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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 @ 3857

Last change on this file since 3857 was 3775, checked in by gronemeier, 6 years ago
removed unused variables
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 82.3 KB

Rev	Line
[2259]	1	!> @synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90
	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[2259]	4	!
[2696]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
[2259]	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
	9	!
[2696]	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
[2259]	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
	17	! Copyright 2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	19	!
	20	! Current revisions:
	21	! -----------------
	22	!
[3349]	23	!
[2259]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod.f90 3775 2019-03-04 12:40:20Z knoop $
[3775]	27	! removed unused variables
	28	!
	29	! 3719 2019-02-06 13:10:18Z kanani
[3719]	30	! Removed log_point measurement from stg_init, since this part is counted to
	31	! log_point(2) 'initialisation' already. Moved other log_points to calls of
	32	! the subroutines in time_integration for better overview.
	33	!
	34	! 3646 2018-12-28 17:58:49Z kanani
[3646]	35	! Bugfix: use time_since_reference_point instead of simulated_time (relevant
	36	! when using wall/soil spinup)
	37	!
	38	! 3579 2018-11-29 15:32:39Z suehring
[3579]	39	! - Bugfix in calculation of turbulence scaling parameters for turbulence
	40	! generator in case of topography
	41	! - Additional checks implemented - no STG in RANS-RANS nesting or LES-LES
	42	! nesting
	43	!
	44	! 3376 2018-10-19 10:15:32Z suehring
[3376]	45	! Error messages and numbers reivsed.
	46	!
	47	! 3349 2018-10-15 16:39:41Z suehring
[3349]	48	! Fix for format descriptor
	49	!
	50	! 3348 2018-10-15 14:30:51Z suehring
[3347]	51	! - Revise structure of init routine
	52	! - introduce new parameters to skip STG for some timesteps
	53	! - introduce time-dependent parametrization of Reynolds-stress tensor
	54	! - Bugfix in allocation of mean_inflow_profiles
	55	!
	56	! 3341 2018-10-15 10:31:27Z suehring
[3289]	57	! Introduce module parameter for number of inflow profiles
	58	!
	59	! 3288 2018-09-28 10:23:08Z suehring
[3274]	60	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
	61	!
	62	! 3248 2018-09-14 09:42:06Z sward
[3248]	63	! Minor formating changes
	64	!
	65	! 3246 2018-09-13 15:14:50Z sward
[3246]	66	! Added error handling for input namelist via parin_fail_message
	67	!
	68	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
[3241]	69	! unused variables removed
	70	!
	71	! 3186 2018-07-30 17:07:14Z suehring
[3186]	72	! Mask topography while imposing inflow perturbations at the boundaries; do not
	73	! impose perturbations at top boundary as well as ghost points
	74	!
	75	! 3183 2018-07-27 14:25:55Z suehring
[3183]	76	! Rename variables and extend error message
	77	! Enable geneartor also for stretched grids
	78	!
	79	! 3182 2018-07-27 13:36:03Z suehring
[3065]	80	! Error message related to vertical stretching has been added, dz was replaced
	81	! by dz(1)
	82	!
	83	! 3051 2018-05-30 17:43:55Z suehring
[3051]	84	! Bugfix in calculation of initial Reynolds-stress tensor.
[3049]	85	!
	86	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
[3051]	87	! Error messages revised
[3045]	88	!
	89	! 3044 2018-05-25 10:59:41Z gronemeier
[3044]	90	! Add missing variable descriptions
	91	!
	92	! 3038 2018-05-24 10:54:00Z gronemeier
[3038]	93	! updated variable descriptions
	94	!
	95	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
[2967]	96	! bugfix: missing parallel cpp-directives added
[3038]	97	!
[2967]	98	! 2946 2018-04-04 17:01:23Z suehring
[2946]	99	! Remove unused module load
[3038]	100	!
[2946]	101	! 2945 2018-04-04 16:27:14Z suehring
[3038]	102	! - Bugfix in parallelization of synthetic turbulence generator in case the
	103	! z-dimension is not an integral divisor of the number of processors along
[2945]	104	! the x- and y-dimension
[3038]	105	! - Revision in control mimic in case of RAN-LES nesting
	106	!
[2945]	107	! 2938 2018-03-27 15:52:42Z suehring
[3038]	108	! Apply turbulence generator at all non-cyclic lateral boundaries in case of
	109	! realistic Inifor large-scale forcing or RANS-LES nesting
	110	!
[2938]	111	! 2936 2018-03-27 14:49:27Z suehring
[3038]	112	! variable named found has been introduced for checking if restart data was found,
	113	! reading of restart strings has been moved completely to read_restart_data_mod,
	114	! redundant skipping function has been removed, stg_read/write_restart_data
	115	! have been renamed to stg_r/wrd_global, stg_rrd_global is called in
[2894]	116	! read_restart_data_mod now, flag syn_turb_gen_prerun and marker *** end stg
[3038]	117	! *** have been removed (Giersch), strings and their respective lengths are
	118	! written out and read now in case of restart runs to get rid of prescribed
	119	! character lengths (Giersch), CASE DEFAULT was added if restart data is read
	120	!
[2894]	121	! 2841 2018-02-27 15:02:57Z suehring
[2841]	122	! Bugfix: wrong placement of include 'mpif.h' corrected
[3038]	123	!
[2841]	124	! 2836 2018-02-26 13:40:05Z Giersch
[3038]	125	! The variables synthetic_turbulence_generator and
[2836]	126	! use_synthetic_turbulence_generator have been abbreviated + syn_turb_gen_prerun
	127	! flag is used to define if module related parameters were outputted as restart
[3038]	128	! data
	129	!
[2776]	130	! 2716 2017-12-29 16:35:59Z kanani
[2716]	131	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
[3038]	132	!
[2716]	133	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
	134	! Change in file header (GPL part)
	135	!
	136	! 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z raasch
[2669]	137	! unit number for file containing turbulence generator data changed to 90
	138	! bugfix: preprocessor directives added for MPI specific code
[3038]	139	!
[2669]	140	! 2576 2017-10-24 13:49:46Z Giersch
[3038]	141	! Definition of a new function called stg_skip_global to skip module
[2576]	142	! parameters during reading restart data
[3038]	143	!
[2576]	144	! 2563 2017-10-19 15:36:10Z Giersch
[2563]	145	! stg_read_restart_data is called in stg_parin in the case of a restart run
[3038]	146	!
[2563]	147	! 2259 2017-06-08 09:09:11Z gronemeier
[2259]	148	! Initial revision
	149	!
	150	!
[3038]	151	!
[2259]	152	! Authors:
	153	! --------
[3347]	154	! @author Tobias Gronemeier, Matthias Suehring, Atsushi Inagaki, Micha Gryschka, Christoph Knigge
	155	!
[2259]	156	!
	157	!
	158	! Description:
	159	! ------------
	160	!> The module generates turbulence at the inflow boundary based on a method by
	161	!> Xie and Castro (2008) utilizing a Lund rotation (Lund, 1998) and a mass-flux
	162	!> correction by Kim et al. (2013).
	163	!> The turbulence is correlated based on length scales in y- and z-direction and
	164	!> a time scale for each velocity component. The profiles of length and time
	165	!> scales, mean u, v, w, e and pt, and all components of the Reynolds stress
[3347]	166	!> tensor can be either read from file STG_PROFILES, or will be parametrized
	167	!> within the boundary layer.
[2259]	168	!>
	169	!> @todo test restart
	170	!> enable cyclic_fill
	171	!> implement turbulence generation for e and pt
[2945]	172	!> @todo Input of height-constant length scales via namelist
[2259]	173	!> @note <Enter notes on the module>
	174	!> @bug Height information from input file is not used. Profiles from input
	175	!> must match with current PALM grid.
	176	!> In case of restart, velocity seeds differ from precursor run if a11,
	177	!> a22, or a33 are zero.
	178	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	179	MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod
	180
	181
	182	USE arrays_3d, &
[3347]	183	ONLY: mean_inflow_profiles, q, pt, u, v, w, zu, zw
[2259]	184
[3274]	185	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
[3347]	186	ONLY: g, kappa, pi
[2259]	187
	188	USE control_parameters, &
[3288]	189	ONLY: initializing_actions, num_mean_inflow_profiles, message_string, &
	190	syn_turb_gen
[2259]	191
	192	USE indices, &
[2938]	193	ONLY: nbgp, nzb, nzt, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nys, nyn, nyng, nysg
[2259]	194
	195	USE kinds
	196
[2967]	197	#if defined( __parallel ) && !defined( __mpifh )
[2259]	198	USE MPI
[2841]	199	#endif
[2259]	200
[3347]	201	USE nesting_offl_mod, &
	202	ONLY: zi_ribulk
	203
[2259]	204	USE pegrid, &
[2938]	205	ONLY: comm1dx, comm1dy, comm2d, ierr, myidx, myidy, pdims
[2259]	206
	207	USE transpose_indices, &
	208	ONLY: nzb_x, nzt_x
	209
	210
	211	IMPLICIT NONE
	212
[2967]	213	#if defined( __parallel ) && defined( __mpifh )
[2841]	214	INCLUDE "mpif.h"
	215	#endif
	216
[3182]	217
[3347]	218	LOGICAL :: velocity_seed_initialized = .FALSE. !< true after first call of stg_main
	219	LOGICAL :: parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .FALSE. !< flag indicating that inflow turbulence is either read from file (.FALSE.) or if it parametrized
	220	LOGICAL :: use_syn_turb_gen = .FALSE. !< switch to use synthetic turbulence generator
[2259]	221
[3038]	222	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_left !< left lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
	223	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_north !< north lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
	224	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_right !< right lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
	225	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_stg_south !< south lateral boundary core id in case of turbulence generator
[2938]	226	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz !< MPI type for full z range
	227	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_xz_small !< MPI type for small z range
	228	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz !< MPI type for full z range
	229	INTEGER(iwp) :: stg_type_yz_small !< MPI type for small z range
	230	INTEGER(iwp) :: merg !< maximum length scale (in gp)
	231	INTEGER(iwp) :: mergp !< merg + nbgp
[3038]	232	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_x_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
	233	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_x_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along x)
	234	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_y_stg !< lower bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
	235	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_y_stg !< upper bound of z coordinate (required for transposing z on PEs along y)
[2259]	236
[3347]	237	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_xz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
	238	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_xz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
	239	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displs_yz !< displacement for MPI_GATHERV
	240	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: recv_count_yz !< receive count for MPI_GATHERV
	241	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nux !< length scale of u in x direction (in gp)
	242	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuy !< length scale of u in y direction (in gp)
	243	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nuz !< length scale of u in z direction (in gp)
	244	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvx !< length scale of v in x direction (in gp)
	245	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvy !< length scale of v in y direction (in gp)
	246	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nvz !< length scale of v in z direction (in gp)
	247	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwx !< length scale of w in x direction (in gp)
	248	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwy !< length scale of w in y direction (in gp)
	249	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nwz !< length scale of w in z direction (in gp)
	250	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed !< seed of random number for rn-generator
[2259]	251
[3347]	252	REAL(wp) :: cosmo_ref = 10.0_wp !< height of first vertical grid level in mesoscale model, used for calculation of scaling parameters
	253	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_adjust = 300.0_wp !< time interval for adjusting turbulence statistics
	254	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg_call = 5.0_wp !< time interval for calling synthetic turbulence generator
	255	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor !< mass flux correction factor
	256	REAL(wp) :: scale_l !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - Obukhov length
	257	REAL(wp) :: scale_us !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - friction velocity
	258	REAL(wp) :: scale_wm !< scaling parameter used for turbulence parametrization - momentum scale
	259	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp !< time counter for adjusting turbulence information
	260	REAL(wp) :: time_stg_call = 0.0_wp !< time counter for calling generator
	261
	262
	263	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r11 !< Reynolds parameter
	264	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r21 !< Reynolds parameter
	265	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r22 !< Reynolds parameter
	266	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r31 !< Reynolds parameter
	267	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r32 !< Reynolds parameter
	268	REAL(wp),DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: r33 !< Reynolds parameter
	269
	270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a11 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a21 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a22 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a31 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a32 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: a33 !< coefficient for Lund rotation
	276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tu !< Lagrangian time scale of u
	277	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tv !< Lagrangian time scale of v
	278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: tw !< Lagrangian time scale of w
[2259]	279
[3347]	280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bux !< filter function for u in x direction
	281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buy !< filter function for u in y direction
	282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: buz !< filter function for u in z direction
	283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvx !< filter function for v in x direction
	284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvy !< filter function for v in y direction
	285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bvz !< filter function for v in z direction
	286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwx !< filter function for w in y direction
	287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwy !< filter function for w in y direction
	288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bwz !< filter function for w in z direction
	289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane
	290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_xz !< velocity seed for u at xz plane with new random number
	291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fu_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane
	292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fuo_yz !< velocity seed for u at yz plane with new random number
	293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane
	294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_xz !< velocity seed for v at xz plane with new random number
	295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fv_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane
	296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fvo_yz !< velocity seed for v at yz plane with new random number
	297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane
	298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_xz !< velocity seed for w at xz plane with new random number
	299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fw_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane
	300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: fwo_yz !< velocity seed for w at yz plane with new random number
	301
	302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_xz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
	303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: dist_yz !< imposed disturbances at north/south boundary
[2259]	304
	305	!
	306	!-- PALM interfaces:
[3347]	307	!-- Adjust time and lenght scales, Reynolds stress, and filter functions
	308	INTERFACE stg_adjust
	309	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_adjust
	310	END INTERFACE stg_adjust
	311	!
[2259]	312	!-- Input parameter checks to be done in check_parameters
	313	INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
	314	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_check_parameters
	315	END INTERFACE stg_check_parameters
	316
	317	!
	318	!-- Calculate filter functions
	319	INTERFACE stg_filter_func
	320	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_filter_func
	321	END INTERFACE stg_filter_func
	322
	323	!
[2938]	324	!-- Generate velocity seeds at south and north domain boundary
	325	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
	326	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_xz
	327	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_xz
	328	!
	329	!-- Generate velocity seeds at left and/or right domain boundary
[2259]	330	INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
	331	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_generate_seed_yz
	332	END INTERFACE stg_generate_seed_yz
	333
	334	!
	335	!-- Output of information to the header file
	336	INTERFACE stg_header
	337	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_header
	338	END INTERFACE stg_header
	339
	340	!
	341	!-- Initialization actions
	342	INTERFACE stg_init
	343	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_init
	344	END INTERFACE stg_init
	345
	346	!
	347	!-- Main procedure of synth. turb. gen.
	348	INTERFACE stg_main
	349	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_main
	350	END INTERFACE stg_main
	351
	352	!
	353	!-- Reading of NAMELIST parameters
	354	INTERFACE stg_parin
	355	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_parin
	356	END INTERFACE stg_parin
	357
	358	!
	359	!-- Reading of parameters for restart runs
[2894]	360	INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
	361	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_rrd_global
	362	END INTERFACE stg_rrd_global
[2259]	363
	364	!
	365	!-- Writing of binary output for restart runs
[2894]	366	INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
	367	MODULE PROCEDURE stg_wrd_global
	368	END INTERFACE stg_wrd_global
[2259]	369
	370	SAVE
	371
	372	PRIVATE
	373
	374	!
	375	!-- Public interfaces
[3347]	376	PUBLIC stg_adjust, stg_check_parameters, stg_header, stg_init, stg_main, &
	377	stg_parin, stg_rrd_global, stg_wrd_global
[2259]	378
	379	!
	380	!-- Public variables
[3347]	381	PUBLIC dt_stg_call, dt_stg_adjust, id_stg_left, id_stg_north, &
	382	id_stg_right, id_stg_south, parametrize_inflow_turbulence, &
	383	time_stg_adjust, time_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
[2259]	384
	385
	386	CONTAINS
	387
	388
	389	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	390	! Description:
	391	! ------------
	392	!> Check parameters routine for synthetic turbulence generator
	393	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	394	SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
	395
	396
	397	USE control_parameters, &
[3241]	398	ONLY: bc_lr, bc_ns, child_domain, nesting_offline, rans_mode, &
	399	turbulent_inflow
[2259]	400
[2938]	401	USE pmc_interface, &
	402	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
[2259]	403
[2938]	404
[2259]	405	IMPLICIT NONE
	406
[3182]	407	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
	408	nesting_offline ) THEN
[3376]	409	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
	410	'if offline nesting is applied and PALM operates ' // &
	411	'in LES mode.'
	412	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0520', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
[2938]	413	ENDIF
	414
[3182]	415	IF ( .NOT. use_syn_turb_gen .AND. child_domain &
[2938]	416	.AND. rans_mode_parent .AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) THEN
[3376]	417	message_string = 'Synthetic turbulence generator is required ' // &
[2938]	418	'when nesting is applied and parent operates in ' // &
	419	'RANS-mode but current child in LES mode.'
[3376]	420	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0524', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2938]	421	ENDIF
	422
[2776]	423	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
[2259]	424
[3579]	425	IF ( child_domain .AND. .NOT. rans_mode .AND. &
	426	.NOT. rans_mode_parent ) THEN
	427	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
	428	'is not allowed in LES-LES nesting.'
	429	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0620', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	430
	431	ENDIF
	432
	433	IF ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode .AND. &
	434	rans_mode_parent ) THEN
	435	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
	436	'is not allowed in RANS-RANS nesting.'
	437	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0621', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	438
	439	ENDIF
	440
[3182]	441	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
	442
[2938]	443	IF ( INDEX( initializing_actions, 'set_constant_profiles' ) == 0 &
	444	.AND. INDEX( initializing_actions, 'read_restart_data' ) == 0 ) THEN
	445	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
[3579]	446	'requires %initializing_actions = ' // &
	447	'"set_constant_profiles" or "read_restart_data"' //&
	448	', if not offline nesting is applied.'
[2938]	449	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0015', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	450	ENDIF
	451
	452	IF ( bc_lr /= 'dirichlet/radiation' ) THEN
	453	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
[3347]	454	'requires &bc_lr = "dirichlet/radiation", ' // &
	455	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
[2938]	456	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0035', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	457	ENDIF
	458	IF ( bc_ns /= 'cyclic' ) THEN
	459	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
[3579]	460	'requires &bc_ns = "cyclic", ' // &
[3347]	461	'if not offline nesting is applied.'
[2938]	462	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0037', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	463	ENDIF
	464
[2259]	465	ENDIF
	466
	467	IF ( turbulent_inflow ) THEN
	468	message_string = 'Using synthetic turbulence generator ' // &
[2938]	469	'in combination &with turbulent_inflow = .T. '// &
	470	'is not allowed'
[2259]	471	CALL message( 'stg_check_parameters', 'PA0039', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	472	ENDIF
	473
	474	ENDIF
	475
	476	END SUBROUTINE stg_check_parameters
	477
	478
	479	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	480	! Description:
	481	! ------------
	482	!> Header output for synthetic turbulence generator
	483	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	484	SUBROUTINE stg_header ( io )
	485
	486
	487	IMPLICIT NONE
	488
	489	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	490
	491	!
	492	!-- Write synthetic turbulence generator Header
	493	WRITE( io, 1 )
[2776]	494	IF ( use_syn_turb_gen ) THEN
[2259]	495	WRITE( io, 2 )
	496	ELSE
	497	WRITE( io, 3 )
	498	ENDIF
[3347]	499
	500	IF ( parametrize_inflow_turbulence ) THEN
	501	WRITE( io, 4 ) dt_stg_adjust
	502	ELSE
	503	WRITE( io, 5 )
	504	ENDIF
[2259]	505
	506	1 FORMAT (//' Synthetic turbulence generator information:'/ &
	507	' ------------------------------------------'/)
[3347]	508	2 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched on')
	509	3 FORMAT (' synthetic turbulence generator is switched off')
[3348]	510	4 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence statistics are parametrized and ajdusted to boundary-layer development each ', F8.2, ' s' )
[3347]	511	5 FORMAT (' imposed turbulence is read from file' )
[2259]	512
	513	END SUBROUTINE stg_header
	514
	515
	516	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	517	! Description:
	518	! ------------
	519	!> Initialization of the synthetic turbulence generator
	520	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	521	SUBROUTINE stg_init
	522
	523
	524	USE arrays_3d, &
[3775]	525	ONLY: ddzw, u_init, v_init
[2259]	526
	527	USE control_parameters, &
[3241]	528	ONLY: child_domain, coupling_char, e_init, nesting_offline, rans_mode
[2259]	529
	530	USE grid_variables, &
[3775]	531	ONLY: ddy
[2259]	532
[2938]	533	USE indices, &
	534	ONLY: nz
[2259]	535
[2945]	536	USE pmc_interface, &
	537	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
[2938]	538
[2945]	539
[2259]	540	IMPLICIT NONE
	541
[3347]	542	LOGICAL :: file_stg_exist = .FALSE. !< flag indicating whether parameter file for Reynolds stress and length scales exist
[2938]	543
[2669]	544	#if defined( __parallel )
[2259]	545	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: extent !< extent of new MPI type
	546	INTEGER(KIND=MPI_ADDRESS_KIND) :: tob=0 !< dummy variable
[2669]	547	#endif
[2259]	548
[2938]	549	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !> grid index in x-direction
[2259]	550	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !> loop index
	551	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index
	552	INTEGER(iwp) :: newtype !< dummy MPI type
	553	INTEGER(iwp) :: realsize !< size of REAL variables
	554	INTEGER(iwp) :: nseed !< dimension of random number seed
	555	INTEGER(iwp) :: startseed = 1234567890 !< start seed for random number generator
	556
	557	!
	558	!-- Dummy variables used for reading profiles
	559	REAL(wp) :: d1 !< u profile
	560	REAL(wp) :: d2 !< v profile
	561	REAL(wp) :: d3 !< w profile
	562	REAL(wp) :: d5 !< e profile
	563	REAL(wp) :: luy !< length scale for u in y direction
	564	REAL(wp) :: luz !< length scale for u in z direction
	565	REAL(wp) :: lvy !< length scale for v in y direction
	566	REAL(wp) :: lvz !< length scale for v in z direction
	567	REAL(wp) :: lwy !< length scale for w in y direction
	568	REAL(wp) :: lwz !< length scale for w in z direction
[3038]	569	REAL(wp) :: nnz !< increment used to determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x and y direction
[2259]	570	REAL(wp) :: zz !< height
	571
[2938]	572
[2259]	573	#if defined( __parallel )
	574	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	575	#endif
	576
[2669]	577	#if defined( __parallel )
[2259]	578	!
[2938]	579	!-- Determine processor decomposition of z-axis along x- and y-direction
	580	nnz = nz / pdims(1)
[2945]	581	nzb_x_stg = 1 + myidx * INT( nnz )
	582	nzt_x_stg = ( myidx + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
[2938]	583
[3038]	584	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(1) ) /= 0 .AND. myidx == id_stg_right ) &
[2945]	585	nzt_x_stg = nzt_x_stg + myidx * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
[2938]	586
[3182]	587	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
	588	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
[2938]	589	nnz = nz / pdims(2)
[2945]	590	nzb_y_stg = 1 + myidy * INT( nnz )
	591	nzt_y_stg = ( myidy + 1 ) * INT( nnz )
[2938]	592
[2945]	593	IF ( MOD( nz , pdims(2) ) /= 0 .AND. myidy == id_stg_north ) &
[3038]	594	nzt_y_stg = nzt_y_stg + myidy * ( nnz - INT( nnz ) )
[2938]	595	ENDIF
	596
	597	!
[2259]	598	!-- Define MPI type used in stg_generate_seed_yz to gather vertical splitted
	599	!-- velocity seeds
	600	CALL MPI_TYPE_SIZE( MPI_REAL, realsize, ierr )
	601	extent = 1 * realsize
[2938]	602	!
[3038]	603	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at yz
	604	!-- layer
[2938]	605	!-- stg_type_yz: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
[2259]	606	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
	607	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
	608	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz, ierr )
	609	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz, ierr )
	610	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
	611
[2938]	612	! stg_type_yz_small: yz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
[2945]	613	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+2,nyng-nysg+1], &
[2259]	614	[1,nyng-nysg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
	615	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
	616	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_yz_small, ierr )
	617	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
	618
	619	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
[2938]	620	ALLOCATE( recv_count_yz(pdims(1)), displs_yz(pdims(1)) )
[2259]	621
[2938]	622	recv_count_yz = nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg + 1
	623	recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) = recv_count_yz(pdims(1)) + 1
[2259]	624
	625	DO j = 1, pdims(1)
[2938]	626	displs_yz(j) = 0 + (nzt_x_stg-nzb_x_stg+1) * (j-1)
[2259]	627	ENDDO
[2938]	628	!
[3038]	629	!-- Set-up MPI datatyp to involve all cores for turbulence generation at xz
	630	!-- layer
[2938]	631	!-- stg_type_xz: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb:nzt+1
[3182]	632	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
	633	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
[2945]	634	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt-nzb+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
[2938]	635	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
	636	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz, ierr )
	637	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz, ierr )
	638	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
	639
	640	! stg_type_yz_small: xz-slice with vertical bounds nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1
[2945]	641	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_SUBARRAY( 2, [nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+2,nxrg-nxlg+1], &
[2938]	642	[1,nxrg-nxlg+1], [0,0], MPI_ORDER_FORTRAN, MPI_REAL, newtype, ierr )
	643	CALL MPI_TYPE_CREATE_RESIZED( newtype, tob, extent, stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
	644	CALL MPI_TYPE_COMMIT( stg_type_xz_small, ierr )
	645	CALL MPI_TYPE_FREE( newtype, ierr )
	646
	647	! receive count and displacement for MPI_GATHERV in stg_generate_seed_yz
	648	ALLOCATE( recv_count_xz(pdims(2)), displs_xz(pdims(2)) )
	649
	650	recv_count_xz = nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg + 1
	651	recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) = recv_count_xz(pdims(2)) + 1
	652
	653	DO j = 1, pdims(2)
	654	displs_xz(j) = 0 + (nzt_y_stg-nzb_y_stg+1) * (j-1)
	655	ENDDO
	656
	657	ENDIF
	658
[2669]	659	#endif
[2259]	660	!
	661	!-- Define seed of random number
	662	CALL RANDOM_SEED()
	663	CALL RANDOM_SEED( size=nseed )
	664	ALLOCATE( seed(1:nseed) )
	665	DO j = 1, nseed
	666	seed(j) = startseed + j
	667	ENDDO
	668	CALL RANDOM_SEED(put=seed)
[3347]	669	!
	670	!-- Allocate required arrays
	671	!-- mean_inflow profiles must not be allocated in offline nesting
	672	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
	673	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( mean_inflow_profiles ) ) &
	674	ALLOCATE( mean_inflow_profiles(nzb:nzt+1,1:num_mean_inflow_profiles) )
	675	ENDIF
[2259]	676
[3347]	677	ALLOCATE ( a11(nzb:nzt+1), a21(nzb:nzt+1), a22(nzb:nzt+1), &
	678	a31(nzb:nzt+1), a32(nzb:nzt+1), a33(nzb:nzt+1), &
	679	nux(nzb:nzt+1), nuy(nzb:nzt+1), nuz(nzb:nzt+1), &
	680	nvx(nzb:nzt+1), nvy(nzb:nzt+1), nvz(nzb:nzt+1), &
	681	nwx(nzb:nzt+1), nwy(nzb:nzt+1), nwz(nzb:nzt+1), &
	682	r11(nzb:nzt+1), r21(nzb:nzt+1), r22(nzb:nzt+1), &
	683	r31(nzb:nzt+1), r32(nzb:nzt+1), r33(nzb:nzt+1), &
	684	tu(nzb:nzt+1), tv(nzb:nzt+1), tw(nzb:nzt+1) )
	685
	686	ALLOCATE ( dist_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg,3) )
	687	ALLOCATE ( dist_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,3) )
	688	dist_xz = 0.0_wp
	689	dist_yz = 0.0_wp
	690	!
[2259]	691	!-- Read inflow profile
	692	!-- Height levels of profiles in input profile is as follows:
	693	!-- zu: luy, luz, tu, lvy, lvz, tv, r11, r21, r22, d1, d2, d5
	694	!-- zw: lwy, lwz, tw, r31, r32, r33, d3
	695	!-- WARNING: zz is not used at the moment
[2938]	696	INQUIRE( FILE = 'STG_PROFILES' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
	697	EXIST = file_stg_exist )
[2259]	698
[2938]	699	IF ( file_stg_exist ) THEN
[2259]	700
[2938]	701	OPEN( 90, FILE='STG_PROFILES'//TRIM( coupling_char ), STATUS='OLD', &
	702	FORM='FORMATTED')
	703	!
	704	!-- Skip header
	705	READ( 90, * )
[2259]	706
[3182]	707	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
[2938]	708	READ( 90, * ) zz, luy, luz, tu(k), lvy, lvz, tv(k), lwy, lwz, tw(k), &
	709	r11(k), r21(k), r22(k), r31(k), r32(k), r33(k), &
	710	d1, d2, d3, d5
	711
[2259]	712	!
[3182]	713	!-- Convert length scales from meter to number of grid points.
[2938]	714	nuy(k) = INT( luy * ddy )
[3182]	715	nuz(k) = INT( luz * ddzw(k) )
[2938]	716	nvy(k) = INT( lvy * ddy )
[3182]	717	nvz(k) = INT( lvz * ddzw(k) )
[2938]	718	nwy(k) = INT( lwy * ddy )
[3182]	719	nwz(k) = INT( lwz * ddzw(k) )
[2938]	720	!
	721	!-- Workaround, assume isotropic turbulence
	722	nwx(k) = nwy(k)
	723	nvx(k) = nvy(k)
	724	nux(k) = nuy(k)
	725	!
	726	!-- Save Mean inflow profiles
	727	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
	728	mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) = d1
	729	mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) = d2
	730	! mean_inflow_profiles(k,4) = d4
	731	mean_inflow_profiles(k,5) = d5
	732	ENDIF
	733	ENDDO
[3182]	734	!
	735	!-- Set lenght scales at surface grid point
	736	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
	737	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
	738	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
	739	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
	740	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
	741	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
	742
[2938]	743	CLOSE( 90 )
[3347]	744	!
	745	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
	746	!-- (Lund rotation)
	747	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
	748	!
	749	!-- No information about turbulence and its length scales are available.
	750	!-- Instead, parametrize turbulence which is imposed at the boundaries.
	751	!-- Set flag which indicates that turbulence is parametrized, which is done
	752	!-- later when energy-balance models are already initialized. This is
	753	!-- because the STG needs information about surface properties such as
	754	!-- roughness to build 'realistic' turbulence profiles.
[2938]	755	ELSE
[2259]	756	!
[3347]	757	!-- Set flag indicating that turbulence is parametrized
	758	parametrize_inflow_turbulence = .TRUE.
	759	!
	760	!-- Determine boundary-layer depth, which is used to initialize lenght
	761	!-- scales
	762	CALL calc_scaling_variables
	763	!
	764	!-- Initialize lenght and time scales, which in turn are used
	765	!-- to initialize the filter functions.
	766	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
	767
[2938]	768	ENDIF
	769
[2259]	770	!
[3347]	771	!-- Assign initial profiles. Note, this is only required if turbulent
	772	!-- inflow from the left is desired, not in case of any of the
	773	!-- nesting (offline or self nesting) approaches.
[3182]	774	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
[2938]	775	u_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,1)
	776	v_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,2)
	777	!pt_init = mean_inflow_profiles(:,4)
	778	e_init = MAXVAL( mean_inflow_profiles(:,5) )
	779	ENDIF
[3347]	780
[2938]	781	!
[2259]	782	!-- Define the size of the filter functions and allocate them.
	783	merg = 0
	784
	785	! arrays must be large enough to cover the largest length scale
	786	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
[2938]	787	j = MAX( ABS(nux(k)), ABS(nuy(k)), ABS(nuz(k)), &
	788	ABS(nvx(k)), ABS(nvy(k)), ABS(nvz(k)), &
	789	ABS(nwx(k)), ABS(nwy(k)), ABS(nwz(k)) )
[2259]	790	IF ( j > merg ) merg = j
	791	ENDDO
	792
	793	merg = 2 * merg
	794	mergp = merg + nbgp
	795
[2938]	796	ALLOCATE ( bux(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	797	buy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	798	buz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	799	bvx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	800	bvy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	801	bvz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	802	bwx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	803	bwy(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1), &
	804	bwz(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) )
[2259]	805
	806	!
[2938]	807	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at xz-layer
	808	ALLOCATE ( fu_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fuo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
	809	fv_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fvo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), &
	810	fw_xz( nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg), fwo_xz(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) )
[2259]	811
[2938]	812	!
	813	!-- Allocate velocity seeds for turbulence at yz-layer
	814	ALLOCATE ( fu_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fuo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
	815	fv_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fvo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), &
	816	fw_yz( nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng), fwo_yz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) )
[2259]	817
[2938]	818	fu_xz = 0.0_wp
	819	fuo_xz = 0.0_wp
	820	fv_xz = 0.0_wp
	821	fvo_xz = 0.0_wp
	822	fw_xz = 0.0_wp
	823	fwo_xz = 0.0_wp
	824
	825	fu_yz = 0.0_wp
	826	fuo_yz = 0.0_wp
	827	fv_yz = 0.0_wp
	828	fvo_yz = 0.0_wp
	829	fw_yz = 0.0_wp
	830	fwo_yz = 0.0_wp
	831
[2259]	832	!
	833	!-- Create filter functions
[2938]	834	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
[2259]	835	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
	836	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
[2938]	837	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
[2259]	838	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
	839	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
[2938]	840	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
[2259]	841	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
	842	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
	843
	844	#if defined( __parallel )
	845	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	846	#endif
	847
	848	!
[2938]	849	!-- In case of restart, calculate velocity seeds fu, fv, fw from former
	850	! time step.
	851	! Bug: fu, fv, fw are different in those heights where a11, a22, a33
	852	! are 0 compared to the prerun. This is mostly for k=nzt+1.
[2259]	853	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[2938]	854	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
	855
	856	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = -1
	857	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
	858
[2259]	859	DO j = nysg, nyng
	860	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	861
	862	IF ( a11(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
[2938]	863	fu_yz(k,j) = ( u(k,j,i) / mc_factor - u_init(k) ) / a11(k)
[2259]	864	ELSE
[2938]	865	fu_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
[2259]	866	ENDIF
	867
	868	IF ( a22(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
[2938]	869	fv_yz(k,j) = ( v(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
	870	v_init(k) ) / a22(k)
[2259]	871	ELSE
[2938]	872	fv_yz(k,j) = 0._wp
[2259]	873	ENDIF
	874
	875	IF ( a33(k) .NE. 0._wp ) THEN
[2938]	876	fw_yz(k,j) = ( w(k,j,i) / mc_factor - a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) - &
	877	a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ) / a33(k)
[2259]	878	ELSE
[2938]	879	fw_yz = 0._wp
[2259]	880	ENDIF
	881
	882	ENDDO
	883	ENDDO
	884	ENDIF
	885	ENDIF
	886
	887	END SUBROUTINE stg_init
	888
	889
	890	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	891	! Description:
	892	! ------------
	893	!> Calculate filter function bxx from length scale nxx following Eg.9 and 10
	894	!> (Xie and Castro, 2008)
	895	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	896	SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func( nxx, bxx )
	897
	898
	899	IMPLICIT NONE
	900
	901	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index
	902	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k !< length scale nXX in height k
	903	INTEGER(iwp) :: n_k2 !< n_k * 2
	904	INTEGER(iwp) :: nf !< index for length scales
	905
	906	REAL(wp) :: bdenom !< denominator for filter functions bXX
	907	REAL(wp) :: qsi = 1.0_wp !< minimization factor
	908
	909	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:) :: nxx(nzb:nzt+1) !< length scale (in gp)
	910
	911	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:) :: bxx(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) !< filter function
	912
	913
	914	bxx = 0.0_wp
	915
	916	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	917	bdenom = 0.0_wp
	918	n_k = nxx(k)
	919	IF ( n_k /= 0 ) THEN
	920	n_k2 = n_k * 2
	921
	922	!
	923	!-- ( Eq.10 )^2
	924	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
	925	bdenom = bdenom + EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k )**2
	926	ENDDO
	927
	928	!
	929	!-- ( Eq.9 )
	930	bdenom = SQRT( bdenom )
	931	DO nf = -n_k2, n_k2
	932	bxx(nf,k) = EXP( -qsi * pi * ABS(nf) / n_k ) / bdenom
	933	ENDDO
	934	ENDIF
	935	ENDDO
	936
[3347]	937	END SUBROUTINE stg_filter_func
[2259]	938
	939
	940	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	941	! Description:
	942	! ------------
	943	!> Parin for &stg_par for synthetic turbulence generator
	944	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	945	SUBROUTINE stg_parin
	946
	947
	948	IMPLICIT NONE
	949
	950	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	951
	952
[3347]	953	NAMELIST /stg_par/ dt_stg_adjust, dt_stg_call, use_syn_turb_gen
[2259]	954
	955	line = ' '
	956
	957	!
	958	!-- Try to find stg package
	959	REWIND ( 11 )
	960	line = ' '
	961	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&stg_par' ) == 0 )
[3246]	962	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=20 ) line
[2259]	963	ENDDO
	964	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	965
	966	!
	967	!-- Read namelist
[3246]	968	READ ( 11, stg_par, ERR = 10, END = 20 )
[2259]	969
	970	!
	971	!-- Set flag that indicates that the synthetic turbulence generator is switched
	972	!-- on
[2776]	973	syn_turb_gen = .TRUE.
[3246]	974	GOTO 20
[2259]	975
[3246]	976	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
[3248]	977	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
	978	CALL parin_fail_message( 'stg_par', line )
[2563]	979
[3246]	980	20 CONTINUE
[2259]	981
	982	END SUBROUTINE stg_parin
	983
	984
	985	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	986	! Description:
	987	! ------------
[2894]	988	!> This routine reads the respective restart data.
[2576]	989	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2894]	990	SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global( found )
[2576]	991
	992
[2894]	993	USE control_parameters, &
	994	ONLY: length, restart_string
[2576]	995
	996
[2894]	997	IMPLICIT NONE
[2576]	998
[3044]	999	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !< flag indicating if variable was found
[2259]	1000
	1001
[2894]	1002	found = .TRUE.
[2259]	1003
[3038]	1004
[2894]	1005	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
[2259]	1006
[2894]	1007	CASE ( 'mc_factor' )
	1008	READ ( 13 ) mc_factor
	1009	CASE ( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
	1010	READ ( 13 ) use_syn_turb_gen
[2259]	1011
[2894]	1012	CASE DEFAULT
[2259]	1013
[3038]	1014	found = .FALSE.
[2259]	1015
[2894]	1016	END SELECT
[2259]	1017
	1018
[2894]	1019	END SUBROUTINE stg_rrd_global
[2259]	1020
	1021
	1022	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1023	! Description:
	1024	! ------------
	1025	!> This routine writes the respective restart data.
	1026	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2894]	1027	SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
[2259]	1028
	1029
	1030	IMPLICIT NONE
	1031
[2894]	1032	CALL wrd_write_string( 'mc_factor' )
[2259]	1033	WRITE ( 14 ) mc_factor
	1034
[2894]	1035	CALL wrd_write_string( 'use_syn_turb_gen' )
	1036	WRITE ( 14 ) use_syn_turb_gen
[2259]	1037
	1038
[2894]	1039	END SUBROUTINE stg_wrd_global
[2259]	1040
[2894]	1041
[2259]	1042	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1043	! Description:
	1044	! ------------
	1045	!> Create turbulent inflow fields for u, v, w with prescribed length scales and
	1046	!> Reynolds stress tensor after a method of Xie and Castro (2008), modified
	1047	!> following suggestions of Kim et al. (2013), and using a Lund rotation
	1048	!> (Lund, 1998).
	1049	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1050	SUBROUTINE stg_main
	1051
	1052
	1053	USE arrays_3d, &
	1054	ONLY: dzw
	1055
	1056	USE control_parameters, &
[3775]	1057	ONLY: child_domain, dt_3d, &
[3646]	1058	nesting_offline, rans_mode, time_since_reference_point, &
	1059	volume_flow_initial
[2259]	1060
[2938]	1061	USE grid_variables, &
	1062	ONLY: dx, dy
	1063
[2259]	1064	USE indices, &
[2938]	1065	ONLY: wall_flags_0
[2259]	1066
[2945]	1067	USE pmc_interface, &
	1068	ONLY : rans_mode_parent
[2259]	1069
[2945]	1070
[2259]	1071	IMPLICIT NONE
	1072
[2938]	1073	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index in x-direction
[2259]	1074	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
	1075	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1076
	1077	REAL(wp) :: dt_stg !< wheighted subtimestep
	1078	REAL(wp) :: mc_factor_l !< local mass flux correction factor
[2938]	1079	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow !< mass flux through lateral boundary
	1080	REAL(wp) :: volume_flow_l !< local mass flux through lateral boundary
[2259]	1081
	1082
	1083	!
	1084	!-- Calculate time step which is needed for filter functions
[3775]	1085	dt_stg = MAX( dt_3d, dt_stg_call )
[2259]	1086	!
	1087	!-- Initial value of fu, fv, fw
[3646]	1088	IF ( time_since_reference_point == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. velocity_seed_initialized ) THEN
[2938]	1089	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_left )
	1090	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_left )
	1091	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_left )
	1092
[3182]	1093	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
	1094	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
[2938]	1095	!
	1096	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
	1097	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fu_yz, id_stg_right )
	1098	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fv_yz, id_stg_right )
	1099	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fw_yz, id_stg_right )
	1100	!
	1101	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
	1102	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_north )
	1103	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_north )
	1104	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_north )
	1105	!
	1106	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
	1107	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fu_xz, id_stg_south )
	1108	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fv_xz, id_stg_south )
	1109	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fw_xz, id_stg_south )
	1110	ENDIF
[2259]	1111	velocity_seed_initialized = .TRUE.
	1112	ENDIF
[3347]	1113
[2259]	1114	!
	1115	!-- New set of fu, fv, fw
[2938]	1116	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_left )
	1117	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_left )
	1118	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_left )
[3347]	1119
[3182]	1120	IF ( nesting_offline .OR. ( child_domain .AND. rans_mode_parent &
[3347]	1121	.AND. .NOT. rans_mode ) ) THEN
[2938]	1122	!
[3347]	1123	!-- Generate turbulence at right boundary
	1124	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nuy, nuz, buy, buz, fuo_yz, id_stg_right )
	1125	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nvy, nvz, bvy, bvz, fvo_yz, id_stg_right )
	1126	CALL stg_generate_seed_yz( nwy, nwz, bwy, bwz, fwo_yz, id_stg_right )
[2938]	1127	!
[3347]	1128	!-- Generate turbulence at north boundary
	1129	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_north )
	1130	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_north )
	1131	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_north )
[2938]	1132	!
[3347]	1133	!-- Generate turbulence at south boundary
	1134	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nux, nuz, bux, buz, fuo_xz, id_stg_south )
	1135	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nvx, nvz, bvx, bvz, fvo_xz, id_stg_south )
	1136	CALL stg_generate_seed_xz( nwx, nwz, bwx, bwz, fwo_xz, id_stg_south )
[2938]	1137	ENDIF
[3347]	1138
[2938]	1139	!
	1140	!-- Turbulence generation at left and or right boundary
	1141	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left .OR. myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
[3347]	1142
[2259]	1143	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1144	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
	1145	!
	1146	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
	1147	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2938]	1148	fu_yz(k,j) = fuo_yz(k,j)
[2259]	1149	ELSE
[3347]	1150	fu_yz(k,j) = fu_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
[2938]	1151	fuo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
[2259]	1152	ENDIF
	1153
	1154	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2938]	1155	fv_yz(k,j) = fvo_yz(k,j)
[2259]	1156	ELSE
[3347]	1157	fv_yz(k,j) = fv_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
[2938]	1158	fvo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
[2259]	1159	ENDIF
	1160
	1161	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2938]	1162	fw_yz(k,j) = fwo_yz(k,j)
[2259]	1163	ELSE
[3347]	1164	fw_yz(k,j) = fw_yz(k,j) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
[2938]	1165	fwo_yz(k,j) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
[2259]	1166	ENDIF
	1167	!
	1168	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
	1169	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
	1170	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
[2938]	1171	dist_yz(k,j,1) = 0.0_wp
	1172	dist_yz(k,j,2) = 0.0_wp
	1173	dist_yz(k,j,3) = 0.0_wp
[2259]	1174	ELSE
[3347]	1175	dist_yz(k,j,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_yz(k,j), 3.0_wp )
[2259]	1176	!experimental test of 1.2
[3347]	1177	dist_yz(k,j,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
	1178	* 1.2_wp ) &
	1179	* ( a21(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
	1180	+ a22(k) * fv_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
	1181	dist_yz(k,j,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
	1182	* 1.3_wp ) &
	1183	* ( a31(k) * fu_yz(k,j) &
	1184	+ a32(k) * fv_yz(k,j) &
	1185	+ a33(k) * fw_yz(k,j) ), 3.0_wp )
[2259]	1186	ENDIF
	1187
	1188	ENDDO
	1189	ENDDO
	1190
	1191	!
	1192	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
	1193	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
	1194	!-- inflow boundary
[3182]	1195	IF ( .NOT. nesting_offline .AND. .NOT. child_domain ) THEN
[2938]	1196	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
	1197	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
	1198	DO j = nys, nyn
	1199	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	1200	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + dzw(k) * &
	1201	( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) )
	1202	ENDDO
[2259]	1203	ENDDO
	1204
	1205	#if defined( __parallel )
[3347]	1206	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
	1207	comm1dy, ierr )
[2259]	1208	#else
[2938]	1209	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
[2259]	1210	#endif
	1211
[2938]	1212	mc_factor = volume_flow_initial(1) / mc_factor
[2259]	1213
	1214	!
[2938]	1215	!-- Add disturbance at the inflow
	1216	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1217	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1218	u(k,j,-nbgp+1:0) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,1) + &
	1219	dist_yz(k,j,1) ) * mc_factor
	1220	v(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = ( mean_inflow_profiles(k,2) + &
	1221	dist_yz(k,j,2) ) * mc_factor
	1222	w(k,j,-nbgp:-1) = dist_yz(k,j,3) * mc_factor
	1223	ENDDO
[2259]	1224	ENDDO
[2938]	1225
	1226	ELSE
	1227	!
	1228	!-- First, calculate volume flow at yz boundary
	1229	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) i = nxl
	1230	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) i = nxr+1
	1231
	1232	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
	1233	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
	1234	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
	1235	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
	1236	DO j = nys, nyn
	1237	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	1238	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + u(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dy &
[3038]	1239	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2938]	1240	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
	1241
	1242	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( u(k,j,i) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
	1243	* dzw(k) * dy &
[3038]	1244	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2938]	1245	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
	1246	ENDDO
	1247	ENDDO
	1248	#if defined( __parallel )
	1249	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
	1250	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
	1251	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
	1252	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dy, ierr )
	1253	#else
	1254	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
	1255	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
	1256	#endif
	1257
	1258	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
	1259
	1260	!
	1261	!-- Add disturbances
	1262	IF ( myidx == id_stg_left ) THEN
[3186]	1263	DO j = nys, nyn
[3347]	1264	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
[3186]	1265	u(k,j,0) = ( u(k,j,0) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
	1266	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1267	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,0), 1 ) )
[3347]	1268	u(k,j,-1) = u(k,j,0)
[3186]	1269	v(k,j,-1) = ( v(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
	1270	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1271	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 2 ) )
	1272	w(k,j,-1) = ( w(k,j,-1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
	1273	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1274	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,-1), 3 ) )
[2938]	1275	ENDDO
	1276	ENDDO
	1277	ENDIF
	1278	IF ( myidx == id_stg_right ) THEN
[3186]	1279	DO j = nys, nyn
[3347]	1280	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
[3186]	1281	u(k,j,nxr+1) = ( u(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,1) ) &
	1282	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1283	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 1 ) )
	1284	v(k,j,nxr+1) = ( v(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,2) ) &
	1285	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1286	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 2 ) )
	1287	w(k,j,nxr+1) = ( w(k,j,nxr+1) + dist_yz(k,j,3) ) &
	1288	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1289	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,nxr+1), 3 ) )
[2938]	1290	ENDDO
	1291	ENDDO
	1292	ENDIF
	1293	ENDIF
	1294
	1295	ENDIF
	1296	!
	1297	!-- Turbulence generation at north and south boundary
	1298	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north .OR. myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
[3347]	1299
[2938]	1300	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1301	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
	1302	!
	1303	!-- Update fu, fv, fw following Eq. 14 of Xie and Castro (2008)
	1304	IF ( tu(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1305	fu_xz(k,i) = fuo_xz(k,i)
	1306	ELSE
	1307	fu_xz(k,i) = fu_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tu(k) ) + &
	1308	fuo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tu(k) ) )
	1309	ENDIF
	1310
	1311	IF ( tv(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1312	fv_xz(k,i) = fvo_xz(k,i)
	1313	ELSE
	1314	fv_xz(k,i) = fv_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tv(k) ) + &
[3347]	1315	fvo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tv(k) ) )
[2938]	1316	ENDIF
[3347]	1317
[2938]	1318	IF ( tw(k) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1319	fw_xz(k,i) = fwo_xz(k,i)
	1320	ELSE
	1321	fw_xz(k,i) = fw_xz(k,i) * EXP( -pi * dt_stg * 0.5_wp / tw(k) ) + &
[3347]	1322	fwo_xz(k,i) * SQRT( 1.0_wp - EXP( -pi * dt_stg / tw(k) ) )
[2938]	1323	ENDIF
	1324	!
	1325	!-- Lund rotation following Eq. 17 in Xie and Castro (2008).
	1326	!-- Additional factors are added to improve the variance of v and w
	1327	IF( k == 0 ) THEN
	1328	dist_xz(k,i,1) = 0.0_wp
	1329	dist_xz(k,i,2) = 0.0_wp
	1330	dist_xz(k,i,3) = 0.0_wp
	1331
	1332	ELSE
[3347]	1333	dist_xz(k,i,1) = MIN( a11(k) * fu_xz(k,i), 3.0_wp )
[2938]	1334	!experimental test of 1.2
[3347]	1335	dist_xz(k,i,2) = MIN( ( SQRT( a22(k) / MAXVAL(a22) ) &
	1336	* 1.2_wp ) &
	1337	* ( a21(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
	1338	+ a22(k) * fv_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
	1339	dist_xz(k,i,3) = MIN( ( SQRT(a33(k) / MAXVAL(a33) ) &
	1340	* 1.3_wp ) &
	1341	* ( a31(k) * fu_xz(k,i) &
	1342	+ a32(k) * fv_xz(k,i) &
	1343	+ a33(k) * fw_xz(k,i) ), 3.0_wp )
[2938]	1344	ENDIF
	1345
	1346	ENDDO
[2259]	1347	ENDDO
[3347]	1348
[2938]	1349	!
	1350	!-- Mass flux correction following Kim et al. (2013)
	1351	!-- This correction factor insures that the mass flux is preserved at the
	1352	!-- inflow boundary.
	1353	!-- First, calculate volume flow at xz boundary
	1354	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) j = nys
	1355	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) j = nyn+1
[2259]	1356
[2938]	1357	volume_flow_l = 0.0_wp
	1358	volume_flow = 0.0_wp
	1359	mc_factor_l = 0.0_wp
	1360	mc_factor = 0.0_wp
	1361	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1362	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
[2945]	1363	volume_flow_l = volume_flow_l + v(k,j,i) * dzw(k) * dx &
[3038]	1364	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2938]	1365	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
	1366
[2945]	1367	mc_factor_l = mc_factor_l + ( v(k,j,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
	1368	* dzw(k) * dx &
[3038]	1369	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2938]	1370	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
	1371	ENDDO
	1372	ENDDO
	1373	#if defined( __parallel )
[2945]	1374	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( volume_flow_l, volume_flow, &
[2938]	1375	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
[2945]	1376	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( mc_factor_l, mc_factor, &
[2938]	1377	1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm1dx, ierr )
	1378	#else
	1379	volume_flow = volume_flow_l
	1380	mc_factor = mc_factor_l
	1381	#endif
	1382
	1383	mc_factor = volume_flow / mc_factor
	1384
	1385	!
	1386	!-- Add disturbances
	1387	IF ( myidy == id_stg_south ) THEN
	1388
[3186]	1389	DO i = nxl, nxr
[3347]	1390	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
[3186]	1391	u(k,-1,i) = ( u(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
	1392	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1393	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 1 ) )
	1394	v(k,0,i) = ( v(k,0,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
	1395	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1396	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,0,i), 2 ) )
[3347]	1397	v(k,-1,i) = v(k,0,i)
[3186]	1398	w(k,-1,i) = ( w(k,-1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
	1399	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	1400	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,-1,i), 3 ) )
[2938]	1401	ENDDO
	1402	ENDDO
	1403	ENDIF
	1404	IF ( myidy == id_stg_north ) THEN
	1405
[3186]	1406	DO i = nxl, nxr
[3347]	1407	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
	1408	u(k,nyn+1,i) = ( u(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,1) ) &
	1409	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[3186]	1410	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 1 ) )
[3347]	1411	v(k,nyn+1,i) = ( v(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,2) ) &
	1412	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[3186]	1413	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 2 ) )
[3347]	1414	w(k,nyn+1,i) = ( w(k,nyn+1,i) + dist_xz(k,i,3) ) &
	1415	* mc_factor * MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[3186]	1416	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,nyn+1,i), 3 ) )
[2938]	1417	ENDDO
	1418	ENDDO
	1419	ENDIF
[2259]	1420	ENDIF
[3347]	1421	!
	1422	!-- Finally, set time counter for calling STG to zero
	1423	time_stg_call = 0.0_wp
[2259]	1424
	1425
	1426	END SUBROUTINE stg_main
	1427
	1428	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1429	! Description:
	1430	! ------------
	1431	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
	1432	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
	1433	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in x-direction and
	1434	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
	1435	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
	1436	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2938]	1437	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz( n_y, n_z, b_y, b_z, f_n, id )
[2259]	1438
	1439
	1440	USE indices, &
	1441	ONLY: ny
	1442
	1443	IMPLICIT NONE
	1444
[2938]	1445	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
[2259]	1446	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
	1447	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< loop index in y-direction
	1448	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1449	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
	1450	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
	1451
	1452	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y !< length scale in y-direction
	1453	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
	1454	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_y2 !< n_y*2
	1455	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
	1456
	1457	REAL(wp) :: nyz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in yz-slice
	1458	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
	1459	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
	1460
[3347]	1461	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_y !< filter function in y-direction
	1462	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
[2938]	1463	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
[2259]	1464	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) :: f_n !< velocity seed
	1465	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
	1466
	1467
	1468	!
	1469	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
	1470	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
	1471	!-- unit variance.
	1472	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:ny+mergp) )
	1473
	1474	rand_av = 0.0_wp
	1475	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
	1476	nyz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( ny+1 ), KIND=wp )
	1477
	1478	DO j = 0, ny
	1479	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1480	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,j) )
	1481	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,j)
	1482	ENDDO
	1483	ENDDO
	1484
	1485	rand_av = rand_av * nyz_inv
	1486
	1487	DO j = 0, ny
	1488	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1489	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) - rand_av
	1490	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,j) ** 2
	1491	ENDDO
	1492	ENDDO
	1493
	1494	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nyz_inv)
	1495
	1496	DO j = 0, ny
	1497	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1498	rand_it(k,j) = rand_it(k,j) * rand_sigma_inv
	1499	ENDDO
	1500	ENDDO
	1501
	1502	!
	1503	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
	1504	DO j = 0, ny
	1505	DO k = 1, mergp
	1506	rand_it(nzb -k,j) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,j) ! bottom margin
	1507	rand_it(nzt+1+k,j) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,j) ! top margin
	1508	ENDDO
	1509	ENDDO
	1510	DO j = 1, mergp
	1511	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
	1512	rand_it(k, -j) = rand_it(k,ny-j+1) ! south margin
	1513	rand_it(k,ny+j) = rand_it(k, j-1) ! north margin
	1514	ENDDO
	1515	ENDDO
	1516
	1517	!
	1518	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
	1519	n_y2 = n_y * 2
	1520	n_z2 = n_z * 2
	1521	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
	1522
	1523	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2938]	1524	DO k = nzb_x_stg, nzt_x_stg+1
[2259]	1525	DO jj = -n_y2(k), n_y2(k)
	1526	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
	1527	f_n_l(k,j) = f_n_l(k,j) &
	1528	+ b_y(jj,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,j+jj)
	1529	ENDDO
	1530	ENDDO
	1531	ENDDO
	1532	ENDDO
	1533
	1534	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
	1535	!
	1536	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
[2938]	1537	send_count = nzt_x_stg - nzb_x_stg + 1
	1538	IF ( nzt_x_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
[2259]	1539
	1540	#if defined( __parallel )
[2945]	1541	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_x_stg,nysg), send_count, stg_type_yz_small, &
	1542	f_n(nzb+1,nysg), recv_count_yz, displs_yz, stg_type_yz, &
[2938]	1543	id, comm1dx, ierr )
[2259]	1544	#else
[2938]	1545	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nysg:nyng) = f_n_l(nzb_x_stg:nzt_x_stg+1,nysg:nyng)
[2259]	1546	#endif
	1547
	1548
	1549	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_yz
	1550
[2938]	1551
	1552
	1553
	1554	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1555	! Description:
	1556	! ------------
	1557	!> Generate a set of random number rand_it wich is equal on each PE
	1558	!> and calculate the velocity seed f_n.
	1559	!> f_n is splitted in vertical direction by the number of PEs in y-direction and
	1560	!> and each PE calculates a vertical subsection of f_n. At the the end, all
	1561	!> parts are collected to form the full array.
	1562	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1563	SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz( n_x, n_z, b_x, b_z, f_n, id )
	1564
	1565
	1566	USE indices, &
	1567	ONLY: nx
	1568
	1569
	1570	IMPLICIT NONE
	1571
	1572	INTEGER(iwp) :: id !< core ids at respective boundaries
	1573	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
	1574	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< loop index in x-direction
	1575	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1576	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< loop index in z-direction
	1577	INTEGER(iwp) :: send_count !< send count for MPI_GATHERV
	1578
	1579	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x !< length scale in x-direction
	1580	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z !< length scale in z-direction
[3347]	1581	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_x2 !< n_x*2
[2938]	1582	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1) :: n_z2 !< n_z*2
	1583
	1584	REAL(wp) :: nxz_inv !< inverse of number of grid points in xz-slice
	1585	REAL(wp) :: rand_av !< average of random number
	1586	REAL(wp) :: rand_sigma_inv !< inverse of stdev of random number
	1587
[3347]	1588	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_x !< filter function in x-direction
	1589	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(-merg:merg,nzb:nzt+1) :: b_z !< filter function in z-direction
[2938]	1590	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n_l !< local velocity seed
	1591	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) :: f_n !< velocity seed
	1592	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rand_it !< random number
	1593
	1594
	1595	!
	1596	!-- Generate random numbers using a seed generated in stg_init.
	1597	!-- The set of random numbers are modified to have an average of 0 and
	1598	!-- unit variance.
	1599	ALLOCATE( rand_it(nzb-mergp:nzt+1+mergp,-mergp:nx+mergp) )
	1600
	1601	rand_av = 0.0_wp
	1602	rand_sigma_inv = 0.0_wp
	1603	nxz_inv = 1.0_wp / REAL( ( nzt+1 - nzb+1 ) * ( nx+1 ), KIND=wp )
	1604
	1605	DO i = 0, nx
	1606	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1607	CALL RANDOM_NUMBER( rand_it(k,i) )
	1608	rand_av = rand_av + rand_it(k,i)
	1609	ENDDO
	1610	ENDDO
	1611
	1612	rand_av = rand_av * nxz_inv
	1613
	1614	DO i = 0, nx
	1615	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1616	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) - rand_av
	1617	rand_sigma_inv = rand_sigma_inv + rand_it(k,i) ** 2
	1618	ENDDO
	1619	ENDDO
	1620
	1621	rand_sigma_inv = 1.0_wp / SQRT(rand_sigma_inv * nxz_inv)
	1622
	1623	DO i = 0, nx
	1624	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
	1625	rand_it(k,i) = rand_it(k,i) * rand_sigma_inv
	1626	ENDDO
	1627	ENDDO
	1628
	1629	!
	1630	!-- Periodic fill of random number in space
	1631	DO i = 0, nx
	1632	DO k = 1, mergp
	1633	rand_it(nzb-k,i) = rand_it(nzt+2-k,i) ! bottom margin
	1634	rand_it(nzt+1+k,i) = rand_it(nzb+k-1,i) ! top margin
	1635	ENDDO
	1636	ENDDO
	1637	DO i = 1, mergp
	1638	DO k = nzb-mergp, nzt+1+mergp
	1639	rand_it(k,-i) = rand_it(k,nx-i+1) ! left margin
	1640	rand_it(k,nx+i) = rand_it(k,i-1) ! right margin
	1641	ENDDO
	1642	ENDDO
	1643
	1644	!
	1645	!-- Generate velocity seed following Eq.6 of Xie and Castro (2008)
	1646	n_x2 = n_x * 2
	1647	n_z2 = n_z * 2
	1648	f_n_l = 0.0_wp
	1649
	1650	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1651	DO k = nzb_y_stg, nzt_y_stg+1
	1652	DO ii = -n_x2(k), n_x2(k)
	1653	DO kk = -n_z2(k), n_z2(k)
	1654	f_n_l(k,i) = f_n_l(k,i) &
	1655	+ b_x(ii,k) * b_z(kk,k) * rand_it(k+kk,i+ii)
	1656	ENDDO
	1657	ENDDO
	1658	ENDDO
	1659	ENDDO
	1660
	1661	DEALLOCATE( rand_it )
	1662
	1663	!
	1664	!-- Gather velocity seeds of full subdomain
	1665	send_count = nzt_y_stg - nzb_y_stg + 1
	1666	IF ( nzt_y_stg == nzt ) send_count = send_count + 1
	1667
	1668
	1669	#if defined( __parallel )
[2945]	1670	CALL MPI_GATHERV( f_n_l(nzb_y_stg,nxlg), send_count, stg_type_xz_small, &
[2938]	1671	f_n(nzb+1,nxlg), recv_count_xz, displs_xz, stg_type_xz, &
	1672	id, comm1dy, ierr )
	1673	#else
	1674	f_n(nzb+1:nzt+1,nxlg:nxrg) = f_n_l(nzb_y_stg:nzt_y_stg+1,nxlg:nxrg)
	1675	#endif
	1676
	1677
	1678	END SUBROUTINE stg_generate_seed_xz
	1679
[3347]	1680	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1681	! Description:
	1682	! ------------
	1683	!> Parametrization of the Reynolds stress tensor, following the parametrization
	1684	!> described in Rotach et al. (1996), which is applied in state-of-the-art
	1685	!> dispserion modelling. Please note, the parametrization does not distinguish
	1686	!> between along-wind and cross-wind turbulence.
	1687	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1688	SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
	1689
	1690	USE arrays_3d, &
	1691	ONLY: zu
	1692
	1693	IMPLICIT NONE
	1694
	1695	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1696
	1697	REAL(wp) :: zzi !< ratio of z/zi
	1698
	1699	!
	1700	!--
	1701	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
	1702
	1703	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
	1704	!
	1705	!-- Determine normalized height coordinate
	1706	zzi = zu(k) / zi_ribulk
	1707	!
	1708	!-- u'u' and v'v'. Assume isotropy. Note, add a small negative number
	1709	!-- to the denominator, else the merge-function can crash if scale_l is
	1710	!-- zero.
	1711	r11(k) = scale_us*2 ( &
	1712	MERGE( 0.35_wp * ( &
	1713	- zi_ribulk / ( kappa * scale_l - 10E-4_wp ) &
	1714	)**( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ), &
	1715	0.0_wp, &
	1716	scale_l < 0.0_wp ) &
	1717	+ 5.0_wp - 4.0_wp * zzi &
	1718	)
	1719
	1720	r22(k) = r11(k)
	1721	!
	1722	!-- w'w'
	1723	r33(k) = scale_wm*2 ( &
	1724	1.5_wp * zzi*( 2.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) EXP( -2.0_wp * zzi ) &
	1725	+ ( 1.7_wp - zzi ) * ( scale_us / scale_wm )**2 &
	1726	)
	1727	!
	1728	!-- u'w' and v'w'. Assume isotropy.
	1729	r31(k) = - scale_us*2 ( &
	1730	1.0_wp - EXP( 3.0_wp * ( zzi - 1.0_wp ) ) &
	1731	)
	1732
	1733	r32(k) = r31(k)
	1734	!
	1735	!-- For u'v' no parametrization exist so far - ?. For simplicity assume
	1736	!-- a similar profile as for u'w'.
	1737	r21(k) = r31(k)
	1738	!
	1739	!-- Above the boundary layer, assmume laminar flow conditions.
	1740	ELSE
	1741	r11(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1742	r22(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1743	r33(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1744	r21(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1745	r31(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1746	r32(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1747	ENDIF
	1748	ENDDO
	1749
	1750	!
	1751	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
	1752	r11(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
	1753	r22(nzb) = r22(nzb+1)
	1754	r33(nzb) = r33(nzb+1)
	1755
	1756	r21(nzb) = r11(nzb+1)
	1757	r31(nzb) = r31(nzb+1)
	1758	r32(nzb) = r32(nzb+1)
	1759
	1760
	1761	END SUBROUTINE parametrize_reynolds_stress
	1762
	1763	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1764	! Description:
	1765	! ------------
	1766	!> Calculate the coefficient matrix from the Lund rotation.
	1767	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1768	SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
	1769
	1770	IMPLICIT NONE
	1771
	1772	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1773
	1774	!
	1775	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix. Split loops to allow for loop vectorization.
	1776	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
	1777	IF ( r11(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1778	a11(k) = SQRT( r11(k) )
	1779	a21(k) = r21(k) / a11(k)
	1780	a31(k) = r31(k) / a11(k)
	1781	ELSE
	1782	a11(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1783	a21(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1784	a31(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1785	ENDIF
	1786	ENDDO
	1787	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
	1788	a22(k) = r22(k) - a21(k)**2
	1789	IF ( a22(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1790	a22(k) = SQRT( a22(k) )
	1791	a32(k) = r32(k) - a21(k) * a31(k) / a22(k)
	1792	ELSE
	1793	a22(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1794	a32(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1795	ENDIF
	1796	ENDDO
	1797	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
	1798	a33(k) = r33(k) - a31(k)2 - a32(k)2
	1799	IF ( a33(k) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1800	a33(k) = SQRT( a33(k) )
	1801	ELSE
	1802	a33(k) = 10E-8_wp
	1803	ENDIF
	1804	ENDDO
	1805	!
	1806	!-- Set bottom boundary condition
	1807	a11(nzb) = a11(nzb+1)
	1808	a22(nzb) = a22(nzb+1)
	1809	a21(nzb) = a21(nzb+1)
	1810	a33(nzb) = a33(nzb+1)
	1811	a31(nzb) = a31(nzb+1)
	1812	a32(nzb) = a32(nzb+1)
	1813
	1814	END SUBROUTINE calc_coeff_matrix
	1815
	1816	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1817	! Description:
	1818	! ------------
	1819	!> This routine controls the re-adjustment of the turbulence statistics used
	1820	!> for generating turbulence at the lateral boundaries.
	1821	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1822	SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
	1823
	1824	IMPLICIT NONE
	1825
	1826	!
	1827	!-- Compute mean boundary layer height according to Richardson-Bulk
	1828	!-- criterion using the inflow profiles. Further velocity scale as well as
	1829	!-- mean friction velocity are calculated.
	1830	CALL calc_scaling_variables
	1831	!
	1832	!-- Set length and time scales depending on boundary-layer height
	1833	CALL calc_length_and_time_scale
	1834	!
	1835	!-- Parametrize Reynolds-stress tensor, diagonal elements as well
	1836	!-- as r21 (v'u'), r31 (w'u'), r32 (w'v'). Parametrization follows
	1837	!-- Rotach et al. (1996) and is based on boundary-layer depth,
	1838	!-- friction velocity and velocity scale.
	1839	CALL parametrize_reynolds_stress
	1840	!
	1841	!-- Calculate coefficient matrix from Reynolds stress tensor
	1842	!-- (Lund rotation)
	1843	CALL calc_coeff_matrix
	1844	!
	1845	!-- Determine filter functions on basis of updated length scales
	1846	CALL stg_filter_func( nux, bux ) !filter ux
	1847	CALL stg_filter_func( nuy, buy ) !filter uy
	1848	CALL stg_filter_func( nuz, buz ) !filter uz
	1849	CALL stg_filter_func( nvx, bvx ) !filter vx
	1850	CALL stg_filter_func( nvy, bvy ) !filter vy
	1851	CALL stg_filter_func( nvz, bvz ) !filter vz
	1852	CALL stg_filter_func( nwx, bwx ) !filter wx
	1853	CALL stg_filter_func( nwy, bwy ) !filter wy
	1854	CALL stg_filter_func( nwz, bwz ) !filter wz
	1855	!
	1856	!-- Reset time counter for controlling next adjustment to zero
	1857	time_stg_adjust = 0.0_wp
	1858
	1859
	1860	END SUBROUTINE stg_adjust
	1861
	1862
	1863	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1864	! Description:
	1865	! ------------
	1866	!> Calculates turbuluent length and time scales if these are not available
	1867	!> from measurements.
	1868	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1869	SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
	1870
	1871	USE arrays_3d, &
[3775]	1872	ONLY: dzw, ddzw, u_init, v_init
[3347]	1873
	1874	USE grid_variables, &
	1875	ONLY: ddx, ddy, dx, dy
	1876
	1877	IMPLICIT NONE
	1878
	1879
	1880	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
	1881
	1882	REAL(wp) :: length_scale !< typical length scale
	1883
	1884	!
	1885	!-- In initial call the boundary-layer depth can be zero. This case, set
	1886	!-- minimum value for boundary-layer depth, to setup length scales correctly.
	1887	zi_ribulk = MAX( zi_ribulk, zw(nzb+2) )
	1888	!
	1889	!-- Set-up default turbulent length scales. From the numerical point of
	1890	!-- view the imposed perturbations should not be immediately dissipated
	1891	!-- by the numerics. The numerical dissipation, however, acts on scales
	1892	!-- up to 8 x the grid spacing. For this reason, set the turbulence
	1893	!-- length scale to 8 time the grid spacing. Further, above the boundary
	1894	!-- layer height, set turbulence lenght scales to zero (equivalent to not
	1895	!-- imposing any perturbations) in order to save computational costs.
	1896	!-- Typical time scales are derived by assuming Taylors's hypothesis,
	1897	!-- using the length scales and the mean profiles of u- and v-component.
	1898	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
	1899
	1900	length_scale = 8.0_wp * MIN( dx, dy, dzw(k) )
	1901
	1902	IF ( zu(k) <= zi_ribulk ) THEN
	1903	!
	1904	!-- Assume isotropic turbulence length scales
	1905	nux(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
	1906	nuy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
	1907	nuz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
	1908	nvx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
	1909	nvy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
	1910	nvz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
	1911	nwx(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddx ), 1 )
	1912	nwy(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddy ), 1 )
	1913	nwz(k) = MAX( INT( length_scale * ddzw(k) ), 1 )
	1914	!
	1915	!-- Limit time scales, else they become very larger for low wind speed,
	1916	!-- imposing long-living inflow perturbations which in turn propagate
	1917	!-- further into the model domain. Use u_init and v_init to calculate
	1918	!-- the time scales, which will be equal to the inflow profiles, both,
	1919	!-- in offline nesting mode or in dirichlet/radiation mode.
	1920	tu(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
	1921	( ABS( u_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
	1922	tv(k) = MIN( dt_stg_adjust, length_scale / &
	1923	( ABS( v_init(k) ) + 0.1_wp ) )
	1924	!
	1925	!-- Time scale of w-component is a mixture from u- and v-component.
	1926	tw(k) = SQRT( tu(k)2 + tv(k)2 )
	1927	!
	1928	!-- Above the boundary layer length scales are zero, i.e. imposed turbulence
	1929	!-- is not correlated in space and time, just white noise. This saves
	1930	!-- computations power.
	1931	ELSE
	1932	nux(k) = 0.0_wp
	1933	nuy(k) = 0.0_wp
	1934	nuz(k) = 0.0_wp
	1935	nvx(k) = 0.0_wp
	1936	nvy(k) = 0.0_wp
	1937	nvz(k) = 0.0_wp
	1938	nwx(k) = 0.0_wp
	1939	nwy(k) = 0.0_wp
	1940	nwz(k) = 0.0_wp
	1941
	1942	tu(k) = 0.0_wp
	1943	tv(k) = 0.0_wp
	1944	tw(k) = 0.0_wp
	1945	ENDIF
	1946	ENDDO
	1947	!
	1948	!-- Set bottom boundary condition for the length and time scales
	1949	nux(nzb) = nux(nzb+1)
	1950	nuy(nzb) = nuy(nzb+1)
	1951	nuz(nzb) = nuz(nzb+1)
	1952	nvx(nzb) = nvx(nzb+1)
	1953	nvy(nzb) = nvy(nzb+1)
	1954	nvz(nzb) = nvz(nzb+1)
	1955	nwx(nzb) = nwx(nzb+1)
	1956	nwy(nzb) = nwy(nzb+1)
	1957	nwz(nzb) = nwz(nzb+1)
	1958
	1959	tu(nzb) = tu(nzb+1)
	1960	tv(nzb) = tv(nzb+1)
	1961	tw(nzb) = tw(nzb+1)
	1962
	1963
	1964	END SUBROUTINE calc_length_and_time_scale
	1965
	1966	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1967	! Description:
	1968	! ------------
	1969	!> Calculate scaling variables which are used for turbulence parametrization
	1970	!> according to Rotach et al. (1996). Scaling variables are: friction velocity,
	1971	!> boundary-layer depth, momentum velocity scale, and Obukhov length.
	1972	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1973	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
	1974
	1975
	1976	USE control_parameters, &
	1977	ONLY: bc_dirichlet_l, bc_dirichlet_n, bc_dirichlet_r, bc_dirichlet_s, &
[3775]	1978	pt_surface
[3347]	1979
	1980	USE indices, &
	1981	ONLY: nx, ny
	1982
	1983	USE surface_mod, &
[3579]	1984	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[3347]	1985
	1986	IMPLICIT NONE
	1987
	1988	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index in x-direction
	1989	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index in y-direction
	1990	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index in z-direction
[3579]	1991	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_ref !< index in z-direction for COSMO reference height
	1992	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_topo !< topography top index
[3347]	1993	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< surface element index
	1994
	1995	REAL(wp) :: friction_vel_l !< mean friction veloctiy on subdomain
	1996	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean !< mean surface sensible heat flux
	1997	REAL(wp) :: shf_mean_l !< mean surface sensible heat flux on subdomain
	1998	REAL(wp) :: u_int !< u-component
	1999	REAL(wp) :: v_int !< v-component
	2000	REAL(wp) :: w_convective !< convective velocity scale
	2001	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean !< mean roughness length
	2002	REAL(wp) :: z0_mean_l !< mean roughness length on subdomain
	2003
	2004	!
	2005	!-- Mean friction velocity and velocity scale. Therefore,
	2006	!-- pre-calculate mean roughness length and surface sensible heat flux
	2007	!-- in the model domain, which are further used to estimate friction
	2008	!-- velocity and velocity scale. Note, for z0 linear averaging is applied,
	2009	!-- even though this is known to unestimate the effective roughness.
	2010	!-- This need to be revised later.
	2011	z0_mean_l = 0.0_wp
	2012	shf_mean_l = 0.0_wp
	2013	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
	2014	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%z0(m)
	2015	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_def_h(0)%shf(m)
	2016	ENDDO
	2017	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
	2018	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%z0(m)
	2019	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_lsm_h%shf(m)
	2020	ENDDO
	2021	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
	2022	z0_mean_l = z0_mean_l + surf_usm_h%z0(m)
	2023	shf_mean_l = shf_mean_l + surf_usm_h%shf(m)
	2024	ENDDO
	2025
	2026	#if defined( __parallel )
	2027	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( z0_mean_l, z0_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
	2028	comm2d, ierr )
	2029	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( shf_mean_l, shf_mean, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
	2030	comm2d, ierr )
	2031	#else
	2032	z0_mean = z0_mean_l
	2033	shf_mean = shf_mean_l
	2034	#endif
	2035	z0_mean = z0_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
	2036	shf_mean = shf_mean / REAL( ( nx + 1 ) * ( ny + 1 ), KIND = wp )
	2037
	2038	!
	2039	!-- Note, Inifor does not use logarithmic interpolation of the
	2040	!-- velocity components near the ground, so that near-surface
	2041	!-- wind speed and thus the friction velocity is overestimated.
	2042	!-- However, friction velocity is used for turbulence
	2043	!-- parametrization, so that more physically meaningful values are important.
[3579]	2044	!-- Hence, derive friction velocity from wind speed at a reference height,
	2045	!-- which is 10 m, according to the height of the 1st vertical grid level
	2046	!-- in the COSMO level. However, in case of topography that is higher than
	2047	!-- the reference level, the k index is determined from the 1st vertical
	2048	!-- PALM grid level instead.
[3347]	2049	!-- For a first guess use 20 m, which is in the range of the first
	2050	!-- COSMO vertical level.
	2051	k_ref = MINLOC( ABS( zu - cosmo_ref ), DIM = 1 ) - 1
	2052
	2053	friction_vel_l = 0.0_wp
	2054	IF ( bc_dirichlet_l .OR. bc_dirichlet_r ) THEN
	2055
	2056	i = MERGE( -1, nxr + 1, bc_dirichlet_l )
	2057
	2058	DO j = nys, nyn
	2059	!
[3579]	2060	!-- Determine the k index and topography top index
	2061	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
	2062	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
	2063	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
	2064	!
[3347]	2065	!-- Note, in u- and v- component the imposed perturbations
	2066	!-- from the STG are already included. Check whether this
	2067	!-- makes any difference compared to using the pure-mean
	2068	!-- inflow profiles.
[3579]	2069	u_int = MERGE( u(k,j,i+1), u(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_l )
	2070	v_int = v(k,j,i)
[3347]	2071	!
	2072	!-- Calculate friction velocity and sum-up. Therefore, assume
	2073	!-- neutral condtions.
	2074	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
	2075	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
[3579]	2076	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
[3347]	2077
	2078	ENDDO
	2079
	2080	ENDIF
	2081
	2082	IF ( bc_dirichlet_s .OR. bc_dirichlet_n ) THEN
	2083
	2084	j = MERGE( -1, nyn + 1, bc_dirichlet_s )
	2085
	2086	DO i = nxl, nxr
	2087
[3579]	2088	k_topo = MAX( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'u' ), &
	2089	get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 'v' ) )
	2090	k = MAX( k_ref, k_topo + 1 )
	2091
	2092	u_int = u(k,j,i)
	2093	v_int = MERGE( v(k,j+1,i), v(k,j,i), bc_dirichlet_s )
[3347]	2094
	2095	friction_vel_l = friction_vel_l + kappa * &
	2096	SQRT( u_int * u_int + v_int * v_int ) / &
[3579]	2097	LOG( ( zu(k) - zu(k_topo) ) / z0_mean )
[3347]	2098
	2099	ENDDO
	2100
	2101	ENDIF
	2102
	2103	#if defined( __parallel )
	2104	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( friction_vel_l, scale_us, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
	2105	comm2d, ierr )
	2106	#else
	2107	scale_us = friction_vel_l
	2108	#endif
	2109	scale_us = scale_us / REAL( 2 * nx + 2 * ny, KIND = wp )
	2110
	2111	!
	2112	!-- Compute mean Obukhov length
	2113	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2114	scale_l = - pt_surface / ( kappa * g ) * scale_us**3 / shf_mean
	2115	ELSE
	2116	scale_l = 0.0_wp
	2117	ENDIF
	2118
	2119	!
	2120	!-- Compute mean convective velocity scale. Note, in case the mean heat flux
	2121	!-- is negative, set convective velocity scale to zero.
	2122	IF ( shf_mean > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2123	w_convective = ( g * shf_mean * zi_ribulk / pt_surface )**( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
	2124	ELSE
	2125	w_convective = 0.0_wp
	2126	ENDIF
	2127	!
	2128	!-- Finally, in order to consider also neutral or stable stratification,
	2129	!-- compute momentum velocity scale from u* and convective velocity scale,
	2130	!-- according to Rotach et al. (1996).
	2131	scale_wm = ( scale_us*3 + 0.6_wp w_convective3 )( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp )
	2132
	2133	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_variables
	2134
[2259]	2135	END MODULE synthetic_turbulence_generator_mod

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