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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 @ 3897

Last change on this file since 3897 was 3891, checked in by suehring, 6 years ago
Bugfix in initialization of turbulence generator in case of restart runs and offline nesting
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File size: 83.8 KB

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1	!> @synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2017-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 3891 2019-04-12 17:52:01Z suehring $
27	! Bugfix in initialization in case of restart runs.
28	!
29	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
30	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
31	! of additional debug messages
32	!
33	!
34	! removed unused variables
35	!
36	! 3719 2019-02-06 13:10:18Z kanani
37	! Removed log_point measurement from stg_init, since this part is counted to
38	! log_point(2) 'initialisation' already. Moved other log_points to calls of
39	! the subroutines in time_integration for better overview.
40	!
41	! 3646 2018-12-28 17:58:49Z kanani
42	! Bugfix: use time_since_reference_point instead of simulated_time (relevant
43	! when using wall/soil spinup)
44	!
45	! 3579 2018-11-29 15:32:39Z suehring
46	! - Bugfix in calculation of turbulence scaling parameters for turbulence
47	! generator in case of topography
48	! - Additional checks implemented - no STG in RANS-RANS nesting or LES-LES
49	! nesting
50	!
51	! 3376 2018-10-19 10:15:32Z suehring
52	! Error messages and numbers reivsed.
53	!
54	! 3349 2018-10-15 16:39:41Z suehring
55	! Fix for format descriptor
56	!
57	! 3348 2018-10-15 14:30:51Z suehring
58	! - Revise structure of init routine
59	! - introduce new parameters to skip STG for some timesteps
60	! - introduce time-dependent parametrization of Reynolds-stress tensor
61	! - Bugfix in allocation of mean_inflow_profiles
62	!
63	! 3341 2018-10-15 10:31:27Z suehring
64	! Introduce module parameter for number of inflow profiles
65	!
66	! 3288 2018-09-28 10:23:08Z suehring
67	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
68	!
69	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
70	! Minor formating changes
71	!
72	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
73	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
74	!
75	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
76	! unused variables removed
77	!
78	! 3186 2018-07-30 17:07:14Z suehring
79	! Mask topography while imposing inflow perturbations at the boundaries; do not
80	! impose perturbations at top boundary as well as ghost points
81	!
82	! 3183 2018-07-27 14:25:55Z suehring
83	! Rename variables and extend error message
84	! Enable geneartor also for stretched grids
85	!
86	! 3182 2018-07-27 13:36:03Z suehring
87	! Error message related to vertical stretching has been added, dz was replaced
88	! by dz(1)
89	!
90	! 3051 2018-05-30 17:43:55Z suehring
91	! Bugfix in calculation of initial Reynolds-stress tensor.
92	!
93	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
94	! Error messages revised
95	!
96	! 3044 2018-05-25 10:59:41Z gronemeier
97	! Add missing variable descriptions
98	!
99	! 3038 2018-05-24 10:54:00Z gronemeier
100	! updated variable descriptions
101	!
102	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
103	! bugfix: missing parallel cpp-directives added
104	!
105	! 2946 2018-04-04 17:01:23Z suehring
106	! Remove unused module load
107	!
108	! 2945 2018-04-04 16:27:14Z suehring
109	! - Bugfix in parallelization of synthetic turbulence generator in case the
110	! z-dimension is not an integral divisor of the number of processors along
111	! the x- and y-dimension
112	! - Revision in control mimic in case of RAN-LES nesting
113	!
114	! 2938 2018-03-27 15:52:42Z suehring
115	! Apply turbulence generator at all non-cyclic lateral boundaries in case of
116	! realistic Inifor large-scale forcing or RANS-LES nesting
117	!
118	! 2936 2018-03-27 14:49:27Z suehring
119	! variable named found has been introduced for checking if restart data was found,
120	! reading of restart strings has been moved completely to read_restart_data_mod,
121	! redundant skipping function has been removed, stg_read/write_restart_data
122	! have been renamed to stg_r/wrd_global, stg_rrd_global is called in
123	! read_restart_data_mod now, flag syn_turb_gen_prerun and marker *** end stg
124	! *** have been removed (Giersch), strings and their respective lengths are
125	! written out and read now in case of restart runs to get rid of prescribed
126	! character lengths (Giersch), CASE DEFAULT was added if restart data is read
127	!
128	! 2841 2018-02-27 15:02:57Z suehring
129	! Bugfix: wrong placement of include 'mpif.h' corrected
130	!
131	! 2836 2018-02-26 13:40:05Z Giersch
132	! The variables synthetic_turbulence_generator and
133	! use_synthetic_turbulence_generator have been abbreviated + syn_turb_gen_prerun
134	! flag is used to define if module related parameters were outputted as restart
135	! data
136	!
137	! 2716 2017-12-29 16:35:59Z kanani
138	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
139	!
140	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
141	! Change in file header (GPL part)
142	!
143	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
144	! unit number for file containing turbulence generator data changed to 90
145	! bugfix: preprocessor directives added for MPI specific code
146	!
147	! 2576 2017-10-24 13:49:46Z Giersch
148	! Definition of a new function called stg_skip_global to skip module
149	! parameters during reading restart data
150	!
151	! 2563 2017-10-19 15:36:10Z Giersch
152	! stg_read_restart_data is called in stg_parin in the case of a restart run
153	!
154	! 2259 2017-06-08 09:09:11Z gronemeier
155	! Initial revision
156	!
157	!
158	!
159	! Authors:
160	! --------
161	! @author Tobias Gronemeier, Matthias Suehring, Atsushi Inagaki, Micha Gryschka, Christoph Knigge
162	!
163	!
164	!
165	! Description:
166	! ------------
167	!> The module generates turbulence at the inflow boundary based on a method by
168	!> Xie and Castro (2008) utilizing a Lund rotation (Lund, 1998) and a mass-flux
169	!> correction by Kim et al. (2013).
170	!> The turbulence is correlated based on length scales in y- and z-direction and
171	!> a time scale for each velocity component. The profiles of length and time
172	!> scales, mean u, v, w, e and pt, and all components of the Reynolds stress
173	!> tensor can be either read from file STG_PROFILES, or will be parametrized
174	!> within the boundary layer.
175	!>
176	!> @todo test restart
177	!> enable cyclic_fill
178	!> implement turbulence generation for e and pt
179	!> @todo Input of height-constant length scales via namelist
180	!> @note <Enter notes on the module>
181	!> @bug Height information from input file is not used. Profiles from input
182	!> must match with current PALM grid.
183	!> In case of restart, velocity seeds differ from precursor run if a11,
184	!> a22, or a33 are zero.
185	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
186	MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod
187
188
189	USE arrays_3d, &
190	ONLY: mean_inflow_profiles, q, pt, u, v, w, zu, zw
191
192	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
193	ONLY: g, kappa, pi
194
195	USE control_parameters, &
196	ONLY: debug_output, &
197	debug_string, &
198	initializing_actions, &
199	message_string, &
200	num_mean_inflow_profiles, &
201	syn_turb_gen
202
203	USE indices, &
204	ONLY: nbgp, nzb, nzt, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nys, nyn, nyng, nysg
205
206	USE kinds
207
208	#if defined( __parallel ) && !defined( __mpifh )
209	USE MPI
210	#endif
211
212	USE nesting_offl_mod, &
213	ONLY: zi_ribulk
214
215	USE pegrid, &
216	ONLY: comm1dx, comm1dy, comm2d, ierr, myidx, myidy, pdims
217
218	USE transpose_indices, &
219	ONLY: nzb_x, nzt_x
220
221
222	IMPLICIT NONE
223
224	#if defined( __parallel ) && defined( __mpifh )
225	INCLUDE "mpif.h"
226	#endif
227
228
229	LOGICAL :: velocity_seed_initialized = .FALSE. !< true after first call of stg_main
230	LOGICAL :: parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .FALSE. !< flag indicating that inflow turbulence is either read from file (.FALSE.) or if it parametrized
231	LOGICAL :: use_syn_turb_gen = .FALSE. !< switch to use synthetic turbulence generator
232
233	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_left !< left lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
234	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_north !< north lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
235	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_right !< right lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
236	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_south !< south lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
237	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz !< MPI type for full z range
238	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz_small !< MPI type for small z range
239	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz !< MPI type for full z range
240	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz_small !< MPI type for small z range
241	INTEGER(iwp) :: merg !< maximum length scale (in gp)
242	INTEGER(iwp) :: mergp !< merg + nbgp
243	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_x_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
244	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_x_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
245	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_y_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
246	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_y_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
247
248	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_xz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
249	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_xz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
250	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_yz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
251	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_yz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
252	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nux !< length scale of u in x direction (in gp)
253	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuy !< length scale of u in y direction (in gp)
254	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuz !< length scale of u in z direction (in gp)
255	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvx !< length scale of v in x direction (in gp)
256	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvy !< length scale of v in y direction (in gp)
257	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvz !< length scale of v in z direction (in gp)
258	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwx !< length scale of w in x direction (in gp)
259	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwy !< length scale of w in y direction (in gp)
260	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwz !< length scale of w in z direction (in gp)
261	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed !< seed of random number for rn-generator
262
263	REAL(wp) :: cosmo_ref = 10.0_wp !< height of first vertical grid level in mesoscale model, used for calculation of scaling parameters
264	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_adjust = 300.0_wp !< time interval for adjusting turbulence statistics
265	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_call = 5.0_wp !< time interval for calling synthetic turbulence generator
266	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor !< mass flux correction factor
267	REAL(wp) :: scale_l !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - Obukhov length
268	REAL(wp) :: scale_us !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - friction velocity
269	REAL(wp) :: scale_wm !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - momentum scale
270	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp !< time counter for adjusting turbulence information
271	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_call = 0.0_wp !< time counter for calling generator
272
273
274	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r11 !< Reynolds parameter
275	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r21 !< Reynolds parameter
276	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r22 !< Reynolds parameter
277	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r31 !< Reynolds parameter
278	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r32 !< Reynolds parameter
279	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r33 !< Reynolds parameter
280
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a11 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a21 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a22 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a31 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a32 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a33 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tu !< Lagrangian time scale of u
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tv !< Lagrangian time scale of v
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tw !< Lagrangian time scale of w
290
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bux !< filter function for u in x direction
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buy !< filter function for u in y direction
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buz !< filter function for u in z direction
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvx !< filter function for v in x direction
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvy !< filter function for v in y direction
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvz !< filter function for v in z direction
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwx !< filter function for w in y direction
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwy !< filter function for w in y direction
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwz !< filter function for w in z direction
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane
301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane with new random number
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane with new random number
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane with new random number
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane with new random number
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane with new random number
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane with new random number
312
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_xz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_yz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
315
316	!
317	!-- PALM interfaces:
318	!-- Adjust time and lenght scales, Reynolds stress, and filter functions
319	INTERFACE stg_adjust
320	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_adjust
321	END INTERFACE stg_adjust
322	!
323	!-- Input parameter checks to be done in check_parameters
324	INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
325	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_check_parameters
326	END INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
327
328	!
329	!-- Calculate filter functions
330	INTERFACE stg_filter_func
331	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_filter_func
332	END INTERFACE stg_filter_func
333
334	!
335	!-- Generate velocity seeds at south and north domain boundary
336	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
337	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_xz
338	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
339	!
340	!-- Generate velocity seeds at left and/or right domain boundary
341	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
342	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_yz
343	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
344
345	!
346	!-- Output of information to the header file
347	INTERFACE stg_header
348	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_header
349	END INTERFACE stg_header
350
351	!
352	!-- Initialization actions
353	INTERFACE stg_init
354	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_init
355	END INTERFACE stg_init
356
357	!
358	!-- Main procedure of synth. turb. gen.
359	INTERFACE stg_main
360	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_main
361	END INTERFACE stg_main
362
363	!
364	!-- Reading of NAMELIST parameters
365	INTERFACE stg_parin
366	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_parin
367	END INTERFACE stg_parin
368
369	!
370	!-- Reading of parameters for restart runs
371	INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
372	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_rrd_global
373	END INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
374
375	!
376	!-- Writing of binary output for restart runs
377	INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
378	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_wrd_global
379	END INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
380
381	SAVE
382
383	PRIVATE
384
385	!
386	!-- Public interfaces
387	PUBLIC stg_adjust, stg_check_parameters, stg_header, stg_init, stg_main, &
388	stg_parin, stg_rrd_global, stg_wrd_global
389
390	!
391	!-- Public variables
392	PUBLIC dt_stg_call, dt_stg_adjust, id_stg_left, id_stg_north, &
393	id_stg_right, id_stg_south, parametrize_inflow_turbulence, &
394	time_stg_adjust, time_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
395
396
397	CONTAINS
398
399
400	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
401	! Description:
402	! ------------
403	!> Check parameters routine for synthetic turbulence generator
404	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
405	SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
406
407
408	USE control_parameters, &
409	ONLY: bc_lr, bc_ns, child_domain, nesting_offline, rans_mode, &
410	turbulent_inflow
411
412	USE pmc_interface, &
413	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
414
415
416	IMPLICIT NONE
417
418	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
419	nesting_offline ) THEN
420	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
421	'if offline nesting is applied and PALM operates ' // &
422	'in LES mode.'
423	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0520', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
424	ENDIF
425
426	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. child_domain &
427	.AND. rans_mode_parent .AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) THEN
428	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
429	'when nesting is applied and parent operates in ' // &
430	'RANS-mode but current child in LES mode.'
431	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0524', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
432	ENDIF
433
434	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
435
436	IF ( child_domain .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
437	.NOT. rans_mode_parent ) THEN
438	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
439	'is not allowed in LES-LES nesting.'
440	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0620', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
441
442	ENDIF
443
444	IF ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode .AND. &
445	rans_mode_parent ) THEN
446	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
447	'is not allowed in RANS-RANS nesting.'
448	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0621', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
449
450	ENDIF
451
452	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
453
454	IF ( INDEX( initializing_actions, 'set_constant_profiles' ) == 0 &
455	.AND. INDEX( initializing_actions, 'read_restart_data' ) == 0 ) THEN
456	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
457	'requires %initializing_actions = ' // &
458	'"set_constant_profiles" or "read_restart_data"' //&
459	', if not offline nesting is applied.'
460	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0015', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
461	ENDIF
462
463	IF ( bc_lr /= 'dirichlet/radiation' ) THEN
464	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
465	'requires &bc_lr = "dirichlet/radiation", ' // &
466	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
467	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0035', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
468	ENDIF
469	IF ( bc_ns /= 'cyclic' ) THEN
470	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
471	'requires &bc_ns = "cyclic", ' // &
472	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
473	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0037', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
474	ENDIF
475
476	ENDIF
477
478	IF ( turbulent_inflow ) THEN
479	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
480	'in combination &with turbulent_inflow = .T. '// &
481	'is not allowed'
482	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0039', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
483	ENDIF
484
485	ENDIF
486
487	END SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
488
489
490	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
491	! Description:
492	! ------------
493	!> Header output for synthetic turbulence generator
494	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
495	SUBROUTINE stg_header ( io )
496
497
498	IMPLICIT NONE
499
500	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
501
502	!
503	!-- Write synthetic turbulence generator Header
504	WRITE( io, 1 )
505	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
506	WRITE( io, 2 )
507	ELSE
508	WRITE( io, 3 )
509	ENDIF
510
511	IF ( parametrize_inflow_turbulence ) THEN
512	WRITE( io, 4 ) dt_stg_adjust
513	ELSE
514	WRITE( io, 5 )
515	ENDIF
516
517	1 FORMAT (//' Synthetic turbulence generator information:'/ &
518	' ------------------------------------------'/)
519	2 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched on')
520	3 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched off')
521	4 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence statistics are parametrized and ajdusted to boundary-layer development each ', F8.2, ' s' )
522	5 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence is read from file' )
523
524	END SUBROUTINE stg_header
525
526
527	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
528	! Description:
529	! ------------
530	!> Initialization of the synthetic turbulence generator
531	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
532	SUBROUTINE stg_init
533
534
535	USE arrays_3d, &
536	ONLY: ddzw, u_init, v_init
537
538	USE control_parameters, &
539	ONLY: child_domain, coupling_char, e_init, nesting_offline, rans_mode
540
541	USE grid_variables, &
542	ONLY: ddy
543
544	USE indices, &
545	ONLY: nz
546
547	USE pmc_interface, &
548	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
549
550
551	IMPLICIT NONE
552
553	LOGICAL :: file_stg_exist = .FALSE. !< flag indicating whether parameter file for Reynolds stress and length scales exist
554
555	#if defined( __parallel )
556	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: extent !< extent of new MPI type
557	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: tob=0 !< dummy variable
558	#endif
559
560	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !> grid index in x-direction
561	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !> loop index
562	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index
563	INTEGER(iwp) :: newtype !< dummy MPI type
564	INTEGER(iwp) :: realsize !< size of REAL variables
565	INTEGER(iwp) :: nseed !< dimension of random number seed
566	INTEGER(iwp) :: startseed = 1234567890 !< start seed for random number generator
567
568	!
569	!-- Dummy variables used for reading profiles
570	REAL(wp) :: d1 !< u profile
571	REAL(wp) :: d2 !< v profile
572	REAL(wp) :: d3 !< w profile
573	REAL(wp) :: d5 !< e profile
574	REAL(wp) :: luy !< length scale for u in y direction
575	REAL(wp) :: luz !< length scale for u in z direction
576	REAL(wp) :: lvy !< length scale for v in y direction
577	REAL(wp) :: lvz !< length scale for v in z direction
578	REAL(wp) :: lwy !< length scale for w in y direction
579	REAL(wp) :: lwz !< length scale for w in z direction
580	REAL(wp) :: nnz !< increment used to determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x and y direction
581	REAL(wp) :: zz !< height
582
583
584	#if defined( __parallel )
585	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
586	#endif
587
588	#if defined( __parallel )
589	!
590	!-- Determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x- and y-direction
591	nnz = nz / pdims(1)
592	nzb_x_stg = 1 + myidx * INT( nnz )
593	nzt_x_stg = ( myidx + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
594
595	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(1) ) /= 0 .AND. myidx == id_stg_right ) &
596	nzt_x_stg = nzt_x_stg + myidx * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
597
598	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
599	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
600	nnz = nz / pdims(2)
601	nzb_y_stg = 1 + myidy * INT( nnz )
602	nzt_y_stg = ( myidy + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
603
604	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(2) ) /= 0 .AND. myidy == id_stg_north ) &
605	nzt_y_stg = nzt_y_stg + myidy * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
606	ENDIF
607
608	!
609	!-- Define MPI type used in stg_generate_seed_yz to gather vertical splitted
610	!-- velocity seeds
611	CALL MPI_TYPE_SIZE( MPI_REAL, realsize, ierr )
612	extent = 1 * realsize
613	!
614	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at yz
615	!-- layer
616	!-- stg_type_yz: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
617	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
618	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
619	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz, ierr )
620	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz, ierr )
621	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
622
623	! stg_type_yz_small: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
624	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
625	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
626	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
627	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
628	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
629
630	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
631	ALLOCATE( recv_count_yz(pdims(1)), displs_yz(pdims(1)) )
632
633	recv_count_yz = nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg + 1
634	recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) = recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) + 1
635
636	DO j = 1, pdims(1)
637	displs_yz(j) = 0 + (nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+1) * (j-1)
638	ENDDO
639	!
640	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at xz
641	!-- layer
642	!-- stg_type_xz: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
643	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
644	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
645	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
646	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
647	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz, ierr )
648	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz, ierr )
649	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
650
651	! stg_type_yz_small: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
652	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
653	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
654	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
655	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
656	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
657
658	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
659	ALLOCATE( recv_count_xz(pdims(2)), displs_xz(pdims(2)) )
660
661	recv_count_xz = nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg + 1
662	recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) = recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) + 1
663
664	DO j = 1, pdims(2)
665	displs_xz(j) = 0 + (nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+1) * (j-1)
666	ENDDO
667
668	ENDIF
669
670	#endif
671	!
672	!-- Define seed of random number
673	CALL RANDOM_SEED()
674	CALL RANDOM_SEED( size=nseed )
675	ALLOCATE( seed(1:nseed) )
676	DO j = 1, nseed
677	seed(j) = startseed + j
678	ENDDO
679	CALL RANDOM_SEED(put=seed)
680	!
681	!-- Allocate required arrays
682	!-- mean_inflow profiles must not be allocated in offline nesting
683	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
684	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( mean_inflow_profiles ) ) &
685	ALLOCATE( mean_inflow_profiles(nzb:nzt+1,1:num_mean_inflow_profiles) )
686	ENDIF
687
688	ALLOCATE ( a11(nzb:nzt+1), a21(nzb:nzt+1), a22(nzb:nzt+1), &
689	a31(nzb:nzt+1), a32(nzb:nzt+1), a33(nzb:nzt+1), &
690	nux(nzb:nzt+1), nuy(nzb:nzt+1), nuz(nzb:nzt+1), &
691	nvx(nzb:nzt+1), nvy(nzb:nzt+1), nvz(nzb:nzt+1), &
692	nwx(nzb:nzt+1), nwy(nzb:nzt+1), nwz(nzb:nzt+1), &
693	r11(nzb:nzt+1), r21(nzb:nzt+1), r22(nzb:nzt+1), &
694	r31(nzb:nzt+1), r32(nzb:nzt+1), r33(nzb:nzt+1), &
695	tu(nzb:nzt+1), tv(nzb:nzt+1), tw(nzb:nzt+1) )
696
697	ALLOCATE ( dist_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg,3) )
698	ALLOCATE ( dist_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,3) )
699	dist_xz = 0.0_wp
700	dist_yz = 0.0_wp
701	!
702	!-- Read inflow profile
703	!-- Height levels of profiles in input profile is as follows:
704	!-- zu: luy, luz, tu, lvy, lvz, tv, r11, r21, r22, d1, d2, d5
705	!-- zw: lwy, lwz, tw, r31, r32, r33, d3
706	!-- WARNING: zz is not used at the moment
707	INQUIRE( FILE = 'STG_PROFILES' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
708	EXIST = file_stg_exist )
709
710	IF ( file_stg_exist ) THEN
711
712	OPEN( 90, FILE='STG_PROFILES'//TRIM( coupling_char ), STATUS='OLD', &
713	FORM='FORMATTED')
714	!
715	!-- Skip header
716	READ( 90, * )
717
718	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
719	READ( 90, * ) zz, luy, luz, tu(k), lvy, lvz, tv(k), lwy, lwz, tw(k), &
720	r11(k), r21(k), r22(k), r31(k), r32(k), r33(k), &
721	d1, d2, d3, d5
722
723	!
724	!-- Convert length scales from meter to number of grid points.
725	nuy(k) = INT( luy * ddy )
726	nuz(k) = INT( luz * ddzw(k) )
727	nvy(k) = INT( lvy * ddy )
728	nvz(k) = INT( lvz * ddzw(k) )
729	nwy(k) = INT( lwy * ddy )
730	nwz(k) = INT( lwz * ddzw(k) )
731	!
732	!-- Workaround, assume isotropic turbulence
733	nwx(k) = nwy(k)
734	nvx(k) = nvy(k)
735	nux(k) = nuy(k)
736	!
737	!-- Save Mean inflow profiles
738	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
739	mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) = d1
740	mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) = d2
741	! mean_inflow_profiles(k,4) = d4
742	mean_inflow_profiles(k,5) = d5
743	ENDIF
744	ENDDO
745	!
746	!-- Set lenght scales at surface grid point
747	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
748	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
749	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
750	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
751	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
752	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
753
754	CLOSE( 90 )
755	!
756	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
757	!-- (Lund rotation)
758	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
759	!
760	!-- No information about turbulence and its length scales are available.
761	!-- Instead, parametrize turbulence which is imposed at the boundaries.
762	!-- Set flag which indicates that turbulence is parametrized, which is done
763	!-- later when energy-balance models are already initialized. This is
764	!-- because the STG needs information about surface properties such as
765	!-- roughness to build 'realistic' turbulence profiles.
766	ELSE
767	!
768	!-- Set flag indicating that turbulence is parametrized
769	parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .TRUE.
770	!
771	!-- Determine boundary-layer depth, which is used to initialize lenght
772	!-- scales
773	CALL calc_scaling_variables
774	!
775	!-- Initialize lenght and time scales, which in turn are used
776	!-- to initialize the filter functions.
777	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
778	!
779	!-- Parametrize Reynolds-stress tensor, diagonal elements as well
780	!-- as r21 (v'u'), r31 (w'u'), r32 (w'v'). Parametrization follows
781	!-- Rotach et al. (1996) and is based on boundary-layer depth,
782	!-- friction velocity and velocity scale.
783	CALL parametrize_reynolds_stress
784	!
785	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
786	!-- (Lund rotation)
787	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
788
789	ENDIF
790
791	!
792	!-- Assign initial profiles. Note, this is only required if turbulent
793	!-- inflow from the left is desired, not in case of any of the
794	!-- nesting (offline or self nesting) approaches.
795	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
796	u_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,1)
797	v_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,2)
798	!pt_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,4)
799	e_init = MAXVAL( mean_inflow_profiles(:,5) )
800	ENDIF
801
802	!
803	!-- Define the size of the filter functions and allocate them.
804	merg = 0
805
806	! arrays must be large enough to cover the largest length scale
807	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
808	j = MAX( ABS(nux(k)), ABS(nuy(k)), ABS(nuz(k)), &
809	ABS(nvx(k)), ABS(nvy(k)), ABS(nvz(k)), &
810	ABS(nwx(k)), ABS(nwy(k)), ABS(nwz(k)) )
811	IF ( j > merg ) merg = j
812	ENDDO
813
814	merg = 2 * merg
815	mergp = merg + nbgp
816
817	ALLOCATE ( bux(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
818	buy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
819	buz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
820	bvx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
821	bvy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
822	bvz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
823	bwx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
824	bwy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
825	bwz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) )
826
827	!
828	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at xz-layer
829	ALLOCATE ( fu_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fuo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
830	fv_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fvo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
831	fw_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fwo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) )
832
833	!
834	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at yz-layer
835	ALLOCATE ( fu_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fuo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
836	fv_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fvo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
837	fw_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fwo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) )
838
839	fu_xz = 0.0_wp
840	fuo_xz = 0.0_wp
841	fv_xz = 0.0_wp
842	fvo_xz = 0.0_wp
843	fw_xz = 0.0_wp
844	fwo_xz = 0.0_wp
845
846	fu_yz = 0.0_wp
847	fuo_yz = 0.0_wp
848	fv_yz = 0.0_wp
849	fvo_yz = 0.0_wp
850	fw_yz = 0.0_wp
851	fwo_yz = 0.0_wp
852
853	!
854	!-- Create filter functions
855	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
856	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
857	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
858	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
859	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
860	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
861	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
862	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
863	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
864
865	#if defined( __parallel )
866	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
867	#endif
868
869	!
870	!-- In case of restart, calculate velocity seeds fu, fv, fw from former
871	! time step.
872	! Bug: fu, fv, fw are different in those heights where a11, a22, a33
873	! are 0 compared to the prerun. This is mostly for k=nzt+1.
874	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
875	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
876
877	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = -1
878	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
879
880	DO j = nysg, nyng
881	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
882
883	IF ( a11(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
884	fu_yz(k,j) = ( u(k,j,i) / mc_factor - u_init(k) ) / a11(k)
885	ELSE
886	fu_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
887	ENDIF
888
889	IF ( a22(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
890	fv_yz(k,j) = ( v(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
891	v_init(k) ) / a22(k)
892	ELSE
893	fv_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
894	ENDIF
895
896	IF ( a33(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
897	fw_yz(k,j) = ( w(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
898	a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ) / a33(k)
899	ELSE
900	fw_yz = 0._wp
901	ENDIF
902
903	ENDDO
904	ENDDO
905	ENDIF
906	ENDIF
907
908	END SUBROUTINE stg_init
909
910
911	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
912	! Description:
913	! ------------
914	!> Calculate filter function bxx from length scale nxx following Eg.9 and 10
915	!> (Xie and Castro, 2008)
916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
917	SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func( nxx, bxx )
918
919
920	IMPLICIT NONE
921
922	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index
923	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k !< length scale nXX in height k
924	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k2 !< n_k * 2
925	INTEGER(iwp) :: nf !< index for length scales
926
927	REAL(wp) :: bdenom !< denominator for filter functions bXX
928	REAL(wp) :: qsi = 1.0_wp !< minimization factor
929
930	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:) :: nxx(nzb:nzt+1) !< length scale (in gp)
931
932	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:) :: bxx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) !< filter function
933
934
935	bxx = 0.0_wp
936
937	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
938	bdenom = 0.0_wp
939	n_k = nxx(k)
940	IF ( n_k /= 0 ) THEN
941	n_k2 = n_k * 2
942
943	!
944	!-- ( Eq.10 )^2
945	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
946	bdenom = bdenom + EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k )**2
947	ENDDO
948
949	!
950	!-- ( Eq.9 )
951	bdenom = SQRT( bdenom )
952	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
953	bxx(nf,k) = EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k ) / bdenom
954	ENDDO
955	ENDIF
956	ENDDO
957
958	END SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func
959
960
961	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
962	! Description:
963	! ------------
964	!> Parin for &stg_par for synthetic turbulence generator
965	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
966	SUBROUTINE stg_parin
967
968
969	IMPLICIT NONE
970
971	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
972
973
974	NAMELIST /stg_par/ dt_stg_adjust, dt_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
975
976	line = ' '
977
978	!
979	!-- Try to find stg package
980	REWIND ( 11 )
981	line = ' '
982	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&stg_par' ) == 0 )
983	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=20 ) line
984	ENDDO
985	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
986
987	!
988	!-- Read namelist
989	READ ( 11, stg_par, ERR = 10, END = 20 )
990
991	!
992	!-- Set flag that indicates that the synthetic turbulence generator is switched
993	!-- on
994	syn_turb_gen = .TRUE.
995	GOTO 20
996
997	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
998	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
999	CALL parin_fail_message( 'stg_par', line )
1000
1001	20 CONTINUE
1002
1003	END SUBROUTINE stg_parin
1004
1005
1006	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1007	! Description:
1008	! ------------
1009	!> This routine reads the respective restart data.
1010	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1011	SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global( found )
1012
1013
1014	USE control_parameters, &
1015	ONLY: length, restart_string
1016
1017
1018	IMPLICIT NONE
1019
1020	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !< flag indicating if variable was found
1021
1022
1023	found = .TRUE.
1024
1025
1026	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1027
1028	CASE ( 'mc_factor' )
1029	READ ( 13 ) mc_factor
1030	CASE ( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
1031	READ ( 13 ) use_syn_turb_gen
1032
1033	CASE DEFAULT
1034
1035	found = .FALSE.
1036
1037	END SELECT
1038
1039
1040	END SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global
1041
1042
1043	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1044	! Description:
1045	! ------------
1046	!> This routine writes the respective restart data.
1047	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1048	SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
1049
1050
1051	IMPLICIT NONE
1052
1053	CALL wrd_write_string( 'mc_factor' )
1054	WRITE ( 14 ) mc_factor
1055
1056	CALL wrd_write_string( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
1057	WRITE ( 14 ) use_syn_turb_gen
1058
1059
1060	END SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
1061
1062
1063	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1064	! Description:
1065	! ------------
1066	!> Create turbulent inflow fields for u, v, w with prescribed length scales and
1067	!> Reynolds stress tensor after a method of Xie and Castro (2008), modified
1068	!> following suggestions of Kim et al. (2013), and using a Lund rotation
1069	!> (Lund, 1998).
1070	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1071	SUBROUTINE stg_main
1072
1073
1074	USE arrays_3d, &
1075	ONLY: dzw
1076
1077	USE control_parameters, &
1078	ONLY: child_domain, dt_3d, &
1079	nesting_offline, rans_mode, time_since_reference_point, &
1080	volume_flow_initial
1081
1082	USE grid_variables, &
1083	ONLY: dx, dy
1084
1085	USE indices, &
1086	ONLY: wall_flags_0
1087
1088	USE pmc_interface, &
1089	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
1090
1091
1092	IMPLICIT NONE
1093
1094	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index in x-direction
1095	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
1096	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1097
1098	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg !< wheighted subtimestep
1099	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor_l !< local mass flux correction factor
1100	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow !< mass flux through lateral boundary
1101	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow_l !< local mass flux through lateral boundary
1102
1103	!
1104	!-- Debug location message
1105	IF ( debug_output ) THEN
1106	WRITE( debug_string, * ) 'stg_main'
1107	CALL debug_message( debug_string, 'start' )
1108	ENDIF
1109	!
1110	!-- Calculate time step which is needed for filter functions
1111	dt_stg = MAX( dt_3d, dt_stg_call )
1112	!
1113	!-- Initial value of fu, fv, fw
1114	IF ( time_since_reference_point == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. velocity_seed_initialized ) THEN
1115	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_left )
1116	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_left )
1117	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_left )
1118
1119	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
1120	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
1121	!
1122	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
1123	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_right )
1124	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_right )
1125	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_right )
1126	!
1127	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
1128	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_north )
1129	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_north )
1130	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_north )
1131	!
1132	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
1133	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_south )
1134	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_south )
1135	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_south )
1136	ENDIF
1137	velocity_seed_initialized = .TRUE.
1138	ENDIF
1139
1140	!
1141	!-- New set of fu, fv, fw
1142	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_left )
1143	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_left )
1144	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_left )
1145
1146	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
1147	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
1148	!
1149	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
1150	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_right )
1151	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_right )
1152	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_right )
1153	!
1154	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
1155	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_north )
1156	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_north )
1157	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_north )
1158	!
1159	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
1160	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_south )
1161	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_south )
1162	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_south )
1163	ENDIF
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- Turbulence generation at left and or right boundary
1167	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
1168
1169	DO j = nysg, nyng
1170	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
1171	!
1172	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1173	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1174	fu_yz(k,j) = fuo_yz(k,j)
1175	ELSE
1176	fu_yz(k,j) = fu_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
1177	fuo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
1178	ENDIF
1179
1180	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1181	fv_yz(k,j) = fvo_yz(k,j)
1182	ELSE
1183	fv_yz(k,j) = fv_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
1184	fvo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
1185	ENDIF
1186
1187	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1188	fw_yz(k,j) = fwo_yz(k,j)
1189	ELSE
1190	fw_yz(k,j) = fw_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
1191	fwo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
1192	ENDIF
1193	!
1194	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
1195	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
1196	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
1197	dist_yz(k,j,1) = 0.0_wp
1198	dist_yz(k,j,2) = 0.0_wp
1199	dist_yz(k,j,3) = 0.0_wp
1200	ELSE
1201	dist_yz(k,j,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_yz(k,j), 3.0_wp )
1202	!experimental test of 1.2
1203	dist_yz(k,j,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
1204	* 1.2_wp ) &
1205	* ( a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
1206	+ a22(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
1207	dist_yz(k,j,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
1208	* 1.3_wp ) &
1209	* ( a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
1210	+ a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) &
1211	+ a33(k) * fw_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
1212	ENDIF
1213
1214	ENDDO
1215	ENDDO
1216
1217	!
1218	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
1219	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
1220	!-- inflow boundary
1221	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
1222	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1223	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1224	DO j = nys, nyn
1225	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1226	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + dzw(k) * &
1227	( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) )
1228	ENDDO
1229	ENDDO
1230
1231	#if defined( __parallel )
1232	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
1233	comm1dy, ierr )
1234	#else
1235	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1236	#endif
1237
1238	mc_factor = volume_flow_initial(1) / mc_factor
1239
1240	!
1241	!-- Add disturbance at the inflow
1242	DO j = nysg, nyng
1243	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1244	u(k,j,-nbgp+1:0) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + &
1245	dist_yz(k,j,1) ) * mc_factor
1246	v(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) + &
1247	dist_yz(k,j,2) ) * mc_factor
1248	w(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = dist_yz(k,j,3) * mc_factor
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251
1252	ELSE
1253	!
1254	!-- First, calculate volume flow at yz boundary
1255	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = nxl
1256	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
1257
1258	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
1259	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
1260	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1261	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1262	DO j = nys, nyn
1263	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1264	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + u(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dy &
1265	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1266	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1267
1268	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( u(k,j,i) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1269	* dzw(k) * dy &
1270	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1271	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1272	ENDDO
1273	ENDDO
1274	#if defined( __parallel )
1275	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
1276	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
1277	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
1278	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
1279	#else
1280	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
1281	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1282	#endif
1283
1284	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
1285
1286	!
1287	!-- Add disturbances
1288	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) THEN
1289	DO j = nys, nyn
1290	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1291	u(k,j,0) = ( u(k,j,0) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1292	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1293	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,0), 1 ) )
1294	u(k,j,-1) = u(k,j,0)
1295	v(k,j,-1) = ( v(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
1296	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1297	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 2 ) )
1298	w(k,j,-1) = ( w(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
1299	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1300	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 3 ) )
1301	ENDDO
1302	ENDDO
1303	ENDIF
1304	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
1305	DO j = nys, nyn
1306	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1307	u(k,j,nxr+1) = ( u(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1308	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1309	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 1 ) )
1310	v(k,j,nxr+1) = ( v(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
1311	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1312	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 2 ) )
1313	w(k,j,nxr+1) = ( w(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
1314	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1315	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 3 ) )
1316	ENDDO
1317	ENDDO
1318	ENDIF
1319	ENDIF
1320
1321	ENDIF
1322	!
1323	!-- Turbulence generation at north and south boundary
1324	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north .OR. myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
1325
1326	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1327	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
1328	!
1329	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1330	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1331	fu_xz(k,i) = fuo_xz(k,i)
1332	ELSE
1333	fu_xz(k,i) = fu_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
1334	fuo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
1335	ENDIF
1336
1337	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1338	fv_xz(k,i) = fvo_xz(k,i)
1339	ELSE
1340	fv_xz(k,i) = fv_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
1341	fvo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
1342	ENDIF
1343
1344	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1345	fw_xz(k,i) = fwo_xz(k,i)
1346	ELSE
1347	fw_xz(k,i) = fw_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
1348	fwo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
1349	ENDIF
1350	!
1351	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
1352	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
1353	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
1354	dist_xz(k,i,1) = 0.0_wp
1355	dist_xz(k,i,2) = 0.0_wp
1356	dist_xz(k,i,3) = 0.0_wp
1357
1358	ELSE
1359	dist_xz(k,i,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_xz(k,i), 3.0_wp )
1360	!experimental test of 1.2
1361	dist_xz(k,i,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
1362	* 1.2_wp ) &
1363	* ( a21(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
1364	+ a22(k) * fv_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
1365	dist_xz(k,i,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
1366	* 1.3_wp ) &
1367	* ( a31(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
1368	+ a32(k) * fv_xz(k,i) &
1369	+ a33(k) * fw_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
1370	ENDIF
1371
1372	ENDDO
1373	ENDDO
1374
1375	!
1376	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
1377	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
1378	!-- inflow boundary.
1379	!-- First, calculate volume flow at xz boundary
1380	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) j = nys
1381	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) j = nyn+1
1382
1383	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
1384	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
1385	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1386	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1387	DO i = nxl, nxr
1388	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1389	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + v(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dx &
1390	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1391	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
1392
1393	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( v(k,j,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1394	* dzw(k) * dx &
1395	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1396	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
1397	ENDDO
1398	ENDDO
1399	#if defined( __parallel )
1400	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
1401	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
1402	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
1403	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
1404	#else
1405	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
1406	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1407	#endif
1408
1409	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
1410
1411	!
1412	!-- Add disturbances
1413	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
1414
1415	DO i = nxl, nxr
1416	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1417	u(k,-1,i) = ( u(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
1418	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1419	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 1 ) )
1420	v(k,0,i) = ( v(k,0,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1421	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1422	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,0,i), 2 ) )
1423	v(k,-1,i) = v(k,0,i)
1424	w(k,-1,i) = ( w(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
1425	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1426	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 3 ) )
1427	ENDDO
1428	ENDDO
1429	ENDIF
1430	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) THEN
1431
1432	DO i = nxl, nxr
1433	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1434	u(k,nyn+1,i) = ( u(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
1435	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1436	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 1 ) )
1437	v(k,nyn+1,i) = ( v(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1438	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1439	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 2 ) )
1440	w(k,nyn+1,i) = ( w(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
1441	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1442	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 3 ) )
1443	ENDDO
1444	ENDDO
1445	ENDIF
1446	ENDIF
1447	!
1448	!-- Finally, set time counter for calling STG to zero
1449	time_stg_call = 0.0_wp
1450	!
1451	!-- Debug location message
1452	IF ( debug_output ) THEN
1453	WRITE( debug_string, * ) 'stg_main'
1454	CALL debug_message( debug_string, 'end' )
1455	ENDIF
1456
1457	END SUBROUTINE stg_main
1458
1459	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1460	! Description:
1461	! ------------
1462	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
1463	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
1464	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in x-direction and
1465	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
1466	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
1467	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1468	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz( n_y, n_z, b_y, b_z, f_n, id )
1469
1470
1471	USE indices, &
1472	ONLY: ny
1473
1474	IMPLICIT NONE
1475
1476	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
1477	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
1478	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< loop index in y-direction
1479	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1480	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
1481	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
1482
1483	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y !< length scale in y-direction
1484	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
1485	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y2 !< n_y*2
1486	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
1487
1488	REAL(wp) :: nyz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in yz-slice
1489	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
1490	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
1491
1492	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_y !< filter function in y-direction
1493	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
1494	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
1495	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n !< velocity seed
1496	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
1497
1498
1499	!
1500	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
1501	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
1502	!-- unit variance.
1503	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:ny+mergp) )
1504
1505	rand_av = 0.0_wp
1506	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
1507	nyz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( ny+1 ), KIND=wp )
1508
1509	DO j = 0, ny
1510	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1511	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,j) )
1512	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,j)
1513	ENDDO
1514	ENDDO
1515
1516	rand_av = rand_av * nyz_inv
1517
1518	DO j = 0, ny
1519	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1520	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) - rand_av
1521	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,j) ** 2
1522	ENDDO
1523	ENDDO
1524
1525	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nyz_inv)
1526
1527	DO j = 0, ny
1528	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1529	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) * rand_sigma_inv
1530	ENDDO
1531	ENDDO
1532
1533	!
1534	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
1535	DO j = 0, ny
1536	DO k = 1, mergp
1537	rand_it(nzb -k,j) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,j) ! bottom margin
1538	rand_it(nzt+1+k,j) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,j) ! top margin
1539	ENDDO
1540	ENDDO
1541	DO j = 1, mergp
1542	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
1543	rand_it(k, -j) = rand_it(k,ny-j+1) ! south margin
1544	rand_it(k,ny+j) = rand_it(k, j-1) ! north margin
1545	ENDDO
1546	ENDDO
1547
1548	!
1549	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1550	n_y2 = n_y * 2
1551	n_z2 = n_z * 2
1552	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
1553
1554	DO j = nysg, nyng
1555	DO k = nzb_x_stg, nzt_x_stg+1
1556	DO jj = -n_y2(k), n_y2(k)
1557	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
1558	f_n_l(k,j) = f_n_l(k,j) &
1559	+ b_y(jj,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,j+jj)
1560	ENDDO
1561	ENDDO
1562	ENDDO
1563	ENDDO
1564
1565	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
1566	!
1567	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
1568	send_count = nzt_x_stg - nzb_x_stg + 1
1569	IF ( nzt_x_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
1570
1571	#if defined( __parallel )
1572	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_x_stg,nysg), send_count, stg_type_yz_small, &
1573	f_n(nzb+1,nysg), recv_count_yz, displs_yz, stg_type_yz, &
1574	id, comm1dx, ierr )
1575	#else
1576	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) = f_n_l(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng)
1577	#endif
1578
1579
1580	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1586	! Description:
1587	! ------------
1588	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
1589	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
1590	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in y-direction and
1591	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
1592	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
1593	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1594	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz( n_x, n_z, b_x, b_z, f_n, id )
1595
1596
1597	USE indices, &
1598	ONLY: nx
1599
1600
1601	IMPLICIT NONE
1602
1603	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
1604	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
1605	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< loop index in x-direction
1606	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1607	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
1608	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
1609
1610	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x !< length scale in x-direction
1611	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
1612	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x2 !< n_x*2
1613	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
1614
1615	REAL(wp) :: nxz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in xz-slice
1616	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
1617	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
1618
1619	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_x !< filter function in x-direction
1620	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
1621	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
1622	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n !< velocity seed
1623	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
1624
1625
1626	!
1627	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
1628	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
1629	!-- unit variance.
1630	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:nx+mergp) )
1631
1632	rand_av = 0.0_wp
1633	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
1634	nxz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( nx+1 ), KIND=wp )
1635
1636	DO i = 0, nx
1637	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1638	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,i) )
1639	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,i)
1640	ENDDO
1641	ENDDO
1642
1643	rand_av = rand_av * nxz_inv
1644
1645	DO i = 0, nx
1646	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1647	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) - rand_av
1648	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,i) ** 2
1649	ENDDO
1650	ENDDO
1651
1652	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nxz_inv)
1653
1654	DO i = 0, nx
1655	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1656	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) * rand_sigma_inv
1657	ENDDO
1658	ENDDO
1659
1660	!
1661	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
1662	DO i = 0, nx
1663	DO k = 1, mergp
1664	rand_it(nzb-k,i) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,i) ! bottom margin
1665	rand_it(nzt+1+k,i) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,i) ! top margin
1666	ENDDO
1667	ENDDO
1668	DO i = 1, mergp
1669	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
1670	rand_it(k,-i) = rand_it(k,nx-i+1) ! left margin
1671	rand_it(k,nx+i) = rand_it(k,i-1) ! right margin
1672	ENDDO
1673	ENDDO
1674
1675	!
1676	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1677	n_x2 = n_x * 2
1678	n_z2 = n_z * 2
1679	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
1680
1681	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1682	DO k = nzb_y_stg, nzt_y_stg+1
1683	DO ii = -n_x2(k), n_x2(k)
1684	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
1685	f_n_l(k,i) = f_n_l(k,i) &
1686	+ b_x(ii,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,i+ii)
1687	ENDDO
1688	ENDDO
1689	ENDDO
1690	ENDDO
1691
1692	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
1693
1694	!
1695	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
1696	send_count = nzt_y_stg - nzb_y_stg + 1
1697	IF ( nzt_y_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
1698
1699
1700	#if defined( __parallel )
1701	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_y_stg,nxlg), send_count, stg_type_xz_small, &
1702	f_n(nzb+1,nxlg), recv_count_xz, displs_xz, stg_type_xz, &
1703	id, comm1dy, ierr )
1704	#else
1705	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) = f_n_l(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg)
1706	#endif
1707
1708
1709	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz
1710
1711	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1712	! Description:
1713	! ------------
1714	!> Parametrization of the Reynolds stress tensor, following the parametrization
1715	!> described in Rotach et al. (1996), which is applied in state-of-the-art
1716	!> dispserion modelling. Please note, the parametrization does not distinguish
1717	!> between along-wind and cross-wind turbulence.
1718	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1719	SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
1720
1721	USE arrays_3d, &
1722	ONLY: zu
1723
1724	IMPLICIT NONE
1725
1726	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1727
1728	REAL(wp) :: zzi !< ratio of z/zi
1729
1730	!
1731	!--
1732	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1733
1734	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
1735	!
1736	!-- Determine normalized height coordinate
1737	zzi = zu(k) / zi_ribulk
1738	!
1739	!-- u'u' and v'v'. Assume isotropy. Note, add a small negative number
1740	!-- to the denominator, else the merge-function can crash if scale_l is
1741	!-- zero.
1742	r11(k) = scale_us*2 ( &
1743	MERGE( 0.35_wp * ( &
1744	- zi_ribulk / ( kappa * scale_l - 10E-4_wp ) &
1745	)**( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ), &
1746	0.0_wp, &
1747	scale_l < 0.0_wp ) &
1748	+ 5.0_wp - 4.0_wp * zzi &
1749	)
1750
1751	r22(k) = r11(k)
1752	!
1753	!-- w'w'
1754	r33(k) = scale_wm*2 ( &
1755	1.5_wp * zzi*( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) EXP( -2.0_wp * zzi ) &
1756	+ ( 1.7_wp - zzi ) * ( scale_us / scale_wm )**2 &
1757	)
1758	!
1759	!-- u'w' and v'w'. Assume isotropy.
1760	r31(k) = - scale_us*2 ( &
1761	1.0_wp - EXP( 3.0_wp * ( zzi - 1.0_wp ) ) &
1762	)
1763
1764	r32(k) = r31(k)
1765	!
1766	!-- For u'v' no parametrization exist so far - ?. For simplicity assume
1767	!-- a similar profile as for u'w'.
1768	r21(k) = r31(k)
1769	!
1770	!-- Above the boundary layer, assmume laminar flow conditions.
1771	ELSE
1772	r11(k) = 10E-8_wp
1773	r22(k) = 10E-8_wp
1774	r33(k) = 10E-8_wp
1775	r21(k) = 10E-8_wp
1776	r31(k) = 10E-8_wp
1777	r32(k) = 10E-8_wp
1778	ENDIF
1779	ENDDO
1780
1781	!
1782	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
1783	r11(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
1784	r22(nzb) = r22(nzb+1)
1785	r33(nzb) = r33(nzb+1)
1786
1787	r21(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
1788	r31(nzb) = r31(nzb+1)
1789	r32(nzb) = r32(nzb+1)
1790
1791
1792	END SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
1793
1794	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1795	! Description:
1796	! ------------
1797	!> Calculate the coefficient matrix from the Lund rotation.
1798	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1799	SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
1800
1801	IMPLICIT NONE
1802
1803	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1804
1805	!
1806	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix. Split loops to allow for loop vectorization.
1807	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1808	IF ( r11(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1809	a11(k) = SQRT( r11(k) )
1810	a21(k) = r21(k) / a11(k)
1811	a31(k) = r31(k) / a11(k)
1812	ELSE
1813	a11(k) = 10E-8_wp
1814	a21(k) = 10E-8_wp
1815	a31(k) = 10E-8_wp
1816	ENDIF
1817	ENDDO
1818	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1819	a22(k) = r22(k) - a21(k)**2
1820	IF ( a22(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1821	a22(k) = SQRT( a22(k) )
1822	a32(k) = r32(k) - a21(k) * a31(k) / a22(k)
1823	ELSE
1824	a22(k) = 10E-8_wp
1825	a32(k) = 10E-8_wp
1826	ENDIF
1827	ENDDO
1828	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1829	a33(k) = r33(k) - a31(k)2 - a32(k)2
1830	IF ( a33(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1831	a33(k) = SQRT( a33(k) )
1832	ELSE
1833	a33(k) = 10E-8_wp
1834	ENDIF
1835	ENDDO
1836	!
1837	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
1838	a11(nzb) = a11(nzb+1)
1839	a22(nzb) = a22(nzb+1)
1840	a21(nzb) = a21(nzb+1)
1841	a33(nzb) = a33(nzb+1)
1842	a31(nzb) = a31(nzb+1)
1843	a32(nzb) = a32(nzb+1)
1844
1845	END SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
1846
1847	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1848	! Description:
1849	! ------------
1850	!> This routine controls the re-adjustment of the turbulence statistics used
1851	!> for generating turbulence at the lateral boundaries.
1852	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1853	SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
1854
1855	IMPLICIT NONE
1856
1857	!
1858	!-- Debug location message
1859	IF ( debug_output ) THEN
1860	WRITE( debug_string, * ) 'stg_adjust'
1861	CALL debug_message( debug_string, 'start' )
1862	ENDIF
1863	!
1864	!-- Compute mean boundary layer height according to Richardson-Bulk
1865	!-- criterion using the inflow profiles. Further velocity scale as well as
1866	!-- mean friction velocity are calculated.
1867	CALL calc_scaling_variables
1868	!
1869	!-- Set length and time scales depending on boundary-layer height
1870	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
1871	!
1872	!-- Parametrize Reynolds-stress tensor, diagonal elements as well
1873	!-- as r21 (v'u'), r31 (w'u'), r32 (w'v'). Parametrization follows
1874	!-- Rotach et al. (1996) and is based on boundary-layer depth,
1875	!-- friction velocity and velocity scale.
1876	CALL parametrize_reynolds_stress
1877	!
1878	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
1879	!-- (Lund rotation)
1880	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
1881	!
1882	!-- Determine filter functions on basis of updated length scales
1883	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
1884	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
1885	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
1886	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
1887	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
1888	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
1889	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
1890	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
1891	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
1892	!
1893	!-- Reset time counter for controlling next adjustment to zero
1894	time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp
1895	!
1896	!-- Debug location message
1897	IF ( debug_output ) THEN
1898	WRITE( debug_string, * ) 'stg_adjust'
1899	CALL debug_message( debug_string, 'end' )
1900	ENDIF
1901
1902	END SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
1903
1904
1905	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1906	! Description:
1907	! ------------
1908	!> Calculates turbuluent length and time scales if these are not available
1909	!> from measurements.
1910	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1911	SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
1912
1913	USE arrays_3d, &
1914	ONLY: dzw, ddzw, u_init, v_init
1915
1916	USE grid_variables, &
1917	ONLY: ddx, ddy, dx, dy
1918
1919	IMPLICIT NONE
1920
1921
1922	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1923
1924	REAL(wp) :: length_scale !< typical length scale
1925
1926	!
1927	!-- In initial call the boundary-layer depth can be zero. This case, set
1928	!-- minimum value for boundary-layer depth, to setup length scales correctly.
1929	zi_ribulk = MAX( zi_ribulk, zw(nzb+2) )
1930	!
1931	!-- Set-up default turbulent length scales. From the numerical point of
1932	!-- view the imposed perturbations should not be immediately dissipated
1933	!-- by the numerics. The numerical dissipation, however, acts on scales
1934	!-- up to 8 x the grid spacing. For this reason, set the turbulence
1935	!-- length scale to 8 time the grid spacing. Further, above the boundary
1936	!-- layer height, set turbulence lenght scales to zero (equivalent to not
1937	!-- imposing any perturbations) in order to save computational costs.
1938	!-- Typical time scales are derived by assuming Taylors's hypothesis,
1939	!-- using the length scales and the mean profiles of u- and v-component.
1940	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1941
1942	length_scale = 8.0_wp * MIN( dx, dy, dzw(k) )
1943
1944	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
1945	!
1946	!-- Assume isotropic turbulence length scales
1947	nux(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1948	nuy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1949	nuz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1950	nvx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1951	nvy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1952	nvz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1953	nwx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1954	nwy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1955	nwz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1956	!
1957	!-- Limit time scales, else they become very larger for low wind speed,
1958	!-- imposing long-living inflow perturbations which in turn propagate
1959	!-- further into the model domain. Use u_init and v_init to calculate
1960	!-- the time scales, which will be equal to the inflow profiles, both,
1961	!-- in offline nesting mode or in dirichlet/radiation mode.
1962	tu(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
1963	( ABS( u_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
1964	tv(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
1965	( ABS( v_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
1966	!
1967	!-- Time scale of w-component is a mixture from u- and v-component.
1968	tw(k) = SQRT( tu(k)2 + tv(k)2 )
1969	!
1970	!-- Above the boundary layer length scales are zero, i.e. imposed turbulence
1971	!-- is not correlated in space and time, just white noise. This saves
1972	!-- computations power.
1973	ELSE
1974	nux(k) = 0.0_wp
1975	nuy(k) = 0.0_wp
1976	nuz(k) = 0.0_wp
1977	nvx(k) = 0.0_wp
1978	nvy(k) = 0.0_wp
1979	nvz(k) = 0.0_wp
1980	nwx(k) = 0.0_wp
1981	nwy(k) = 0.0_wp
1982	nwz(k) = 0.0_wp
1983
1984	tu(k) = 0.0_wp
1985	tv(k) = 0.0_wp
1986	tw(k) = 0.0_wp
1987	ENDIF
1988	ENDDO
1989	!
1990	!-- Set bottom boundary condition for the length and time scales
1991	nux(nzb) = nux(nzb+1)
1992	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
1993	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
1994	nvx(nzb) = nvx(nzb+1)
1995	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
1996	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
1997	nwx(nzb) = nwx(nzb+1)
1998	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
1999	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
2000
2001	tu(nzb) = tu(nzb+1)
2002	tv(nzb) = tv(nzb+1)
2003	tw(nzb) = tw(nzb+1)
2004
2005
2006	END SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
2007
2008	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2009	! Description:
2010	! ------------
2011	!> Calculate scaling variables which are used for turbulence parametrization
2012	!> according to Rotach et al. (1996). Scaling variables are: friction velocity,
2013	!> boundary-layer depth, momentum velocity scale, and Obukhov length.
2014	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2015	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
2016
2017
2018	USE control_parameters, &
2019	ONLY: bc_dirichlet_l, bc_dirichlet_n, bc_dirichlet_r, bc_dirichlet_s, &
2020	pt_surface
2021
2022	USE indices, &
2023	ONLY: nx, ny
2024
2025	USE surface_mod, &
2026	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
2027
2028	IMPLICIT NONE
2029
2030	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
2031	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
2032	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
2033	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_ref !< index in z-direction for COSMO reference height
2034	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
2035	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< surface element index
2036
2037	REAL(wp) :: friction_vel_l !< mean friction veloctiy on subdomain
2038	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean !< mean surface sensible heat flux
2039	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean_l !< mean surface sensible heat flux on subdomain
2040	REAL(wp) :: u_int !< u-component
2041	REAL(wp) :: v_int !< v-component
2042	REAL(wp) :: w_convective !< convective velocity scale
2043	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean !< mean roughness length
2044	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean_l !< mean roughness length on subdomain
2045
2046	!
2047	!-- Mean friction velocity and velocity scale. Therefore,
2048	!-- pre-calculate mean roughness length and surface sensible heat flux
2049	!-- in the model domain, which are further used to estimate friction
2050	!-- velocity and velocity scale. Note, for z0 linear averaging is applied,
2051	!-- even though this is known to unestimate the effective roughness.
2052	!-- This need to be revised later.
2053	z0_mean_l = 0.0_wp
2054	shf_mean_l = 0.0_wp
2055	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
2056	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%z0(m)
2057	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%shf(m)
2058	ENDDO
2059	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
2060	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%z0(m)
2061	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%shf(m)
2062	ENDDO
2063	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
2064	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_usm_h%z0(m)
2065	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_usm_h%shf(m)
2066	ENDDO
2067
2068	#if defined( __parallel )
2069	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( z0_mean_l, z0_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2070	comm2d, ierr )
2071	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( shf_mean_l, shf_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2072	comm2d, ierr )
2073	#else
2074	z0_mean = z0_mean_l
2075	shf_mean = shf_mean_l
2076	#endif
2077	z0_mean = z0_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
2078	shf_mean = shf_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
2079
2080	!
2081	!-- Note, Inifor does not use logarithmic interpolation of the
2082	!-- velocity components near the ground, so that near-surface
2083	!-- wind speed and thus the friction velocity is overestimated.
2084	!-- However, friction velocity is used for turbulence
2085	!-- parametrization, so that more physically meaningful values are important.
2086	!-- Hence, derive friction velocity from wind speed at a reference height,
2087	!-- which is 10 m, according to the height of the 1st vertical grid level
2088	!-- in the COSMO level. However, in case of topography that is higher than
2089	!-- the reference level, the k index is determined from the 1st vertical
2090	!-- PALM grid level instead.
2091	!-- For a first guess use 20 m, which is in the range of the first
2092	!-- COSMO vertical level.
2093	k_ref = MINLOC( ABS( zu - cosmo_ref ), DIM = 1 ) - 1
2094
2095	friction_vel_l = 0.0_wp
2096	IF ( bc_dirichlet_l .OR. bc_dirichlet_r ) THEN
2097
2098	i = MERGE( -1, nxr + 1, bc_dirichlet_l )
2099
2100	DO j = nys, nyn
2101	!
2102	!-- Determine the k index and topography top index
2103	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
2104	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
2105	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
2106	!
2107	!-- Note, in u- and v- component the imposed perturbations
2108	!-- from the STG are already included. Check whether this
2109	!-- makes any difference compared to using the pure-mean
2110	!-- inflow profiles.
2111	u_int = MERGE( u(k,j,i+1), u(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_l )
2112	v_int = v(k,j,i)
2113	!
2114	!-- Calculate friction velocity and sum-up. Therefore, assume
2115	!-- neutral condtions.
2116	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
2117	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
2118	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
2119
2120	ENDDO
2121
2122	ENDIF
2123
2124	IF ( bc_dirichlet_s .OR. bc_dirichlet_n ) THEN
2125
2126	j = MERGE( -1, nyn + 1, bc_dirichlet_s )
2127
2128	DO i = nxl, nxr
2129
2130	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
2131	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
2132	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
2133
2134	u_int = u(k,j,i)
2135	v_int = MERGE( v(k,j+1,i), v(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_s )
2136
2137	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
2138	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
2139	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
2140
2141	ENDDO
2142
2143	ENDIF
2144
2145	#if defined( __parallel )
2146	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( friction_vel_l, scale_us, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2147	comm2d, ierr )
2148	#else
2149	scale_us = friction_vel_l
2150	#endif
2151	scale_us = scale_us / REAL( 2 * nx + 2 * ny, KIND = wp )
2152
2153	!
2154	!-- Compute mean Obukhov length
2155	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2156	scale_l = - pt_surface / ( kappa * g ) * scale_us**3 / shf_mean
2157	ELSE
2158	scale_l = 0.0_wp
2159	ENDIF
2160
2161	!
2162	!-- Compute mean convective velocity scale. Note, in case the mean heat flux
2163	!-- is negative, set convective velocity scale to zero.
2164	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2165	w_convective = ( g * shf_mean * zi_ribulk / pt_surface )**( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
2166	ELSE
2167	w_convective = 0.0_wp
2168	ENDIF
2169	!
2170	!-- Finally, in order to consider also neutral or stable stratification,
2171	!-- compute momentum velocity scale from u* and convective velocity scale,
2172	!-- according to Rotach et al. (1996).
2173	scale_wm = ( scale_us*3 + 0.6_wp w_convective3 )( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
2174
2175	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
2176
2177	END MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod

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