_Win_lock_all(0, win_lad, ierr)
1484	ELSE
1485	ALLOCATE( usm_lad_g(0:(nx+1)(ny+1)nzu-1) )
1486	CALL MPI_AllGather( usm_lad, nnxnnynzu, MPI_REAL, &
1487	usm_lad_g, nnxnnynzu, MPI_REAL, comm2d, ierr )
1488	ENDIF
1489	#endif
1490	ENDIF
1491
1492	IF ( mrt_factors ) THEN
1493	OPEN(153, file='MRT_TARGETS', access='SEQUENTIAL', &
1494	action='READ', status='OLD', form='FORMATTED', err=524)
1495	OPEN(154, file='MRT_FACTORS'//myid_char, access='DIRECT', recl=(54+28), &
1496	action='WRITE', status='REPLACE', form='UNFORMATTED', err=525)
1497	imrtf = 1
1498	DO
1499	READ(153, *, end=526, err=524) imrtt, i, j, k
1500	IF ( i < nxl .OR. i > nxr &
1501	.OR. j < nys .OR. j > nyn ) CYCLE
1502	tx = REAL(i)
1503	ty = REAL(j)
1504	tz = REAL(k)
1505
1506	DO isurfs = 1, nsurf
1507	IF ( .NOT. usm_facing(i, j, k, -1, &
1508	surf(ix, isurfs), surf(iy, isurfs), &
1509	surf(iz, isurfs), surf(id, isurfs)) ) THEN
1510	CYCLE
1511	ENDIF
1512
1513	sd = surf(id, isurfs)
1514	sz = REAL(surf(iz, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * kdir(sd)
1515	sy = REAL(surf(iy, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * jdir(sd)
1516	sx = REAL(surf(ix, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * idir(sd)
1517
1518	!-- unit vector source -> target
1519	uv = (/ (tz-sz)dz, (ty-sy)dy, (tx-sx)*dx /)
1520	sqdist = SUM(uv(:)**2)
1521	uv = uv / SQRT(sqdist)
1522
1523	!-- irradiance factor - see svf. Here we consider that target face is always normal,
1524	!-- i.e. the second dot product equals 1
1525	rirrf = dot_product((/ kdir(sd), jdir(sd), idir(sd) /), uv) &
1526	/ (pi * sqdist) * facearea(sd)
1527
1528	!-- raytrace while not creating any canopy sink factors
1529	CALL usm_raytrace((/sz,sy,sx/), (/tz,ty,tx/), isurfs, rirrf, 1._wp, .FALSE., &
1530	visible, transparency, win_lad)
1531	IF ( .NOT. visible ) CYCLE
1532
1533	!rsvf = rirrf * transparency
1534	WRITE(154, rec=imrtf, err=525) INT(imrtt, kind=4), &
1535	INT(surf(id, isurfs), kind=4), &
1536	INT(surf(iz, isurfs), kind=4), &
1537	INT(surf(iy, isurfs), kind=4), &
1538	INT(surf(ix, isurfs), kind=4), &
1539	REAL(rirrf, kind=8), REAL(transparency, kind=8)
1540	imrtf = imrtf + 1
1541
1542	ENDDO !< isurfs
1543	ENDDO !< MRT_TARGETS record
1544
1545	524 message_string = 'error reading file MRT_TARGETS'
1546	CALL message( 'usm_calc_svf', 'PA0524', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1547
1548	525 message_string = 'error writing file MRT_FACTORS'//myid_char
1549	CALL message( 'usm_calc_svf', 'PA0525', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1550
1551	526 CLOSE(153)
1552	CLOSE(154)
1553	ENDIF !< mrt_factors
1554
1555
1556	DO isurflt = 1, nsurfl
1557	!-- determine face centers
1558	td = surfl(id, isurflt)
1559	IF ( td >= isky .AND. .NOT. plant_canopy ) CYCLE
1560	tz = REAL(surfl(iz, isurflt), wp) - 0.5_wp * kdir(td)
1561	ty = REAL(surfl(iy, isurflt), wp) - 0.5_wp * jdir(td)
1562	tx = REAL(surfl(ix, isurflt), wp) - 0.5_wp * idir(td)
1563	DO isurfs = 1, nsurf
1564	IF ( .NOT. usm_facing(surfl(ix, isurflt), surfl(iy, isurflt), &
1565	surfl(iz, isurflt), surfl(id, isurflt), &
1566	surf(ix, isurfs), surf(iy, isurfs), &
1567	surf(iz, isurfs), surf(id, isurfs)) ) THEN
1568	CYCLE
1569	ENDIF
1570
1571	sd = surf(id, isurfs)
1572	sz = REAL(surf(iz, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * kdir(sd)
1573	sy = REAL(surf(iy, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * jdir(sd)
1574	sx = REAL(surf(ix, isurfs), wp) - 0.5_wp * idir(sd)
1575
1576	!-- unit vector source -> target
1577	uv = (/ (tz-sz)dz, (ty-sy)dy, (tx-sx)*dx /)
1578	sqdist = SUM(uv(:)**2)
1579	uv = uv / SQRT(sqdist)
1580
1581	!-- irradiance factor (our unshaded shape view factor) = view factor per differential target area * source area
1582	rirrf = dot_product((/ kdir(sd), jdir(sd), idir(sd) /), uv) & ! cosine of source normal and direction
1583	* dot_product((/ kdir(td), jdir(td), idir(td) /), -uv) & ! cosine of target normal and reverse direction
1584	/ (pi * sqdist) & ! square of distance between centers
1585	* facearea(sd)
1586
1587	!-- raytrace + process plant canopy sinks within
1588	CALL usm_raytrace((/sz,sy,sx/), (/tz,ty,tx/), isurfs, rirrf, facearea(td), .TRUE., &
1589	visible, transparency, win_lad)
1590
1591	IF ( .NOT. visible ) CYCLE
1592	IF ( td >= isky ) CYCLE !< we calculated these only for raytracing
1593	!< to find plant canopy sinks, we don't need svf for them
1594	! rsvf = rirrf * transparency
1595
1596	!-- write to the svf array
1597	nsvfl = nsvfl + 1
1598	!-- check dimmension of asvf array and enlarge it if needed
1599	IF ( nsvfla < nsvfl ) THEN
1600	k = nsvfla * 2
1601	IF ( msvf == 0 ) THEN
1602	msvf = 1
1603	ALLOCATE( asvf1(k) )
1604	asvf => asvf1
1605	asvf1(1:nsvfla) = asvf2
1606	DEALLOCATE( asvf2 )
1607	ELSE
1608	msvf = 0
1609	ALLOCATE( asvf2(k) )
1610	asvf => asvf2
1611	asvf2(1:nsvfla) = asvf1
1612	DEALLOCATE( asvf1 )
1613	ENDIF
1614	nsvfla = k
1615	ENDIF
1616	!-- write svf values into the array
1617	asvf(nsvfl)%isurflt = isurflt
1618	asvf(nsvfl)%isurfs = isurfs
1619	asvf(nsvfl)%rsvf = rirrf !we postopne multiplication by transparency
1620	asvf(nsvfl)%rtransp = transparency !a.k.a. Direct Irradiance Factor
1621	ENDDO
1622	ENDDO
1623
1624	CALL location_message( ' waiting for completion of SVF and CSF calculation in all processes', .TRUE. )
1625
1626	#if defined( __parallel )
1627	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
1628	IF ( usm_lad_rma ) THEN
1629	CALL MPI_Win_flush_all(win_lad, ierr)
1630	!-- unlock MPI window
1631	CALL MPI_Win_unlock_all(win_lad, ierr)
1632	!-- free MPI window
1633	CALL MPI_Win_free(win_lad, ierr)
1634	ELSE
1635	DEALLOCATE(usm_lad)
1636	DEALLOCATE(usm_lad_g)
1637	ENDIF
1638	ENDIF
1639	#else
1640	DEALLOCATE(usm_lad)
1641	#endif
1642
1643	!-- deallocate temporary global arrays
1644	IF ( ALLOCATED(nzterr) ) DEALLOCATE(nzterr)
1645	IF ( ALLOCATED(plantt) ) DEALLOCATE(plantt)
1646
1647	!-- sort svf ( a version of quicksort )
1648	CALL quicksort_svf(asvf,1,nsvfl)
1649
1650	npcsfl = 0
1651	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
1652	!-- sort and merge csf for the last time, keeping the array size to minimum
1653	CALL usm_merge_and_grow_csf(-1)
1654
1655	!-- aggregate csb among processors
1656	!-- allocate necessary arrays
1657	ALLOCATE( csflt(ndcsf,max(ncsfl,ndcsf)) )
1658	ALLOCATE( kcsflt(kdcsf,max(ncsfl,kdcsf)) )
1659	ALLOCATE( icsflt(0:numprocs-1) )
1660	ALLOCATE( dcsflt(0:numprocs-1) )
1661	ALLOCATE( ipcsflt(0:numprocs-1) )
1662	ALLOCATE( dpcsflt(0:numprocs-1) )
1663
1664	!-- fill out arrays of csf values and
1665	!-- arrays of number of elements and displacements
1666	!-- for particular precessors
1667	icsflt = 0
1668	dcsflt = 0
1669	ip = -1
1670	j = -1
1671	d = 0
1672	DO kcsf = 1, ncsfl
1673	j = j+1
1674	IF ( acsf(kcsf)%ip /= ip ) THEN
1675	!-- new block of the processor
1676	!-- number of elements of previous block
1677	IF ( ip>=0) icsflt(ip) = j
1678	d = d+j
1679	!-- blank blocks
1680	DO jp = ip+1, acsf(kcsf)%ip-1
1681	!-- number of elements is zero, displacement is equal to previous
1682	icsflt(jp) = 0
1683	dcsflt(jp) = d
1684	ENDDO
1685	!-- the actual block
1686	ip = acsf(kcsf)%ip
1687	dcsflt(ip) = d
1688	j = 0
1689	ENDIF
1690	!-- fill out real values of rsvf, rtransp
1691	csflt(1,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%rsvf
1692	csflt(2,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%rtransp
1693	!-- fill out integer values of itz,ity,itx,isurfs
1694	kcsflt(1,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%itz
1695	kcsflt(2,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%ity
1696	kcsflt(3,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%itx
1697	kcsflt(4,kcsf) = acsf(kcsf)%isurfs
1698	ENDDO
1699	!-- last blank blocks at the end of array
1700	j = j+1
1701	IF ( ip>=0 ) icsflt(ip) = j
1702	d = d+j
1703	DO jp = ip+1, numprocs-1
1704	!-- number of elements is zero, displacement is equal to previous
1705	icsflt(jp) = 0
1706	dcsflt(jp) = d
1707	ENDDO
1708
1709	!-- deallocate temporary acsf array
1710	!-- DEALLOCATE(acsf) - ifort has a problem with deallocation of allocatable target
1711	!-- via pointing pointer - we need to test original targets
1712	IF ( ALLOCATED(acsf1) ) THEN
1713	DEALLOCATE(acsf1)
1714	ENDIF
1715	IF ( ALLOCATED(acsf2) ) THEN
1716	DEALLOCATE(acsf2)
1717	ENDIF
1718
1719	#if defined( __parallel )
1720	!-- scatter and gather the number of elements to and from all processor
1721	!-- and calculate displacements
1722	CALL mpi_alltoall(icsflt,1,MPI_INTEGER,ipcsflt,1,MPI_INTEGER,comm2d, ierr)
1723
1724	npcsfl = SUM(ipcsflt)
1725	d = 0
1726	DO i = 0, numprocs-1
1727	dpcsflt(i) = d
1728	d = d + ipcsflt(i)
1729	ENDDO
1730
1731	!-- exchange csf fields between processors
1732	ALLOCATE( pcsflt(ndcsf,max(npcsfl,ndcsf)) )
1733	ALLOCATE( kpcsflt(kdcsf,max(npcsfl,kdcsf)) )
1734	CALL MPI_AlltoAllv(csflt, ndcsficsflt, ndcsfdcsflt, MPI_REAL, &
1735	pcsflt, ndcsfipcsflt, ndcsfdpcsflt, MPI_REAL, comm2d, ierr)
1736	CALL MPI_AlltoAllv(kcsflt, kdcsficsflt, kdcsfdcsflt, MPI_INTEGER, &
1737	kpcsflt, kdcsfipcsflt, kdcsfdpcsflt, MPI_INTEGER, comm2d, ierr)
1738
1739	#else
1740	npcsfl = ncsfl
1741	ALLOCATE( pcsflt(ndcsf,max(npcsfl,ndcsf)) )
1742	ALLOCATE( kpcsflt(kdcsf,max(npcsfl,kdcsf)) )
1743	pcsflt = csflt
1744	kpcsflt = kcsflt
1745	#endif
1746
1747	!-- deallocate temporary arrays
1748	DEALLOCATE( csflt )
1749	DEALLOCATE( kcsflt )
1750	DEALLOCATE( icsflt )
1751	DEALLOCATE( dcsflt )
1752	DEALLOCATE( ipcsflt )
1753	DEALLOCATE( dpcsflt )
1754
1755	!-- sort csf ( a version of quicksort )
1756	CALL quicksort_csf2(kpcsflt, pcsflt, 1, npcsfl)
1757
1758	!-- aggregate canopy sink factor records with identical box & source
1759	!-- againg across all values from all processors
1760	IF ( npcsfl > 0 ) THEN
1761	icsf = 1 !< reading index
1762	kcsf = 1 !< writing index
1763	DO while (icsf < npcsfl)
1764	!-- here kpcsf(kcsf) already has values from kpcsf(icsf)
1765	IF ( kpcsflt(3,icsf) == kpcsflt(3,icsf+1) .AND. &
1766	kpcsflt(2,icsf) == kpcsflt(2,icsf+1) .AND. &
1767	kpcsflt(1,icsf) == kpcsflt(1,icsf+1) .AND. &
1768	kpcsflt(4,icsf) == kpcsflt(4,icsf+1) ) THEN
1769	!-- We could simply take either first or second rtransp, both are valid. As a very simple heuristic about which ray
1770	!-- probably passes nearer the center of the target box, we choose DIF from the entry with greater CSF, since that
1771	!-- might mean that the traced beam passes longer through the canopy box.
1772	IF ( pcsflt(1,kcsf) < pcsflt(1,icsf+1) ) THEN
1773	pcsflt(2,kcsf) = pcsflt(2,icsf+1)
1774	ENDIF
1775	pcsflt(1,kcsf) = pcsflt(1,kcsf) + pcsflt(1,icsf+1)
1776
1777	!-- advance reading index, keep writing index
1778	icsf = icsf + 1
1779	ELSE
1780	!-- not identical, just advance and copy
1781	icsf = icsf + 1
1782	kcsf = kcsf + 1
1783	kpcsflt(:,kcsf) = kpcsflt(:,icsf)
1784	pcsflt(:,kcsf) = pcsflt(:,icsf)
1785	ENDIF
1786	ENDDO
1787	!-- last written item is now also the last item in valid part of array
1788	npcsfl = kcsf
1789	ENDIF
1790
1791	ENDIF !< plant_canopy
1792
1793	CALL location_message( ' calculation of the complete SVF array', .TRUE. )
1794	nsvfcsfl = nsvfl + npcsfl
1795
1796	ALLOCATE( svf(ndsvf,nsvfcsfl) )
1797	ALLOCATE( svfsurf(ndsvf,nsvfcsfl) )
1798
1799	!< load svf from the structure array to plain arrays
1800	isurflt_prev = -1
1801	ksvf = 1
1802	svfsum = 0._wp
1803	DO isvf = 1, nsvfl
1804	!-- normalize svf per target face
1805	IF ( asvf(ksvf)%isurflt /= isurflt_prev ) THEN
1806	IF ( isurflt_prev /= -1 .AND. svfsum /= 0._wp ) THEN
1807	!-- TODO detect and log when normalization differs too much from 1
1808	svf(1, isvf_surflt:isvf-1) = svf(1, isvf_surflt:isvf-1) / svfsum
1809	ENDIF
1810	isurflt_prev = asvf(ksvf)%isurflt
1811	isvf_surflt = isvf
1812	svfsum = asvf(ksvf)%rsvf !?? / asvf(ksvf)%rtransp
1813	ELSE
1814	svfsum = svfsum + asvf(ksvf)%rsvf !?? / asvf(ksvf)%rtransp
1815	ENDIF
1816
1817	svf(:, isvf) = (/ asvf(ksvf)%rsvf, asvf(ksvf)%rtransp /)
1818	svfsurf(:, isvf) = (/ asvf(ksvf)%isurflt, asvf(ksvf)%isurfs /)
1819
1820	!-- next element
1821	ksvf = ksvf + 1
1822	ENDDO
1823
1824	IF ( isurflt_prev /= -1 .AND. svfsum /= 0._wp ) THEN
1825	!-- TODO detect and log when normalization differs too much from 1
1826	svf(1, isvf_surflt:nsvfl) = svf(1, isvf_surflt:nsvfl) / svfsum
1827	ENDIF
1828
1829	!-- deallocate temporary asvf array
1830	!-- DEALLOCATE(asvf) - ifort has a problem with deallocation of allocatable target
1831	!-- via pointing pointer - we need to test original targets
1832	IF ( ALLOCATED(asvf1) ) THEN
1833	DEALLOCATE(asvf1)
1834	ENDIF
1835	IF ( ALLOCATED(asvf2) ) THEN
1836	DEALLOCATE(asvf2)
1837	ENDIF
1838
1839	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
1840	CALL location_message( ' calculation of the complete CSF part of the array', .TRUE. )
1841	IF ( npcsfl > 0 ) THEN
1842	DO isvf = 1, npcsfl
1843	svf(:,nsvfl+isvf) = pcsflt(:,isvf)
1844	svfsurf(1,nsvfl+isvf) = gridpcbl(kpcsflt(1,isvf),kpcsflt(2,isvf),kpcsflt(3,isvf))
1845	svfsurf(2,nsvfl+isvf) = kpcsflt(4,isvf)
1846	ENDDO
1847	ENDIF
1848
1849	!-- deallocation of temporary arrays
1850	DEALLOCATE( pcsflt )
1851	DEALLOCATE( kpcsflt )
1852
1853	ENDIF
1854
1855	RETURN
1856
1857	301 WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1858	'I/O error when processing shape view factors / ', &
1859	'plant canopy sink factors / direct irradiance factors.'
1860	CALL message( 'init_urban_surface', 'PA0502', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1861
1862	END SUBROUTINE usm_calc_svf
1863
1864
1865	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1866	!
1867	! Description:
1868	! ------------
1869	!> Subroutine checks variables and assigns units.
1870	!> It is caaled out from subroutine check_parameters.
1871	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1872	SUBROUTINE usm_check_data_output( variable, unit )
1873
1874	IMPLICIT NONE
1875
1876	CHARACTER (len=*),INTENT(IN) :: variable !:
1877	CHARACTER (len=*),INTENT(OUT) :: unit !:
1878
1879	CHARACTER (len=20) :: var
1880
1881	var = TRIM(variable)
1882	IF ( var(1:11)=='usm_radnet_' .OR. var(1:13)=='usm_rad_insw_' .OR. &
1883	var(1:13)=='usm_rad_inlw_' .OR. var(1:16)=='usm_rad_inswdir_' .OR. &
1884	var(1:16)=='usm_rad_inswdif_' .OR. var(1:16)=='usm_rad_inswref_' .OR. &
1885	var(1:16)=='usm_rad_inlwdif_' .OR. var(1:16)=='usm_rad_inlwref_' .OR. &
1886	var(1:14)=='usm_rad_outsw_' .OR. var(1:14)=='usm_rad_outlw_' .OR. &
1887	var(1:11)=='usm_rad_hf_' .OR. &
1888	var(1:9) =='usm_wshf_' .OR. var(1:9)=='usm_wghf_' ) THEN
1889	unit = 'W/m2'
1890	ELSE IF ( var(1:10) =='usm_t_surf' .OR. var(1:10) =='usm_t_wall' ) THEN
1891	unit = 'K'
1892	ELSE IF ( var(1:9) =='usm_surfz' .OR. var(1:7) =='usm_svf' .OR. &
1893	var(1:7) =='usm_dif' .OR. var(1:11) =='usm_surfcat' .OR. &
1894	var(1:11) =='usm_surfalb' .OR. var(1:12) =='usm_surfemis') THEN
1895	unit = '1'
1896	ELSE IF ( plant_canopy .AND. var(1:7) =='usm_lad' ) THEN
1897	unit = 'm2/m3'
1898	ELSE IF ( plant_canopy .AND. var(1:14) == 'usm_canopy_khf' ) THEN
1899	unit = 'K/s'
1900	ELSE
1901	unit = 'illegal'
1902	ENDIF
1903
1904	END SUBROUTINE usm_check_data_output
1905
1906
1907	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1908	! Description:
1909	! ------------
1910	!> Check parameters routine for urban surface model
1911	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1912	SUBROUTINE usm_check_parameters
1913
1914	USE control_parameters, &
1915	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, large_scale_forcing, &
1916	lsf_surf, topography
1917
1918	!
1919	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
1920	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the urban surface
1921	!-- model
1922	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
1923	message_string = 'urban surface model requires setting of '// &
1924	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
1925	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
1926	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0590', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1927	ENDIF
1928
1929	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
1930	message_string = 'urban surface model requires '// &
1931	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
1932	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0591', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1933	ENDIF
1934	!
1935	!-- Surface forcing has to be disabled for LSF in case of enabled
1936	!-- urban surface module
1937	IF ( large_scale_forcing ) THEN
1938	lsf_surf = .FALSE.
1939	ENDIF
1940	!
1941	!-- Topography
1942	IF ( topography == 'flat' ) THEN
1943	message_string = 'topography /= "flat" is required '// &
1944	'when using the urban surface model'
1945	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0592', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1946	ENDIF
1947
1948
1949	END SUBROUTINE usm_check_parameters
1950
1951
1952	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1953	!
1954	! Description:
1955	! ------------
1956	!> Output of the 3D-arrays in netCDF and/or AVS format
1957	!> for variables of urban_surface model.
1958	!> It resorts the urban surface module output quantities from surf style
1959	!> indexing into temporary 3D array with indices (i,j,k).
1960	!> It is called from subroutine data_output_3d.
1961	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1962	SUBROUTINE usm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, nzb_do, nzt_do )
1963
1964	IMPLICIT NONE
1965
1966	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: av !<
1967	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(IN) :: variable !<
1968	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
1969	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
1970	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
1971	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxlg:nxrg,nysg:nyng,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< sp - it has to correspond to module data_output_3d
1972	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: temp_pf !< temp array for urban surface output procedure
1973
1974	CHARACTER (len=20) :: var, surfid
1975	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nd = 5
1976	CHARACTER(len=6), DIMENSION(0:nd-1), PARAMETER :: dirname = (/ '_roof ', '_south', '_north', '_west ', '_east ' /)
1977	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:nd-1), PARAMETER :: dirint = (/ iroof, isouth, inorth, iwest, ieast /)
1978	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:nd-1) :: dirstart
1979	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:nd-1) :: dirend
1980	INTEGER(iwp) :: ids,isurf,isvf,isurfs,isurflt
1981	INTEGER(iwp) :: is,js,ks,i,j,k,iwl,istat
1982
1983	dirstart = (/ startland, startwall, startwall, startwall, startwall /)
1984	dirend = (/ endland, endwall, endwall, endwall, endwall /)
1985
1986	found = .TRUE.
1987	temp_pf = -1._wp
1988
1989	ids = -1
1990	var = TRIM(variable)
1991	DO i = 0, nd-1
1992	k = len(TRIM(var))
1993	j = len(TRIM(dirname(i)))
1994	IF ( var(k-j+1:k) == dirname(i) ) THEN
1995	ids = i
1996	var = var(:k-j)
1997	EXIT
1998	ENDIF
1999	ENDDO
2000	IF ( ids == -1 ) THEN
2001	var = TRIM(variable)
2002	ENDIF
2003	IF ( var(1:11) == 'usm_t_wall_' .AND. len(TRIM(var)) >= 12 ) THEN
2004	!-- wall layers
2005	READ(var(12:12), '(I1)', iostat=istat ) iwl
2006	IF ( istat == 0 .AND. iwl >= nzb_wall .AND. iwl <= nzt_wall ) THEN
2007	var = var(1:10)
2008	ENDIF
2009	ENDIF
2010	IF ( (var(1:8) == 'usm_svf_' .OR. var(1:8) == 'usm_dif_') .AND. len(TRIM(var)) >= 13 ) THEN
2011	!-- svf values to particular surface
2012	surfid = var(9:)
2013	i = index(surfid,'_')
2014	j = index(surfid(i+1:),'_')
2015	READ(surfid(1:i-1),*, iostat=istat ) is
2016	IF ( istat == 0 ) THEN
2017	READ(surfid(i+1:i+j-1),*, iostat=istat ) js
2018	ENDIF
2019	IF ( istat == 0 ) THEN
2020	READ(surfid(i+j+1:),*, iostat=istat ) ks
2021	ENDIF
2022	IF ( istat == 0 ) THEN
2023	var = var(1:7)
2024	ENDIF
2025	ENDIF
2026
2027	SELECT CASE ( TRIM(var) )
2028
2029	CASE ( 'usm_surfz' )
2030	!-- array of lw radiation falling to local surface after i-th reflection
2031	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2032	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2033	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == iroof ) THEN
2034	temp_pf(0,surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = &
2035	max(temp_pf(0,surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)), &
2036	REAL(surfl(iz,isurf),wp))
2037	ELSE
2038	temp_pf(0,surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = &
2039	max(temp_pf(0,surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)), &
2040	REAL(surfl(iz,isurf),wp)+1.0_wp)
2041	ENDIF
2042	ENDIF
2043	ENDDO
2044
2045	CASE ( 'usm_surfcat' )
2046	!-- surface category
2047	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2048	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2049	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surface_types(isurf)
2050	ENDIF
2051	ENDDO
2052
2053	CASE ( 'usm_surfalb' )
2054	!-- surface albedo
2055	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2056	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2057	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = albedo_surf(isurf)
2058	ENDIF
2059	ENDDO
2060
2061	CASE ( 'usm_surfemis' )
2062	!-- surface albedo
2063	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2064	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2065	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = emiss_surf(isurf)
2066	ENDIF
2067	ENDDO
2068
2069	CASE ( 'usm_svf', 'usm_dif' )
2070	!-- shape view factors or iradiance factors to selected surface
2071	IF ( TRIM(var)=='usm_svf' ) THEN
2072	k = 1
2073	ELSE
2074	k = 2
2075	ENDIF
2076	DO isvf = 1, nsvfl
2077	isurflt = svfsurf(1, isvf)
2078	isurfs = svfsurf(2, isvf)
2079
2080	IF ( surf(ix,isurfs) == is .AND. surf(iy,isurfs) == js .AND. &
2081	surf(iz,isurfs) == ks .AND. surf(id,isurfs) == ids ) THEN
2082	!-- correct source surface
2083	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurflt),surfl(iy,isurflt),surfl(ix,isurflt)) = svf(k,isvf)
2084	ENDIF
2085	ENDDO
2086
2087	CASE ( 'usm_radnet' )
2088	!-- array of complete radiation balance
2089	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2090	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2091	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2092	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = rad_net_l(isurf)
2093	ELSE
2094	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = rad_net_av(isurf)
2095	ENDIF
2096	ENDIF
2097	ENDDO
2098
2099	CASE ( 'usm_rad_insw' )
2100	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
2101	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2102	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2103	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2104	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinsw(isurf)
2105	ELSE
2106	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinsw_av(isurf)
2107	ENDIF
2108	ENDIF
2109	ENDDO
2110
2111	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlw' )
2112	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
2113	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2114	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2115	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2116	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlw(isurf)
2117	ELSE
2118	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlw_av(isurf)
2119	ENDIF
2120	ENDIF
2121	ENDDO
2122
2123	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdir' )
2124	!-- array of direct sw radiation falling to surface from sun
2125	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2126	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2127	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2128	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinswdir(isurf)
2129	ELSE
2130	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinswdir_av(isurf)
2131	ENDIF
2132	ENDIF
2133	ENDDO
2134
2135	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswdif' )
2136	!-- array of difusion sw radiation falling to surface from sky and borders of the domain
2137	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2138	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2139	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2140	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinswdif(isurf)
2141	ELSE
2142	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinswdif_av(isurf)
2143	ENDIF
2144	ENDIF
2145	ENDDO
2146
2147	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inswref' )
2148	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface from reflections
2149	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2150	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2151	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2152	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = &
2153	surfinsw(isurf) - surfinswdir(isurf) - surfinswdif(isurf)
2154	ELSE
2155	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinswref_av(isurf)
2156	ENDIF
2157	ENDIF
2158	ENDDO
2159
2160	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwdif' )
2161	!-- array of sw radiation falling to surface after i-th reflection
2162	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2163	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2164	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2165	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlwdif(isurf)
2166	ELSE
2167	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlwdif_av(isurf)
2168	ENDIF
2169	ENDIF
2170	ENDDO
2171
2172	CASE ( 'usm_rad_inlwref' )
2173	!-- array of lw radiation falling to surface from reflections
2174	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2175	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2176	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2177	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlw(isurf) - surfinlwdif(isurf)
2178	ELSE
2179	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfinlwref_av(isurf)
2180	ENDIF
2181	ENDIF
2182	ENDDO
2183
2184	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outsw' )
2185	!-- array of sw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
2186	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2187	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2188	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2189	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfoutsw(isurf)
2190	ELSE
2191	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfoutsw_av(isurf)
2192	ENDIF
2193	ENDIF
2194	ENDDO
2195
2196	CASE ( 'usm_rad_outlw' )
2197	!-- array of lw radiation emitted from surface after i-th reflection
2198	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2199	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2200	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2201	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfoutlw(isurf)
2202	ELSE
2203	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfoutlw_av(isurf)
2204	ENDIF
2205	ENDIF
2206	ENDDO
2207
2208	CASE ( 'usm_rad_hf' )
2209	!-- array of heat flux from radiation for surfaces after all reflections
2210	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2211	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2212	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2213	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfhf(isurf)
2214	ELSE
2215	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = surfhf_av(isurf)
2216	ENDIF
2217	ENDIF
2218	ENDDO
2219
2220	CASE ( 'usm_wshf' )
2221	!-- array of sensible heat flux from surfaces
2222	!-- horizontal surfaces
2223	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2224	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2225	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2226	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = wshf_eb(isurf)
2227	ELSE
2228	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = wshf_eb_av(isurf)
2229	ENDIF
2230	ENDIF
2231	ENDDO
2232
2233	CASE ( 'usm_wghf' )
2234	!-- array of heat flux from ground (land, wall, roof)
2235	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2236	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2237	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2238	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = wghf_eb(isurf)
2239	ELSE
2240	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = wghf_eb_av(isurf)
2241	ENDIF
2242	ENDIF
2243	ENDDO
2244
2245	CASE ( 'usm_t_surf' )
2246	!-- surface temperature for surfaces
2247	DO isurf = max(startenergy,dirstart(ids)), min(endenergy,dirend(ids))
2248	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2249	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2250	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = t_surf(isurf)
2251	ELSE
2252	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = t_surf_av(isurf)
2253	ENDIF
2254	ENDIF
2255	ENDDO
2256
2257	CASE ( 'usm_t_wall' )
2258	!-- wall temperature for iwl layer of walls and land
2259	DO isurf = dirstart(ids), dirend(ids)
2260	IF ( surfl(id,isurf) == ids ) THEN
2261	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
2262	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = t_wall(iwl,isurf)
2263	ELSE
2264	temp_pf(surfl(iz,isurf),surfl(iy,isurf),surfl(ix,isurf)) = t_wall_av(iwl,isurf)
2265	ENDIF
2266	ENDIF
2267	ENDDO
2268
2269	CASE ( 'usm_lad' )
2270	!-- leaf area density
2271	DO i = nxl, nxr
2272	DO j = nys, nyn
2273	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nzut
2274	temp_pf(k,j,i) = lad_s(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
2275	ENDDO
2276	ENDDO
2277	ENDDO
2278
2279	CASE ( 'usm_canopy_khf' )
2280	!-- canopy kinematic heat flux
2281	DO i = nxl, nxr
2282	DO j = nys, nyn
2283	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nzut
2284	temp_pf(k,j,i) = pc_heating_rate(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
2285	ENDDO
2286	ENDDO
2287	ENDDO
2288
2289	CASE DEFAULT
2290	found = .FALSE.
2291
2292	END SELECT
2293
2294	!-- fill out array local_pf which is subsequently treated by data_output_3d
2295	CALL exchange_horiz( temp_pf, nbgp )
2296	DO j = nysg,nyng
2297	DO i = nxlg,nxrg
2298	DO k = nzb_do, nzt_do
2299	local_pf(i,j,k) = temp_pf(k,j,i)
2300	ENDDO
2301	ENDDO
2302	ENDDO
2303
2304	END SUBROUTINE usm_data_output_3d
2305
2306
2307	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2308	!
2309	! Description:
2310	! ------------
2311	!> Soubroutine defines appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
2312	!> It is called out from subroutine netcdf.
2313	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2314	SUBROUTINE usm_define_netcdf_grid( variable, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
2315
2316	IMPLICIT NONE
2317
2318	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(IN) :: variable !<
2319	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
2320	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
2321	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
2322	CHARACTER (len=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
2323
2324	CHARACTER (len=20) :: var
2325
2326	var = TRIM(variable)
2327	IF ( var(1:11)=='usm_radnet_' .OR. var(1:13) =='usm_rad_insw_' .OR. &
2328	var(1:13) =='usm_rad_inlw_' .OR. var(1:16) =='usm_rad_inswdir_' .OR. &
2329	var(1:16) =='usm_rad_inswdif_' .OR. var(1:16) =='usm_rad_inswref_' .OR. &
2330	var(1:16) =='usm_rad_inlwdif_' .OR. var(1:16) =='usm_rad_inlwref_' .OR. &
2331	var(1:14) =='usm_rad_outsw_' .OR. var(1:14) =='usm_rad_outlw_' .OR. &
2332	var(1:11) =='usm_rad_hf_' .OR. &
2333	var(1:9) == 'usm_wshf_' .OR. var(1:9)== 'usm_wghf_' .OR. &
2334	var(1:10) == 'usm_t_surf' .OR. var(1:10) == 'usm_t_wall' .OR. &
2335	var(1:9) == 'usm_surfz' .OR. var(1:7) == 'usm_svf' .OR. &
2336	var(1:7) =='usm_dif' .OR. var(1:11) =='usm_surfcat' .OR. &
2337	var(1:11) =='usm_surfalb' .OR. var(1:12) =='usm_surfemis' .OR. &
2338	var(1:7) == 'usm_lad' .OR. var(1:14) == 'usm_canopy_khf' ) THEN
2339
2340	found = .TRUE.
2341	grid_x = 'x'
2342	grid_y = 'y'
2343	grid_z = 'zu'
2344	ELSE
2345	found = .FALSE.
2346	grid_x = 'none'
2347	grid_y = 'none'
2348	grid_z = 'none'
2349	ENDIF
2350
2351	END SUBROUTINE usm_define_netcdf_grid
2352
2353
2354	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2355	!> Finds first model boundary crossed by a ray
2356	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2357	PURE SUBROUTINE usm_find_boundary_face(origin, uvect, bdycross)
2358	IMPLICIT NONE
2359	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3), INTENT(in) :: origin !< ray origin
2360	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3), INTENT(in) :: uvect !< ray unit vector
2361	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(4), INTENT(out) :: bdycross !< found boundary crossing (d, z, y, x)
2362	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: crossdist !< crossing distance
2363	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(3) :: bdyd !< boundary direction
2364	REAL(wp) :: bdydim !<
2365	REAL(wp) :: dist !<
2366	INTEGER(iwp) :: seldim !< found fist crossing index
2367	INTEGER(iwp) :: d !<
2368
2369	bdydim = nzut + .5_wp !< top boundary
2370	bdyd(1) = isky
2371	crossdist(1) = (bdydim - origin(1)) / uvect(1)
2372
2373	IF ( uvect(2) >= 0._wp ) THEN
2374	bdydim = ny + .5_wp !< north global boundary
2375	bdyd(2) = inorthb
2376	ELSE
2377	bdydim = -.5_wp !< south global boundary
2378	bdyd(2) = isouthb
2379	ENDIF
2380	crossdist(2) = (bdydim - origin(2)) / uvect(2)
2381
2382	IF ( uvect(3) >= 0._wp ) THEN
2383	bdydim = nx + .5_wp !< east global boundary
2384	bdyd(3) = ieastb
2385	ELSE
2386	bdydim = -.5_wp !< west global boundary
2387	bdyd(3) = iwestb
2388	ENDIF
2389	crossdist(3) = (bdydim - origin(3)) / uvect(3)
2390
2391	seldim = minloc(crossdist, 1)
2392	dist = crossdist(seldim)
2393	d = bdyd(seldim)
2394
2395	bdycross(1) = d
2396	bdycross(2:4) = NINT( origin(:) + uvect(:)*dist &
2397	+ .5_wp * (/ kdir(d), jdir(d), idir(d) /) )
2398	END SUBROUTINE
2399
2400
2401	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2402	!> Determines whether two faces are oriented towards each other
2403	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2404	PURE LOGICAL FUNCTION usm_facing(x, y, z, d, x2, y2, z2, d2)
2405	IMPLICIT NONE
2406	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: x, y, z, d, x2, y2, z2, d2
2407
2408	usm_facing = .FALSE.
2409	IF ( d==iroof .AND. d2==iroof ) RETURN
2410	IF ( d==isky .AND. d2==isky ) RETURN
2411	IF ( (d==isouth .OR. d==inorthb) .AND. (d2==isouth.OR.d2==inorthb) ) RETURN
2412	IF ( (d==inorth .OR. d==isouthb) .AND. (d2==inorth.OR.d2==isouthb) ) RETURN
2413	IF ( (d==iwest .OR. d==ieastb) .AND. (d2==iwest.OR.d2==ieastb) ) RETURN
2414	IF ( (d==ieast .OR. d==iwestb) .AND. (d2==ieast.OR.d2==iwestb) ) RETURN
2415
2416	SELECT CASE (d)
2417	CASE (iroof) !< ground, roof
2418	IF ( z2 < z ) RETURN
2419	CASE (isky) !< sky
2420	IF ( z2 > z ) RETURN
2421	CASE (isouth, inorthb) !< south facing
2422	IF ( y2 > y ) RETURN
2423	CASE (inorth, isouthb) !< north facing
2424	IF ( y2 < y ) RETURN
2425	CASE (iwest, ieastb) !< west facing
2426	IF ( x2 > x ) RETURN
2427	CASE (ieast, iwestb) !< east facing
2428	IF ( x2 < x ) RETURN
2429	END SELECT
2430
2431	SELECT CASE (d2)
2432	CASE (iroof) !< ground, roof
2433	IF ( z < z2 ) RETURN
2434	CASE (isky) !< sky
2435	IF ( z > z2 ) RETURN
2436	CASE (isouth, inorthb) !< south facing
2437	IF ( y > y2 ) RETURN
2438	CASE (inorth, isouthb) !< north facing
2439	IF ( y < y2 ) RETURN
2440	CASE (iwest, ieastb) !< west facing
2441	IF ( x > x2 ) RETURN
2442	CASE (ieast, iwestb) !< east facing
2443	IF ( x < x2 ) RETURN
2444	CASE (-1)
2445	CONTINUE
2446	END SELECT
2447
2448	usm_facing = .TRUE.
2449
2450	END FUNCTION usm_facing
2451
2452
2453	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2454	! Description:
2455	! ------------
2456	!> Initialization of the wall surface model
2457	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2458	SUBROUTINE usm_init_material_model
2459
2460	IMPLICIT NONE
2461
2462	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, l !< running indices
2463
2464	CALL location_message( ' initialization of wall surface model', .TRUE. )
2465
2466	!-- Calculate wall grid spacings.
2467	!-- Temperature is defined at the center of the wall layers,
2468	!-- whereas gradients/fluxes are defined at the edges (_stag)
2469	DO l = nzb_wall, nzt_wall
2470	zwn(l) = zwn_default(l)
2471	ENDDO
2472
2473	!-- apply for all particular wall grids
2474	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
2475	zw(:,l) = zwn(:) * thickness_wall(l)
2476	dz_wall(nzb_wall,l) = zw(nzb_wall,l)
2477	DO k = nzb_wall+1, nzt_wall
2478	dz_wall(k,l) = zw(k,l) - zw(k-1,l)
2479	ENDDO
2480
2481	dz_wall(nzt_wall+1,l) = dz_wall(nzt_wall,l)
2482
2483	DO k = nzb_wall, nzt_wall-1
2484	dz_wall_stag(k,l) = 0.5 * (dz_wall(k+1,l) + dz_wall(k,l))
2485	ENDDO
2486	dz_wall_stag(nzt_wall,l) = dz_wall(nzt_wall,l)
2487	ENDDO
2488
2489	ddz_wall = 1.0_wp / dz_wall
2490	ddz_wall_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_wall_stag
2491
2492	CALL location_message( ' wall structures filed out', .TRUE. )
2493
2494	CALL location_message( ' initialization of wall surface model finished', .TRUE. )
2495
2496	END SUBROUTINE usm_init_material_model
2497
2498
2499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2500	! Description:
2501	! ------------
2502	!> Initialization of the urban surface model
2503	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2504	SUBROUTINE usm_init_urban_surface
2505
2506	IMPLICIT NONE
2507
2508	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l !< running indices
2509	REAL(wp) :: c, d, tin, exn
2510
2511	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(78), 'usm_init', 'start' )
2512	!-- surface forcing have to be disabled for LSF
2513	!-- in case of enabled urban surface module
2514	IF ( large_scale_forcing ) THEN
2515	lsf_surf = .FALSE.
2516	ENDIF
2517
2518	!-- init anthropogenic sources of heat
2519	CALL usm_allocate_urban_surface()
2520
2521	!-- read the surface_types array somewhere
2522	CALL usm_read_urban_surface_types()
2523
2524	!-- init material heat model
2525	CALL usm_init_material_model()
2526
2527	IF ( usm_anthropogenic_heat ) THEN
2528	!-- init anthropogenic sources of heat (from transportation for now)
2529	CALL usm_read_anthropogenic_heat()
2530	ENDIF
2531
2532	IF ( read_svf_on_init ) THEN
2533	!-- read svf and svfsurf data from file
2534	CALL location_message( ' Start reading SVF from file', .TRUE. )
2535	CALL usm_read_svf_from_file()
2536	CALL location_message( ' Reading SVF from file has finished', .TRUE. )
2537	ELSE
2538	!-- calculate SFV and CSF
2539	CALL location_message( ' Start calculation of SVF', .TRUE. )
2540	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(79), 'usm_calc_svf', 'start' )
2541	CALL usm_calc_svf()
2542	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(79), 'usm_calc_svf', 'stop' )
2543	CALL location_message( ' Calculation of SVF has finished', .TRUE. )
2544	ENDIF
2545
2546	IF ( write_svf_on_init ) THEN
2547	!-- write svf and svfsurf data to file
2548	CALL usm_write_svf_to_file()
2549	ENDIF
2550
2551	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
2552	!-- gridpcbl was only necessary for initialization
2553	DEALLOCATE( gridpcbl )
2554	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED(pc_heating_rate) ) THEN
2555	!-- then pc_heating_rate is allocated in init_plant_canopy
2556	!-- in case of cthf /= 0 => we need to allocate it for our use here
2557	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2558	ENDIF
2559	ENDIF
2560
2561	!-- Intitialization of the surface and wall/ground/roof temperature
2562
2563	!-- Initialization for restart runs
2564	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
2565
2566	!-- restore data from restart file
2567	CALL usm_read_restart_data()
2568	ELSE
2569
2570	!-- Calculate initial surface temperature
2571	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
2572
2573	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
2574	k = surfl(iz,l)
2575	j = surfl(iy,l)
2576	i = surfl(ix,l)
2577
2578	!-- Initial surface temperature set from pt of adjacent gridbox
2579	t_surf(l) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
2580	ENDDO
2581
2582	!-- initial values for t_wall
2583	!-- outer value is set to surface temperature
2584	!-- inner value is set to wall_inner_temperature
2585	!-- and profile is logaritmic (linear in nz)
2586	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
2587	IF ( isroof_surf(l) ) THEN
2588	tin = roof_inner_temperature
2589	ELSE IF ( surf(id,l)==iroof ) THEN
2590	tin = soil_inner_temperature
2591	ELSE
2592	tin = wall_inner_temperature
2593	ENDIF
2594	DO k = nzb_wall, nzt_wall+1
2595	c = REAL(k-nzb_wall,wp)/REAL(nzt_wall+1-nzb_wall,wp)
2596	t_wall(k,:) = (1.0_wp-c)t_surf(:) + ctin
2597	ENDDO
2598	ENDDO
2599	ENDIF
2600
2601	!--
2602	!-- Possibly DO user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous wall surface)
2603	CALL user_init_urban_surface
2604
2605	!-- initialize prognostic values for the first timestep
2606	t_surf_p = t_surf
2607	t_wall_p = t_wall
2608
2609	!-- Adjust radiative fluxes for urban surface at model start
2610	CALL usm_radiation
2611
2612	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(78), 'usm_init', 'stop' )
2613
2614
2615	END SUBROUTINE usm_init_urban_surface
2616
2617
2618	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2619	! Description:
2620	! ------------
2621	!
2622	!> Wall model as part of the urban surface model. The model predicts wall
2623	!> temperature.
2624	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2625	SUBROUTINE usm_material_heat_model
2626
2627
2628	IMPLICIT NONE
2629
2630	INTEGER(iwp) :: i,j,k,l,kw !< running indices
2631
2632	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_wall:nzt_wall) :: wtend !< tendency
2633
2634
2635	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
2636	!-- calculate frequently used parameters
2637	k = surfl(iz,l)
2638	j = surfl(iy,l)
2639	i = surfl(ix,l)
2640
2641	!
2642	!-- prognostic equation for ground/wall/roof temperature t_wall
2643	wtend(:) = 0.0_wp
2644	wtend(nzb_wall) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_wall(nzb_wall,l)) * &
2645	( lambda_h(nzb_wall,l) * ( t_wall(nzb_wall+1,l) &
2646	- t_wall(nzb_wall,l) ) * ddz_wall(nzb_wall+1,l) &
2647	+ wghf_eb(l) ) * ddz_wall_stag(nzb_wall,l)
2648
2649	DO kw = nzb_wall+1, nzt_wall
2650	wtend(kw) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_wall(kw,l)) &
2651	* ( lambda_h(kw,l) &
2652	* ( t_wall(kw+1,l) - t_wall(kw,l) ) &
2653	* ddz_wall(kw+1,l) &
2654	- lambda_h(kw-1,l) &
2655	* ( t_wall(kw,l) - t_wall(kw-1,l) ) &
2656	* ddz_wall(kw,l) &
2657	) * ddz_wall_stag(kw,l)
2658	ENDDO
2659
2660	t_wall_p(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,l) = t_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,l) &
2661	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2662	* wtend(nzb_wall:nzt_wall) + tsc(3) &
2663	* tt_wall_m(nzb_wall:nzt_wall,l) )
2664
2665	!
2666	!-- calculate t_wall tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2667	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2668	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2669	DO kw = nzb_wall, nzt_wall
2670	tt_wall_m(kw,l) = wtend(kw)
2671	ENDDO
2672	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2673	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2674	DO kw = nzb_wall, nzt_wall
2675	tt_wall_m(kw,l) = -9.5625_wp * wtend(kw) + 5.3125_wp &
2676	* tt_wall_m(kw,l)
2677	ENDDO
2678	ENDIF
2679	ENDIF
2680	ENDDO
2681
2682	END SUBROUTINE usm_material_heat_model
2683
2684
2685	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2686	! Description:
2687	! ------------
2688	!> This subroutine calculates interaction of the solar radiation
2689	!> with urban surface and updates surface, roofs and walls heatfluxes.
2690	!> It also updates rad_sw_out and rad_lw_out.
2691	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2692	SUBROUTINE usm_radiation
2693
2694	IMPLICIT NONE
2695
2696	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, kk, is, js, d, ku, refstep
2697	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzubl, nzutl, isurf, isurfsrc, isurf1, isvf, ipcgb
2698	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(4) :: bdycross
2699	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3,3) :: mrot !< grid rotation matrix (xyz)
2700	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3,0:9) :: vnorm !< face direction normal vectors (xyz)
2701	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: sunorig !< grid rotated solar direction unit vector (xyz)
2702	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: sunorig_grid !< grid squashed solar direction unit vector (zyx)
2703	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:9) :: costheta !< direct irradiance factor of solar angle
2704	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzub:nzut) :: pchf_prep !< precalculated factor for canopy temp tendency
2705	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha = 0._wp !< grid rotation (TODO: add to namelist or remove)
2706	REAL(wp) :: rx, ry, rz
2707	REAL(wp) :: pc_box_area, pc_abs_frac, pc_abs_eff
2708	INTEGER(iwp) :: pc_box_dimshift !< transform for best accuracy
2709
2710
2711	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
2712	pchf_prep(:) = r_d * (hyp(nzub:nzut) / 100000.0_wp)**0.286_wp &
2713	/ (cp * hyp(nzub:nzut) * dxdydz) !< equals to 1 / (rho * c_p * Vbox * T)
2714	ENDIF
2715
2716	sun_direction = .TRUE.
2717	CALL calc_zenith !< required also for diffusion radiation
2718
2719	!-- prepare rotated normal vectors and irradiance factor
2720	vnorm(1,:) = idir(:)
2721	vnorm(2,:) = jdir(:)
2722	vnorm(3,:) = kdir(:)
2723	mrot(1, :) = (/ cos(alpha), -sin(alpha), 0._wp /)
2724	mrot(2, :) = (/ sin(alpha), cos(alpha), 0._wp /)
2725	mrot(3, :) = (/ 0._wp, 0._wp, 1._wp /)
2726	sunorig = (/ sun_dir_lon, sun_dir_lat, zenith(0) /)
2727	sunorig = matmul(mrot, sunorig)
2728	DO d = 0, 9
2729	costheta(d) = dot_product(sunorig, vnorm(:,d))
2730	ENDDO
2731
2732	IF ( zenith(0) > 0 ) THEN
2733	!-- now we will "squash" the sunorig vector by grid box size in
2734	!-- each dimension, so that this new direction vector will allow us
2735	!-- to traverse the ray path within grid coordinates directly
2736	sunorig_grid = (/ sunorig(3)/dz, sunorig(2)/dy, sunorig(1)/dx /)
2737	!-- sunorig_grid = sunorig_grid / norm2(sunorig_grid)
2738	sunorig_grid = sunorig_grid / SQRT(SUM(sunorig_grid**2))
2739
2740	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
2741	!-- precompute effective box depth with prototype Leaf Area Density
2742	pc_box_dimshift = maxloc(sunorig, 1) - 1
2743	CALL usm_box_absorb(cshift((/dx,dy,dz/), pc_box_dimshift), &
2744	60, prototype_lad, &
2745	cshift(sunorig, pc_box_dimshift), &
2746	pc_box_area, pc_abs_frac)
2747	pc_box_area = pc_box_area * sunorig(pc_box_dimshift+1) / sunorig(3)
2748	pc_abs_eff = log(1._wp - pc_abs_frac) / prototype_lad
2749	ENDIF
2750	ENDIF
2751
2752	!-- split diffusion and direct part of the solar downward radiation
2753	!-- comming from radiation model and store it in 2D arrays
2754	!-- rad_sw_in_diff, rad_sw_in_dir and rad_lw_in_diff
2755	IF ( split_diffusion_radiation ) THEN
2756	CALL usm_calc_diffusion_radiation
2757	ELSE
2758	rad_sw_in_diff = 0.0_wp
2759	rad_sw_in_dir(:,:) = rad_sw_in(0,:,:)
2760	rad_lw_in_diff(:,:) = rad_lw_in(0,:,:)
2761	ENDIF
2762
2763	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2764	!-- First pass: direct + diffuse irradiance
2765	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2766	surfinswdir = 0._wp
2767	surfinswdif = 0._wp
2768	surfinlwdif = 0._wp
2769	surfins = 0._wp
2770	surfinl = 0._wp
2771	surfoutsl = 0._wp
2772	surfoutll = 0._wp
2773
2774	!-- Set up thermal radiation from surfaces
2775	!-- emiss_surf is defined only for surfaces for which energy balance is calculated
2776	surfoutll(startenergy:endenergy) = emiss_surf(startenergy:endenergy) * sigma_sb &
2777	* t_surf(startenergy:endenergy)**4
2778
2779	#if defined( __parallel )
2780	!-- might be optimized and gather only values relevant for current processor
2781	CALL MPI_AllGatherv(surfoutll, nenergy, MPI_REAL, &
2782	surfoutl, nsurfs, surfstart, MPI_REAL, comm2d, ierr)
2783	#else
2784	surfoutl(:) = surfoutll(:)
2785	#endif
2786
2787	isurf1 = -1 !< previous processed surface
2788	DO isvf = 1, nsvfl
2789	isurf = svfsurf(1, isvf)
2790	k = surfl(iz, isurf)
2791	j = surfl(iy, isurf)
2792	i = surfl(ix, isurf)
2793	isurfsrc = svfsurf(2, isvf)
2794	IF ( zenith(0) > 0 .AND. isurf /= isurf1 ) THEN
2795	!-- locate the virtual surface where the direct solar ray crosses domain boundary
2796	!-- (once per target surface)
2797	d = surfl(id, isurf)
2798	rz = REAL(k, wp) - 0.5_wp * kdir(d)
2799	ry = REAL(j, wp) - 0.5_wp * jdir(d)
2800	rx = REAL(i, wp) - 0.5_wp * idir(d)
2801
2802	CALL usm_find_boundary_face( (/ rz, ry, rx /), sunorig_grid, bdycross)
2803
2804	isurf1 = isurf
2805	ENDIF
2806
2807	IF ( surf(id, isurfsrc) >= isky ) THEN
2808	!-- diffuse rad from boundary surfaces. Since it is a simply
2809	!-- calculated value, it is not assigned to surfref(s/l),
2810	!-- instead it is used directly here
2811	!-- we consider the radiation from the radiation model falling on surface
2812	!-- as the radiation falling on the top of urban layer into the place of the source surface
2813	!-- we consider it as a very reasonable simplification which allow as avoid
2814	!-- necessity of other global range arrays and some all to all mpi communication
2815	surfinswdif(isurf) = surfinswdif(isurf) + rad_sw_in_diff(j,i) * svf(1,isvf) * svf(2,isvf)
2816	!< canopy shading is applied only to shortwave
2817	surfinlwdif(isurf) = surfinlwdif(isurf) + rad_lw_in_diff(j,i) * svf(1,isvf)
2818	ELSE
2819	!-- for surface-to-surface factors we calculate thermal radiation in 1st pass
2820	surfinl(isurf) = surfinl(isurf) + svf(1,isvf) * surfoutl(isurfsrc)
2821	ENDIF
2822
2823	IF ( zenith(0) > 0 .AND. all( surf(:, isurfsrc) == bdycross ) ) THEN
2824	!-- found svf between model boundary and the face => face isn't shaded
2825	surfinswdir(isurf) = rad_sw_in_dir(j, i) &
2826	* costheta(surfl(id, isurf)) * svf(2,isvf) / zenith(0)
2827
2828	ENDIF
2829	ENDDO
2830
2831	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
2832
2833	pcbinsw(:) = 0._wp
2834	pcbinlw(:) = 0._wp !< will stay always 0 since we don't absorb lw anymore
2835	!
2836	!-- pcsf first pass
2837	isurf1 = -1 !< previous processed pcgb
2838	DO isvf = nsvfl+1, nsvfcsfl
2839	ipcgb = svfsurf(1, isvf)
2840	i = pcbl(ix,ipcgb)
2841	j = pcbl(iy,ipcgb)
2842	k = pcbl(iz,ipcgb)
2843	isurfsrc = svfsurf(2, isvf)
2844
2845	IF ( zenith(0) > 0 .AND. ipcgb /= isurf1 ) THEN
2846	!-- locate the virtual surface where the direct solar ray crosses domain boundary
2847	!-- (once per target PC gridbox)
2848	rz = REAL(k, wp)
2849	ry = REAL(j, wp)
2850	rx = REAL(i, wp)
2851	CALL usm_find_boundary_face( (/ rz, ry, rx /), &
2852	sunorig_grid, bdycross)
2853
2854	isurf1 = ipcgb
2855	ENDIF
2856
2857	IF ( surf(id, isurfsrc) >= isky ) THEN
2858	!-- Diffuse rad from boundary surfaces. See comments for svf above.
2859	pcbinsw(ipcgb) = pcbinsw(ipcgb) + svf(1,isvf) * svf(2,isvf) * rad_sw_in_diff(j,i)
2860	!-- canopy shading is applied only to shortwave, therefore no absorbtion for lw
2861	!-- pcbinlw(ipcgb) = pcbinlw(ipcgb) + svf(1,isvf) * rad_lw_in_diff(j,i)
2862	!ELSE
2863	!-- Thermal radiation in 1st pass
2864	!-- pcbinlw(ipcgb) = pcbinlw(ipcgb) + svf(1,isvf) * surfoutl(isurfsrc)
2865	ENDIF
2866
2867	IF ( zenith(0) > 0 .AND. all( surf(:, isurfsrc) == bdycross ) ) THEN
2868	!-- found svf between model boundary and the pcgb => pcgb isn't shaded
2869	pc_abs_frac = 1._wp - exp(pc_abs_eff * lad_s(k,j,i))
2870	pcbinsw(ipcgb) = pcbinsw(ipcgb) &
2871	+ rad_sw_in_dir(j, i) * pc_box_area * svf(2,isvf) * pc_abs_frac
2872	ENDIF
2873	ENDDO
2874	ENDIF
2875	surfins(startenergy:endenergy) = surfinswdir(startenergy:endenergy) + surfinswdif(startenergy:endenergy)
2876	surfinl(startenergy:endenergy) = surfinl(startenergy:endenergy) + surfinlwdif(startenergy:endenergy)
2877	surfinsw(:) = surfins(:)
2878	surfinlw(:) = surfinl(:)
2879	surfoutsw(:) = 0.0_wp
2880	surfoutlw(:) = surfoutll(:)
2881	surfhf(startenergy:endenergy) = surfinsw(startenergy:endenergy) + surfinlw(startenergy:endenergy) &
2882	- surfoutsw(startenergy:endenergy) - surfoutlw(startenergy:endenergy)
2883
2884	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2885	!-- Next passes - reflections
2886	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2887	DO refstep = 1, nrefsteps
2888
2889	surfoutsl(startenergy:endenergy) = albedo_surf(startenergy:endenergy) * surfins(startenergy:endenergy)
2890	!-- for non-transparent surfaces, longwave albedo is 1 - emissivity
2891	surfoutll(startenergy:endenergy) = (1._wp - emiss_surf(startenergy:endenergy)) * surfinl(startenergy:endenergy)
2892
2893	#if defined( __parallel )
2894	CALL MPI_AllGatherv(surfoutsl, nsurfl, MPI_REAL, &
2895	surfouts, nsurfs, surfstart, MPI_REAL, comm2d, ierr)
2896	CALL MPI_AllGatherv(surfoutll, nsurfl, MPI_REAL, &
2897	surfoutl, nsurfs, surfstart, MPI_REAL, comm2d, ierr)
2898	#else
2899	surfouts(:) = surfoutsl(:)
2900	surfoutl(:) = surfoutll(:)
2901	#endif
2902
2903	!-- reset for next pass input
2904	surfins(:) = 0._wp
2905	surfinl(:) = 0._wp
2906
2907	!-- reflected radiation
2908	DO isvf = 1, nsvfl
2909	isurf = svfsurf(1, isvf)
2910	isurfsrc = svfsurf(2, isvf)
2911
2912	!-- TODO: to remove if, use start+end for isvf
2913	IF ( surf(id, isurfsrc) < isky ) THEN
2914	surfins(isurf) = surfins(isurf) + svf(1,isvf) * svf(2,isvf) * surfouts(isurfsrc)
2915	surfinl(isurf) = surfinl(isurf) + svf(1,isvf) * surfoutl(isurfsrc)
2916	ENDIF
2917	ENDDO
2918
2919	!-- radiation absorbed by plant canopy
2920	DO isvf = nsvfl+1, nsvfcsfl
2921	ipcgb = svfsurf(1, isvf)
2922	isurfsrc = svfsurf(2, isvf)
2923
2924	IF ( surf(id, isurfsrc) < isky ) THEN
2925	pcbinsw(ipcgb) = pcbinsw(ipcgb) + svf(1,isvf) * svf(2,isvf) * surfouts(isurfsrc)
2926	!-- pcbinlw(ipcgb) = pcbinlw(ipcgb) + svf(1,isvf) * surfoutl(isurfsrc)
2927	ENDIF
2928	ENDDO
2929
2930	surfinsw(:) = surfinsw(:) + surfins(:)
2931	surfinlw(:) = surfinlw(:) + surfinl(:)
2932	surfoutsw(startenergy:endenergy) = surfoutsw(startenergy:endenergy) + surfoutsl(startenergy:endenergy)
2933	surfoutlw(startenergy:endenergy) = surfoutlw(startenergy:endenergy) + surfoutll(startenergy:endenergy)
2934	surfhf(startenergy:endenergy) = surfinsw(startenergy:endenergy) + surfinlw(startenergy:endenergy) &
2935	- surfoutsw(startenergy:endenergy) - surfoutlw(startenergy:endenergy)
2936
2937	ENDDO
2938
2939	!-- push heat flux absorbed by plant canopy to respective 3D arrays
2940	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
2941	pc_heating_rate(:,:,:) = 0._wp
2942	DO ipcgb = 1, npcbl
2943	j = pcbl(iy, ipcgb)
2944	i = pcbl(ix, ipcgb)
2945	k = pcbl(iz, ipcgb)
2946	kk = k - nzb_s_inner(j,i) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2947	pc_heating_rate(kk, j, i) = (pcbinsw(ipcgb) + pcbinlw(ipcgb)) &
2948	* pchf_prep(k) * pt(k, j, i) !-- = dT/dt
2949	ENDDO
2950	ENDIF
2951
2952	!-- return surface radiation to horizontal surfaces
2953	!-- to rad_sw_in, rad_lw_in and rad_net for outputs
2954	!!!!!!!!!!
2955	!-- we need the original radiation on urban top layer
2956	!-- for calculation of MRT so we can't do adjustment here for now
2957	!!!!!!!!!!
2958	!!!DO isurf = 1, nsurfl
2959	!!! i = surfl(ix,isurf)
2960	!!! j = surfl(iy,isurf)
2961	!!! k = surfl(iz,isurf)
2962	!!! d = surfl(id,isurf)
2963	!!! IF ( d==iroof ) THEN
2964	!!! rad_sw_in(:,j,i) = surfinsw(isurf)
2965	!!! rad_lw_in(:,j,i) = surfinlw(isurf)
2966	!!! rad_net(j,i) = rad_sw_in(k,j,i) - rad_sw_out(k,j,i) + rad_lw_in(k,j,i) - rad_lw_out(k,j,i)
2967	!!! ENDIF
2968	!!!ENDDO
2969
2970	END SUBROUTINE usm_radiation
2971
2972
2973	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2974	! Description:
2975	! ------------
2976	!> Raytracing for detecting obstacles and calculating compound canopy sink
2977	!> factors. (A simple obstacle detection would only need to process faces in
2978	!> 3 dimensions without any ordering.)
2979	!> Assumtions:
2980	!> -----------
2981	!> 1. The ray always originates from a face midpoint (only one coordinate equals
2982	!> *.5, i.e. wall) and doesn't travel parallel to the surface (that would mean
2983	!> shape factor=0). Therefore, the ray may never travel exactly along a face
2984	!> or an edge.
2985	!> 2. From grid bottom to urban surface top the grid has to be equidistant
2986	!> within each of the dimensions, including vertical (but the resolution
2987	!> doesn't need to be the same in all three dimensions).
2988	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2989	SUBROUTINE usm_raytrace(src, targ, isrc, rirrf, atarg, create_csf, visible, transparency, win_lad)
2990	IMPLICIT NONE
2991
2992	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3), INTENT(in) :: src, targ !< real coordinates z,y,x
2993	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: isrc !< index of source face for csf
2994	REAL(wp), INTENT(in) :: rirrf !< irradiance factor for csf
2995	REAL(wp), INTENT(in) :: atarg !< target surface area for csf
2996	LOGICAL, INTENT(in) :: create_csf !< whether to generate new CSFs during raytracing
2997	LOGICAL, INTENT(out) :: visible
2998	REAL(wp), INTENT(out) :: transparency !< along whole path
2999	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: win_lad
3000	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, d
3001	INTEGER(iwp) :: seldim !< dimension to be incremented
3002	INTEGER(iwp) :: ncsb !< no of written plant canopy sinkboxes
3003	INTEGER(iwp) :: maxboxes !< max no of gridboxes visited
3004	REAL(wp) :: distance !< euclidean along path
3005	REAL(wp) :: crlen !< length of gridbox crossing
3006	REAL(wp) :: lastdist !< beginning of current crossing
3007	REAL(wp) :: nextdist !< end of current crossing
3008	REAL(wp) :: realdist !< distance in meters per unit distance
3009	REAL(wp) :: crmid !< midpoint of crossing
3010	REAL(wp) :: cursink !< sink factor for current canopy box
3011	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: delta !< path vector
3012	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: uvect !< unit vector
3013	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(3) :: dimnextdist !< distance for each dimension increments
3014	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(3) :: box !< gridbox being crossed
3015	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(3) :: dimnext !< next dimension increments along path
3016	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(3) :: dimdelta !< dimension direction = +- 1
3017	INTEGER(iwp) :: px, py !< number of processors in x and y dir before
3018	!< the processor in the question
3019	INTEGER(iwp) :: ig, ip
3020	REAL(wp) :: lad_s_target
3021	INTEGER(kind=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: lad_disp
3022	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: grow_factor = 1.5_wp
3023
3024	!-- Maximum number of gridboxes visited equals to maximum number of boundaries crossed in each dimension plus one. That's also
3025	!-- the maximum number of plant canopy boxes written. We grow the acsf array accordingly using exponential factor.
3026	maxboxes = SUM(ABS(NINT(targ) - NINT(src))) + 1
3027	IF ( plant_canopy .AND. ncsfl + maxboxes > ncsfla ) THEN
3028	!-- use this code for growing by fixed exponential increments (equivalent to case where ncsfl always increases by 1)
3029	!-- k = CEILING(grow_factor ** real(CEILING(log(real(ncsfl + maxboxes, kind=wp)) &
3030	!-- / log(grow_factor)), kind=wp))
3031	!-- or use this code to simply always keep some extra space after growing
3032	k = CEILING(REAL(ncsfl + maxboxes, kind=wp) * grow_factor)
3033
3034	CALL usm_merge_and_grow_csf(k)
3035	ENDIF
3036
3037	transparency = 1._wp
3038	ncsb = 0
3039
3040	delta(:) = targ(:) - src(:)
3041	distance = SQRT(SUM(delta(:)**2))
3042	IF ( distance == 0._wp ) THEN
3043	visible = .TRUE.
3044	RETURN
3045	ENDIF
3046	uvect(:) = delta(:) / distance
3047	realdist = SQRT(SUM( (uvect(:)(/dz,dy,dx/))*2 ))
3048
3049	lastdist = 0._wp
3050
3051	!-- Since all face coordinates have values *.5 and we'd like to use
3052	!-- integers, all these have .5 added
3053	DO d = 1, 3
3054	IF ( uvect(d) == 0._wp ) THEN
3055	dimnext(d) = 999999999
3056	dimdelta(d) = 999999999
3057	dimnextdist(d) = 1.0E20_wp
3058	ELSE IF ( uvect(d) > 0._wp ) THEN
3059	dimnext(d) = CEILING(src(d) + .5_wp)
3060	dimdelta(d) = 1
3061	dimnextdist(d) = (dimnext(d) - .5_wp - src(d)) / uvect(d)
3062	ELSE
3063	dimnext(d) = FLOOR(src(d) + .5_wp)
3064	dimdelta(d) = -1
3065	dimnextdist(d) = (dimnext(d) - .5_wp - src(d)) / uvect(d)
3066	ENDIF
3067	ENDDO
3068
3069	DO
3070	!-- along what dimension will the next wall crossing be?
3071	seldim = minloc(dimnextdist, 1)
3072	nextdist = dimnextdist(seldim)
3073	IF ( nextdist > distance ) nextdist = distance
3074
3075	crlen = nextdist - lastdist
3076	IF ( crlen > .001_wp ) THEN
3077	crmid = (lastdist + nextdist) * .5_wp
3078	box = NINT(src(:) + uvect(:) * crmid)
3079
3080	!-- calculate index of the grid with global indices (box(2),box(3))
3081	!-- in the array nzterr and plantt and id of the coresponding processor
3082	px = box(3)/nnx
3083	py = box(2)/nny
3084	ip = px*pdims(2)+py
3085	ig = ipnnxnny + (box(3)-pxnnx)nny + box(2)-py*nny
3086	IF ( box(1) <= nzterr(ig) ) THEN
3087	visible = .FALSE.
3088	IF ( ncsb > 0 ) THEN
3089	!-- rewind written plant canopy sink factors - they are invalid
3090	ncsfl = ncsfl - ncsb
3091	ENDIF
3092	RETURN
3093	ENDIF
3094
3095	IF ( plant_canopy ) THEN
3096	IF ( box(1) <= plantt(ig) ) THEN
3097	#if defined( __parallel )
3098	lad_disp = (box(3)-pxnnx)(nnynzu) + (box(2)-pynny)*nzu + box(1)-nzub
3099	IF ( usm_lad_rma ) THEN
3100	!-- Read LAD using MPI RMA
3101	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(77), 'usm_init_rma', 'start' )
3102	CALL MPI_Get(lad_s_target, 1, MPI_REAL, ip, lad_disp, 1, MPI_REAL, &
3103	win_lad, ierr)
3104	IF ( ierr /= 0 ) THEN
3105	WRITE(message_string, *) 'MPI error ', ierr, ' at MPI_Get'
3106	CALL message( 'usm_raytrace', 'PA0519', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3107	ENDIF
3108
3109	CALL MPI_Win_flush_local(ip, win_lad, ierr)
3110	IF ( ierr /= 0 ) THEN
3111	WRITE(message_string, *) 'MPI error ', ierr, ' at MPI_Win_flush_local'
3112	CALL message( 'usm_raytrace', 'PA0519', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3113	ENDIF
3114	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(77), 'usm_init_rma', 'stop' )
3115	ELSE
3116	lad_s_target = usm_lad_g(ipnnxnny*nzu + lad_disp)
3117	ENDIF
3118	#else
3119	lad_s_target = usm_lad(box(1),box(2),box(3))
3120	#endif
3121	cursink = 1._wp - exp(-ext_coef * lad_s_target &
3122	* crlen*realdist)
3123
3124	IF ( create_csf ) THEN
3125	!-- write svf values into the array
3126	ncsb = ncsb + 1
3127	ncsfl = ncsfl + 1
3128	acsf(ncsfl)%ip = ip
3129	acsf(ncsfl)%itx = box(3)
3130	acsf(ncsfl)%ity = box(2)
3131	acsf(ncsfl)%itz = box(1)
3132	acsf(ncsfl)%isurfs = isrc
3133	acsf(ncsfl)%rsvf = REAL(cursinkrirrfatarg, wp) !-- we postpone multiplication by transparency
3134	acsf(ncsfl)%rtransp = REAL(transparency, wp)
3135	ENDIF !< create_csf
3136
3137	transparency = transparency * (1._wp - cursink)
3138
3139	ENDIF
3140	ENDIF
3141	ENDIF
3142
3143	IF ( nextdist >= distance ) EXIT
3144	lastdist = nextdist
3145	dimnext(seldim) = dimnext(seldim) + dimdelta(seldim)
3146	dimnextdist(seldim) = (dimnext(seldim) - .5_wp - src(seldim)) / uvect(seldim)
3147	ENDDO
3148
3149	visible = .TRUE.
3150	END SUBROUTINE usm_raytrace
3151
3152
3153	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3154	! Description:
3155	! ------------
3156	!
3157	!> This subroutine is part of the urban surface model.
3158	!> It reads daily heat produced by anthropogenic sources
3159	!> and the diurnal cycle of the heat.
3160	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3161	SUBROUTINE usm_read_anthropogenic_heat
3162
3163	INTEGER(iwp) :: i,j,ii
3164	REAL(wp) :: heat
3165
3166	!-- allocation of array of sources of anthropogenic heat and their diural profile
3167	ALLOCATE( aheat(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
3168	ALLOCATE( aheatprof(0:24) )
3169
3170	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3171	!-- read daily amount of heat and its daily cycle
3172	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3173	aheat = 0.0_wp
3174	DO ii = 0, io_blocks-1
3175	IF ( ii == io_group ) THEN
3176
3177	!-- open anthropogenic heat file
3178	OPEN( 151, file='ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT'//TRIM(coupling_char), action='read', &
3179	status='old', form='formatted', err=11 )
3180	i = 0
3181	j = 0
3182	DO
3183	READ( 151, *, err=12, end=13 ) i, j, heat
3184	IF ( i >= nxl .AND. i <= nxr .AND. j >= nys .AND. j <= nyn ) THEN
3185	!-- write heat into the array
3186	aheat(j,i) = heat
3187	ENDIF
3188	CYCLE
3189	12 WRITE(message_string,'(a,2i4)') 'error in file ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' after line ',i,j
3190	CALL message( 'usm_read_anthropogenic_heat', 'PA0515', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
3191	ENDDO
3192	13 CLOSE(151)
3193	CYCLE
3194	11 message_string = 'file ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' does not exist'
3195	CALL message( 'usm_read_anthropogenic_heat', 'PA0516', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3196	ENDIF
3197
3198	#if defined( __parallel ) && ! defined ( __check )
3199	CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
3200	#endif
3201	ENDDO
3202
3203	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3204	!-- read diurnal profiles of heat sources
3205	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3206	aheatprof = 0.0_wp
3207	DO ii = 0, io_blocks-1
3208	IF ( ii == io_group ) THEN
3209
3210	!-- open anthropogenic heat profile file
3211	OPEN( 151, file='ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT_PROFILE'//TRIM(coupling_char), action='read', &
3212	status='old', form='formatted', err=21 )
3213	i = 0
3214	DO
3215	READ( 151, *, err=22, end=23 ) i, heat
3216	IF ( i >= 0 .AND. i <= 24 ) THEN
3217	!-- write heat into the array
3218	aheatprof(i) = heat
3219	ENDIF
3220	CYCLE
3221	22 WRITE(message_string,'(a,i4)') 'error in file ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT_PROFILE'// &
3222	TRIM(coupling_char)//' after line ',i
3223	CALL message( 'usm_read_anthropogenic_heat', 'PA0517', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
3224	ENDDO
3225	aheatprof(24) = aheatprof(0)
3226	23 CLOSE(151)
3227	CYCLE
3228	21 message_string = 'file ANTHROPOGENIC_HEAT_PROFILE'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' does not exist'
3229	CALL message( 'usm_read_anthropogenic_heat', 'PA0518', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3230	ENDIF
3231
3232	#if defined( __parallel ) && ! defined ( __check )
3233	CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
3234	#endif
3235	ENDDO
3236
3237	END SUBROUTINE usm_read_anthropogenic_heat
3238
3239
3240	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3241	!
3242	! Description:
3243	! ------------
3244	!> Soubroutine reads t_surf and t_wall data from restart files
3245	!kanani: Renamed this routine according to corresponging routines in PALM
3246	!kanani: Modified the routine to match read_var_list, from where usm_read_restart_data
3247	! shall be called in the future. This part has not been tested yet. (see virtual_flight_mod)
3248	! Also, I had some trouble with the allocation of t_surf, since this is a pointer.
3249	! So, I added some directives here.
3250	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3251	SUBROUTINE usm_read_restart_data
3252
3253
3254	IMPLICIT NONE
3255
3256	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: variable_chr !< dummy variable to read string
3257
3258	INTEGER :: i !< running index
3259
3260
3261	DO i = 0, io_blocks-1
3262	IF ( i == io_group ) THEN
3263	READ ( 13 ) variable_chr
3264	DO WHILE ( TRIM( variable_chr ) /= '* end usm *' )
3265
3266	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable_chr ) )
3267
3268	CASE ( 't_surf' )
3269	#if defined( __nopointer )
3270	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( t_surf ) ) &
3271	ALLOCATE( t_surf(startenergy:endenergy) )
3272	READ ( 13 ) t_surf
3273	#else
3274	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( t_surf_1 ) ) &
3275	ALLOCATE( t_surf_1(startenergy:endenergy) )
3276	READ ( 13 ) t_surf_1
3277	#endif
3278
3279	CASE ( 't_wall' )
3280	#if defined( __nopointer )
3281	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( t_wall ) ) &
3282	ALLOCATE( t_wall(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
3283	READ ( 13 ) t_wall
3284	#else
3285	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( t_wall_1 ) ) &
3286	ALLOCATE( t_wall_1(nzb_wall:nzt_wall+1,startenergy:endenergy) )
3287	READ ( 13 ) t_wall_1
3288	#endif
3289
3290	CASE DEFAULT
3291	WRITE ( message_string, * ) 'unknown variable named "', &
3292	TRIM( variable_chr ), '" found in', &
3293	'&data from prior run on PE ', myid
3294	CALL message( 'user_read_restart_data', 'UI0012', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3295
3296	END SELECT
3297
3298	READ ( 13 ) variable_chr
3299
3300	ENDDO
3301	ENDIF
3302	#if defined( __parallel )
3303	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
3304	#endif
3305	ENDDO
3306
3307	END SUBROUTINE usm_read_restart_data
3308
3309
3310	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3311	!
3312	! Description:
3313	! ------------
3314	!> Soubroutine reads svf and svfsurf data from saved file
3315	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3316	SUBROUTINE usm_read_svf_from_file
3317
3318	IMPLICIT NONE
3319	INTEGER :: fsvf = 89
3320	INTEGER :: i
3321	CHARACTER(usm_version_len) :: usm_version_field
3322	CHARACTER(svf_code_len) :: svf_code_field
3323
3324	DO i = 0, io_blocks-1
3325	IF ( i == io_group ) THEN
3326	OPEN ( fsvf, file=TRIM(svf_file_name)//TRIM(coupling_char)//myid_char, &
3327	form='unformatted', status='old' )
3328
3329	!-- read and check version
3330	READ ( fsvf ) usm_version_field
3331	IF ( TRIM(usm_version_field) /= TRIM(usm_version) ) THEN
3332	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Version of binary SVF file "', &
3333	TRIM(usm_version_field), '" does not match ', &
3334	'the version of model "', TRIM(usm_version), '"'
3335	CALL message( 'usm_read_svf_from_file', 'UI0012', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3336	ENDIF
3337
3338	!-- read nsvfcsfl, nsvfl
3339	READ ( fsvf ) nsvfcsfl, nsvfl
3340	IF ( nsvfcsfl <= 0 ) THEN
3341	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Wrong number of SVF or CSF'
3342	CALL message( 'usm_read_svf_from_file', 'UI0012', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3343	ELSE
3344	WRITE(message_string,*) ' Number of SVF and CSF to read', nsvfcsfl, nsvfl
3345	CALL location_message( message_string, .TRUE. )
3346	ENDIF
3347
3348	ALLOCATE(svf(ndsvf,nsvfcsfl))
3349	ALLOCATE(svfsurf(ndsvf,nsvfcsfl))
3350
3351	READ(fsvf) svf
3352	READ(fsvf) svfsurf
3353	READ ( fsvf ) svf_code_field
3354
3355	IF ( TRIM(svf_code_field) /= TRIM(svf_code) ) THEN
3356	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Wrong structure of binary svf file'
3357	CALL message( 'usm_read_svf_from_file', 'UI0012', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3358	ENDIF
3359
3360	CLOSE (fsvf)
3361
3362	ENDIF
3363	#if defined( __parallel )
3364	CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
3365	#endif
3366	ENDDO
3367
3368	END SUBROUTINE usm_read_svf_from_file
3369
3370
3371	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3372	! Description:
3373	! ------------
3374	!
3375	!> This subroutine reads walls, roofs and land categories and it parameters
3376	!> from input files.
3377	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3378	SUBROUTINE usm_read_urban_surface_types
3379
3380	CHARACTER(12) :: wtn
3381	INTEGER :: wtc
3382	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(n_surface_params) :: wtp
3383
3384	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:17, nysg:nyng, nxlg:nxrg) :: usm_par
3385	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:14, nysg:nyng, nxlg:nxrg) :: usm_val
3386	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, l, d, iw, jw, kw, it, ip, ii, ij
3387	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j
3388	INTEGER(iwp) :: nz, roof, dirwe, dirsn
3389	INTEGER(iwp) :: category
3390	INTEGER(iwp) :: weheight1, wecat1, snheight1, sncat1
3391	INTEGER(iwp) :: weheight2, wecat2, snheight2, sncat2
3392	INTEGER(iwp) :: weheight3, wecat3, snheight3, sncat3
3393	REAL(wp) :: height, albedo, thick
3394	REAL(wp) :: wealbedo1, wethick1, snalbedo1, snthick1
3395	REAL(wp) :: wealbedo2, wethick2, snalbedo2, snthick2
3396	REAL(wp) :: wealbedo3, wethick3, snalbedo3, snthick3
3397
3398	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3399	!-- read categories of walls and their parameters
3400	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3401	DO ii = 0, io_blocks-1
3402	IF ( ii == io_group ) THEN
3403
3404	!-- open urban surface file
3405	OPEN( 151, file='SURFACE_PARAMETERS'//coupling_char, action='read', &
3406	status='old', form='formatted', err=15 )
3407	!-- first test and get n_surface_types
3408	k = 0
3409	l = 0
3410	DO
3411	l = l+1
3412	READ( 151, *, err=11, end=12 ) wtc, wtp, wtn
3413	k = k+1
3414	CYCLE
3415	11 CONTINUE
3416	ENDDO
3417	12 n_surface_types = k
3418	ALLOCATE( surface_type_names(n_surface_types) )
3419	ALLOCATE( surface_type_codes(n_surface_types) )
3420	ALLOCATE( surface_params(n_surface_params, n_surface_types) )
3421	!-- real reading
3422	rewind( 151 )
3423	k = 0
3424	DO
3425	READ( 151, *, err=13, end=14 ) wtc, wtp, wtn
3426	k = k+1
3427	surface_type_codes(k) = wtc
3428	surface_params(:,k) = wtp
3429	surface_type_names(k) = wtn
3430	CYCLE
3431	13 WRITE(6,'(i3,a,2i5)') myid, 'readparams2 error k=', k
3432	FLUSH(6)
3433	CONTINUE
3434	ENDDO
3435	14 CLOSE(151)
3436	CYCLE
3437	15 message_string = 'file SURFACE_PARAMETERS'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' does not exist'
3438	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface_types', 'PA0513', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3439	ENDIF
3440	ENDDO
3441
3442	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3443	!-- read types of surfaces
3444	!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3445	usm_par = 0
3446	DO ii = 0, io_blocks-1
3447	IF ( ii == io_group ) THEN
3448
3449	!
3450	!-- open csv urban surface file
3451	OPEN( 151, file='URBAN_SURFACE'//TRIM(coupling_char), action='read', &
3452	status='old', form='formatted', err=23 )
3453
3454	l = 0
3455	DO
3456	l = l+1
3457	!-- i, j, height, nz, roof, dirwe, dirsn, category, soilcat,
3458	!-- weheight1, wecat1, snheight1, sncat1, weheight2, wecat2, snheight2, sncat2,
3459	!-- weheight3, wecat3, snheight3, sncat3
3460	READ( 151, *, err=21, end=25 ) i, j, height, nz, roof, dirwe, dirsn, &
3461	category, albedo, thick, &
3462	weheight1, wecat1, wealbedo1, wethick1, &
3463	weheight2, wecat2, wealbedo2, wethick2, &
3464	weheight3, wecat3, wealbedo3, wethick3, &
3465	snheight1, sncat1, snalbedo1, snthick1, &
3466	snheight2, sncat2, snalbedo2, snthick2, &
3467	snheight3, sncat3, snalbedo3, snthick3
3468
3469	IF ( i >= nxlg .AND. i <= nxrg .AND. j >= nysg .AND. j <= nyng ) THEN
3470	!-- write integer variables into array
3471	usm_par(:,j,i) = (/1, nz, roof, dirwe, dirsn, category, &
3472	weheight1, wecat1, weheight2, wecat2, weheight3, wecat3, &
3473	snheight1, sncat1, snheight2, sncat2, snheight3, sncat3 /)
3474	!-- write real values into array
3475	usm_val(:,j,i) = (/ albedo, thick, &
3476	wealbedo1, wethick1, wealbedo2, wethick2, &
3477	wealbedo3, wethick3, snalbedo1, snthick1, &
3478	snalbedo2, snthick2, snalbedo3, snthick3 /)
3479	ENDIF
3480	CYCLE
3481	21 WRITE (message_string, "(A,I5)") 'errors in file URBAN_SURFACE'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' on line ', l
3482	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface_types', 'PA0512', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
3483	ENDDO
3484
3485	23 message_string = 'file URBAN_SURFACE'//TRIM(coupling_char)//' does not exist'
3486	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface_types', 'PA0514', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3487
3488	25 CLOSE( 90 )
3489
3490	ENDIF
3491	#if defined( __parallel ) && ! defined ( __check )
3492	CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
3493	#endif
3494	ENDDO
3495
3496	!
3497	!-- check completeness and formal correctness of the data
3498	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
3499	DO j = nysg, nyng
3500	IF ( usm_par(0,j,i) /= 0 .AND. ( & !< incomplete data,supply default values later
3501	usm_par(1,j,i) < nzb .OR. &
3502	usm_par(1,j,i) > nzt .OR. & !< incorrect height (nz < nzb .OR. nz > nzt)
3503	usm_par(2,j,i) < 0 .OR. &
3504	usm_par(2,j,i) > 1 .OR. & !< incorrect roof sign
3505	usm_par(3,j,i) < nzb-nzt .OR. &
3506	usm_par(3,j,i) > nzt-nzb .OR. & !< incorrect west-east wall direction sign
3507	usm_par(4,j,i) < nzb-nzt .OR. &
3508	usm_par(4,j,i) > nzt-nzb .OR. & !< incorrect south-north wall direction sign
3509	usm_par(6,j,i) < nzb .OR. &
3510	usm_par(6,j,i) > nzt .OR. & !< incorrect pedestrian level height for west-east wall
3511	usm_par(8,j,i) > nzt .OR. &
3512	usm_par(10,j,i) > nzt .OR. & !< incorrect wall or roof level height for west-east wall
3513	usm_par(12,j,i) < nzb .OR. &
3514	usm_par(12,j,i) > nzt .OR. & !< incorrect pedestrian level height for south-north wall
3515	usm_par(14,j,i) > nzt .OR. &
3516	usm_par(16,j,i) > nzt & !< incorrect wall or roof level height for south-north wall
3517	) ) THEN
3518	!-- incorrect input data
3519	WRITE (message_string, "(A,2I5)") 'missing or incorrect data in file URBAN_SURFACE'// &
3520	TRIM(coupling_char)//' for i,j=', i,j
3521	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface', 'PA0504', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3522	ENDIF
3523
3524	ENDDO
3525	ENDDO
3526
3527	!-- assign the surface types to local surface array
3528	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
3529
3530	d = surfl(id,l)
3531	kw = surfl(iz,l)
3532	j = surfl(iy,l)
3533	i = surfl(ix,l)
3534	IF ( d == iroof ) THEN
3535	!-- horizontal surface - land or roof
3536	iw = i
3537	jw = j
3538	IF ( usm_par(5,jw,iw) == 0 ) THEN
3539	IF ( zu(kw) >= roof_height_limit ) THEN
3540	isroof_surf(l) = .TRUE.
3541	surface_types(l) = roof_category !< default category for root surface
3542	ELSE
3543	isroof_surf(l) = .FALSE.
3544	surface_types(l) = land_category !< default category for land surface
3545	ENDIF
3546	albedo_surf(l) = -1.0_wp
3547	thickness_wall(l) = -1.0_wp
3548	ELSE
3549	IF ( usm_par(2,jw,iw)==0 ) THEN
3550	isroof_surf(l) = .FALSE.
3551	thickness_wall(l) = -1.0_wp
3552	ELSE
3553	isroof_surf(l) = .TRUE.
3554	thickness_wall(l) = usm_val(2,jw,iw)
3555	ENDIF
3556	surface_types(l) = usm_par(5,jw,iw)
3557	albedo_surf(l) = usm_val(1,jw,iw)
3558	ENDIF
3559	ELSE
3560	SELECT CASE (d)
3561	CASE (iwest)
3562	iw = i
3563	jw = j
3564	ii = 6
3565	ij = 3
3566	CASE (ieast)
3567	iw = i-1
3568	jw = j
3569	ii = 6
3570	ij = 3
3571	CASE (isouth)
3572	iw = i
3573	jw = j
3574	ii = 12
3575	ij = 9
3576	CASE (inorth)
3577	iw = i
3578	jw = j-1
3579	ii = 12
3580	ij = 9
3581	END SELECT
3582
3583	IF ( kw <= usm_par(ii,jw,iw) ) THEN
3584	!-- pedestrant zone
3585	isroof_surf(l) = .FALSE.
3586	IF ( usm_par(ii+1,jw,iw) == 0 ) THEN
3587	surface_types(l) = pedestrant_category !< default category for wall surface in pedestrant zone
3588	albedo_surf(l) = -1.0_wp
3589	thickness_wall(l) = -1.0_wp
3590	ELSE
3591	surface_types(l) = usm_par(ii+1,jw,iw)
3592	albedo_surf(l) = usm_val(ij,jw,iw)
3593	thickness_wall(l) = usm_val(ij+1,jw,iw)
3594	ENDIF
3595	ELSE IF ( kw <= usm_par(ii+2,jw,iw) ) THEN
3596	!-- wall zone
3597	isroof_surf(l) = .FALSE.
3598	IF ( usm_par(ii+3,jw,iw) == 0 ) THEN
3599	surface_types(l) = wall_category !< default category for wall surface
3600	albedo_surf(l) = -1.0_wp
3601	thickness_wall(l) = -1.0_wp
3602	ELSE
3603	surface_types(l) = usm_par(ii+3,jw,iw)
3604	albedo_surf(l) = usm_val(ij+2,jw,iw)
3605	thickness_wall(l) = usm_val(ij+3,jw,iw)
3606	ENDIF
3607	ELSE IF ( kw <= usm_par(ii+4,jw,iw) ) THEN
3608	!-- roof zone
3609	isroof_surf(l) = .TRUE.
3610	IF ( usm_par(ii+5,jw,iw) == 0 ) THEN
3611	surface_types(l) = roof_category !< default category for roof surface
3612	albedo_surf(l) = -1.0_wp
3613	thickness_wall(l) = -1.0_wp
3614	ELSE
3615	surface_types(l) = usm_par(ii+5,jw,iw)
3616	albedo_surf(l) = usm_val(ij+4,jw,iw)
3617	thickness_wall(l) = usm_val(ij+5,jw,iw)
3618	ENDIF
3619	ELSE
3620	!-- something wrong
3621	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface', 'PA0505', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3622	ENDIF
3623	ENDIF
3624
3625	!-- find the type position
3626	it = surface_types(l)
3627	ip = -99999
3628	DO k = 1, n_surface_types
3629	IF ( surface_type_codes(k) == it ) THEN
3630	ip = k
3631	EXIT
3632	ENDIF
3633	ENDDO
3634	IF ( ip == -99999 ) THEN
3635	!-- wall category not found
3636	WRITE (message_string, "(A,I5,A,3I5)") 'wall category ', it, ' not found for i,j,k=', iw,jw,kw
3637	CALL message( 'usm_read_urban_surface', 'PA0506', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
3638	ENDIF
3639
3640	!-- Fill out the parameters of the wall
3641	!-- wall surface:
3642
3643	!-- albedo
3644	IF ( albedo_surf(l) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
3645	albedo_surf(l) = surface_params(ialbedo, ip)
3646	ENDIF
3647
3648	!-- emissivity of the wall
3649	emiss_surf(l) = surface_params(iemiss, ip)
3650
3651	!-- heat conductivity Î»S between air and wall ( W mâ2 Kâ1 )
3652	lambda_surf(l) = surface_params(ilambdas, ip)
3653
3654	!-- roughness relative to concrete
3655	roughness_wall(l) = surface_params(irough, ip)
3656
3657	!-- Surface skin layer heat capacity (J mâ2 Kâ1 )
3658	c_surface(l) = surface_params(icsurf, ip)
3659
3660	!-- wall material parameters:
3661
3662	!-- thickness of the wall (m)
3663	!-- missing values are replaced by default value for category
3664	IF ( thickness_wall(l) <= 0.001_wp ) THEN
3665	thickness_wall(l) = surface_params(ithick, ip)
3666	ENDIF
3667
3668	!-- volumetric heat capacity rho*C of the wall ( J mâ3 Kâ1 )
3669	rho_c_wall(:,l) = surface_params(irhoC, ip)
3670
3671	!-- thermal conductivity Î»H of the wall (W mâ1 Kâ1 )
3672	lambda_h(:,l) = surface_params(ilambdah, ip)
3673
3674	ENDDO
3675
3676	CALL location_message( ' types and parameters of urban surfaces read', .TRUE. )
3677
3678	END SUBROUTINE usm_read_urban_surface_types
3679
3680
3681	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3682	! Description:
3683	! ------------
3684	!> Solver for the energy balance at the ground/roof/wall surface.
3685	!> It follows basic ideas and structure of lsm_energy_balance
3686	!> with many simplifications and adjustments.
3687	!> TODO better description
3688	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3689	SUBROUTINE usm_surface_energy_balance
3690
3691	IMPLICIT NONE
3692
3693	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, d !< running indices
3694
3695	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< temperature at first grid box adjacent to surface
3696	REAL(wp) :: u1,v1,w1 !< near wall u,v,w
3697	REAL(wp) :: stend !< surface tendency
3698	REAL(wp) :: coef_1 !< first coeficient for prognostic equation
3699	REAL(wp) :: coef_2 !< second coeficient for prognostic equation
3700	REAL(wp) :: rho_cp !< rho_wall_surface * cp
3701	REAL(wp) :: r_a !< aerodynamic resistance for horizontal and vertical surfaces
3702	REAL(wp) :: f_shf !< factor for shf_eb
3703	REAL(wp) :: lambda_surface !< current value of lambda_surface (heat conductivity between air and wall)
3704	REAL(wp) :: Ueff !< effective wind speed for calculation of heat transfer coefficients
3705	REAL(wp) :: httc !< heat transfer coefficient
3706	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzub:nzut) :: exn !< value of the Exner function in layers
3707
3708	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:4) :: dxdir !< surface normal direction gridbox length
3709	REAL(wp) :: dtime !< simulated time of day (in UTC)
3710	INTEGER(iwp) :: dhour !< simulated hour of day (in UTC)
3711	REAL(wp) :: acoef !< actual coefficient of diurnal profile of anthropogenic heat
3712
3713	dxdir = (/dz,dy,dy,dx,dx/)
3714
3715	exn(:) = (hyp(nzub:nzut) / 100000.0_wp )**0.286_wp !< Exner function
3716
3717	!--
3718	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
3719	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
3720	d = surfl(id,l)
3721	k = surfl(iz,l)
3722	j = surfl(iy,l)
3723	i = surfl(ix,l)
3724
3725	!-- TODO - how to calculate lambda_surface for horizontal surfaces
3726	!-- (lambda_surface is set according to stratification in land surface model)
3727	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
3728	lambda_surface = lambda_surf(l)
3729	ELSE
3730	lambda_surface = lambda_surf(l)
3731	ENDIF
3732
3733	pt1 = pt(k,j,i)
3734
3735	!-- calculate rho * cp coefficient at surface layer
3736	rho_cp = cp * hyp(k) / ( r_d * pt1 * exn(k) )
3737
3738	!-- calculate aerodyamic resistance.
3739	IF ( d == iroof ) THEN
3740	!-- calculation for horizontal surfaces follows LSM formulation
3741	!-- pt, us, ts are not available for the prognostic time step,
3742	!-- data from the last time step is used here.
3743
3744	r_a = (pt1 - t_surf(l)/exn(k)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-10_wp)
3745
3746	!-- make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
3747	IF ( ABS(r_a) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a = 1.0E-10_wp
3748
3749	!-- the parameterization is developed originally for larger scales
3750	!-- (compare with remark in TUF-3D)
3751	!-- our first experiences show that the parameterization underestimates
3752	!-- r_a in meter resolution.
3753	!-- temporary solution - multiplication by magic constant :-(.
3754	r_a = r_a * ra_horiz_coef
3755
3756	!-- factor for shf_eb
3757	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a
3758	ELSE
3759	!-- calculation of r_a for vertical surfaces
3760	!--
3761	!-- heat transfer coefficient for forced convection along vertical walls
3762	!-- follows formulation in TUF3d model (Krayenhoff & Voogt, 2006)
3763	!--
3764	!-- H = httc (Tsfc - Tair)
3765	!-- httc = rw * (11.8 + 4.2 * Ueff) - 4.0
3766	!--
3767	!-- rw: wall patch roughness relative to 1.0 for concrete
3768	!-- Ueff: effective wind speed
3769	!-- - 4.0 is a reduction of Rowley et al (1930) formulation based on
3770	!-- Cole and Sturrock (1977)
3771	!--
3772	!-- Ucan: Canyon wind speed
3773	!-- wstar: convective velocity
3774	!-- Qs: surface heat flux
3775	!-- zH: height of the convective layer
3776	!-- wstar = (g/TcanQszH)**(1./3.)
3777
3778	!-- staggered grid needs to be taken into consideration
3779	IF ( d == inorth ) THEN
3780	u1 = (u(k,j,i)+u(k,j,i+1))*0.5_wp
3781	v1 = v(k,j+1,i)
3782	ELSE IF ( d == isouth ) THEN
3783	u1 = (u(k,j,i)+u(k,j,i+1))*0.5_wp
3784	v1 = v(k,j,i)
3785	ELSE IF ( d == ieast ) THEN
3786	u1 = u(k,j,i+1)
3787	v1 = (v(k,j,i)+v(k,j+1,i))*0.5_wp
3788	ELSE IF ( d == iwest ) THEN
3789	u1 = u(k,j,i)
3790	v1 = (v(k,j,i)+v(k,j+1,i))*0.5_wp
3791	ELSE
3792	STOP
3793	ENDIF
3794	w1 = (w(k,j,i)+w(k-1,j,i))*0.5_wp
3795
3796	Ueff = SQRT(u12 + v12 + w1**2)
3797	httc = roughness_wall(l) * (11.8 + 4.2 * Ueff) - 4.0
3798	f_shf = httc
3799	ENDIF
3800
3801	!-- add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
3802	rad_net_l(l) = surfinsw(l) - surfoutsw(l) + surfinlw(l) - surfoutlw(l)
3803
3804	!-- numerator of the prognostic equation
3805	coef_1 = rad_net_l(l) + & ! coef +1 corresponds to -lwout included in calculation of radnet_l
3806	(3.0_wp+1.0_wp) * emiss_surf(l) * sigma_sb * t_surf(l) ** 4 + &
3807	f_shf * pt1 + &
3808	lambda_surface * t_wall(nzb_wall,l)
3809
3810	!-- denominator of the prognostic equation
3811	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * emiss_surf(l) * sigma_sb * t_surf(l) ** 3 &
3812	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn(k)
3813
3814	!-- implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
3815	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
3816	t_surf_p(l) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface(l) * t_surf(l) ) / &
3817	( c_surface(l) + coef_2 * dt_3d * tsc(2) )
3818
3819	!-- add RK3 term
3820	t_surf_p(l) = t_surf_p(l) + dt_3d * tsc(3) * tt_surface_m(l)
3821
3822	!-- calculate true tendency
3823	stend = (t_surf_p(l) - t_surf(l) - dt_3d * tsc(3) * tt_surface_m(l)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
3824
3825	!-- calculate t_surf tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
3826	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
3827	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
3828	tt_surface_m(l) = stend
3829	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
3830	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
3831	tt_surface_m(l) = -9.5625_wp * stend + 5.3125_wp &
3832	* tt_surface_m(l)
3833	ENDIF
3834	ENDIF
3835
3836	!-- in case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
3837	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
3838	IF ( ABS( t_surf_p(l) - t_surf(l) ) > 1.0_wp ) THEN
3839	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
3840	ENDIF
3841
3842	!-- for horizontal surfaces is pt(nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i) = pt_surf.
3843	!-- there is no equivalent surface gridpoint for vertical surfaces.
3844	!-- pt(k,j,i) is calculated for all directions in diffusion_s
3845	!-- using surface and wall heat fluxes
3846	IF ( d == iroof ) THEN
3847	pt(nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i) = t_surf_p(l) / exn(k)
3848	ENDIF
3849
3850	!-- calculate fluxes
3851	!-- rad_net_l is never used!
3852	rad_net_l(l) = rad_net_l(l) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
3853	* t_surf(l)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
3854	* t_surf(l)*3 t_surf_p(l)
3855	wghf_eb(l) = lambda_surface * (t_surf_p(l) - t_wall(nzb_wall,l))
3856
3857	!-- ground/wall/roof surface heat flux
3858	wshf_eb(l) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - t_surf_p(l) )
3859
3860	!-- store kinematic surface heat fluxes for utilization in other processes
3861	!-- diffusion_s, surface_layer_fluxes,...
3862	IF ( d == iroof ) THEN
3863	!-- shf is used in diffusion_s and also
3864	!-- for calculation of surface layer fluxes
3865	!-- update for horizontal surfaces
3866	shf(j,i) = wshf_eb(l) / rho_cp
3867	ELSE
3868	!-- surface heat flux for vertical surfaces
3869	!-- used in diffusion_s
3870	wshf(l) = wshf_eb(l) / rho_cp
3871	ENDIF
3872
3873	ENDDO
3874
3875
3876	IF ( usm_anthropogenic_heat .AND. &
3877	intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
3878	!-- application of the additional anthropogenic heat sources
3879	!-- we considere the traffic for now so all heat is absorbed
3880	!-- to the first layer, generalization would be worth
3881
3882	!-- calculation of actual profile coefficient
3883	!-- ??? check time_since_reference_point ???
3884	dtime = mod(simulated_time + time_utc_init, 24.0_wp*3600.0_wp)
3885	dhour = INT(dtime/3600.0_wp)
3886	!-- linear interpolation of coeficient
3887	acoef = (REAL(dhour+1,wp)-dtime/3600.0_wp)aheatprof(dhour) + (dtime/3600.0_wp-REAL(dhour,wp))aheatprof(dhour+1)
3888	DO i = nxl, nxr
3889	DO j = nys, nyn
3890	IF ( aheat(j,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
3891	!-- TODO the increase of pt in box i,j,nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1 in time dt_3d
3892	!-- given to anthropogenic heat aheatacoef (Wm-2)
3893	!-- k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1
3894	!-- pt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) + aheat(j,i)acoefdt_3d/(exn(k)rho_cpdz)
3895	!-- Instead of this, we can adjust shf in case AH only at surface
3896	shf(j,i) = shf(j,i) + aheat(j,i)acoef ddx * ddy / rho_cp
3897	ENDIF
3898	ENDDO
3899	ENDDO
3900	ENDIF
3901
3902	!-- pt and shf are defined on nxlg:nxrg,nysg:nyng
3903	!-- get the borders from neighbours
3904	CALL exchange_horiz( pt, nbgp )
3905	CALL exchange_horiz_2d( shf )
3906
3907
3908	!-- calculation of force_radiation_call:
3909	!-- Make logical OR for all processes.
3910	!-- Force radiation call if at least one processor forces it.
3911	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) &
3912	THEN
3913	#if defined( __parallel )
3914	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
3915	CALL mpi_allreduce( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
3916	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
3917	#else
3918	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
3919	#endif
3920	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
3921	ENDIF
3922
3923	END SUBROUTINE usm_surface_energy_balance
3924
3925
3926	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3927	! Description:
3928	! ------------
3929	!> Swapping of timelevels for t_surf and t_wall
3930	!> called out from subroutine swap_timelevel
3931	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3932	SUBROUTINE usm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
3933
3934	IMPLICIT NONE
3935
3936	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
3937	INTEGER :: i
3938
3939	#if defined( __nopointer )
3940	t_surf = t_surf_p
3941	t_wall = t_wall_p
3942	#else
3943	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
3944	CASE ( 0 )
3945	t_surf => t_surf_1; t_surf_p => t_surf_2
3946	t_wall => t_wall_1; t_wall_p => t_wall_2
3947	CASE ( 1 )
3948	t_surf => t_surf_2; t_surf_p => t_surf_1
3949	t_wall => t_wall_2; t_wall_p => t_wall_1
3950	END SELECT
3951	#endif
3952
3953	END SUBROUTINE usm_swap_timelevel
3954
3955
3956	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3957	! Description:
3958	! ------------
3959	!
3960	!> This function applies the kinematic wall heat fluxes
3961	!> for walls in four directions for all gridboxes in urban layer.
3962	!> It is called out from subroutine prognostic_equations.
3963	!> TODO Compare performance with cycle runnig l=startwall,endwall...
3964	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3965	SUBROUTINE usm_wall_heat_flux
3966
3967	IMPLICIT NONE
3968
3969	INTEGER(iwp) :: i,j,k,d,l !< running indices
3970
3971	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
3972	j = surfl(iy,l)
3973	i = surfl(ix,l)
3974	k = surfl(iz,l)
3975	d = surfl(id,l)
3976	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + wshf(l) * ddxy2(d)
3977	ENDDO
3978
3979	END SUBROUTINE usm_wall_heat_flux
3980
3981
3982	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3983	! Description:
3984	! ------------
3985	!
3986	!> This function applies the kinematic wall heat fluxes
3987	!> for walls in four directions around the gridbox i,j.
3988	!> It is called out from subroutine prognostic_equations.
3989	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3990	SUBROUTINE usm_wall_heat_flux_ij(i,j)
3991
3992	IMPLICIT NONE
3993
3994	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: i,j !< indices of grid box
3995	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii,jj,k,d,l
3996
3997	DO l = startenergy, endenergy
3998	jj = surfl(iy,l)
3999	ii = surfl(ix,l)
4000	IF ( ii == i .AND. jj == j ) THEN
4001	k = surfl(iz,l)
4002	IF ( k >= nzb_s_inner(j,i)+1 .AND. k <= nzb_s_outer(j,i) ) THEN
4003	d = surfl(id,l)
4004	IF ( d >= 1 .and. d <= 4 ) THEN
4005	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + wshf(l) * ddxy2(d)
4006	ENDIF
4007	ENDIF
4008	ENDIF
4009	ENDDO
4010
4011	END SUBROUTINE usm_wall_heat_flux_ij
4012
4013
4014	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4015	!
4016	! Description:
4017	! ------------
4018	!> Subroutine writes t_surf and t_wall data into restart files
4019	!kanani: Renamed this routine according to corresponging routines in PALM
4020	!kanani: Modified the routine to match write_var_list, from where usm_write_restart_data
4021	! shall be called in the future. This part has not been tested yet. (see virtual_flight_mod)
4022	! Also, I had some trouble with the allocation of t_surf, since this is a pointer.
4023	! So, I added some directives here.
4024	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4025	SUBROUTINE usm_write_restart_data
4026
4027	IMPLICIT NONE
4028
4029	INTEGER :: i
4030
4031	DO i = 0, io_blocks-1
4032	IF ( i == io_group ) THEN
4033	WRITE ( 14 ) 't_surf '
4034	#if defined( __nopointer )
4035	WRITE ( 14 ) t_surf
4036	#else
4037	WRITE ( 14 ) t_surf_1
4038	#endif
4039	WRITE ( 14 ) 't_wall '
4040	#if defined( __nopointer )
4041	WRITE ( 14 ) t_wall
4042	#else
4043	WRITE ( 14 ) t_wall_1
4044	#endif
4045	WRITE ( 14 ) '* end usm * '
4046	ENDIF
4047	#if defined( __parallel )
4048	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
4049	#endif
4050	ENDDO
4051
4052
4053	END SUBROUTINE usm_write_restart_data
4054
4055
4056	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4057	!
4058	! Description:
4059	! ------------
4060	!> Subroutine stores svf and svfsurf data to files
4061	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4062	SUBROUTINE usm_write_svf_to_file
4063
4064	IMPLICIT NONE
4065	INTEGER :: fsvf = 89
4066	INTEGER :: i
4067
4068	DO i = 0, io_blocks-1
4069	IF ( i == io_group ) THEN
4070	OPEN ( fsvf, file=TRIM(svf_file_name)//TRIM(coupling_char)//myid_char, &
4071	form='unformatted', status='new' )
4072
4073	WRITE ( fsvf ) usm_version
4074	WRITE ( fsvf ) nsvfcsfl, nsvfl
4075	WRITE ( fsvf ) svf
4076	WRITE ( fsvf ) svfsurf
4077	WRITE ( fsvf ) TRIM(svf_code)
4078
4079	CLOSE (fsvf)
4080	#if defined( __parallel )
4081	CALL mpi_barrier( comm2d, ierr )
4082	#endif
4083	ENDIF
4084	ENDDO
4085	END SUBROUTINE usm_write_svf_to_file
4086
4087
4088	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4089	! Description:
4090	! ------------
4091	!> Parin for &usm_par for urban surface model
4092	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4093	SUBROUTINE usm_parin
4094
4095	IMPLICIT NONE
4096
4097	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< string containing current line of file PARIN
4098
4099	NAMELIST /urban_surface_par/ &
4100	land_category, &
4101	mrt_factors, &
4102	nrefsteps, &
4103	pedestrant_category, &
4104	ra_horiz_coef, &
4105	read_svf_on_init, &
4106	roof_category, &
4107	split_diffusion_radiation, &
4108	urban_surface, &
4109	usm_anthropogenic_heat, &
4110	usm_energy_balance_land, &
4111	usm_energy_balance_wall, &
4112	usm_material_model, &
4113	usm_lad_rma, &
4114	wall_category, &
4115	write_svf_on_init
4116
4117	line = ' '
4118
4119	!
4120	!-- Try to find urban surface model package
4121	REWIND ( 11 )
4122	line = ' '
4123	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&urban_surface_par' ) == 0 )
4124	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
4125	ENDDO
4126	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
4127
4128	!
4129	!-- Read user-defined namelist
4130	READ ( 11, urban_surface_par )
4131
4132	!
4133	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
4134	urban_surface = .TRUE.
4135
4136
4137	10 CONTINUE
4138
4139	END SUBROUTINE usm_parin
4140
4141
4142	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4143	!
4144	! Description:
4145	! ------------
4146	!> Block of auxiliary subroutines:
4147	!> 1. quicksort and corresponding comparison
4148	!> 2. usm_merge_and_grow_csf for implementation of "dynamical growing" array
4149	!> for svf and csf
4150	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4151	PURE FUNCTION svf_lt(svf1,svf2) result (res)
4152	TYPE (t_svf), INTENT(in) :: svf1,svf2
4153	LOGICAL :: res
4154	IF ( svf1%isurflt < svf2%isurflt .OR. &
4155	(svf1%isurflt == svf2%isurflt .AND. svf1%isurfs < svf2%isurfs) ) THEN
4156	res = .TRUE.
4157	ELSE
4158	res = .FALSE.
4159	ENDIF
4160	END FUNCTION svf_lt
4161
4162
4163	!-- quicksort.f --f90--
4164	!-- Author: t-nissie, adaptation J.Resler
4165	!-- License: GPLv3
4166	!-- Gist: https://gist.github.com/t-nissie/479f0f16966925fa29ea
4167	RECURSIVE SUBROUTINE quicksort_svf(svfl, first, last)
4168	IMPLICIT NONE
4169	TYPE(t_svf), DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: svfl
4170	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: first, last
4171	TYPE(t_svf) :: x, t
4172	INTEGER :: i, j
4173
4174	IF ( first>=last ) RETURN
4175	x = svfl( (first+last) / 2 )
4176	i = first
4177	j = last
4178	DO
4179	DO while ( svf_lt(svfl(i),x) )
4180	i=i+1
4181	ENDDO
4182	DO while ( svf_lt(x,svfl(j)) )
4183	j=j-1
4184	ENDDO
4185	IF ( i >= j ) EXIT
4186	t = svfl(i); svfl(i) = svfl(j); svfl(j) = t
4187	i=i+1
4188	j=j-1
4189	ENDDO
4190	IF ( first < i-1 ) CALL quicksort_svf(svfl, first, i-1)
4191	IF ( j+1 < last ) CALL quicksort_svf(svfl, j+1, last)
4192	END SUBROUTINE quicksort_svf
4193
4194
4195	PURE FUNCTION csf_lt(csf1,csf2) result (res)
4196	TYPE (t_csf), INTENT(in) :: csf1,csf2
4197	LOGICAL :: res
4198	IF ( csf1%ip < csf2%ip .OR. &
4199	(csf1%ip == csf2%ip .AND. csf1%itx < csf2%itx) .OR. &
4200	(csf1%ip == csf2%ip .AND. csf1%itx == csf2%itx .AND. csf1%ity < csf2%ity) .OR. &
4201	(csf1%ip == csf2%ip .AND. csf1%itx == csf2%itx .AND. csf1%ity == csf2%ity .AND. &
4202	csf1%itz < csf2%itz) .OR. &
4203	(csf1%ip == csf2%ip .AND. csf1%itx == csf2%itx .AND. csf1%ity == csf2%ity .AND. &
4204	csf1%itz == csf2%itz .AND. csf1%isurfs < csf2%isurfs) ) THEN
4205	res = .TRUE.
4206	ELSE
4207	res = .FALSE.
4208	ENDIF
4209	END FUNCTION csf_lt
4210
4211
4212	!-- quicksort.f --f90--
4213	!-- Author: t-nissie, adaptation J.Resler
4214	!-- License: GPLv3
4215	!-- Gist: https://gist.github.com/t-nissie/479f0f16966925fa29ea
4216	RECURSIVE SUBROUTINE quicksort_csf(csfl, first, last)
4217	IMPLICIT NONE
4218	TYPE(t_csf), DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: csfl
4219	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: first, last
4220	TYPE(t_csf) :: x, t
4221	INTEGER :: i, j
4222
4223	IF ( first>=last ) RETURN
4224	x = csfl( (first+last)/2 )
4225	i = first
4226	j = last
4227	DO
4228	DO while ( csf_lt(csfl(i),x) )
4229	i=i+1
4230	ENDDO
4231	DO while ( csf_lt(x,csfl(j)) )
4232	j=j-1
4233	ENDDO
4234	IF ( i >= j ) EXIT
4235	t = csfl(i); csfl(i) = csfl(j); csfl(j) = t
4236	i=i+1
4237	j=j-1
4238	ENDDO
4239	IF ( first < i-1 ) CALL quicksort_csf(csfl, first, i-1)
4240	IF ( j+1 < last ) CALL quicksort_csf(csfl, j+1, last)
4241	END SUBROUTINE quicksort_csf
4242
4243
4244	SUBROUTINE usm_merge_and_grow_csf(newsize)
4245	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(in) :: newsize !< new array size after grow, must be >= ncsfl
4246	!< or -1 to shrink to minimum
4247	INTEGER(iwp) :: iread, iwrite
4248	TYPE(t_csf), DIMENSION(:), POINTER :: acsfnew
4249
4250	IF ( newsize == -1 ) THEN
4251	!-- merge in-place
4252	acsfnew => acsf
4253	ELSE
4254	!-- allocate new array
4255	IF ( mcsf == 0 ) THEN
4256	ALLOCATE( acsf1(newsize) )
4257	acsfnew => acsf1
4258	ELSE
4259	ALLOCATE( acsf2(newsize) )
4260	acsfnew => acsf2
4261	ENDIF
4262	ENDIF
4263
4264	IF ( ncsfl >= 1 ) THEN
4265	!-- sort csf in place (quicksort)
4266	CALL quicksort_csf(acsf,1,ncsfl)
4267
4268	!-- while moving to a new array, aggregate canopy sink factor records with identical box & source
4269	acsfnew(1) = acsf(1)
4270	iwrite = 1
4271	DO iread = 2, ncsfl
4272	!-- here acsf(kcsf) already has values from acsf(icsf)
4273	IF ( acsfnew(iwrite)%itx == acsf(iread)%itx &
4274	.AND. acsfnew(iwrite)%ity == acsf(iread)%ity &
4275	.AND. acsfnew(iwrite)%itz == acsf(iread)%itz &
4276	.AND. acsfnew(iwrite)%isurfs == acsf(iread)%isurfs ) THEN
4277	!-- We could simply take either first or second rtransp, both are valid. As a very simple heuristic about which ray
4278	!-- probably passes nearer the center of the target box, we choose DIF from the entry with greater CSF, since that
4279	!-- might mean that the traced beam passes longer through the canopy box.
4280	IF ( acsfnew(iwrite)%rsvf < acsf(iread)%rsvf ) THEN
4281	acsfnew(iwrite)%rtransp = acsf(iread)%rtransp
4282	ENDIF
4283	acsfnew(iwrite)%rsvf = acsfnew(iwrite)%rsvf + acsf(iread)%rsvf
4284	!-- advance reading index, keep writing index
4285	ELSE
4286	!-- not identical, just advance and copy
4287	iwrite = iwrite + 1
4288	acsfnew(iwrite) = acsf(iread)
4289	ENDIF
4290	ENDDO
4291	ncsfl = iwrite
4292	ENDIF
4293
4294	IF ( newsize == -1 ) THEN
4295	!-- allocate new array and copy shrinked data
4296	IF ( mcsf == 0 ) THEN
4297	ALLOCATE( acsf1(ncsfl) )
4298	acsf1(1:ncsfl) = acsf2(1:ncsfl)
4299	ELSE
4300	ALLOCATE( acsf2(ncsfl) )
4301	acsf2(1:ncsfl) = acsf1(1:ncsfl)
4302	ENDIF
4303	ENDIF
4304
4305	!-- deallocate old array
4306	IF ( mcsf == 0 ) THEN
4307	mcsf = 1
4308	acsf => acsf1
4309	DEALLOCATE( acsf2 )
4310	ELSE
4311	mcsf = 0
4312	acsf => acsf2
4313	DEALLOCATE( acsf1 )
4314	ENDIF
4315	ncsfla = newsize
4316	END SUBROUTINE usm_merge_and_grow_csf
4317
4318
4319	!-- quicksort.f --f90--
4320	!-- Author: t-nissie, adaptation J.Resler
4321	!-- License: GPLv3
4322	!-- Gist: https://gist.github.com/t-nissie/479f0f16966925fa29ea
4323	RECURSIVE SUBROUTINE quicksort_csf2(kpcsflt, pcsflt, first, last)
4324	IMPLICIT NONE
4325	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), INTENT(INOUT) :: kpcsflt
4326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), INTENT(INOUT) :: pcsflt
4327	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: first, last
4328	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(ndcsf) :: t2
4329	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(kdcsf) :: x, t1
4330	INTEGER :: i, j
4331
4332	IF ( first>=last ) RETURN
4333	x = kpcsflt(:, (first+last)/2 )
4334	i = first
4335	j = last
4336	DO
4337	DO while ( csf_lt2(kpcsflt(:,i),x) )
4338	i=i+1
4339	ENDDO
4340	DO while ( csf_lt2(x,kpcsflt(:,j)) )
4341	j=j-1
4342	ENDDO
4343	IF ( i >= j ) EXIT
4344	t1 = kpcsflt(:,i); kpcsflt(:,i) = kpcsflt(:,j); kpcsflt(:,j) = t1
4345	t2 = pcsflt(:,i); pcsflt(:,i) = pcsflt(:,j); pcsflt(:,j) = t2
4346	i=i+1
4347	j=j-1
4348	ENDDO
4349	IF ( first < i-1 ) CALL quicksort_csf2(kpcsflt, pcsflt, first, i-1)
4350	IF ( j+1 < last ) CALL quicksort_csf2(kpcsflt, pcsflt, j+1, last)
4351	END SUBROUTINE quicksort_csf2
4352
4353
4354	PURE FUNCTION csf_lt2(item1, item2) result(res)
4355	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(kdcsf), INTENT(in) :: item1, item2
4356	LOGICAL :: res
4357	res = ( (item1(3) < item2(3)) &
4358	.OR. (item1(3) == item2(3) .AND. item1(2) < item2(2)) &
4359	.OR. (item1(3) == item2(3) .AND. item1(2) == item2(2) .AND. item1(1) < item2(1)) &
4360	.OR. (item1(3) == item2(3) .AND. item1(2) == item2(2) .AND. item1(1) == item2(1) &
4361	.AND. item1(4) < item2(4)) )
4362	END FUNCTION csf_lt2
4363
4364
4365	END MODULE urban_surface_mod

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