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1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! ------------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z forkel $
28	! Bugfix, missing calculation of 10cm temperature at vertical building walls,
29	! required for indoor model
30	!
31	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
32	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
33	!
34	! 3668 2019-01-14 12:49:24Z maronga
35	! Removed methods "circular" and "lookup"
36	!
37	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
38	! OpenACC port for SPEC
39	!
40	! 3597 2018-12-04 08:40:18Z maronga
41	! Added routine for calculating near surface air potential temperature (moved
42	! from urban_surface_mod)
43	!
44	! 3547 2018-11-21 13:21:24Z suehring
45	! variables documented
46	!
47	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
48	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
49	!
50	! 3271 2018-09-24 08:20:34Z suehring
51	! Comment revised
52	!
53	! 3157 2018-07-19 21:08:49Z maronga
54	! Added local free convection velocity scale w_lfc in calculation of uvw_abs.
55	! This can be switche on/off by the user via the flag namelist parameter
56	! use_free_convection_scaling
57	!
58	! 3152 2018-07-19 13:26:52Z suehring
59	! q_surface is now part of surface structure
60	!
61	! 3149 2018-07-19 05:48:09Z maronga
62	! Correct accidental last commit
63	!
64	! 3148 2018-07-19 05:45:25Z maronga
65	! Major bugfix in calculation of Obukhov length
66	!
67	! 3146 2018-07-18 22:36:19Z maronga
68	! move phi_m from turbulence_closure_mod
69	!
70	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
71	! Error message revised
72	!
73	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
74	! Removed preprocessor directive __chem
75	!
76	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
77	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
78	!
79	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
80	! - Change in file header (GPL part)
81	! - Implementation of chemistry module (FK)
82	! - Added calculation of pt1 and qv1 for all surface types. Added calculation of
83	! pt_surface for default-type surfaces (BM)
84	! - Add flag to disable computation of qsws in case of urban surface (MS)
85	!
86	! 2547 2017-10-16 12:41:56Z schwenkel
87	! extended by cloud_droplets option
88	!
89	! 2321 2017-07-24 15:57:07Z schwenkel
90	! Bugfix: Correct index in lookup table for Obukhov length
91	!
92	! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z suehring
93	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
94	!
95	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
96	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
97	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
98	! and cloud water content (qc).
99	!
100	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
101	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
102	!
103	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
104	!
105	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
106	! Adjustments to new surface concept
107	! OpenMP bugfix
108	!
109	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
110	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
111	!
112	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
113	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
114	!
115	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
116	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
117	!
118	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
119	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
120	!
121	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
122	! Anelastic approximation implemented
123	!
124	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
125	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
126	!
127	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
128	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
129	!
130	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
131	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
132	!
133	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
134	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
135	!
136	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
137	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
138	!
139	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
140	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
141	! completely surrounded by topography
142	!
143	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
144	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
145	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
146	!
147	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
148	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
149	! timestep
150	!
151	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
152	! Module renamed
153	!
154	!
155	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
156	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
157	!
158	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
159	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
160	! humidity.
161	! Syntax layout improved.
162	!
163	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
164	! Minor fixes.
165	!
166	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
167	! further OpenACC adjustments
168	!
169	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
170	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
171	!
172	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
173	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
174	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
175	! neutral = .T.
176	!
177	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
178	! Typo removed
179	!
180	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
181	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
182	!
183	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
184	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
185	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
186	! updated description.
187	!
188	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
189	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
190	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
191	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
192	! directly prescribed by the user.
193	!
194	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
195	! Adapted for land surface model
196	!
197	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
198	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
199	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
200	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
201	!
202	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
203	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
204	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
205	!
206	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
207	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
208	!
209	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
210	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
211	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
212	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
213	! old module precision_kind is removed,
214	! revision history before 2012 removed,
215	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
216	! all variable declaration statements
217	!
218	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
219	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
220	!
221	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
222	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
223	!
224	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
225	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
226	!
227	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
228	! OpenACC statements added
229	!
230	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
231	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
232	!
233	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
234	! Initial revision
235	!
236	!
237	! Description:
238	! ------------
239	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
240	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1 based on Newton iteration
241	!>
242	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
243	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
244	!> @todo simplify if conditions (which flux need to be computed in which case)
245	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
246	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
247
248	USE arrays_3d, &
249	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
250	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw, d_exner
251
252	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
253	ONLY: g, kappa, lv_d_cp, pi, rd_d_rv
254
255	USE chem_modules, &
256	ONLY: constant_csflux, nvar
257
258	USE cpulog
259
260	USE control_parameters, &
261	ONLY: air_chemistry, cloud_droplets, &
262	constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
263	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, do_output_at_2m, humidity, &
264	ibc_e_b, ibc_pt_b, indoor_model, initializing_actions, &
265	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
266	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, message_string, &
267	neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
268	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
269	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, &
270	use_free_convection_scaling, zeta_max, zeta_min
271
272	USE grid_variables, &
273	ONLY: dx, dy
274
275	USE indices, &
276	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
277
278	USE kinds
279
280	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
281	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert
282
283	USE pegrid
284
285	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
286	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
287
288	USE surface_mod, &
289	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
290	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
291
292
293	IMPLICIT NONE
294
295	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
296	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
297	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
298	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
299	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
300
301	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
302
303	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
304	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
305	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
306	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
307	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
308	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
309
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
311	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
312
313	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
314	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
315	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
316	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
317	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
318
319	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
320
321
322	SAVE
323
324	PRIVATE
325
326	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, phi_m, surface_layer_fluxes
327
328	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
329	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
330	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
331
332	INTERFACE phi_m
333	MODULE PROCEDURE phi_m
334	END INTERFACE phi_m
335
336	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
337	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
338	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
339
340
341	CONTAINS
342
343
344	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
345	! Description:
346	! ------------
347	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
348	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
349	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
350
351	IMPLICIT NONE
352
353	surf_vertical = .FALSE. !< flag indicating vertically orientated surface elements
354	downward = .FALSE. !< flag indicating downward-facing surface elements
355	!
356	!-- Derive potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
357	!-- from the fields pt and q
358	!
359	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
360	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
361	DO l = 0, 1
362	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
363	surf => surf_def_h(l)
364	CALL calc_pt_q
365	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) THEN
366	CALL calc_pt_surface
367	IF ( humidity ) THEN
368	CALL calc_q_surface
369	CALL calc_vpt_surface
370	ENDIF
371	ENDIF
372	ENDIF
373	ENDDO
374	!
375	!-- Call for natural-type horizontal surfaces
376	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
377	surf => surf_lsm_h
378	CALL calc_pt_q
379	ENDIF
380
381	!
382	!-- Call for urban-type horizontal surfaces
383	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
384	surf => surf_usm_h
385	CALL calc_pt_q
386	ENDIF
387
388	!
389	!-- Call for natural-type vertical surfaces
390	DO l = 0, 3
391	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
392	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
393	CALL calc_pt_q
394	ENDIF
395
396	!-- Call for urban-type vertical surfaces
397	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
398	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
399	CALL calc_pt_q
400	ENDIF
401	ENDDO
402
403	!
404	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
405	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
406	!-- surface fluxes if required. Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
407	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
408	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
409	!-- surfaces are treated.
410
411	!
412	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
413	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
414	surf => surf_def_h(0)
415	CALL calc_uvw_abs
416	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
417	CALL calc_us
418	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
419	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
420	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
421	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
422	ENDIF
423	ENDIF
424	!
425	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
426	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
427	surf => surf_lsm_h
428	CALL calc_uvw_abs
429	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
430	CALL calc_us
431	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
432	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
433	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
434	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
435	ENDIF
436	ENDIF
437	!
438	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
439	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
440	surf => surf_usm_h
441	CALL calc_uvw_abs
442	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
443	CALL calc_us
444	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
445	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
446	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
447	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
448	ENDIF
449	!
450	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
451	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
452	ENDIF
453
454	!
455	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
456	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
457	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
458	!-- most_method is required.
459	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
460	downward = .TRUE.
461	surf => surf_def_h(1)
462	CALL calc_uvw_abs
463	CALL calc_us
464	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
465	downward = .FALSE.
466	ENDIF
467	!
468	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
469	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
470	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
471	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
472	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
473	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
474	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
475	!
476	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
477	!-- surfaces(usvs).
478	!-- For default-type surfaces
479	mom_uv = .TRUE.
480	DO l = 0, 1
481	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
482	surf => surf_def_v(l)
483	!
484	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
485	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
486	!
487	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
488	CALL calc_us
489	!
490	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
491	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
492	ENDIF
493	ENDDO
494	!
495	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
496	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
497	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
498	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
499	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
500	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
501	DO l = 0, 1
502	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
503	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
504	!
505	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
506	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
507	!
508	!-- Compute Obukhov length
509	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
510	!
511	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
512	CALL calc_us
513	!
514	!-- Compute scaling parameters
515	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
516	!
517	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
518	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
519	ENDIF
520	ENDDO
521	!
522	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
523	!-- to be computed.
524	ELSE
525	DO l = 0, 1
526	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
527	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
528	!
529	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
530	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
531	!
532	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
533	CALL calc_us
534	!
535	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
536	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
537	ENDIF
538	ENDDO
539	ENDIF
540	!
541	!-- For urban-type surfaces
542	DO l = 0, 1
543	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
544	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
545	!
546	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
547	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
548	!
549	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
550	CALL calc_us
551	!
552	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
553	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
554	!
555	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
556	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
557	ENDIF
558	ENDDO
559	!
560	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
561	!-- surfaces (vsus).
562	!-- For default-type surfaces
563	DO l = 2, 3
564	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
565	surf => surf_def_v(l)
566	!
567	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
568	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
569	!
570	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
571	CALL calc_us
572	!
573	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
574	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
575
576	ENDIF
577	ENDDO
578	!
579	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
580	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
581	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
582	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
583	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
584	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
585	DO l = 2, 3
586	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
587	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
588	!
589	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
590	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
591	!
592	!-- Compute Obukhov length
593	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
594	!
595	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
596	CALL calc_us
597	!
598	!-- Compute scaling parameters
599	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
600	!
601	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
602	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
603	ENDIF
604	ENDDO
605	ELSE
606	DO l = 2, 3
607	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
608	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
609	!
610	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
611	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
612	!
613	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
614	CALL calc_us
615	!
616	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
617	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
618	ENDIF
619	ENDDO
620	ENDIF
621	!
622	!-- For urban-type surfaces
623	DO l = 2, 3
624	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
625	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
626	!
627	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
628	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
629	!
630	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
631	CALL calc_us
632	!
633	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
634	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
635	!
636	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
637	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
638	ENDIF
639	ENDDO
640	mom_uv = .FALSE.
641	!
642	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
643	!-- surfaces.
644	mom_w = .TRUE.
645	!
646	!-- Default-type surfaces
647	DO l = 0, 3
648	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
649	surf => surf_def_v(l)
650	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
651	CALL calc_us
652	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
653	ENDIF
654	ENDDO
655	!
656	!-- Natural-type surfaces
657	DO l = 0, 3
658	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
659	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
660	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
661	CALL calc_us
662	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
663	ENDIF
664	ENDDO
665	!
666	!-- Urban-type surfaces
667	DO l = 0, 3
668	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
669	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
670	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
671	CALL calc_us
672	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
673	ENDIF
674	ENDDO
675	mom_w = .FALSE.
676	!
677	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
678	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
679	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
680	mom_tke = .TRUE.
681	!
682	!-- Default-type surfaces
683	DO l = 0, 3
684	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
685	surf => surf_def_v(l)
686	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
687	CALL calc_us
688	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
689	ENDIF
690	ENDDO
691	!
692	!-- Natural-type surfaces
693	DO l = 0, 3
694	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
695	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
696	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
697	CALL calc_us
698	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
699	ENDIF
700	ENDDO
701	!
702	!-- Urban-type surfaces
703	DO l = 0, 3
704	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
705	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
706	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
707	CALL calc_us
708	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
709	ENDIF
710	ENDDO
711	mom_tke = .FALSE.
712
713
714	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
715
716
717	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
718	! Description:
719	! ------------
720	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
721	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
722	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
723	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
724	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
725
726	IMPLICIT NONE
727
728	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
729	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
730
731	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
732
733	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
734
735	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
736
737
738	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
739	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
740	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
741	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
742	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
743
744
745	CALL location_message( 'initializing surface layer', .FALSE. )
746
747
748	!
749	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
750	!-- large value
751	IF ( neutral ) THEN
752	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
753	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
754	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
755	ENDIF
756
757	CALL location_message( 'finished', .TRUE. )
758
759	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
760
761
762	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
763	! Description:
764	! ------------
765	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
766	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
767	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
768	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
769
770	IMPLICIT NONE
771
772	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
773	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
774	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
775	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
776	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
777
778	REAL(wp) :: w_lfc !< local free convection velocity scale
779	!
780	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
781	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
782
783	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, w_lfc) &
784	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, v)
785	DO m = 1, surf%ns
786
787	i = surf%i(m)
788	j = surf%j(m)
789	k = surf%k(m)
790
791	!
792	!-- Calculate free convection velocity scale w_lfc is
793	!-- use_free_convection_scaling = .T.. This will maintain a horizontal
794	!-- velocity even for very weak wind convective conditions. SIGN is used
795	!-- to set w_lfc to zero under stable conditions.
796	IF ( use_free_convection_scaling ) THEN
797	w_lfc = ABS(g / surf%pt1(m) * surf%z_mo(m) * surf%shf(m))
798	w_lfc = ( 0.5_wp * ( w_lfc + SIGN(w_lfc,surf%shf(m)) ) )**(0.33333_wp)
799	ELSE
800	w_lfc = 0.0_wp
801	ENDIF
802
803	!
804	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
805	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
806	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
807	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
808	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
809	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
810	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
811	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
812	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
813	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
814	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
815	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
816	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
817	) * ibit &
818	) &
819	)**2 + &
820	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
821	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
822	) * ibit &
823	) &
824	)2 + w_lfc2 &
825	)
826
827
828
829	ENDDO
830
831	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
832
833
834	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
835	! Description:
836	! ------------
837	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
838	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
839	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
840	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
841
842	IMPLICIT NONE
843
844	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
845	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
846	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
847	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
848
849	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on xu-grid
850	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on xu-grid
851
852
853	DO m = 1, surf%ns
854	i = surf%i(m)
855	j = surf%j(m)
856	k = surf%k(m)
857	!
858	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
859	u_i = u(k,j,i)
860	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
861	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
862
863	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
864
865	ENDDO
866
867	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
868
869	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
870	! Description:
871	! ------------
872	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
873	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
874	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
875	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
876
877	IMPLICIT NONE
878
879	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
880	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
881	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
882	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
883
884	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on yv-grid
885	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on yv-grid
886
887
888	DO m = 1, surf%ns
889	i = surf%i(m)
890	j = surf%j(m)
891	k = surf%k(m)
892
893	v_i = u(k,j,i)
894	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
895	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
896
897	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
898
899	ENDDO
900
901	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
902
903	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
904	! Description:
905	! ------------
906	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
907	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
908	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
909	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
910
911	IMPLICIT NONE
912
913	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
914	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
915	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
916	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
917
918	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on x-zw-grid
919	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on y-zw-grid
920	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on zw-grid
921	!
922	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
923	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
924	DO m = 1, surf%ns
925	i = surf%i(m)
926	j = surf%j(m)
927	k = surf%k(m)
928
929	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
930	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
931	v_i = 0.0_wp
932	w_i = w(k,j,i)
933
934	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
935	ENDDO
936	!
937	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
938	ELSE
939	DO m = 1, surf%ns
940	i = surf%i(m)
941	j = surf%j(m)
942	k = surf%k(m)
943
944	u_i = 0.0_wp
945	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
946	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
947	w_i = w(k,j,i)
948
949	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
950	ENDDO
951	ENDIF
952
953	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
954
955	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
956	! Description:
957	! ------------
958	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
959	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
960	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
961	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
962
963	IMPLICIT NONE
964
965	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
966	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
967	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
968	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
969
970	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on scalar grid
971	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on scalar grid
972	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on scalar grid
973
974	!
975	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
976	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
977	DO m = 1, surf%ns
978	i = surf%i(m)
979	j = surf%j(m)
980	k = surf%k(m)
981
982	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
983	v_i = 0.0_wp
984	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
985
986	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
987	ENDDO
988	!
989	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
990	ELSE
991	DO m = 1, surf%ns
992	i = surf%i(m)
993	j = surf%j(m)
994	k = surf%k(m)
995
996	u_i = 0.0_wp
997	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
998	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
999
1000	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
1001	ENDDO
1002	ENDIF
1003
1004	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
1005
1006
1007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1008	! Description:
1009	! ------------
1010	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
1011	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1012	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
1013
1014	IMPLICIT NONE
1015
1016	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
1017	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
1018	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
1019
1020	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
1021	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
1022	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
1023	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
1024	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
1025	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
1026
1027	!
1028	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
1029	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
1030	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
1031	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1032	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1033	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1034
1035	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1036
1037	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
1038	* ( surf%vpt1(m) - surf%vpt_surface(m) ) &
1039	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%vpt1(m) &
1040	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1041	ENDDO
1042	ELSE
1043	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1044	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1045
1046	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1047
1048	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
1049	* ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
1050	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%pt1(m) + 1.0E-20_wp )
1051	ENDDO
1052	ENDIF
1053	ELSE
1054	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1055	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
1056	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1057
1058	k = surf%k(m)
1059
1060	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1061
1062	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
1063	* surf%qv1(m) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
1064	* surf%pt1(m) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
1065	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1066	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%vpt1(m) * kappa**2 &
1067	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1068	ENDDO
1069	ELSE
1070	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
1071	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(k, z_mo) &
1072	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
1073	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1074
1075	k = surf%k(m)
1076
1077	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1078
1079	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
1080	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1081	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%pt1(m) * kappa**2 &
1082	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1083	ENDDO
1084	ENDIF
1085	ENDIF
1086
1087	!
1088	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length using Newton iteration
1089	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, z_mo) &
1090	!$ACC PRIVATE(ol_old, ol_m, ol_l, ol_u, f, f_d_ol) &
1091	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1092	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1093
1094	i = surf%i(m)
1095	j = surf%j(m)
1096
1097	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1098
1099	!
1100	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
1101	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
1102
1103	!
1104	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
1105	!-- length have the same sign
1106	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
1107	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
1108	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
1109	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
1110	ENDIF
1111	!
1112	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
1113	iter = 0
1114	DO
1115	iter = iter + 1
1116	!
1117	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
1118	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
1119	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
1120	EXIT
1121	ENDIF
1122
1123	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
1124	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
1125	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
1126
1127
1128	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
1129	!
1130	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
1131	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
1132	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1133	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1134	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
1135	ol_m ) &
1136	) &
1137	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1138	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1139	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
1140	)**2
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Calculate df/dL
1144	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
1145	surf%z0h(m) ) &
1146	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1147	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
1148	) &
1149	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1150	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1151	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
1152	)**2 &
1153	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1154	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1155	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
1156	) &
1157	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1158	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1159	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
1160	)**2 &
1161	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
1162	ELSE
1163	!
1164	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
1165	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
1166	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1167	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1168	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
1169	)**3
1170
1171	!
1172	!-- Calculate df/dL
1173	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1174	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1175	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
1176	)**3 &
1177	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1178	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1179	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
1180	)**3 &
1181	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
1182	ENDIF
1183	!
1184	!-- Calculate new L
1185	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
1186
1187	!
1188	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
1189	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
1190	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
1191	!
1192	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
1193	!-- value that is allowed
1194	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
1195	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
1196	EXIT
1197	ENDIF
1198	!
1199	!-- Check for convergence
1200	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
1201	EXIT
1202	ELSE
1203	CYCLE
1204	ENDIF
1205
1206	ENDDO
1207	ENDDO
1208
1209	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
1210
1211	!
1212	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
1213	SUBROUTINE calc_us
1214
1215	IMPLICIT NONE
1216
1217	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1218
1219	!
1220	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
1221	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1222	!
1223	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
1224	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1225	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1226	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1227	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1228	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1229
1230	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1231	!
1232	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
1233	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
1234	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1235	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1236	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1237
1238	ENDDO
1239	!
1240	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
1241	!-- any stability.
1242	ELSE
1243	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1244	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1245	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1246	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1247
1248	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1249	!
1250	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
1251	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1252
1253	ENDDO
1254	ENDIF
1255	!
1256	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
1257	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
1258	ELSE
1259	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1260	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1261	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1262	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1263	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1264
1265	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1266	ENDDO
1267	ENDIF
1268
1269	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
1270
1271	!
1272	!-- Calculate potential temperature, specific humidity, and virtual potential
1273	!-- temperature at first grid level
1274	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
1275
1276	IMPLICIT NONE
1277
1278	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1279
1280	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1281	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1282	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
1283	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1284
1285	i = surf%i(m)
1286	j = surf%j(m)
1287	k = surf%k(m)
1288
1289	#ifndef _OPENACC
1290	IF ( bulk_cloud_model ) THEN
1291	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
1292	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
1293	ELSEIF( cloud_droplets ) THEN
1294	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
1295	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
1296	ELSE
1297	#endif
1298	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i)
1299	#ifndef _OPENACC
1300	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1301	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
1302	ELSE
1303	#endif
1304	surf%qv1(m) = 0.0_wp
1305	#ifndef _OPENACC
1306	ENDIF
1307	ENDIF
1308
1309	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1310	surf%vpt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1311	ENDIF
1312	#endif
1313
1314	ENDDO
1315
1316	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
1317
1318
1319	!
1320	!-- Set potential temperature at surface grid level.
1321	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
1322	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
1323
1324	IMPLICIT NONE
1325
1326	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1327	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1328
1329	k_off = surf%koff
1330	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1331	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1332	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
1333	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1334
1335	i = surf%i(m)
1336	j = surf%j(m)
1337	k = surf%k(m)
1338
1339	surf%pt_surface(m) = pt(k+k_off,j,i)
1340
1341	ENDDO
1342
1343	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
1344
1345	!
1346	!-- Set mixing ratio at surface grid level. ( Only for upward-facing surfs. )
1347	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1348
1349	IMPLICIT NONE
1350
1351	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1352	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1353
1354	k_off = surf%koff
1355	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1356	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1357
1358	i = surf%i(m)
1359	j = surf%j(m)
1360	k = surf%k(m)
1361
1362	surf%q_surface(m) = q(k+k_off,j,i)
1363
1364	ENDDO
1365
1366	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1367
1368	!
1369	!-- Set virtual potential temperature at surface grid level.
1370	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
1371	SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
1372
1373	IMPLICIT NONE
1374
1375	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1376	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1377
1378	k_off = surf%koff
1379	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1380	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1381
1382	i = surf%i(m)
1383	j = surf%j(m)
1384	k = surf%k(m)
1385
1386	surf%vpt_surface(m) = vpt(k+k_off,j,i)
1387
1388	ENDDO
1389
1390	END SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
1391
1392	!
1393	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
1394	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
1395
1396	IMPLICIT NONE
1397
1398
1399	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1400	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
1401	!
1402	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
1403	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1404	!
1405	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
1406
1407	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1408	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1409	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
1410	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1411
1412	i = surf%i(m)
1413	j = surf%j(m)
1414	k = surf%k(m)
1415
1416	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1417	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1418
1419	!
1420	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
1421	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
1422	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
1423	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
1424
1425	ENDDO
1426
1427	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1428	!
1429	!-- For a given surface temperature:
1430	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
1431
1432	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1433	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1434	i = surf%i(m)
1435	j = surf%j(m)
1436	k = surf%k(m)
1437
1438	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
1439	ENDDO
1440	ENDIF
1441
1442	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1443	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1444
1445	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1446
1447	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
1448	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1449	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1450	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1451
1452	ENDDO
1453
1454	ENDIF
1455	!
1456	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
1457	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
1458	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1459	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1460	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1461
1462	i = surf%i(m)
1463	j = surf%j(m)
1464	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1465	!
1466	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
1467	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
1468	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
1469	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
1470
1471	ENDDO
1472	ENDIF
1473
1474	!
1475	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
1476	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1477	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1478	!
1479	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
1480	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1481	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1482
1483	i = surf%i(m)
1484	j = surf%j(m)
1485	k = surf%k(m)
1486	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1487	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1488
1489	ENDDO
1490
1491	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1492	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
1493	run_coupled )
1494
1495	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
1496	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1497	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1498
1499	i = surf%i(m)
1500	j = surf%j(m)
1501	k = surf%k(m)
1502	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
1503
1504	ENDDO
1505	ENDIF
1506
1507	!
1508	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
1509	!-- in case of precursor runs)
1510	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
1511	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
1512	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1513	i = surf%i(m)
1514	j = surf%j(m)
1515	k = surf%k(m)
1516	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
1517	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
1518	- 273.15_wp ) )
1519	q(k-1,j,i) = rd_d_rv * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
1520	ENDDO
1521	ENDIF
1522
1523	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .OR. cloud_droplets ) THEN
1524	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1525	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1526
1527	i = surf%i(m)
1528	j = surf%j(m)
1529	k = surf%k(m)
1530
1531	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1532
1533	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - surf%q_surface(m) ) &
1534	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1535	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1536	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
1537	surf%ol(m) ) )
1538	ENDDO
1539	ELSE
1540	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1541	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1542
1543	i = surf%i(m)
1544	j = surf%j(m)
1545	k = surf%k(m)
1546
1547	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1548
1549	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
1550	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1551	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1552	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
1553	surf%ol(m) ) )
1554	ENDDO
1555	ENDIF
1556	ENDIF
1557	!
1558	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
1559	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1560	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1561	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1562
1563	i = surf%i(m)
1564	j = surf%j(m)
1565	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1566
1567	ENDDO
1568	ENDIF
1569	ENDIF
1570
1571	!
1572	!-- If required compute s*
1573	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
1574	!
1575	!-- At horizontal surfaces
1576	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1577	!
1578	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
1579	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1580	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1581	i = surf%i(m)
1582	j = surf%j(m)
1583	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1584	ENDDO
1585	ENDIF
1586	!
1587	!-- At vertical surfaces
1588	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1589	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1590	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1591	i = surf%i(m)
1592	j = surf%j(m)
1593	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1594	ENDDO
1595	ENDIF
1596	ENDIF
1597
1598	!
1599	!-- If required compute cs* (chemical species)
1600	IF ( air_chemistry ) THEN
1601	!
1602	!-- At horizontal surfaces
1603	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1604	IF ( constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1605	!-- For a given chemical species' flux in the surface layer
1606	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1607	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1608	i = surf%i(m)
1609	j = surf%j(m)
1610	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1611	ENDDO
1612	ENDIF
1613	ENDDO
1614	!
1615	!-- At vertical surfaces
1616	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1617	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1618	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1619	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1620	i = surf%i(m)
1621	j = surf%j(m)
1622	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1623	ENDDO
1624	ENDDO
1625	ENDIF
1626	ENDIF
1627
1628	!
1629	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
1630	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
1631	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1632	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1633	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1634
1635	i = surf%i(m)
1636	j = surf%j(m)
1637	k = surf%k(m)
1638
1639	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1640
1641	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
1642	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1643	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1644	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1645
1646	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
1647	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1648	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1649	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1650	ENDDO
1651
1652	ENDIF
1653
1654	!
1655	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
1656	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
1657	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1658	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1659	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1660
1661	i = surf%i(m)
1662	j = surf%j(m)
1663	k = surf%k(m)
1664
1665	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1666
1667	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
1668	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1669	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1670	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1671
1672	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
1673	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1674	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1675	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1676	ENDDO
1677
1678	ENDIF
1679
1680	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
1681
1682
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
1686	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
1687
1688	IMPLICIT NONE
1689
1690	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1691	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
1692
1693	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
1694	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1695	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1696	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1697	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1698	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1699
1700	!
1701	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
1702	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1703	!
1704	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
1705	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
1706	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1707	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1708	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
1709	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, rho_air_zw)
1710	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1711
1712	i = surf%i(m)
1713	j = surf%j(m)
1714	k = surf%k(m)
1715
1716	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1717
1718	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
1719	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1720	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1721	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1722	!
1723	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
1724	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
1725	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
1726	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
1727	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
1728	!-- tests had shown.
1729	!-- Same also for ol.
1730	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1731
1732	ENDDO
1733	!
1734	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
1735	ELSE
1736	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1737	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1738
1739	i = surf%i(m)
1740	j = surf%j(m)
1741	k = surf%k(m)
1742
1743	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1744
1745	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1746	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
1747
1748	ENDDO
1749	ENDIF
1750
1751	!
1752	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
1753	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
1754	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
1755	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1756	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1757	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
1758	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, v, rho_air_zw)
1759	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1760	i = surf%i(m)
1761	j = surf%j(m)
1762	k = surf%k(m)
1763
1764	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1765
1766	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
1767	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1768	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1769	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1770	!
1771	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
1772	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
1773	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
1774	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
1775	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
1776	!-- tests had shown.
1777	!-- Same also for ol.
1778	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1779	ENDDO
1780	!
1781	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
1782	ELSE
1783	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1784	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1785	i = surf%i(m)
1786	j = surf%j(m)
1787	k = surf%k(m)
1788
1789	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1790
1791	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1792	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
1793	ENDDO
1794	ENDIF
1795	!
1796	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
1797	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
1798	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
1799	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
1800	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1801	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1802	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1803	i = surf%i(m)
1804	j = surf%j(m)
1805	k = surf%k(m)
1806	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1807	ENDDO
1808	ENDIF
1809	!
1810	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
1811	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
1812	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
1813	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
1814	.NOT. urban_surface .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
1815	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1816	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1817	i = surf%i(m)
1818	j = surf%j(m)
1819	k = surf%k(m)
1820	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1821	ENDDO
1822	ENDIF
1823	!
1824	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
1825	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
1826	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1827	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1828	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1829
1830	i = surf%i(m)
1831	j = surf%j(m)
1832	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
1833
1834	ENDDO
1835	ENDIF
1836	!
1837	!-- Compute the vertical chemical species' flux
1838	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1839	IF ( .NOT. constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. air_chemistry .AND. &
1840	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1841	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1842	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1843	i = surf%i(m)
1844	j = surf%j(m)
1845	surf%cssws(lsp,m) = -surf%css(lsp,m) * surf%us(m)
1846	ENDDO
1847	ENDIF
1848	ENDDO
1849
1850	!
1851	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
1852	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
1853	.NOT. downward) THEN
1854	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1855	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1856
1857	i = surf%i(m)
1858	j = surf%j(m)
1859
1860	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
1861	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
1862	ENDDO
1863	ENDIF
1864	!
1865	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
1866	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
1867	.NOT. downward) THEN
1868	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1869	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1870
1871	i = surf%i(m)
1872	j = surf%j(m)
1873
1874	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
1875	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
1876	ENDDO
1877	ENDIF
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
1881	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
1882	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1883	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1884
1885	i = surf%i(m)
1886	j = surf%j(m)
1887	k = surf%k(m)
1888
1889	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
1890	!
1891	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
1892	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
1893	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
1894
1895	ENDDO
1896	ENDIF
1897	!
1898	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
1899	ELSE
1900	!
1901	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
1902	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
1903	!
1904	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
1905	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
1906	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
1907	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
1908	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
1909	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1910	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1911	i = surf%i(m)
1912	j = surf%j(m)
1913	k = surf%k(m)
1914
1915	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1916
1917	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
1918	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
1919	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1920
1921	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
1922	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
1923	ENDDO
1924	ENDIF
1925	!
1926	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
1927	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
1928	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1929	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1930	i = surf%i(m)
1931	j = surf%j(m)
1932	k = surf%k(m)
1933
1934	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1935
1936	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1937
1938	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
1939	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
1940	ENDDO
1941	ENDIF
1942	!
1943	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
1944	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
1945	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
1946	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
1947	!--
1948	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
1949	!
1950	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
1951	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
1952	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
1953	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
1954
1955	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
1956	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1957	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1958	i = surf%i(m)
1959	j = surf%j(m)
1960	k = surf%k(m)
1961
1962	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
1963	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
1964	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
1965	ENDDO
1966	ELSE
1967	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1968	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1969	i = surf%i(m)
1970	j = surf%j(m)
1971	k = surf%k(m)
1972
1973	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
1974	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
1975	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
1976	ENDDO
1977	ENDIF
1978
1979	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
1980	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1981	i = surf%i(m)
1982	j = surf%j(m)
1983
1984	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1985
1986	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1987	!
1988	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
1989	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
1990	!
1991	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
1992	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
1993
1994	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
1995	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
1996	ENDDO
1997	!
1998	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
1999	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
2000	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
2001	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
2002	ENDIF
2003	ENDIF
2004
2005	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
2006
2007
2008	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2009	! Description:
2010	! ------------
2011	!> Calculates temperature near surface (10 cm) for indoor model or 2 m
2012	!> temperature for output
2013	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2014	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface ( z_char )
2015
2016	IMPLICIT NONE
2017
2018	CHARACTER (LEN = *), INTENT(IN) :: z_char !< string identifier to identify z level
2019	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, m !< running indices
2020
2021
2022	SELECT CASE ( z_char)
2023
2024
2025	CASE ( '10cm' )
2026
2027	DO m = 1, surf%ns
2028
2029	i = surf%i(m)
2030	j = surf%j(m)
2031	k = surf%k(m)
2032
2033	surf%pt_10cm(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
2034	* ( LOG( 0.1_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
2035	- psi_h( 0.1_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
2036	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
2037
2038	ENDDO
2039
2040
2041	CASE ( '2m' )
2042
2043	DO m = 1, surf%ns
2044
2045	i = surf%i(m)
2046	j = surf%j(m)
2047	k = surf%k(m)
2048
2049	surf%pt_2m(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
2050	* ( LOG( 2.0_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
2051	- psi_h( 2.0_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
2052	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
2053
2054	ENDDO
2055
2056
2057	END SELECT
2058
2059	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface
2060
2061
2062	!
2063	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
2064	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
2065	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2066
2067	USE kinds
2068
2069	IMPLICIT NONE
2070
2071	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
2072	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2073	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
2074
2075	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
2076	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
2077	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2078	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
2079	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
2080	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
2081
2082
2083	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2084	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
2085	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
2086	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
2087	ELSE
2088
2089	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
2090	- bc_d_d
2091	!
2092	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
2093	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
2094
2095	ENDIF
2096
2097	END FUNCTION psi_m
2098
2099
2100	!
2101	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
2102	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
2103	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2104
2105	USE kinds
2106
2107	IMPLICIT NONE
2108
2109	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
2110	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2111	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
2112
2113	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
2114	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
2115	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2116	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
2117	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
2118	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
2119
2120
2121	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2122	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
2123	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
2124	ELSE
2125	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
2126	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
2127	+ 1.0_wp
2128	!
2129	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
2130	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
2131	ENDIF
2132
2133	END FUNCTION psi_h
2134
2135
2136	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2137	! Description:
2138	! ------------
2139	!> Calculates stability function for momentum
2140	!>
2141	!> @author Hauke Wurps
2142	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2143	FUNCTION phi_m( zeta )
2144	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2145
2146	IMPLICIT NONE
2147
2148	REAL(wp) :: phi_m !< Value of the function
2149	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2150
2151	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 16.0_wp !< constant
2152	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2153
2154	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2155	phi_m = 1.0_wp / SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - a * zeta ) )
2156	ELSE
2157	phi_m = 1.0_wp + c * zeta
2158	ENDIF
2159
2160	END FUNCTION phi_m
2161
2162	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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