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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 @ 3750

Last change on this file since 3750 was 3719, checked in by kanani, 6 years ago
Correct and clean-up cpu_logs, some overlapping counts (chemistry_model_mod, disturb_heatflux, large_scale_forcing_nudging_mod, ocean_mod, palm, prognostic_equations, synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod, time_integration, time_integration_spinup, turbulence_closure_mod)
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 82.8 KB

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1	!> @synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 3719 2019-02-06 13:10:18Z dom_dwd_user $
27	! Removed log_point measurement from stg_init, since this part is counted to
28	! log_point(2) 'initialisation' already. Moved other log_points to calls of
29	! the subroutines in time_integration for better overview.
30	!
31	! 3646 2018-12-28 17:58:49Z kanani
32	! Bugfix: use time_since_reference_point instead of simulated_time (relevant
33	! when using wall/soil spinup)
34	!
35	! 3579 2018-11-29 15:32:39Z suehring
36	! - Bugfix in calculation of turbulence scaling parameters for turbulence
37	! generator in case of topography
38	! - Additional checks implemented - no STG in RANS-RANS nesting or LES-LES
39	! nesting
40	!
41	! 3376 2018-10-19 10:15:32Z suehring
42	! Error messages and numbers reivsed.
43	!
44	! 3349 2018-10-15 16:39:41Z suehring
45	! Fix for format descriptor
46	!
47	! 3348 2018-10-15 14:30:51Z suehring
48	! - Revise structure of init routine
49	! - introduce new parameters to skip STG for some timesteps
50	! - introduce time-dependent parametrization of Reynolds-stress tensor
51	! - Bugfix in allocation of mean_inflow_profiles
52	!
53	! 3341 2018-10-15 10:31:27Z suehring
54	! Introduce module parameter for number of inflow profiles
55	!
56	! 3288 2018-09-28 10:23:08Z suehring
57	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
58	!
59	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
60	! Minor formating changes
61	!
62	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
63	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
64	!
65	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
66	! unused variables removed
67	!
68	! 3186 2018-07-30 17:07:14Z suehring
69	! Mask topography while imposing inflow perturbations at the boundaries; do not
70	! impose perturbations at top boundary as well as ghost points
71	!
72	! 3183 2018-07-27 14:25:55Z suehring
73	! Rename variables and extend error message
74	! Enable geneartor also for stretched grids
75	!
76	! 3182 2018-07-27 13:36:03Z suehring
77	! Error message related to vertical stretching has been added, dz was replaced
78	! by dz(1)
79	!
80	! 3051 2018-05-30 17:43:55Z suehring
81	! Bugfix in calculation of initial Reynolds-stress tensor.
82	!
83	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
84	! Error messages revised
85	!
86	! 3044 2018-05-25 10:59:41Z gronemeier
87	! Add missing variable descriptions
88	!
89	! 3038 2018-05-24 10:54:00Z gronemeier
90	! updated variable descriptions
91	!
92	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
93	! bugfix: missing parallel cpp-directives added
94	!
95	! 2946 2018-04-04 17:01:23Z suehring
96	! Remove unused module load
97	!
98	! 2945 2018-04-04 16:27:14Z suehring
99	! - Bugfix in parallelization of synthetic turbulence generator in case the
100	! z-dimension is not an integral divisor of the number of processors along
101	! the x- and y-dimension
102	! - Revision in control mimic in case of RAN-LES nesting
103	!
104	! 2938 2018-03-27 15:52:42Z suehring
105	! Apply turbulence generator at all non-cyclic lateral boundaries in case of
106	! realistic Inifor large-scale forcing or RANS-LES nesting
107	!
108	! 2936 2018-03-27 14:49:27Z suehring
109	! variable named found has been introduced for checking if restart data was found,
110	! reading of restart strings has been moved completely to read_restart_data_mod,
111	! redundant skipping function has been removed, stg_read/write_restart_data
112	! have been renamed to stg_r/wrd_global, stg_rrd_global is called in
113	! read_restart_data_mod now, flag syn_turb_gen_prerun and marker *** end stg
114	! *** have been removed (Giersch), strings and their respective lengths are
115	! written out and read now in case of restart runs to get rid of prescribed
116	! character lengths (Giersch), CASE DEFAULT was added if restart data is read
117	!
118	! 2841 2018-02-27 15:02:57Z suehring
119	! Bugfix: wrong placement of include 'mpif.h' corrected
120	!
121	! 2836 2018-02-26 13:40:05Z Giersch
122	! The variables synthetic_turbulence_generator and
123	! use_synthetic_turbulence_generator have been abbreviated + syn_turb_gen_prerun
124	! flag is used to define if module related parameters were outputted as restart
125	! data
126	!
127	! 2716 2017-12-29 16:35:59Z kanani
128	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
129	!
130	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
131	! Change in file header (GPL part)
132	!
133	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
134	! unit number for file containing turbulence generator data changed to 90
135	! bugfix: preprocessor directives added for MPI specific code
136	!
137	! 2576 2017-10-24 13:49:46Z Giersch
138	! Definition of a new function called stg_skip_global to skip module
139	! parameters during reading restart data
140	!
141	! 2563 2017-10-19 15:36:10Z Giersch
142	! stg_read_restart_data is called in stg_parin in the case of a restart run
143	!
144	! 2259 2017-06-08 09:09:11Z gronemeier
145	! Initial revision
146	!
147	!
148	!
149	! Authors:
150	! --------
151	! @author Tobias Gronemeier, Matthias Suehring, Atsushi Inagaki, Micha Gryschka, Christoph Knigge
152	!
153	!
154	!
155	! Description:
156	! ------------
157	!> The module generates turbulence at the inflow boundary based on a method by
158	!> Xie and Castro (2008) utilizing a Lund rotation (Lund, 1998) and a mass-flux
159	!> correction by Kim et al. (2013).
160	!> The turbulence is correlated based on length scales in y- and z-direction and
161	!> a time scale for each velocity component. The profiles of length and time
162	!> scales, mean u, v, w, e and pt, and all components of the Reynolds stress
163	!> tensor can be either read from file STG_PROFILES, or will be parametrized
164	!> within the boundary layer.
165	!>
166	!> @todo test restart
167	!> enable cyclic_fill
168	!> implement turbulence generation for e and pt
169	!> @todo Input of height-constant length scales via namelist
170	!> @note <Enter notes on the module>
171	!> @bug Height information from input file is not used. Profiles from input
172	!> must match with current PALM grid.
173	!> In case of restart, velocity seeds differ from precursor run if a11,
174	!> a22, or a33 are zero.
175	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
176	MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod
177
178
179	USE arrays_3d, &
180	ONLY: mean_inflow_profiles, q, pt, u, v, w, zu, zw
181
182	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
183	ONLY: g, kappa, pi
184
185	USE control_parameters, &
186	ONLY: initializing_actions, num_mean_inflow_profiles, message_string, &
187	syn_turb_gen
188
189	USE indices, &
190	ONLY: nbgp, nzb, nzt, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nys, nyn, nyng, nysg
191
192	USE kinds
193
194	#if defined( __parallel ) && !defined( __mpifh )
195	USE MPI
196	#endif
197
198	USE nesting_offl_mod, &
199	ONLY: zi_ribulk
200
201	USE pegrid, &
202	ONLY: comm1dx, comm1dy, comm2d, ierr, myidx, myidy, pdims
203
204	USE transpose_indices, &
205	ONLY: nzb_x, nzt_x
206
207
208	IMPLICIT NONE
209
210	#if defined( __parallel ) && defined( __mpifh )
211	INCLUDE "mpif.h"
212	#endif
213
214
215	LOGICAL :: velocity_seed_initialized = .FALSE. !< true after first call of stg_main
216	LOGICAL :: parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .FALSE. !< flag indicating that inflow turbulence is either read from file (.FALSE.) or if it parametrized
217	LOGICAL :: use_syn_turb_gen = .FALSE. !< switch to use synthetic turbulence generator
218
219	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_left !< left lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
220	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_north !< north lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
221	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_right !< right lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
222	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_south !< south lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
223	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz !< MPI type for full z range
224	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz_small !< MPI type for small z range
225	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz !< MPI type for full z range
226	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz_small !< MPI type for small z range
227	INTEGER(iwp) :: merg !< maximum length scale (in gp)
228	INTEGER(iwp) :: mergp !< merg + nbgp
229	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_x_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
230	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_x_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
231	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_y_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
232	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_y_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
233
234	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_xz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
235	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_xz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
236	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_yz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
237	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_yz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
238	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nux !< length scale of u in x direction (in gp)
239	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuy !< length scale of u in y direction (in gp)
240	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuz !< length scale of u in z direction (in gp)
241	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvx !< length scale of v in x direction (in gp)
242	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvy !< length scale of v in y direction (in gp)
243	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvz !< length scale of v in z direction (in gp)
244	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwx !< length scale of w in x direction (in gp)
245	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwy !< length scale of w in y direction (in gp)
246	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwz !< length scale of w in z direction (in gp)
247	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed !< seed of random number for rn-generator
248
249	REAL(wp) :: cosmo_ref = 10.0_wp !< height of first vertical grid level in mesoscale model, used for calculation of scaling parameters
250	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_adjust = 300.0_wp !< time interval for adjusting turbulence statistics
251	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_call = 5.0_wp !< time interval for calling synthetic turbulence generator
252	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor !< mass flux correction factor
253	REAL(wp) :: scale_l !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - Obukhov length
254	REAL(wp) :: scale_us !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - friction velocity
255	REAL(wp) :: scale_wm !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - momentum scale
256	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp !< time counter for adjusting turbulence information
257	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_call = 0.0_wp !< time counter for calling generator
258
259
260	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r11 !< Reynolds parameter
261	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r21 !< Reynolds parameter
262	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r22 !< Reynolds parameter
263	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r31 !< Reynolds parameter
264	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r32 !< Reynolds parameter
265	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r33 !< Reynolds parameter
266
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a11 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a21 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a22 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a31 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a32 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a33 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tu !< Lagrangian time scale of u
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tv !< Lagrangian time scale of v
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tw !< Lagrangian time scale of w
276
277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bux !< filter function for u in x direction
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buy !< filter function for u in y direction
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buz !< filter function for u in z direction
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvx !< filter function for v in x direction
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvy !< filter function for v in y direction
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvz !< filter function for v in z direction
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwx !< filter function for w in y direction
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwy !< filter function for w in y direction
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwz !< filter function for w in z direction
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane with new random number
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane with new random number
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane with new random number
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane with new random number
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane with new random number
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane with new random number
298
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_xz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_yz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
301
302	!
303	!-- PALM interfaces:
304	!-- Adjust time and lenght scales, Reynolds stress, and filter functions
305	INTERFACE stg_adjust
306	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_adjust
307	END INTERFACE stg_adjust
308	!
309	!-- Input parameter checks to be done in check_parameters
310	INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
311	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_check_parameters
312	END INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
313
314	!
315	!-- Calculate filter functions
316	INTERFACE stg_filter_func
317	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_filter_func
318	END INTERFACE stg_filter_func
319
320	!
321	!-- Generate velocity seeds at south and north domain boundary
322	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
323	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_xz
324	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
325	!
326	!-- Generate velocity seeds at left and/or right domain boundary
327	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
328	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_yz
329	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
330
331	!
332	!-- Output of information to the header file
333	INTERFACE stg_header
334	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_header
335	END INTERFACE stg_header
336
337	!
338	!-- Initialization actions
339	INTERFACE stg_init
340	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_init
341	END INTERFACE stg_init
342
343	!
344	!-- Main procedure of synth. turb. gen.
345	INTERFACE stg_main
346	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_main
347	END INTERFACE stg_main
348
349	!
350	!-- Reading of NAMELIST parameters
351	INTERFACE stg_parin
352	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_parin
353	END INTERFACE stg_parin
354
355	!
356	!-- Reading of parameters for restart runs
357	INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
358	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_rrd_global
359	END INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
360
361	!
362	!-- Writing of binary output for restart runs
363	INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
364	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_wrd_global
365	END INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
366
367	SAVE
368
369	PRIVATE
370
371	!
372	!-- Public interfaces
373	PUBLIC stg_adjust, stg_check_parameters, stg_header, stg_init, stg_main, &
374	stg_parin, stg_rrd_global, stg_wrd_global
375
376	!
377	!-- Public variables
378	PUBLIC dt_stg_call, dt_stg_adjust, id_stg_left, id_stg_north, &
379	id_stg_right, id_stg_south, parametrize_inflow_turbulence, &
380	time_stg_adjust, time_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
381
382
383	CONTAINS
384
385
386	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
387	! Description:
388	! ------------
389	!> Check parameters routine for synthetic turbulence generator
390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
391	SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
392
393
394	USE control_parameters, &
395	ONLY: bc_lr, bc_ns, child_domain, nesting_offline, rans_mode, &
396	turbulent_inflow
397
398	USE pmc_interface, &
399	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
400
401
402	IMPLICIT NONE
403
404	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
405	nesting_offline ) THEN
406	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
407	'if offline nesting is applied and PALM operates ' // &
408	'in LES mode.'
409	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0520', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
410	ENDIF
411
412	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. child_domain &
413	.AND. rans_mode_parent .AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) THEN
414	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
415	'when nesting is applied and parent operates in ' // &
416	'RANS-mode but current child in LES mode.'
417	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0524', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
418	ENDIF
419
420	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
421
422	IF ( child_domain .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
423	.NOT. rans_mode_parent ) THEN
424	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
425	'is not allowed in LES-LES nesting.'
426	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0620', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
427
428	ENDIF
429
430	IF ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode .AND. &
431	rans_mode_parent ) THEN
432	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
433	'is not allowed in RANS-RANS nesting.'
434	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0621', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
435
436	ENDIF
437
438	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
439
440	IF ( INDEX( initializing_actions, 'set_constant_profiles' ) == 0 &
441	.AND. INDEX( initializing_actions, 'read_restart_data' ) == 0 ) THEN
442	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
443	'requires %initializing_actions = ' // &
444	'"set_constant_profiles" or "read_restart_data"' //&
445	', if not offline nesting is applied.'
446	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0015', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
447	ENDIF
448
449	IF ( bc_lr /= 'dirichlet/radiation' ) THEN
450	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
451	'requires &bc_lr = "dirichlet/radiation", ' // &
452	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
453	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0035', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
454	ENDIF
455	IF ( bc_ns /= 'cyclic' ) THEN
456	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
457	'requires &bc_ns = "cyclic", ' // &
458	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
459	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0037', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
460	ENDIF
461
462	ENDIF
463
464	IF ( turbulent_inflow ) THEN
465	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
466	'in combination &with turbulent_inflow = .T. '// &
467	'is not allowed'
468	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0039', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
469	ENDIF
470
471	ENDIF
472
473	END SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
474
475
476	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
477	! Description:
478	! ------------
479	!> Header output for synthetic turbulence generator
480	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
481	SUBROUTINE stg_header ( io )
482
483
484	IMPLICIT NONE
485
486	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
487
488	!
489	!-- Write synthetic turbulence generator Header
490	WRITE( io, 1 )
491	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
492	WRITE( io, 2 )
493	ELSE
494	WRITE( io, 3 )
495	ENDIF
496
497	IF ( parametrize_inflow_turbulence ) THEN
498	WRITE( io, 4 ) dt_stg_adjust
499	ELSE
500	WRITE( io, 5 )
501	ENDIF
502
503	1 FORMAT (//' Synthetic turbulence generator information:'/ &
504	' ------------------------------------------'/)
505	2 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched on')
506	3 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched off')
507	4 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence statistics are parametrized and ajdusted to boundary-layer development each ', F8.2, ' s' )
508	5 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence is read from file' )
509
510	END SUBROUTINE stg_header
511
512
513	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
514	! Description:
515	! ------------
516	!> Initialization of the synthetic turbulence generator
517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
518	SUBROUTINE stg_init
519
520
521	USE arrays_3d, &
522	ONLY: dzw, ddzw, u_init, v_init, zu
523
524	USE control_parameters, &
525	ONLY: child_domain, coupling_char, e_init, nesting_offline, rans_mode
526
527	USE grid_variables, &
528	ONLY: ddx, ddy, dx, dy
529
530	USE indices, &
531	ONLY: nz
532
533	USE pmc_interface, &
534	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
535
536
537	IMPLICIT NONE
538
539	LOGICAL :: file_stg_exist = .FALSE. !< flag indicating whether parameter file for Reynolds stress and length scales exist
540
541	#if defined( __parallel )
542	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: extent !< extent of new MPI type
543	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: tob=0 !< dummy variable
544	#endif
545
546	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !> grid index in x-direction
547	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !> loop index
548	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index
549	INTEGER(iwp) :: newtype !< dummy MPI type
550	INTEGER(iwp) :: realsize !< size of REAL variables
551	INTEGER(iwp) :: nseed !< dimension of random number seed
552	INTEGER(iwp) :: startseed = 1234567890 !< start seed for random number generator
553
554	!
555	!-- Dummy variables used for reading profiles
556	REAL(wp) :: d1 !< u profile
557	REAL(wp) :: d2 !< v profile
558	REAL(wp) :: d3 !< w profile
559	REAL(wp) :: d5 !< e profile
560	REAL(wp) :: d11 !< vertical interpolation for a11
561	REAL(wp) :: d21 !< vertical interpolation for a21
562	REAL(wp) :: d22 !< vertical interpolation for a22
563	REAL(wp) :: luy !< length scale for u in y direction
564	REAL(wp) :: luz !< length scale for u in z direction
565	REAL(wp) :: lvy !< length scale for v in y direction
566	REAL(wp) :: lvz !< length scale for v in z direction
567	REAL(wp) :: lwy !< length scale for w in y direction
568	REAL(wp) :: lwz !< length scale for w in z direction
569	REAL(wp) :: nnz !< increment used to determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x and y direction
570	REAL(wp) :: zz !< height
571
572
573	#if defined( __parallel )
574	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
575	#endif
576
577	#if defined( __parallel )
578	!
579	!-- Determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x- and y-direction
580	nnz = nz / pdims(1)
581	nzb_x_stg = 1 + myidx * INT( nnz )
582	nzt_x_stg = ( myidx + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
583
584	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(1) ) /= 0 .AND. myidx == id_stg_right ) &
585	nzt_x_stg = nzt_x_stg + myidx * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
586
587	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
588	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
589	nnz = nz / pdims(2)
590	nzb_y_stg = 1 + myidy * INT( nnz )
591	nzt_y_stg = ( myidy + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
592
593	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(2) ) /= 0 .AND. myidy == id_stg_north ) &
594	nzt_y_stg = nzt_y_stg + myidy * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
595	ENDIF
596
597	!
598	!-- Define MPI type used in stg_generate_seed_yz to gather vertical splitted
599	!-- velocity seeds
600	CALL MPI_TYPE_SIZE( MPI_REAL, realsize, ierr )
601	extent = 1 * realsize
602	!
603	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at yz
604	!-- layer
605	!-- stg_type_yz: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
606	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
607	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
608	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz, ierr )
609	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz, ierr )
610	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
611
612	! stg_type_yz_small: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
613	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
614	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
615	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
616	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
617	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
618
619	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
620	ALLOCATE( recv_count_yz(pdims(1)), displs_yz(pdims(1)) )
621
622	recv_count_yz = nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg + 1
623	recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) = recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) + 1
624
625	DO j = 1, pdims(1)
626	displs_yz(j) = 0 + (nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+1) * (j-1)
627	ENDDO
628	!
629	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at xz
630	!-- layer
631	!-- stg_type_xz: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
632	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
633	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
634	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
635	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
636	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz, ierr )
637	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz, ierr )
638	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
639
640	! stg_type_yz_small: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
641	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
642	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
643	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
644	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
645	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
646
647	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
648	ALLOCATE( recv_count_xz(pdims(2)), displs_xz(pdims(2)) )
649
650	recv_count_xz = nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg + 1
651	recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) = recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) + 1
652
653	DO j = 1, pdims(2)
654	displs_xz(j) = 0 + (nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+1) * (j-1)
655	ENDDO
656
657	ENDIF
658
659	#endif
660	!
661	!-- Define seed of random number
662	CALL RANDOM_SEED()
663	CALL RANDOM_SEED( size=nseed )
664	ALLOCATE( seed(1:nseed) )
665	DO j = 1, nseed
666	seed(j) = startseed + j
667	ENDDO
668	CALL RANDOM_SEED(put=seed)
669	!
670	!-- Allocate required arrays
671	!-- mean_inflow profiles must not be allocated in offline nesting
672	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
673	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( mean_inflow_profiles ) ) &
674	ALLOCATE( mean_inflow_profiles(nzb:nzt+1,1:num_mean_inflow_profiles) )
675	ENDIF
676
677	ALLOCATE ( a11(nzb:nzt+1), a21(nzb:nzt+1), a22(nzb:nzt+1), &
678	a31(nzb:nzt+1), a32(nzb:nzt+1), a33(nzb:nzt+1), &
679	nux(nzb:nzt+1), nuy(nzb:nzt+1), nuz(nzb:nzt+1), &
680	nvx(nzb:nzt+1), nvy(nzb:nzt+1), nvz(nzb:nzt+1), &
681	nwx(nzb:nzt+1), nwy(nzb:nzt+1), nwz(nzb:nzt+1), &
682	r11(nzb:nzt+1), r21(nzb:nzt+1), r22(nzb:nzt+1), &
683	r31(nzb:nzt+1), r32(nzb:nzt+1), r33(nzb:nzt+1), &
684	tu(nzb:nzt+1), tv(nzb:nzt+1), tw(nzb:nzt+1) )
685
686	ALLOCATE ( dist_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg,3) )
687	ALLOCATE ( dist_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,3) )
688	dist_xz = 0.0_wp
689	dist_yz = 0.0_wp
690	!
691	!-- Read inflow profile
692	!-- Height levels of profiles in input profile is as follows:
693	!-- zu: luy, luz, tu, lvy, lvz, tv, r11, r21, r22, d1, d2, d5
694	!-- zw: lwy, lwz, tw, r31, r32, r33, d3
695	!-- WARNING: zz is not used at the moment
696	INQUIRE( FILE = 'STG_PROFILES' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
697	EXIST = file_stg_exist )
698
699	IF ( file_stg_exist ) THEN
700
701	OPEN( 90, FILE='STG_PROFILES'//TRIM( coupling_char ), STATUS='OLD', &
702	FORM='FORMATTED')
703	!
704	!-- Skip header
705	READ( 90, * )
706
707	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
708	READ( 90, * ) zz, luy, luz, tu(k), lvy, lvz, tv(k), lwy, lwz, tw(k), &
709	r11(k), r21(k), r22(k), r31(k), r32(k), r33(k), &
710	d1, d2, d3, d5
711
712	!
713	!-- Convert length scales from meter to number of grid points.
714	nuy(k) = INT( luy * ddy )
715	nuz(k) = INT( luz * ddzw(k) )
716	nvy(k) = INT( lvy * ddy )
717	nvz(k) = INT( lvz * ddzw(k) )
718	nwy(k) = INT( lwy * ddy )
719	nwz(k) = INT( lwz * ddzw(k) )
720	!
721	!-- Workaround, assume isotropic turbulence
722	nwx(k) = nwy(k)
723	nvx(k) = nvy(k)
724	nux(k) = nuy(k)
725	!
726	!-- Save Mean inflow profiles
727	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
728	mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) = d1
729	mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) = d2
730	! mean_inflow_profiles(k,4) = d4
731	mean_inflow_profiles(k,5) = d5
732	ENDIF
733	ENDDO
734	!
735	!-- Set lenght scales at surface grid point
736	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
737	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
738	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
739	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
740	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
741	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
742
743	CLOSE( 90 )
744	!
745	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
746	!-- (Lund rotation)
747	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
748	!
749	!-- No information about turbulence and its length scales are available.
750	!-- Instead, parametrize turbulence which is imposed at the boundaries.
751	!-- Set flag which indicates that turbulence is parametrized, which is done
752	!-- later when energy-balance models are already initialized. This is
753	!-- because the STG needs information about surface properties such as
754	!-- roughness to build 'realistic' turbulence profiles.
755	ELSE
756	!
757	!-- Set flag indicating that turbulence is parametrized
758	parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .TRUE.
759	!
760	!-- Determine boundary-layer depth, which is used to initialize lenght
761	!-- scales
762	CALL calc_scaling_variables
763	!
764	!-- Initialize lenght and time scales, which in turn are used
765	!-- to initialize the filter functions.
766	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
767
768	ENDIF
769
770	!
771	!-- Assign initial profiles. Note, this is only required if turbulent
772	!-- inflow from the left is desired, not in case of any of the
773	!-- nesting (offline or self nesting) approaches.
774	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
775	u_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,1)
776	v_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,2)
777	!pt_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,4)
778	e_init = MAXVAL( mean_inflow_profiles(:,5) )
779	ENDIF
780
781	!
782	!-- Define the size of the filter functions and allocate them.
783	merg = 0
784
785	! arrays must be large enough to cover the largest length scale
786	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
787	j = MAX( ABS(nux(k)), ABS(nuy(k)), ABS(nuz(k)), &
788	ABS(nvx(k)), ABS(nvy(k)), ABS(nvz(k)), &
789	ABS(nwx(k)), ABS(nwy(k)), ABS(nwz(k)) )
790	IF ( j > merg ) merg = j
791	ENDDO
792
793	merg = 2 * merg
794	mergp = merg + nbgp
795
796	ALLOCATE ( bux(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
797	buy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
798	buz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
799	bvx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
800	bvy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
801	bvz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
802	bwx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
803	bwy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
804	bwz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) )
805
806	!
807	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at xz-layer
808	ALLOCATE ( fu_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fuo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
809	fv_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fvo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
810	fw_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fwo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) )
811
812	!
813	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at yz-layer
814	ALLOCATE ( fu_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fuo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
815	fv_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fvo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
816	fw_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fwo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) )
817
818	fu_xz = 0.0_wp
819	fuo_xz = 0.0_wp
820	fv_xz = 0.0_wp
821	fvo_xz = 0.0_wp
822	fw_xz = 0.0_wp
823	fwo_xz = 0.0_wp
824
825	fu_yz = 0.0_wp
826	fuo_yz = 0.0_wp
827	fv_yz = 0.0_wp
828	fvo_yz = 0.0_wp
829	fw_yz = 0.0_wp
830	fwo_yz = 0.0_wp
831
832	!
833	!-- Create filter functions
834	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
835	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
836	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
837	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
838	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
839	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
840	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
841	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
842	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
843
844	#if defined( __parallel )
845	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
846	#endif
847
848	!
849	!-- In case of restart, calculate velocity seeds fu, fv, fw from former
850	! time step.
851	! Bug: fu, fv, fw are different in those heights where a11, a22, a33
852	! are 0 compared to the prerun. This is mostly for k=nzt+1.
853	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
854	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
855
856	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = -1
857	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
858
859	DO j = nysg, nyng
860	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
861
862	IF ( a11(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
863	fu_yz(k,j) = ( u(k,j,i) / mc_factor - u_init(k) ) / a11(k)
864	ELSE
865	fu_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
866	ENDIF
867
868	IF ( a22(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
869	fv_yz(k,j) = ( v(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
870	v_init(k) ) / a22(k)
871	ELSE
872	fv_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
873	ENDIF
874
875	IF ( a33(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
876	fw_yz(k,j) = ( w(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
877	a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ) / a33(k)
878	ELSE
879	fw_yz = 0._wp
880	ENDIF
881
882	ENDDO
883	ENDDO
884	ENDIF
885	ENDIF
886
887	END SUBROUTINE stg_init
888
889
890	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
891	! Description:
892	! ------------
893	!> Calculate filter function bxx from length scale nxx following Eg.9 and 10
894	!> (Xie and Castro, 2008)
895	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
896	SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func( nxx, bxx )
897
898
899	IMPLICIT NONE
900
901	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index
902	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k !< length scale nXX in height k
903	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k2 !< n_k * 2
904	INTEGER(iwp) :: nf !< index for length scales
905
906	REAL(wp) :: bdenom !< denominator for filter functions bXX
907	REAL(wp) :: qsi = 1.0_wp !< minimization factor
908
909	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:) :: nxx(nzb:nzt+1) !< length scale (in gp)
910
911	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:) :: bxx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) !< filter function
912
913
914	bxx = 0.0_wp
915
916	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
917	bdenom = 0.0_wp
918	n_k = nxx(k)
919	IF ( n_k /= 0 ) THEN
920	n_k2 = n_k * 2
921
922	!
923	!-- ( Eq.10 )^2
924	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
925	bdenom = bdenom + EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k )**2
926	ENDDO
927
928	!
929	!-- ( Eq.9 )
930	bdenom = SQRT( bdenom )
931	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
932	bxx(nf,k) = EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k ) / bdenom
933	ENDDO
934	ENDIF
935	ENDDO
936
937	END SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func
938
939
940	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
941	! Description:
942	! ------------
943	!> Parin for &stg_par for synthetic turbulence generator
944	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
945	SUBROUTINE stg_parin
946
947
948	IMPLICIT NONE
949
950	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
951
952
953	NAMELIST /stg_par/ dt_stg_adjust, dt_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
954
955	line = ' '
956
957	!
958	!-- Try to find stg package
959	REWIND ( 11 )
960	line = ' '
961	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&stg_par' ) == 0 )
962	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=20 ) line
963	ENDDO
964	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
965
966	!
967	!-- Read namelist
968	READ ( 11, stg_par, ERR = 10, END = 20 )
969
970	!
971	!-- Set flag that indicates that the synthetic turbulence generator is switched
972	!-- on
973	syn_turb_gen = .TRUE.
974	GOTO 20
975
976	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
977	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
978	CALL parin_fail_message( 'stg_par', line )
979
980	20 CONTINUE
981
982	END SUBROUTINE stg_parin
983
984
985	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
986	! Description:
987	! ------------
988	!> This routine reads the respective restart data.
989	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
990	SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global( found )
991
992
993	USE control_parameters, &
994	ONLY: length, restart_string
995
996
997	IMPLICIT NONE
998
999	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !< flag indicating if variable was found
1000
1001
1002	found = .TRUE.
1003
1004
1005	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1006
1007	CASE ( 'mc_factor' )
1008	READ ( 13 ) mc_factor
1009	CASE ( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
1010	READ ( 13 ) use_syn_turb_gen
1011
1012	CASE DEFAULT
1013
1014	found = .FALSE.
1015
1016	END SELECT
1017
1018
1019	END SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global
1020
1021
1022	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1023	! Description:
1024	! ------------
1025	!> This routine writes the respective restart data.
1026	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1027	SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
1028
1029
1030	IMPLICIT NONE
1031
1032	CALL wrd_write_string( 'mc_factor' )
1033	WRITE ( 14 ) mc_factor
1034
1035	CALL wrd_write_string( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
1036	WRITE ( 14 ) use_syn_turb_gen
1037
1038
1039	END SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
1040
1041
1042	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1043	! Description:
1044	! ------------
1045	!> Create turbulent inflow fields for u, v, w with prescribed length scales and
1046	!> Reynolds stress tensor after a method of Xie and Castro (2008), modified
1047	!> following suggestions of Kim et al. (2013), and using a Lund rotation
1048	!> (Lund, 1998).
1049	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1050	SUBROUTINE stg_main
1051
1052
1053	USE arrays_3d, &
1054	ONLY: dzw
1055
1056	USE control_parameters, &
1057	ONLY: child_domain, dt_3d, intermediate_timestep_count, &
1058	nesting_offline, rans_mode, time_since_reference_point, &
1059	volume_flow_initial
1060
1061	USE grid_variables, &
1062	ONLY: dx, dy
1063
1064	USE indices, &
1065	ONLY: wall_flags_0
1066
1067	USE statistics, &
1068	ONLY: weight_substep
1069
1070	USE pmc_interface, &
1071	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
1072
1073
1074	IMPLICIT NONE
1075
1076	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index in x-direction
1077	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
1078	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1079
1080	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg !< wheighted subtimestep
1081	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor_l !< local mass flux correction factor
1082	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow !< mass flux through lateral boundary
1083	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow_l !< local mass flux through lateral boundary
1084
1085
1086	!
1087	!-- Calculate time step which is needed for filter functions
1088	dt_stg = MAX( dt_3d, dt_stg_call ) !* weight_substep(intermediate_timestep_count)
1089	!
1090	!-- Initial value of fu, fv, fw
1091	IF ( time_since_reference_point == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. velocity_seed_initialized ) THEN
1092	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_left )
1093	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_left )
1094	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_left )
1095
1096	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
1097	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
1098	!
1099	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
1100	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_right )
1101	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_right )
1102	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_right )
1103	!
1104	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
1105	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_north )
1106	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_north )
1107	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_north )
1108	!
1109	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
1110	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_south )
1111	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_south )
1112	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_south )
1113	ENDIF
1114	velocity_seed_initialized = .TRUE.
1115	ENDIF
1116
1117	!
1118	!-- New set of fu, fv, fw
1119	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_left )
1120	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_left )
1121	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_left )
1122
1123	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
1124	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
1125	!
1126	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
1127	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_right )
1128	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_right )
1129	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_right )
1130	!
1131	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
1132	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_north )
1133	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_north )
1134	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_north )
1135	!
1136	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
1137	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_south )
1138	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_south )
1139	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_south )
1140	ENDIF
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Turbulence generation at left and or right boundary
1144	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
1145
1146	DO j = nysg, nyng
1147	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
1148	!
1149	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1150	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1151	fu_yz(k,j) = fuo_yz(k,j)
1152	ELSE
1153	fu_yz(k,j) = fu_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
1154	fuo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
1155	ENDIF
1156
1157	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1158	fv_yz(k,j) = fvo_yz(k,j)
1159	ELSE
1160	fv_yz(k,j) = fv_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
1161	fvo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
1162	ENDIF
1163
1164	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1165	fw_yz(k,j) = fwo_yz(k,j)
1166	ELSE
1167	fw_yz(k,j) = fw_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
1168	fwo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
1169	ENDIF
1170	!
1171	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
1172	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
1173	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
1174	dist_yz(k,j,1) = 0.0_wp
1175	dist_yz(k,j,2) = 0.0_wp
1176	dist_yz(k,j,3) = 0.0_wp
1177	ELSE
1178	dist_yz(k,j,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_yz(k,j), 3.0_wp )
1179	!experimental test of 1.2
1180	dist_yz(k,j,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
1181	* 1.2_wp ) &
1182	* ( a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
1183	+ a22(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
1184	dist_yz(k,j,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
1185	* 1.3_wp ) &
1186	* ( a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
1187	+ a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) &
1188	+ a33(k) * fw_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
1189	ENDIF
1190
1191	ENDDO
1192	ENDDO
1193
1194	!
1195	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
1196	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
1197	!-- inflow boundary
1198	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
1199	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1200	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1201	DO j = nys, nyn
1202	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1203	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + dzw(k) * &
1204	( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) )
1205	ENDDO
1206	ENDDO
1207
1208	#if defined( __parallel )
1209	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
1210	comm1dy, ierr )
1211	#else
1212	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1213	#endif
1214
1215	mc_factor = volume_flow_initial(1) / mc_factor
1216
1217	!
1218	!-- Add disturbance at the inflow
1219	DO j = nysg, nyng
1220	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1221	u(k,j,-nbgp+1:0) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + &
1222	dist_yz(k,j,1) ) * mc_factor
1223	v(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) + &
1224	dist_yz(k,j,2) ) * mc_factor
1225	w(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = dist_yz(k,j,3) * mc_factor
1226	ENDDO
1227	ENDDO
1228
1229	ELSE
1230	!
1231	!-- First, calculate volume flow at yz boundary
1232	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = nxl
1233	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
1234
1235	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
1236	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
1237	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1238	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1239	DO j = nys, nyn
1240	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1241	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + u(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dy &
1242	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1243	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1244
1245	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( u(k,j,i) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1246	* dzw(k) * dy &
1247	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1248	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251	#if defined( __parallel )
1252	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
1253	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
1254	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
1255	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
1256	#else
1257	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
1258	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1259	#endif
1260
1261	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
1262
1263	!
1264	!-- Add disturbances
1265	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) THEN
1266	DO j = nys, nyn
1267	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1268	u(k,j,0) = ( u(k,j,0) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1269	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1270	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,0), 1 ) )
1271	u(k,j,-1) = u(k,j,0)
1272	v(k,j,-1) = ( v(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
1273	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1274	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 2 ) )
1275	w(k,j,-1) = ( w(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
1276	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1277	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 3 ) )
1278	ENDDO
1279	ENDDO
1280	ENDIF
1281	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
1282	DO j = nys, nyn
1283	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1284	u(k,j,nxr+1) = ( u(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
1285	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1286	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 1 ) )
1287	v(k,j,nxr+1) = ( v(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
1288	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1289	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 2 ) )
1290	w(k,j,nxr+1) = ( w(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
1291	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1292	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 3 ) )
1293	ENDDO
1294	ENDDO
1295	ENDIF
1296	ENDIF
1297
1298	ENDIF
1299	!
1300	!-- Turbulence generation at north and south boundary
1301	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north .OR. myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
1302
1303	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1304	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
1305	!
1306	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1307	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1308	fu_xz(k,i) = fuo_xz(k,i)
1309	ELSE
1310	fu_xz(k,i) = fu_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
1311	fuo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
1312	ENDIF
1313
1314	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1315	fv_xz(k,i) = fvo_xz(k,i)
1316	ELSE
1317	fv_xz(k,i) = fv_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
1318	fvo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
1319	ENDIF
1320
1321	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1322	fw_xz(k,i) = fwo_xz(k,i)
1323	ELSE
1324	fw_xz(k,i) = fw_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
1325	fwo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
1326	ENDIF
1327	!
1328	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
1329	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
1330	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
1331	dist_xz(k,i,1) = 0.0_wp
1332	dist_xz(k,i,2) = 0.0_wp
1333	dist_xz(k,i,3) = 0.0_wp
1334
1335	ELSE
1336	dist_xz(k,i,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_xz(k,i), 3.0_wp )
1337	!experimental test of 1.2
1338	dist_xz(k,i,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
1339	* 1.2_wp ) &
1340	* ( a21(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
1341	+ a22(k) * fv_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
1342	dist_xz(k,i,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
1343	* 1.3_wp ) &
1344	* ( a31(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
1345	+ a32(k) * fv_xz(k,i) &
1346	+ a33(k) * fw_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
1347	ENDIF
1348
1349	ENDDO
1350	ENDDO
1351
1352	!
1353	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
1354	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
1355	!-- inflow boundary.
1356	!-- First, calculate volume flow at xz boundary
1357	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) j = nys
1358	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) j = nyn+1
1359
1360	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
1361	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
1362	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
1363	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
1364	DO i = nxl, nxr
1365	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1366	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + v(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dx &
1367	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1368	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
1369
1370	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( v(k,j,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1371	* dzw(k) * dx &
1372	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1373	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
1374	ENDDO
1375	ENDDO
1376	#if defined( __parallel )
1377	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
1378	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
1379	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
1380	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
1381	#else
1382	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
1383	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
1384	#endif
1385
1386	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
1387
1388	!
1389	!-- Add disturbances
1390	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
1391
1392	DO i = nxl, nxr
1393	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1394	u(k,-1,i) = ( u(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
1395	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1396	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 1 ) )
1397	v(k,0,i) = ( v(k,0,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1398	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1399	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,0,i), 2 ) )
1400	v(k,-1,i) = v(k,0,i)
1401	w(k,-1,i) = ( w(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
1402	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1403	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 3 ) )
1404	ENDDO
1405	ENDDO
1406	ENDIF
1407	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) THEN
1408
1409	DO i = nxl, nxr
1410	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1411	u(k,nyn+1,i) = ( u(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
1412	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1413	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 1 ) )
1414	v(k,nyn+1,i) = ( v(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
1415	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1416	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 2 ) )
1417	w(k,nyn+1,i) = ( w(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
1418	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
1419	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 3 ) )
1420	ENDDO
1421	ENDDO
1422	ENDIF
1423	ENDIF
1424	!
1425	!-- Finally, set time counter for calling STG to zero
1426	time_stg_call = 0.0_wp
1427
1428
1429	END SUBROUTINE stg_main
1430
1431	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1432	! Description:
1433	! ------------
1434	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
1435	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
1436	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in x-direction and
1437	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
1438	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
1439	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1440	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz( n_y, n_z, b_y, b_z, f_n, id )
1441
1442
1443	USE indices, &
1444	ONLY: ny
1445
1446	IMPLICIT NONE
1447
1448	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
1449	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
1450	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< loop index in y-direction
1451	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1452	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
1453	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
1454
1455	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y !< length scale in y-direction
1456	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
1457	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y2 !< n_y*2
1458	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
1459
1460	REAL(wp) :: nyz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in yz-slice
1461	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
1462	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
1463
1464	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_y !< filter function in y-direction
1465	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
1466	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
1467	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n !< velocity seed
1468	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
1469
1470
1471	!
1472	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
1473	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
1474	!-- unit variance.
1475	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:ny+mergp) )
1476
1477	rand_av = 0.0_wp
1478	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
1479	nyz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( ny+1 ), KIND=wp )
1480
1481	DO j = 0, ny
1482	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1483	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,j) )
1484	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,j)
1485	ENDDO
1486	ENDDO
1487
1488	rand_av = rand_av * nyz_inv
1489
1490	DO j = 0, ny
1491	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1492	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) - rand_av
1493	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,j) ** 2
1494	ENDDO
1495	ENDDO
1496
1497	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nyz_inv)
1498
1499	DO j = 0, ny
1500	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1501	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) * rand_sigma_inv
1502	ENDDO
1503	ENDDO
1504
1505	!
1506	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
1507	DO j = 0, ny
1508	DO k = 1, mergp
1509	rand_it(nzb -k,j) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,j) ! bottom margin
1510	rand_it(nzt+1+k,j) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,j) ! top margin
1511	ENDDO
1512	ENDDO
1513	DO j = 1, mergp
1514	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
1515	rand_it(k, -j) = rand_it(k,ny-j+1) ! south margin
1516	rand_it(k,ny+j) = rand_it(k, j-1) ! north margin
1517	ENDDO
1518	ENDDO
1519
1520	!
1521	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1522	n_y2 = n_y * 2
1523	n_z2 = n_z * 2
1524	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
1525
1526	DO j = nysg, nyng
1527	DO k = nzb_x_stg, nzt_x_stg+1
1528	DO jj = -n_y2(k), n_y2(k)
1529	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
1530	f_n_l(k,j) = f_n_l(k,j) &
1531	+ b_y(jj,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,j+jj)
1532	ENDDO
1533	ENDDO
1534	ENDDO
1535	ENDDO
1536
1537	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
1538	!
1539	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
1540	send_count = nzt_x_stg - nzb_x_stg + 1
1541	IF ( nzt_x_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
1542
1543	#if defined( __parallel )
1544	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_x_stg,nysg), send_count, stg_type_yz_small, &
1545	f_n(nzb+1,nysg), recv_count_yz, displs_yz, stg_type_yz, &
1546	id, comm1dx, ierr )
1547	#else
1548	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) = f_n_l(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng)
1549	#endif
1550
1551
1552	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1558	! Description:
1559	! ------------
1560	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
1561	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
1562	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in y-direction and
1563	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
1564	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
1565	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1566	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz( n_x, n_z, b_x, b_z, f_n, id )
1567
1568
1569	USE indices, &
1570	ONLY: nx
1571
1572
1573	IMPLICIT NONE
1574
1575	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
1576	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
1577	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< loop index in x-direction
1578	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1579	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
1580	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
1581
1582	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x !< length scale in x-direction
1583	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
1584	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x2 !< n_x*2
1585	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
1586
1587	REAL(wp) :: nxz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in xz-slice
1588	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
1589	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
1590
1591	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_x !< filter function in x-direction
1592	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
1593	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
1594	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n !< velocity seed
1595	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
1596
1597
1598	!
1599	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
1600	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
1601	!-- unit variance.
1602	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:nx+mergp) )
1603
1604	rand_av = 0.0_wp
1605	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
1606	nxz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( nx+1 ), KIND=wp )
1607
1608	DO i = 0, nx
1609	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1610	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,i) )
1611	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,i)
1612	ENDDO
1613	ENDDO
1614
1615	rand_av = rand_av * nxz_inv
1616
1617	DO i = 0, nx
1618	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1619	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) - rand_av
1620	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,i) ** 2
1621	ENDDO
1622	ENDDO
1623
1624	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nxz_inv)
1625
1626	DO i = 0, nx
1627	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1628	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) * rand_sigma_inv
1629	ENDDO
1630	ENDDO
1631
1632	!
1633	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
1634	DO i = 0, nx
1635	DO k = 1, mergp
1636	rand_it(nzb-k,i) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,i) ! bottom margin
1637	rand_it(nzt+1+k,i) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,i) ! top margin
1638	ENDDO
1639	ENDDO
1640	DO i = 1, mergp
1641	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
1642	rand_it(k,-i) = rand_it(k,nx-i+1) ! left margin
1643	rand_it(k,nx+i) = rand_it(k,i-1) ! right margin
1644	ENDDO
1645	ENDDO
1646
1647	!
1648	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
1649	n_x2 = n_x * 2
1650	n_z2 = n_z * 2
1651	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
1652
1653	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1654	DO k = nzb_y_stg, nzt_y_stg+1
1655	DO ii = -n_x2(k), n_x2(k)
1656	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
1657	f_n_l(k,i) = f_n_l(k,i) &
1658	+ b_x(ii,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,i+ii)
1659	ENDDO
1660	ENDDO
1661	ENDDO
1662	ENDDO
1663
1664	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
1665
1666	!
1667	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
1668	send_count = nzt_y_stg - nzb_y_stg + 1
1669	IF ( nzt_y_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
1670
1671
1672	#if defined( __parallel )
1673	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_y_stg,nxlg), send_count, stg_type_xz_small, &
1674	f_n(nzb+1,nxlg), recv_count_xz, displs_xz, stg_type_xz, &
1675	id, comm1dy, ierr )
1676	#else
1677	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) = f_n_l(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg)
1678	#endif
1679
1680
1681	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz
1682
1683	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1684	! Description:
1685	! ------------
1686	!> Parametrization of the Reynolds stress tensor, following the parametrization
1687	!> described in Rotach et al. (1996), which is applied in state-of-the-art
1688	!> dispserion modelling. Please note, the parametrization does not distinguish
1689	!> between along-wind and cross-wind turbulence.
1690	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1691	SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
1692
1693	USE arrays_3d, &
1694	ONLY: zu
1695
1696	IMPLICIT NONE
1697
1698	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1699
1700	REAL(wp) :: zzi !< ratio of z/zi
1701
1702	!
1703	!--
1704	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1705
1706	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
1707	!
1708	!-- Determine normalized height coordinate
1709	zzi = zu(k) / zi_ribulk
1710	!
1711	!-- u'u' and v'v'. Assume isotropy. Note, add a small negative number
1712	!-- to the denominator, else the merge-function can crash if scale_l is
1713	!-- zero.
1714	r11(k) = scale_us*2 ( &
1715	MERGE( 0.35_wp * ( &
1716	- zi_ribulk / ( kappa * scale_l - 10E-4_wp ) &
1717	)**( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ), &
1718	0.0_wp, &
1719	scale_l < 0.0_wp ) &
1720	+ 5.0_wp - 4.0_wp * zzi &
1721	)
1722
1723	r22(k) = r11(k)
1724	!
1725	!-- w'w'
1726	r33(k) = scale_wm*2 ( &
1727	1.5_wp * zzi*( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) EXP( -2.0_wp * zzi ) &
1728	+ ( 1.7_wp - zzi ) * ( scale_us / scale_wm )**2 &
1729	)
1730	!
1731	!-- u'w' and v'w'. Assume isotropy.
1732	r31(k) = - scale_us*2 ( &
1733	1.0_wp - EXP( 3.0_wp * ( zzi - 1.0_wp ) ) &
1734	)
1735
1736	r32(k) = r31(k)
1737	!
1738	!-- For u'v' no parametrization exist so far - ?. For simplicity assume
1739	!-- a similar profile as for u'w'.
1740	r21(k) = r31(k)
1741	!
1742	!-- Above the boundary layer, assmume laminar flow conditions.
1743	ELSE
1744	r11(k) = 10E-8_wp
1745	r22(k) = 10E-8_wp
1746	r33(k) = 10E-8_wp
1747	r21(k) = 10E-8_wp
1748	r31(k) = 10E-8_wp
1749	r32(k) = 10E-8_wp
1750	ENDIF
1751	ENDDO
1752
1753	!
1754	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
1755	r11(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
1756	r22(nzb) = r22(nzb+1)
1757	r33(nzb) = r33(nzb+1)
1758
1759	r21(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
1760	r31(nzb) = r31(nzb+1)
1761	r32(nzb) = r32(nzb+1)
1762
1763
1764	END SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
1765
1766	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1767	! Description:
1768	! ------------
1769	!> Calculate the coefficient matrix from the Lund rotation.
1770	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1771	SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
1772
1773	IMPLICIT NONE
1774
1775	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1776
1777	!
1778	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix. Split loops to allow for loop vectorization.
1779	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1780	IF ( r11(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1781	a11(k) = SQRT( r11(k) )
1782	a21(k) = r21(k) / a11(k)
1783	a31(k) = r31(k) / a11(k)
1784	ELSE
1785	a11(k) = 10E-8_wp
1786	a21(k) = 10E-8_wp
1787	a31(k) = 10E-8_wp
1788	ENDIF
1789	ENDDO
1790	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1791	a22(k) = r22(k) - a21(k)**2
1792	IF ( a22(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1793	a22(k) = SQRT( a22(k) )
1794	a32(k) = r32(k) - a21(k) * a31(k) / a22(k)
1795	ELSE
1796	a22(k) = 10E-8_wp
1797	a32(k) = 10E-8_wp
1798	ENDIF
1799	ENDDO
1800	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1801	a33(k) = r33(k) - a31(k)2 - a32(k)2
1802	IF ( a33(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1803	a33(k) = SQRT( a33(k) )
1804	ELSE
1805	a33(k) = 10E-8_wp
1806	ENDIF
1807	ENDDO
1808	!
1809	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
1810	a11(nzb) = a11(nzb+1)
1811	a22(nzb) = a22(nzb+1)
1812	a21(nzb) = a21(nzb+1)
1813	a33(nzb) = a33(nzb+1)
1814	a31(nzb) = a31(nzb+1)
1815	a32(nzb) = a32(nzb+1)
1816
1817	END SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
1818
1819	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1820	! Description:
1821	! ------------
1822	!> This routine controls the re-adjustment of the turbulence statistics used
1823	!> for generating turbulence at the lateral boundaries.
1824	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1825	SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
1826
1827	IMPLICIT NONE
1828
1829	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
1830
1831
1832	!
1833	!-- Compute mean boundary layer height according to Richardson-Bulk
1834	!-- criterion using the inflow profiles. Further velocity scale as well as
1835	!-- mean friction velocity are calculated.
1836	CALL calc_scaling_variables
1837	!
1838	!-- Set length and time scales depending on boundary-layer height
1839	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
1840	!
1841	!-- Parametrize Reynolds-stress tensor, diagonal elements as well
1842	!-- as r21 (v'u'), r31 (w'u'), r32 (w'v'). Parametrization follows
1843	!-- Rotach et al. (1996) and is based on boundary-layer depth,
1844	!-- friction velocity and velocity scale.
1845	CALL parametrize_reynolds_stress
1846	!
1847	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
1848	!-- (Lund rotation)
1849	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
1850	!
1851	!-- Determine filter functions on basis of updated length scales
1852	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
1853	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
1854	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
1855	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
1856	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
1857	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
1858	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
1859	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
1860	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
1861	!
1862	!-- Reset time counter for controlling next adjustment to zero
1863	time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp
1864
1865
1866	END SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
1867
1868
1869	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1870	! Description:
1871	! ------------
1872	!> Calculates turbuluent length and time scales if these are not available
1873	!> from measurements.
1874	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1875	SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
1876
1877	USE arrays_3d, &
1878	ONLY: dzw, ddzw, u_init, v_init, zu, zw
1879
1880	USE grid_variables, &
1881	ONLY: ddx, ddy, dx, dy
1882
1883	USE statistics, &
1884	ONLY: hom
1885
1886	IMPLICIT NONE
1887
1888
1889	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
1890
1891	REAL(wp) :: length_scale !< typical length scale
1892
1893	!
1894	!-- In initial call the boundary-layer depth can be zero. This case, set
1895	!-- minimum value for boundary-layer depth, to setup length scales correctly.
1896	zi_ribulk = MAX( zi_ribulk, zw(nzb+2) )
1897	!
1898	!-- Set-up default turbulent length scales. From the numerical point of
1899	!-- view the imposed perturbations should not be immediately dissipated
1900	!-- by the numerics. The numerical dissipation, however, acts on scales
1901	!-- up to 8 x the grid spacing. For this reason, set the turbulence
1902	!-- length scale to 8 time the grid spacing. Further, above the boundary
1903	!-- layer height, set turbulence lenght scales to zero (equivalent to not
1904	!-- imposing any perturbations) in order to save computational costs.
1905	!-- Typical time scales are derived by assuming Taylors's hypothesis,
1906	!-- using the length scales and the mean profiles of u- and v-component.
1907	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
1908
1909	length_scale = 8.0_wp * MIN( dx, dy, dzw(k) )
1910
1911	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
1912	!
1913	!-- Assume isotropic turbulence length scales
1914	nux(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1915	nuy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1916	nuz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1917	nvx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1918	nvy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1919	nvz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1920	nwx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
1921	nwy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
1922	nwz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
1923	!
1924	!-- Limit time scales, else they become very larger for low wind speed,
1925	!-- imposing long-living inflow perturbations which in turn propagate
1926	!-- further into the model domain. Use u_init and v_init to calculate
1927	!-- the time scales, which will be equal to the inflow profiles, both,
1928	!-- in offline nesting mode or in dirichlet/radiation mode.
1929	tu(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
1930	( ABS( u_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
1931	tv(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
1932	( ABS( v_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
1933	!
1934	!-- Time scale of w-component is a mixture from u- and v-component.
1935	tw(k) = SQRT( tu(k)2 + tv(k)2 )
1936	!
1937	!-- Above the boundary layer length scales are zero, i.e. imposed turbulence
1938	!-- is not correlated in space and time, just white noise. This saves
1939	!-- computations power.
1940	ELSE
1941	nux(k) = 0.0_wp
1942	nuy(k) = 0.0_wp
1943	nuz(k) = 0.0_wp
1944	nvx(k) = 0.0_wp
1945	nvy(k) = 0.0_wp
1946	nvz(k) = 0.0_wp
1947	nwx(k) = 0.0_wp
1948	nwy(k) = 0.0_wp
1949	nwz(k) = 0.0_wp
1950
1951	tu(k) = 0.0_wp
1952	tv(k) = 0.0_wp
1953	tw(k) = 0.0_wp
1954	ENDIF
1955	ENDDO
1956	!
1957	!-- Set bottom boundary condition for the length and time scales
1958	nux(nzb) = nux(nzb+1)
1959	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
1960	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
1961	nvx(nzb) = nvx(nzb+1)
1962	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
1963	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
1964	nwx(nzb) = nwx(nzb+1)
1965	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
1966	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
1967
1968	tu(nzb) = tu(nzb+1)
1969	tv(nzb) = tv(nzb+1)
1970	tw(nzb) = tw(nzb+1)
1971
1972
1973	END SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
1974
1975	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1976	! Description:
1977	! ------------
1978	!> Calculate scaling variables which are used for turbulence parametrization
1979	!> according to Rotach et al. (1996). Scaling variables are: friction velocity,
1980	!> boundary-layer depth, momentum velocity scale, and Obukhov length.
1981	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1982	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
1983
1984
1985	USE control_parameters, &
1986	ONLY: bc_dirichlet_l, bc_dirichlet_n, bc_dirichlet_r, bc_dirichlet_s, &
1987	humidity, pt_surface
1988
1989	USE indices, &
1990	ONLY: nx, ny
1991
1992	USE surface_mod, &
1993	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
1994
1995	IMPLICIT NONE
1996
1997	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
1998	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
1999	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
2000	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_ref !< index in z-direction for COSMO reference height
2001	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
2002	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< surface element index
2003
2004	REAL(wp) :: friction_vel_l !< mean friction veloctiy on subdomain
2005	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean !< mean surface sensible heat flux
2006	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean_l !< mean surface sensible heat flux on subdomain
2007	REAL(wp) :: u_int !< u-component
2008	REAL(wp) :: v_int !< v-component
2009	REAL(wp) :: vpt_surface !< near-surface virtual potential temperature
2010	REAL(wp) :: w_convective !< convective velocity scale
2011	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean !< mean roughness length
2012	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean_l !< mean roughness length on subdomain
2013
2014	!
2015	!-- Mean friction velocity and velocity scale. Therefore,
2016	!-- pre-calculate mean roughness length and surface sensible heat flux
2017	!-- in the model domain, which are further used to estimate friction
2018	!-- velocity and velocity scale. Note, for z0 linear averaging is applied,
2019	!-- even though this is known to unestimate the effective roughness.
2020	!-- This need to be revised later.
2021	z0_mean_l = 0.0_wp
2022	shf_mean_l = 0.0_wp
2023	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
2024	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%z0(m)
2025	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%shf(m)
2026	ENDDO
2027	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
2028	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%z0(m)
2029	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%shf(m)
2030	ENDDO
2031	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
2032	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_usm_h%z0(m)
2033	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_usm_h%shf(m)
2034	ENDDO
2035
2036	#if defined( __parallel )
2037	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( z0_mean_l, z0_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2038	comm2d, ierr )
2039	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( shf_mean_l, shf_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2040	comm2d, ierr )
2041	#else
2042	z0_mean = z0_mean_l
2043	shf_mean = shf_mean_l
2044	#endif
2045	z0_mean = z0_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
2046	shf_mean = shf_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
2047
2048	!
2049	!-- Note, Inifor does not use logarithmic interpolation of the
2050	!-- velocity components near the ground, so that near-surface
2051	!-- wind speed and thus the friction velocity is overestimated.
2052	!-- However, friction velocity is used for turbulence
2053	!-- parametrization, so that more physically meaningful values are important.
2054	!-- Hence, derive friction velocity from wind speed at a reference height,
2055	!-- which is 10 m, according to the height of the 1st vertical grid level
2056	!-- in the COSMO level. However, in case of topography that is higher than
2057	!-- the reference level, the k index is determined from the 1st vertical
2058	!-- PALM grid level instead.
2059	!-- For a first guess use 20 m, which is in the range of the first
2060	!-- COSMO vertical level.
2061	k_ref = MINLOC( ABS( zu - cosmo_ref ), DIM = 1 ) - 1
2062
2063	friction_vel_l = 0.0_wp
2064	IF ( bc_dirichlet_l .OR. bc_dirichlet_r ) THEN
2065
2066	i = MERGE( -1, nxr + 1, bc_dirichlet_l )
2067
2068	DO j = nys, nyn
2069	!
2070	!-- Determine the k index and topography top index
2071	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
2072	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
2073	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
2074	!
2075	!-- Note, in u- and v- component the imposed perturbations
2076	!-- from the STG are already included. Check whether this
2077	!-- makes any difference compared to using the pure-mean
2078	!-- inflow profiles.
2079	u_int = MERGE( u(k,j,i+1), u(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_l )
2080	v_int = v(k,j,i)
2081	!
2082	!-- Calculate friction velocity and sum-up. Therefore, assume
2083	!-- neutral condtions.
2084	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
2085	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
2086	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
2087
2088	ENDDO
2089
2090	ENDIF
2091
2092	IF ( bc_dirichlet_s .OR. bc_dirichlet_n ) THEN
2093
2094	j = MERGE( -1, nyn + 1, bc_dirichlet_s )
2095
2096	DO i = nxl, nxr
2097
2098	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
2099	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
2100	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
2101
2102	u_int = u(k,j,i)
2103	v_int = MERGE( v(k,j+1,i), v(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_s )
2104
2105	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
2106	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
2107	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
2108
2109	ENDDO
2110
2111	ENDIF
2112
2113	#if defined( __parallel )
2114	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( friction_vel_l, scale_us, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2115	comm2d, ierr )
2116	#else
2117	scale_us = friction_vel_l
2118	#endif
2119	scale_us = scale_us / REAL( 2 * nx + 2 * ny, KIND = wp )
2120
2121	!
2122	!-- Compute mean Obukhov length
2123	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2124	scale_l = - pt_surface / ( kappa * g ) * scale_us**3 / shf_mean
2125	ELSE
2126	scale_l = 0.0_wp
2127	ENDIF
2128
2129	!
2130	!-- Compute mean convective velocity scale. Note, in case the mean heat flux
2131	!-- is negative, set convective velocity scale to zero.
2132	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2133	w_convective = ( g * shf_mean * zi_ribulk / pt_surface )**( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
2134	ELSE
2135	w_convective = 0.0_wp
2136	ENDIF
2137	!
2138	!-- Finally, in order to consider also neutral or stable stratification,
2139	!-- compute momentum velocity scale from u* and convective velocity scale,
2140	!-- according to Rotach et al. (1996).
2141	scale_wm = ( scale_us*3 + 0.6_wp w_convective3 )( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
2142
2143	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
2144
2145	END MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod

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